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Radiation

Radioactivity and Nuclear Energy Notes

Subject: 
Chemistry
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Physics
Nuclear physics
Nature
Radioactivity
Nuclear chemistry
Isotopes
Radiobiology
Radioactive decay
Neutron
Nuclear fission
Radionuclide
Radiation

Radioactive Decay Activation Energy (Ea): The threshold energy that must be overcome to produce a chemical reaction Electromagnetic Radiation: Radiant energy that exhibits wavelike behavior and travels through space at the speed of light in a vacuum Radioisotope: a radioactive isotope Many nuclei are radioactive Radioactive: Refers to a nucleus that spontaneously decomposes to form a different nucleus Over 85% of all known nuclides are radioactive Nuclear Equation: an equation representing radioactive decay Types of Radioactive (Nuclear) Decay (The spontaneous decomposition of a nucleus to form a different nucleus): Alpha Decay Alpha () particle shoots out from nucleus equivalent to helium-4 Beta Decay Beta () particle shoots out from nucleus equivalent to an electron Gamma Decay

Holt Earth Science Chapter 17, Section 17.4

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Environmental Science
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Physical geography
Climatology
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Climate forcing
Electromagnetic radiation
Atmospheric thermodynamics
Radiation
Atmosphere of Earth
Greenhouse effect
Albedo
Ultraviolet
Absorption

Heating the Atmosphere A. What Happens to Incoming Solar Radiation? When radiation strikes an object, 3 things happen: some of the energy is absorbed by the object (converted to heat+temperature rises), some substances (water+air) are transparent to certain radiation wavelengths + transmit energy, and some radiation is bounced off the object without absorption/transmission. Reflection + scattering are responsible for redirected solar radiation. Out of the total solar radiation from the sun, 50% is absorbed by the land/sea, 20% is absorbed by the atmosphere/clouds, 5% is reflected from the land/sea surface, 5% is backscattered to space by the atmosphere, 20% is reflected by the clouds (in total, 30% is lost to space by reflection/scattering). B. Reflection and Scattering

Alpha and Beta Particles

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Chemistry
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Matter
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Radiation
Alpha particle
Helium
Beta particle
Proton
Polonium
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Alpha and Beta particles can be both emitted and bombarded with other elements. If a beta particle is a emitted then the original element gains a proton. If a Alpha particle is emitted then the original element looses two protons. And vice versa if the particle is bombared.
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