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AP Chemistry MIDTERM review D

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Chemistry
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Physical quantities
Sulfates
Desiccants
Solutions
Sodium compounds
Precipitation
solubility
Potassium chloride
Chemical reaction
Sodium sulfate
salt
Enthalpy

When water evaporates at constant pressure, the sign of the change in enthalpy: a. is negative b. is positive c. depends on the temperature d. depends on the volume of water e. does not exist because the enthalpy change is zero D 100 When water evaporates, the forces holding one water molecule to another water molecule (hydrogen bonds) must be broken. To break these connections, heat energy needs to be added. Therefore this is an endothermic process with a positive delta H. 1 D 200 D 300 2H2S + O2 ? 2S + 2H2O If 102 g of H2S are combined with 64 g of O2, what is the maximum mass of elemental sulfur that could be produced by the reaction? D 400 Fe2O3 + 3CO ? 2Fe + 3CO2

AP Chemistry Zumdahl 7E Chapter 11 Notes

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Chemistry
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Physical chemistry
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Amount of substance
Chemical properties
Gases
Colligative properties
Boiling-point elevation
Freezing-point depression
Molality
Osmotic pressure
Van 't Hoff factor
solubility

1 BA A A nn nxcomponentAoffractionMole +== Chapter 11 ? Properties of Solutions 11.1 Solution Composition A. Molarity 1. solutionofliters solutemolesMMolarity =)( B. Mass Percent 1. 100? ?? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? = solutionofmass soluteofmasspercentMass C. Mole Fraction 1. D. Molality 1. solventoframki soluteofmolesMolality log = E. Normality 1. solutionofliter sequivalentNormality = 2. Equivalents of acids and bases a. Mass that donates or accepts a mole of protons 3. Equivalents of oxidizing and reducing agents a. Mass that provides or accepts a mole of electrons 11.2 The Energies of Solution Formation A. ?Like Dissolves Like? 1. Polar molecules and ionic compounds tend to dissolve in polar solvents 2. Nonpolar molecules dissolve in nonpolar compounds

AP Chemistry Zumdahl 7E Chapter 4 Notes

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Chemistry
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Equilibrium chemistry
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Chemical reactions
Chemical properties
Acids
Acid–base reaction
Aqueous solution
Strong electrolyte
Titration
Electrolyte
Chemical equation
solubility

AP Chemistry A. Allan Chapter 4 Notes - Types of Chemical Reactions and Solution Chemistry 4.1 Water, the Common Solvent A. Structure of water 1. Oxygen's electronegativity is high (3.5) and hydrogen's is low (2.1) 2. Water is a bent molecule 3. Water is a polar molecule B. Hydration of Ionic Solute Molecules 1. Positive ions attracted to the oxygen end of water 2. Negative ions attracted to the hydrogen end of water C. Hydration of Polar Solute Molecules 1. Negative end of polar solute molecules are attracted to water's hydrogen 2. Positive end of polar solute molecules are attracted to water's oxygen D. "Like Dissolves Like" 1. Polar and ionic compounds dissolve in polar solvents like water 2. Nonpolar compounds like fats dissolve in nonpolar solvents like ____ ?_____

Double Replacement Products - Notes

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Chemical equation
equations
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Spectator ion
Metal halides
Precipitation
Lead(II) chloride
Salt metathesis reaction
Sodium sulfate
solubility

Notes - Double Replacement Products TERMS Soluble - substances that can be dissolved in water. Insoluble - substances that cannot be dissolved in water. Precipitate - a substance that falls out of solution when it is one of the products of a reaction. Precipitates are insoluble in water. The symbol for a precipitate is ? and would be a solid (s) for the state of matter RULES In a double replacement reaction the metal parts of each reactant switch places. Write down the new products. Look up the new products in a table of solubilities. If a product is listed as being insoluble, this product is a precipitate. Write the symbol for a precipitate, ? , after any product that is listed in the table of solubilities as being insoluble.

Chemical Reactions - Notes

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Chemistry
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Chemical properties
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Chemical reactions
Chemical equation
equations
Stoichiometry
Salt metathesis reaction
Aqueous solution
Precipitation
Chemistry
Catalysis
solubility

REACTANTS ?PRODUCTS 1.? Starting substances (reactants) becomes new substances (products). 2. Bonds are broken and new bonds are formed, but atoms are not created or destroyed (just rearranged). Law of Conservation of Mass PRODUCTS REACTANTS SENTENCE EQUATION Iron reacts with oxygen to produce rust WORD EQUATION Iron + oxygen ? iron (III) oxide SKELETON EQUATION Fe + O2 ?Fe2O3 These DO NOT indicate the relative amounts of the reactants and products. BALANCED EQUATION most correct equation includes the physical states of each substance uses coefficients 4Fe(s) + 3O2(g)?2 Fe2O3(s) Learn chart of symbols on page 206 in text. Skeleton equation Word equation Sentence equation Balanced equation Skeleton equation Word equation Sentence equation

Principles of Chemistry Chapter 3

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Chemistry
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Equilibrium chemistry
Physical chemistry
Analytical chemistry
Stoichiometry
Dissociation
Aqueous solution
Chemical equation
Mole
solubility
Molar concentration

Chapter 3: Molecules and Chem Equations Section 3.2: Chemical Formulas and Equations Monday, September 8, 2014 2:44 PM Chemical Equations: symbolic representation of a chemical reaction Left side: reactants (original materials) Right side: products (compounds formed from reaction) ? Notation: Reaction w/ heat is indicated by delta Reaction w/ light energy is indicated by hv (called a photochemical reaction) ? Hints: Balance elements that occur in only one compound on each side first Balance free elements last Balance polyatomic ions as groups ? Balancing Chemical Equations Remember LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MATTER Stoichiometry: study of relationships between reactants and products in a chemical reaction (numbers in chem equations are stoichiometric coefficients) ?

Water Potential

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Biology
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Chemistry
Biology
Membrane biology
matter
diffusion
Cell Biology
Solutions
Water technology
Osmosis
Osmotic pressure
Water potential
Properties of water

Water Potential (?) Water potential (?) is a measure of water?s potential to do work. In order to do work, an object must be able to apply enough force to another object to cause displacement. In order for water to displace another object, water must be moving. The largest water potential any volume of water can have, if only standard atmospheric pressure is being applied to that volume of water, is defined as 0. This is the water potential for distilled water. Distilled water has the greatest potential to move, and thus displace another object.

Problems Water Potential

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Biology
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Biology
Cell Biology
Membrane biology
Solutions
diffusion
Water technology
Osmosis
Turgor pressure
Tonicity
Water potential
Osmotic pressure
Molecular diffusion
health
Technology

Practice Problems ? Osmosis and Water potential Use this key to answer all the problems below. If you choose B or C, rewrite the statement so that it is complete and true. A = TRUE B = FALSE C = NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION PROBLEM ONE: The initial molar concentration of the cytoplasm inside a cell is 2M and the cell is placed in a solution with a concentration of 2.5M. Initially, free energy is greater inside the cell than outside It is possible that this cell is already in equilibrium with its surroundings. Initially, solute concentration is greater outside the cell than inside. Water will enter the cell because solute potential is lower inside the cell than outside.

Chapter 5a

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Chemistry
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Bases
Equilibrium chemistry
Acids
Acid-base chemistry
Solutions
Strong electrolyte
Acid–base reaction
Acid
salt
Neutralization
Dissociation
education
behavior
Human development
Interpersonal relationships
Love
Psychoanalysis
Attachment theory
Ethology
Personal life
Technology

Chemistry 1210: Introduction to General Chemistry Dr. Gina M. Florio 20 Sept. 2012 Jespersen, Brady, Hyslop Chapter 5A Molecular View of Reactions in Aqueous Solution A solution is a homogeneous mixture in which the two or more components mix freely. The solvent is taken as the component present in the largest amount. A solute is any substance dissolved in the solvent. Definitions CH. 5.1 Example of a Solution Formation of a solution of iodine molecules in ethyl alcohol where ethyl alcohol is the solvent and iodine the solute: CH. 5.1 Crystal of I2 placed in ethanol: A solution of I2 in ethanol: Properties of Solutions: Qualitative Composition The relative amounts of solute and solvent are often given without specifying the actual quantities.

Diffusion Worksheets

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Biology
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Chemistry
Biology
Cell Biology
Membrane biology
diffusion
Solutions
Membrane technology
Osmosis
Osmotic pressure
Tonicity
Water potential
Dialysis tubing
health

AP Biology James Pre-Lab: Diffusion and Osmosis in Model Systems In parts 1 and 2 of this lab, you will have the opportunity to investigate the processes of diffusion and osmosis in model membrane systems. You will also investigate the effect of solute concentration on water potential as it relates to living plant tissues. Objectives: At the completion of this AP laboratory, you should be able to: Describe the mechanisms of diffusion and osmosis. Describe how solute size and molar concentration affect the process of diffusion through a selectively-permeable membrane. Describe the relationship between solutions that are hypotonic, hypertonic, or isotonic. Design an experiment to demonstrate water potential.

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