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Atmospheric sciences

Living in the Environment 16th Ed. : Ch.7 Key Terms

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Chapter 7 biomes large terrestrial regions characterized by similar climate, soil, plants, and animals, regardless of where they are found in the world. climate an area?s general pattern of atmospheric or weather conditions measured over long periods of time ranging from decades to thousands of years. currents Prevailing winds blowing over the oceans produce mass movements of surface water called currents. desert In a desert, annual precipitation is low and often scattered unevenly throughout the year. During the day, the baking sun warms the ground and causes evaporation of moisture from plant leaves and soil. But at night, most of the heat stored in the ground radiates quickly into the atmosphere. forest systems are lands dominated by trees. grasslands

Moisture

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Humidity Moisture content of the atmosphere Relative Humidity ? the percentage of saturation of the air. 50% humidity means that the air is holding half of the water it is capable of holding 100% humidity is when the air is holding all of the water vapor it can possibly hold ? air is fully saturated and probably precipitating This represents a parcel of air 20 ?C 0 ?C 10 ?C This is moisture 20 ?C HOW FULL IS IT? How could this air mass become 100% full? 10 ?C 0 ?C 20 ?C Drop its temp! What are two ways that nature changes R.H.? What is the Dew Point Temperature? The temperature to which the air mass must drop down to so that R.H is 100% At this point the air is said to be SATURATED

Weather

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What are 3 major variables that affect our weather? WATCH THE VIDEO! Factors that affect Temperature What is moisture? Water found in one of its three forms: 1. SOLID (ICE/SNOW) 2. LIQUID (RAIN) 3. GAS (WATER VAPOR) Precipitation is moisture that FALLS from the atmosphere above. Precipitation cleans the atmosphere of condensation nuclei Why does precipitation occur? Air can only hold a certain amount of water vapor before it will overfill and condense This is known as capacity ROOM FOR ONE MORE???? What temp. air can hold more W.V.? Warm air can hold MORE water vapor WHY????? Cold air holds LESS water vapor Every 10 degree Celsius increase doubles the air?s capacity Every 10 degree Celsius decrease cuts capacity in half * * * * * * * * * * * * *

Air Pressure

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Air Pressure The weight of the air above Earth?s surface Thanks to gravity, the atmosphere has weight. What affects air pressure? Altitude ? air pressure decreases the higher you go up 2 miles up Sea level Decreasing Air Pressure Higher Concentration of air molecules Gravity forces most air molecules to remain close to Earth?s surface Cold air is more dense than warm air Cold air has higher air pressure because the molecules are closer together v v COLD HOT Warm air has LESS air pressure because molecules are farther apart COLD HOT Which air mass can hold more water vapor? v v COLD HOT v v c COLD HOT Air Molecule Water Molecule Warmer air can hold more water molecules than cooler air

Clouds

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What about clouds? What are clouds? Large masses of millions of water droplets suspended in air Water evaporates from lakes, streams, and oceans and enters into the air Transpiration ? the loss of water from plants through their leaves Evapotranspiration ? combines evaporation and transpiration Example of Transpiration: Cloud Forest Steps involved in cloud formation: ?..Warm, MOIST air RISES ?.a drop in air pressure causes?.. ?.Expansion and the air Cools .... Water vapor then?.. ??..Condenses on?? ?..Condensation Nuclei (a surface upon which condensation droplets can stick on. Ex: dirt, salt, smoke) ??..Clouds form!!! Condensation Nuclei Size comparison between raindrop and condensation nuclei Cirrus clouds ? High altitude clouds Cumulus Clouds

ENSO

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ENSO El Nino and La Nina ENSO stands for El Nino Southern Oscillation. The average cycle is 7 years. ENSO occurs in tropical waters (Southern Equatorial Pacific) El Nino means ?The Child? because it usually happens around Christmas so its connected to the baby Jesus Solar Intensity and Latitude At low latitudes (near the equator) the sun?s rays are nearly vertical At high latitudes (near the poles) the sun?s rays are much less intense because the sun remains close to the horizon Tropical latitudes are the warmest Air rises there This causes convection cells (Hadley Cells) that constantly move air throughout the atmosphere Normal conditions in Southern Pacific These surface winds move warmer surface water to the west

Chapter 4 Notes

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TRINI SOZA, 5h PERIOD. Chapter 4 ? pgs 88-98, pgs 108-112 MC 1-5, 11 FRQ #1 Chapter 14 ? pgs 381-185,, 194-202 FRQ # 1, 2 pg. 390 Global processes determine weather and climate Weather includes temperature, humidity, clouds, precipitation, wind speed and atmospheric pressure Climate means the average weather that occurs in a given region over a long period of time Northern areas and South Poles are colder than those closer to the equator Areas at high elevations are colder than areas in lower elevation Areas near the equator receive tremendous amounts of rain Regions at latitudes around 30 degrees N and S receive very little rain Differences in temperature and precipitation determine which organisms can survive in specific areas

Chapter 4 and 14 Notes

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TRINI SOZA, 5h PERIOD. Chapter 4 ? pgs 88-98, pgs 108-112 MC 1-5, 11 FRQ #1 Chapter 14 ? pgs 381-185,, 194-202 FRQ # 1, 2 pg. 390 Global processes determine weather and climate Weather includes temperature, humidity, clouds, precipitation, wind speed and atmospheric pressure Climate means the average weather that occurs in a given region over a long period of time Northern areas and South Poles are colder than those closer to the equator Areas at high elevations are colder than areas in lower elevation Areas near the equator receive tremendous amounts of rain Regions at latitudes around 30 degrees N and S receive very little rain Differences in temperature and precipitation determine which organisms can survive in specific areas

Climatology

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1 CLIMATOLOGY The Atmosphere The atmosphere is made up of gases and vapour, and receives incoming solar energy from the sun giving rise to what we call climate. We actually live at the bottom of this indefinite layer of atmosphere where the air is densest. Hither up, the air thins out and it is still a matter of conjecture where the atmosphere ends. One estimate puts this limit at about 600 miles above sea level. The lowest layer, in which the weather is confined, is known as the troposphere. It extends from the earth?s surface for a height of 6 miles, and within it temperature normally falls with increasing altitude. The climatic elements such as temperature, precipitation, clouds, pressure and humidity within the troposphere

Climate Change

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Climate Change IPCC- established in 1988, intergovernmental panel on climate change. 2500 climate scientists, producing reports every six or so years projecting where we are in terms of the environment. Last one was in 2007 Each time a report is produced, scientists are more convinced that climate change is happening and can be attributed to human activity. -Difference between climate variability and climate change, you can get a cold year in the middle of a warming period, but the broader scale is climate change. -2-11.5? higher temperature by 2100. Can?t get it to an exact number because unless you are 100% certain, you really can?t be sure that anything will happen. Depends on CO2 emissions, parts of the globe,

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