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thermodynamics

AP Chemistry Zumdahl 7E Chapter 16 Notes

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Chemistry
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State functions
Thermodynamic entropy
Chemical thermodynamics
thermodynamics
Thermochemistry
Spontaneous process
Entropy
Hess's law
Standard molar entropy
gibbs free energy
Enthalpy
Chemical reaction

1 Chapter 16 - Spontaneity, Entropy, and Free Energy 16.1 Spontaneous Processes and Entropy A. First Law 1. "Energy can neither be created nor destroyed" 2. The energy of the universe is constant B. Spontaneous Processes 1. Processes that occur without outside intervention 2. Spontaneous processes may be fast or slow a. Many forms of combustion are fast b. Conversion of diamond to graphite is slow C. Entropy (S) 1. A measure of the randomness or disorder 2. The driving force for a spontaneous process is an increase in the entropy of the universe 3. Entropy is a thermodynamic function describing the number of arrangements that are available to a system a. Nature proceeds toward the states that have the highest probabilities of existing D. Positional Entropy

AP Chemistry Zumdahl 7E Chapter 5 Notes

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Chemistry
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Gas laws
Gases
thermodynamics
Physical chemistry
State functions
Gas
Ideal gas
Avogadro's law
Boyle's law
Partial pressure
Kinetic theory
Temperature

AP Chemistry A. Allan Chapter 5 - Gases 5.1 Pressure A. Properties of gases 1. Gases uniformly fill any container 2. Gases are easily compressed 3. Gases mix completely with any other gas 4. Gases exert pressure on their surroundings a. Pressure = force/area B. Measuring barometric pressure 1. The barometer a. Inventor - Evangelista Torricelli (1643) 2. Units a. mm Hg (torr) (1) 760 torr = Standard pressure b. newtons/meter2 = pascal (Pa) (1) 101,325 Pa = Standard pressure c. atmospheres (1) 1 atmosphere = Standard pressure 5.2 The Gas Laws of Boyle, Charles, and Avogadro A. Boyle's Law (Robert Boyle, 1627 - 1691) 1. the product of pressure times volume is a constant, provided the temperature remains the same kPV = a. P is inversely related to V

inorganic chemistry lab report: Calorimeter – the science of measuring Heat

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Chemistry
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Physical quantities
Calorimetry
Laboratory equipment
Heat transfer
thermodynamics
Calorimeter
Measuring instrument
Heat
Properties of water
Enthalpy
First law of thermodynamics
Temperature

Liu1 Experiment 8: Calorimeter ? the science of measuring Heat Objective: The objective of this experiment is to determine the specific heat capacity of an unknown metal and the heat of solution for the salt. Method: A calorimeter is a device used for calculate the enthalpy change of reaction, the science of measuring the heat of chemical reactions or physical change as well as heat capacity. The heat capacity of an object is the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature by 1K (or 1?C). The heat capacity of one gram of a substance is called its specific heat capacity.

Gas Stoich Notes

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Chemistry
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Gases
Atmospheric thermodynamics
Amount of substance
Gas laws
thermodynamics
Avogadro's law
Stoichiometry
Gas
Ideal gas
Standard conditions for temperature and pressure
Volume
Monatomic gas

preAP Chemistry 2013-2014 1 Name ___________________________ Period ______ I. Avogadro?s Law ? Avogadro?s Law states that ____________ volumes of gases at the __________ temperature and pressure contain equal numbers of particles. - At STP, _________________ particles (1 mol) will have a volume of ___________ Using Avogadro?s Law EX 1: Determine the volume (in L) occupied by 212 g of oxygen at STP. EX 2: Determine the density of nitrogen at STP. II. Ideal Gas Law ? Up to now we have always kept the ______________ of gas constant. Recognize that as the amount of gas changes, its corresponding _________________ changes. (Avogadro?s Law)

Energy Notes

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Chemistry
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State functions
Physical quantities
Heat transfer
Enthalpy
thermodynamics
Calorimeter
Properties of water
Heat capacity
Enthalpy of vaporization
Heat
Chemical reaction
energy

preAP Chem 2013-2014 1 NOTES: Energy in Chemical Processes Name ______________________________ Period ________ Energy and Heat ? Energy is defined as the ability to do _________ or produce ___________; the sum of all potential and kinetic energy in a system is known as the internal energy of the system. It comes from the energy stored in ____________ (______________ energy) and from the ____________ of atoms and molecules (______________ energy). ? Heat is defined as the ______________ of energy from a warmer object to a cooler object. Do not confuse the terms heat and temperature. Heat is the _____________ of the energies of the molecules

Chapter 7

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Chemistry
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Chemistry
Physics
thermodynamics
State functions
Chemical engineering
Thermochemistry
Chemical properties
Calorimeter
Heat
Exothermic
Enthalpy
energy
Environment
behavior
Human development
Interpersonal relationships
Love
Psychoanalysis
Human behavior
Attachment theory
Evolutionary biology
Personal life
Technology

Chemistry 1210: Introduction to General Chemistry Dr. Gina M. Florio 18 October 2012 Brady, Jespersen, Hyslop Chapter 7 Energy & Chemical Change Thermochemistry: the study of energy flow during a chemical reaction Ch. 7.1 Energy: the ability to do work; often measured as heat Kinetic Energy: the energy of motion; KE = ?mv2 Potential Energy: stored or positional energy; chemical energy (no simple eqn.) Conservation of Energy: 1. Energy cannot be created or destroyed 2. Energy is only converted from one form to another (KE ? PE) 3. Total energy of the universe (or an isolated system) is constant Thermochemistry: Basic Definitions Units of Energy 1 Joule (J) ? the KE possessed by a 2 kg object moving at a velocity of 1 m/s 1 cal = 4.184 J (exactly) 1 kcal = 4.184 kJ

Chapter 11

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Chemistry
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Physics
thermodynamics
Gas laws
Gases
Fluid dynamics
Physical quantities
Gas
Kinetic theory
ideal gas law
Ideal gas
Temperature
Van der Waals equation
Environment
behavior
Human development
Interpersonal relationships
Love
Psychoanalysis
Human behavior
Attachment theory
Evolutionary biology
Personal life
Technology

Kinetic Theory Of Gases Postulates of the Kinetic Theory of Gases: A gas consists of a large number of tiny particles that are in constant, random motion The gas particles occupy a net volume so small in relation to the volume of their container that their contribution to the total volume can be ignored The collisions between particles and the walls of the container are perfectly elastic (no energy transfer) Kinetic Theory of Gases relates temperature to average kinetic energy Kinetic Theory of Gases (aka Kinetic Molecular Theory) can be used to explain the Gas Laws: Pressure-Volume Relationship (Boyle?s Law) P? 1/V or V ? 1/P (at constant n, T) Pressure-Temperature Relationship (Guy-Lussac?s Law) ?T, ?v ?v, ?P Volume-Temperature Relationship (Charles?s Law)

Chapter 11

Subject: 
Chemistry
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Physics
Chemistry
thermodynamics
Gases
Chemical engineering
Physical chemistry
State functions
Kinetic theory
ideal gas law
Ideal gas
Partial pressure
Amount of substance
Environment
behavior
Human development
Interpersonal relationships
Love
Psychoanalysis
Attachment theory
Ethology
Personal life
Technology

Chemistry 1210: Introduction to General Chemistry Dr. Gina M. Florio 06 Dec. 2012 Brady, Jespersen, & Hyslop Chapter 11 Properties of Gases Properties of Gases Compressible Low Density Exert Pressure (temperature dependence) Expand Mixable Some common properties of gases: While bulk properties, these intimate a molecular level foundation. Properties of Gases Recall that our understanding of kinetic energy in molecular systems relies on a molecular-level picture of gases. Kinetic Theory of Gases (CH 7) Example: Pressure Units of Pressure Standard atmosphere (atm): the pressure needed to support a column of mercury 760 mm high measures at 0 ?C The SI unit of pressure is the pascal (Pa): Pressure Measurements Open-ended Mercury Manometer:

Moisture

Subject: 
Environmental Science
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Atmospheric sciences
Atmospheric thermodynamics
Meteorology
Psychrometrics
thermodynamics
Dew point
Relative humidity
Hygrometer
Humidity
Water vapor
Dew
Precipitation
behavior
Human development
Interpersonal relationships
Love
Psychoanalysis
Human behavior
Personal life
Attachment theory
Evolutionary biology
Technology
Weather
Environment

Humidity Moisture content of the atmosphere Relative Humidity ? the percentage of saturation of the air. 50% humidity means that the air is holding half of the water it is capable of holding 100% humidity is when the air is holding all of the water vapor it can possibly hold ? air is fully saturated and probably precipitating This represents a parcel of air 20 ?C 0 ?C 10 ?C This is moisture 20 ?C HOW FULL IS IT? How could this air mass become 100% full? 10 ?C 0 ?C 20 ?C Drop its temp! What are two ways that nature changes R.H.? What is the Dew Point Temperature? The temperature to which the air mass must drop down to so that R.H is 100% At this point the air is said to be SATURATED

Weather

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Environmental Science
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thermodynamics
Atmospheric sciences
Meteorology
Psychrometrics
Atmospheric thermodynamics
Inorganic solvents
Oxides
Precipitation
Water vapor
Properties of water
Rain
water
Weather
behavior
Human development
Interpersonal relationships
Love
Psychoanalysis
Human behavior
Attachment theory
Evolutionary biology
Personal life
Technology
Environment

What are 3 major variables that affect our weather? WATCH THE VIDEO! Factors that affect Temperature What is moisture? Water found in one of its three forms: 1. SOLID (ICE/SNOW) 2. LIQUID (RAIN) 3. GAS (WATER VAPOR) Precipitation is moisture that FALLS from the atmosphere above. Precipitation cleans the atmosphere of condensation nuclei Why does precipitation occur? Air can only hold a certain amount of water vapor before it will overfill and condense This is known as capacity ROOM FOR ONE MORE???? What temp. air can hold more W.V.? Warm air can hold MORE water vapor WHY????? Cold air holds LESS water vapor Every 10 degree Celsius increase doubles the air?s capacity Every 10 degree Celsius decrease cuts capacity in half * * * * * * * * * * * * *

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