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Amount of substance

AP Chemistry Zumdahl 7E Chapter 11 Notes

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Physical chemistry
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Amount of substance
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Boiling-point elevation
Freezing-point depression
Molality
Osmotic pressure
Van 't Hoff factor
solubility

1 BA A A nn nxcomponentAoffractionMole +== Chapter 11 ? Properties of Solutions 11.1 Solution Composition A. Molarity 1. solutionofliters solutemolesMMolarity =)( B. Mass Percent 1. 100? ?? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? = solutionofmass soluteofmasspercentMass C. Mole Fraction 1. D. Molality 1. solventoframki soluteofmolesMolality log = E. Normality 1. solutionofliter sequivalentNormality = 2. Equivalents of acids and bases a. Mass that donates or accepts a mole of protons 3. Equivalents of oxidizing and reducing agents a. Mass that provides or accepts a mole of electrons 11.2 The Energies of Solution Formation A. ?Like Dissolves Like? 1. Polar molecules and ionic compounds tend to dissolve in polar solvents 2. Nonpolar molecules dissolve in nonpolar compounds

AP Chemistry Zumdahl 7E Chapter 3 Notes

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Stoichiometry
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Mass
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Yield
Mole
Limiting reagent
Atomic mass
Empirical formula
Molar mass
Chemistry

AP Chemistry A. Allan Chapter 3 Notes - Stoichiometry 3.1 Atomic Masses A. C-12, the Relative Standard 1. C-12 is assigned a mass of exactly 12 atomic mass units (amu) 2. Masses of all elements are determined in comparison to the carbon - 12 atom (12C) the most common isotope of carbon 3. Comparisons are made using a mass spectrometer B. Atomic Mass (Average atomic mass, atomic weight) 1. Atomic masses are the average of the naturally occurring isotopes of an element 2. Atomic mass does not represent the mass of any actual atom 3. Atomic mass can be used to "weigh out" large numbers of atoms 3.2 The Mole A. Avogadro's number 1. 6.022 x 1023 units = 1 mole 2. Named in honor of Avogadro (he did NOT discover it) B. Measuring moles

Percent composition and mole conversions pt 2 - Notes

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Chemical properties
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Mole
Molar mass
Molar concentration
Mass fraction
Empirical formula
Avogadro constant
Mole fraction

Percent Composition PURPOSE and PROCEDURE To find out the percentage (by mass) of a particular element in a chemical compound. Calculate the molar mass for the compound. Divide the mass of the element you want to find the percentage of by the molar mass of the compound. Write the answer you get from step B in percentage form. Round your percentage to the tenth. EXAMPLES What percent of Cu2O is O? 2 x Cu = 2 x 63.5 = 127.0 g 1 x O = 1 x 16.0 = 16.0 g molar mass = 143.0 grams/mol % O = Part ? Total = 16.0 ? 143 = .1118 x 100% = 11.2% Example What percent of Al2O3 is Al? 2 x Al = 2 x 27.0 = 54.0 g 3 x O = 3 x 16.0 = 48.0 g molar mass = 102.0 grams/mole % Al = Part ? Total = 54 ? 102 = .5294 x 100% = 52.9% Practice - Find the percent composition

Mole conversions - Notes

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Mole
Atomic mass
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Molar mass
Chemistry
Gas constant
Kilogram

Chemical Quantities The MOLE CHAPTER 7 THE MOLE: A MEASUREMENT OF MATTER A mole (mol) is a unit of measurement Types of measurement include Counting/weighing/volume/ number of units Examples of other Quantitative measurement units Pair/Dozen/Ream Mole The term representative particles is a generic term that can refer to Atoms (single element), or Diatomic molecules (two of one type of element), or Formula units (what makes up an ionic compound) or Molecules (what makes up a molecular compound), or electrons or protons, or ions, etc Mole It is typically referred to as a mole of atoms or a mole of molecules A mole is also called Avogadro?s number For example: One mole would be 6.022 x 1023 representative particles Why use moles?

Principles of Chemistry I Chapter 3

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C18H37NO2
C10H12O4

Chapter 3 ? Stoichiometry this term refers to mass relationships and changes during a chemical reaction. Mass is conserved, but atoms in product are arranged differently than they are reactants. I) Mole ? A) molecules composed of atoms in definite proportion by mass and in specific ratio: butyric acid has 54.5% C, 36.4% O and 9.1 % H it also has the atoms C/H/O in the ratio 2/4/1 B) Mole is used as a measure of the amount of a substance. 1 mole is the number of 126C atoms in 12.00 g Notice it relates number of atoms to mass of those atoms in grams. It is always 6.02 x 1023 So 6.02 x 1023 atoms of 12C weigh 12.00 g Instead of looking at masses of isotopes, can use average atomic mass of atoms: Find Se on periodic table

Gas Stoich Notes

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Gases
Atmospheric thermodynamics
Amount of substance
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thermodynamics
Avogadro's law
Stoichiometry
Gas
Ideal gas
Standard conditions for temperature and pressure
Volume
Monatomic gas

preAP Chemistry 2013-2014 1 Name ___________________________ Period ______ I. Avogadro?s Law ? Avogadro?s Law states that ____________ volumes of gases at the __________ temperature and pressure contain equal numbers of particles. - At STP, _________________ particles (1 mol) will have a volume of ___________ Using Avogadro?s Law EX 1: Determine the volume (in L) occupied by 212 g of oxygen at STP. EX 2: Determine the density of nitrogen at STP. II. Ideal Gas Law ? Up to now we have always kept the ______________ of gas constant. Recognize that as the amount of gas changes, its corresponding _________________ changes. (Avogadro?s Law)

Chapter 11

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Chemistry 1210: Introduction to General Chemistry Dr. Gina M. Florio 06 Dec. 2012 Brady, Jespersen, & Hyslop Chapter 11 Properties of Gases Properties of Gases Compressible Low Density Exert Pressure (temperature dependence) Expand Mixable Some common properties of gases: While bulk properties, these intimate a molecular level foundation. Properties of Gases Recall that our understanding of kinetic energy in molecular systems relies on a molecular-level picture of gases. Kinetic Theory of Gases (CH 7) Example: Pressure Units of Pressure Standard atmosphere (atm): the pressure needed to support a column of mercury 760 mm high measures at 0 ?C The SI unit of pressure is the pascal (Pa): Pressure Measurements Open-ended Mercury Manometer:

Bob Jones PPT Notes -- Chapter 10c

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Amount of substance
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Gas constant
Avogadro's law
Mole
Environment

Gases and the Mole Gay-Lussac formulated the law of combining volumes. Law of Combining Volumes Gases at the same temperature and pressure react with one another in volume ratios of small whole numbers. Law of Combining Volumes Example 1: H2 + Cl2 2HCl 1 L + 1 L 2 L Law of Combining Volumes Example 2: 2H2 + O2 2H2O 2 L + 1 L 2 L Avogadro?s law The volume of a gas, maintained at a constant temperature and pressure, is directly proportional to the number of moles of the gas. Molar Volume the volume that a mole of gas occupies at standard temperature and pressure Molar Volume 1 mole of ANY gas at STP occupies 22.4 L. Sample Problem 1 What volume would 7 moles of carbon dioxide occupy at STP? = 157 L CO2 7 mol CO2 22.4 L 1 mol Change 228 L of O2 at STP to moles. 470 moles 426 moles

Bob Jones PPT Notes -- Chapter 4a

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Atomic theory
Nuclear physics
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electron
Rutherford model
Proton
Atomic nucleus
Technology

The Development of Atomic Models: A Historical Perspective 1 Model of an Atom An IDEA of what it looks like (a working representation) 2 Atomic Models Democritus? Idea An object CANNOT be divided indefinitely. There is a smallest particle. atom: (Gk. atomos?indivisible) 3 Democritus ? Chemistry textbook p. 73 (BJU Press) Atomic Models There is a basic unit of matter?the atom. Chemists found this out by looking at the mass ratio of substances. But the atom is NOT indivisible. Democritus? Idea was CORRECT! 4 Democritus ? Chemistry textbook p. 73 (BJU Press) Continuous: Matter can be subdivided forever. Particulate: A smallest particle exists. 2 Theories Atomic Models 9 grams of H2O: 8 grams of oxygen 1 gram of hydrogen Ratio is 8:1 Mass Ratio 90 grams of H2O:

Chapter 2

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Atomic mass
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Chemical bond

Chapter 2.1- 2.3 (pages 41-48) Law of conservation of mass- Mass is neither created nor destroyed Law of definite proportion- a given compound always contains exactly the same proportion of elements by mass. Law of multiple proportions- When two elements form a series of compounds, the ratios of the masses of the second element that combine with 1 gram of the first element can always be reduced to small whole numbers Dalton?s Atomic Theory- -Each element is made up of atoms -The atoms of a given element are identical -Chemical compounds are formed when atoms of diff elements combine with each other -Chemical reactions involve reorganization of the atoms Dalton prepared first table of atomic masses

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