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solubility

AP Chemistry MIDTERM review D

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Chemistry
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Physical quantities
Sulfates
Desiccants
Solutions
Sodium compounds
Precipitation
solubility
Potassium chloride
Chemical reaction
Sodium sulfate
salt
Enthalpy

When water evaporates at constant pressure, the sign of the change in enthalpy: a. is negative b. is positive c. depends on the temperature d. depends on the volume of water e. does not exist because the enthalpy change is zero D 100 When water evaporates, the forces holding one water molecule to another water molecule (hydrogen bonds) must be broken. To break these connections, heat energy needs to be added. Therefore this is an endothermic process with a positive delta H. 1 D 200 D 300 2H2S + O2 ? 2S + 2H2O If 102 g of H2S are combined with 64 g of O2, what is the maximum mass of elemental sulfur that could be produced by the reaction? D 400 Fe2O3 + 3CO ? 2Fe + 3CO2

AP Chemistry Zumdahl 7E Chapter 11 Notes

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Chemistry
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Physical chemistry
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Amount of substance
Chemical properties
Gases
Colligative properties
Boiling-point elevation
Freezing-point depression
Molality
Osmotic pressure
Van 't Hoff factor
solubility

1 BA A A nn nxcomponentAoffractionMole +== Chapter 11 ? Properties of Solutions 11.1 Solution Composition A. Molarity 1. solutionofliters solutemolesMMolarity =)( B. Mass Percent 1. 100? ?? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? = solutionofmass soluteofmasspercentMass C. Mole Fraction 1. D. Molality 1. solventoframki soluteofmolesMolality log = E. Normality 1. solutionofliter sequivalentNormality = 2. Equivalents of acids and bases a. Mass that donates or accepts a mole of protons 3. Equivalents of oxidizing and reducing agents a. Mass that provides or accepts a mole of electrons 11.2 The Energies of Solution Formation A. ?Like Dissolves Like? 1. Polar molecules and ionic compounds tend to dissolve in polar solvents 2. Nonpolar molecules dissolve in nonpolar compounds

AP Chemistry Zumdahl 7E Chapter 4 Notes

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Chemistry
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Equilibrium chemistry
Solutions
Chemical reactions
Chemical properties
Acids
Acid–base reaction
Aqueous solution
Strong electrolyte
Titration
Electrolyte
Chemical equation
solubility

AP Chemistry A. Allan Chapter 4 Notes - Types of Chemical Reactions and Solution Chemistry 4.1 Water, the Common Solvent A. Structure of water 1. Oxygen's electronegativity is high (3.5) and hydrogen's is low (2.1) 2. Water is a bent molecule 3. Water is a polar molecule B. Hydration of Ionic Solute Molecules 1. Positive ions attracted to the oxygen end of water 2. Negative ions attracted to the hydrogen end of water C. Hydration of Polar Solute Molecules 1. Negative end of polar solute molecules are attracted to water's hydrogen 2. Positive end of polar solute molecules are attracted to water's oxygen D. "Like Dissolves Like" 1. Polar and ionic compounds dissolve in polar solvents like water 2. Nonpolar compounds like fats dissolve in nonpolar solvents like ____ ?_____

Double Replacement Products - Notes

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equations
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Spectator ion
Metal halides
Precipitation
Lead(II) chloride
Salt metathesis reaction
Sodium sulfate
solubility

Notes - Double Replacement Products TERMS Soluble - substances that can be dissolved in water. Insoluble - substances that cannot be dissolved in water. Precipitate - a substance that falls out of solution when it is one of the products of a reaction. Precipitates are insoluble in water. The symbol for a precipitate is ? and would be a solid (s) for the state of matter RULES In a double replacement reaction the metal parts of each reactant switch places. Write down the new products. Look up the new products in a table of solubilities. If a product is listed as being insoluble, this product is a precipitate. Write the symbol for a precipitate, ? , after any product that is listed in the table of solubilities as being insoluble.

Chemical Reactions - Notes

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Chemical properties
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Chemical reactions
Chemical equation
equations
Stoichiometry
Salt metathesis reaction
Aqueous solution
Precipitation
Chemistry
Catalysis
solubility

REACTANTS ?PRODUCTS 1.? Starting substances (reactants) becomes new substances (products). 2. Bonds are broken and new bonds are formed, but atoms are not created or destroyed (just rearranged). Law of Conservation of Mass PRODUCTS REACTANTS SENTENCE EQUATION Iron reacts with oxygen to produce rust WORD EQUATION Iron + oxygen ? iron (III) oxide SKELETON EQUATION Fe + O2 ?Fe2O3 These DO NOT indicate the relative amounts of the reactants and products. BALANCED EQUATION most correct equation includes the physical states of each substance uses coefficients 4Fe(s) + 3O2(g)?2 Fe2O3(s) Learn chart of symbols on page 206 in text. Skeleton equation Word equation Sentence equation Balanced equation Skeleton equation Word equation Sentence equation

inorganic chemistry lab report: Physical Properties

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Chemistry
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Laboratory techniques
Transparent materials
Analytical chemistry
Phase transitions
Separation processes
Filtration
Properties of water
solubility
Sand
Glass
Polyethylene terephthalate
Water filter

1 Experiment 3: Physical Properties Objective: The objective of this experiment is to separate Sand, Potassium Nitrate, and Blue Impurity from the mixture base on different physical properties of these matters. Also, filtration and fractional crystallization are used to complete the procedure. Method:

Campell9EdChapter3WaterandLife

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Biology
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Inorganic solvents
Bases
Equilibrium chemistry
Physical chemistry
Acids
Properties of water
Hydrogen bond
water
Solution
Acid
Hydronium
solubility

Water and Life Chapter 3 Overview: The Molecule That Supports All of Life Water is the biological medium on Earth All living organisms require water more than any other substance Most cells are surrounded by water, and cells themselves are about 70?95% water The abundance of water is the main reason the Earth is habitable ? 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 3.1 Polar covalent bonds in water molecules result in hydrogen bonding The water molecule is a polar molecule: the opposite ends have opposite charges Polarity allows water molecules to form hydrogen bonds with each other ? 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 3.2 Hydrogen bond Polar covalent bonds ? ? ? + ? + ? ? ? ? ? + ? + ? ? Four emergent properties of water contribute to Earth?s suitability for life

Principles of Chemistry Chapter 3

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Chemistry
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Chemical properties
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Equilibrium chemistry
Physical chemistry
Analytical chemistry
Stoichiometry
Dissociation
Aqueous solution
Chemical equation
Mole
solubility
Molar concentration

Chapter 3: Molecules and Chem Equations Section 3.2: Chemical Formulas and Equations Monday, September 8, 2014 2:44 PM Chemical Equations: symbolic representation of a chemical reaction Left side: reactants (original materials) Right side: products (compounds formed from reaction) ? Notation: Reaction w/ heat is indicated by delta Reaction w/ light energy is indicated by hv (called a photochemical reaction) ? Hints: Balance elements that occur in only one compound on each side first Balance free elements last Balance polyatomic ions as groups ? Balancing Chemical Equations Remember LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MATTER Stoichiometry: study of relationships between reactants and products in a chemical reaction (numbers in chem equations are stoichiometric coefficients) ?

Chapter 3/4

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Chemistry
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Chemistry
Stoichiometry
Bases
Physical chemistry
Equilibrium chemistry
Chemical reactions
Titration
solubility
Strong electrolyte
Chemical equation
Mole
Limiting reagent

Claire Rafson Chapter 3 notes 3.1 You can count things by weight 3.2 Atomic mass determined on a mass spectrometer Average atomic mass = atomic mass for the element 3.3 Avogadro?s number = 6.02214 X 10^23 1 mole = avogadro?s number 3.4 molar mass= mass in grams of one mole of the compound 3.5 Percent comp of compounds Mass percent- weight percent can be computed by comparing the mass of carbon Find moles of all divide by smallest number find whole number etc. 3.6 Molecular formula= (empirical formula)n N is an integer To find molec formula take molar mass/ empirical formula mass and that is n SEE PAGE 96 IF CONFUSED 3.7- Chemical Reactions- Reactants on left and products on the right. Aq- dissolved in water 3.8- Balance reactions 3.9- Stoichiometry-

Solubility Rules

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Chemistry
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solubility
Solubility Rules All common compounds of Group I and ammonium ions are soluble. All nitrates, acetates, and chlorates are soluble. All binary compounds of the halogens (other than F) with metals are soluble, except those of Ag, Hg(I), and Pb. Pb halides are soluble in hot water.) All sulfates are soluble, except those of barium, strontium, calcium, lead, silver, and mercury (I). The latter three are slightly soluble. Except for rule 1, carbonates, hydroxides, oxides, silicates, and phosphates are insoluble. Sulfides are insoluble except for calcium, barium, strontium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, and ammonium. Gases

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