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Chemical thermodynamics

AP Chemistry Zumdahl 7E Chapter 16 Notes

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Chemistry
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State functions
Thermodynamic entropy
Chemical thermodynamics
thermodynamics
Thermochemistry
Spontaneous process
Entropy
Hess's law
Standard molar entropy
gibbs free energy
Enthalpy
Chemical reaction

1 Chapter 16 - Spontaneity, Entropy, and Free Energy 16.1 Spontaneous Processes and Entropy A. First Law 1. "Energy can neither be created nor destroyed" 2. The energy of the universe is constant B. Spontaneous Processes 1. Processes that occur without outside intervention 2. Spontaneous processes may be fast or slow a. Many forms of combustion are fast b. Conversion of diamond to graphite is slow C. Entropy (S) 1. A measure of the randomness or disorder 2. The driving force for a spontaneous process is an increase in the entropy of the universe 3. Entropy is a thermodynamic function describing the number of arrangements that are available to a system a. Nature proceeds toward the states that have the highest probabilities of existing D. Positional Entropy

AP Chemistry Zumdahl 7E Chapter 6 Notes

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Chemistry
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Thermochemistry
Chemical thermodynamics
Thermodynamic processes
Physical chemistry
Chemistry
Enthalpy
Standard enthalpy of formation
Exothermic reaction
Hess's law
Exothermic process
Calorimeter
Endothermic process

AP Chemistry A. Allan Chapter Six Notes - Thermochemistry 6.1 The Nature of Energy A. Definition 1. Energy is the capacity to do work (or to produce heat*) a. Work is a force acting over a distance (moving an object) b. *Heat is actually a form of energy. (1) chemicals may store potential energy in their bonds that can be released as heat energy B. Law of Conservation of Energy 1. Energy can be converted from one form to another, but cannot be created or destroyed a. Potential energy (1) energy due to position or composition b. Kinetic energy (1) energy due to the motion of an object (2) vmKE 22 1= C. Heat and Temperature 1. Temperature reflects random motion of particles in a substance 2. Temperature indicates the direction in which heat energy will flow

AP Chemistry Chapter 6 Outline

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Chemistry
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Chemistry
thermodynamics
Physics
Thermochemistry
State functions
Chemical thermodynamics
Physical chemistry
Standard enthalpy of formation
Exothermic reaction
Calorimeter
Chemical energy
Exothermic
Environment

Daniel Seo 10/10/13 Period 5 Chapter 6 Thermochemistry Outline 6.1 The Nature of Energy 1. Energy ? capacity to do work (or to produce heat) i. Work ? force acting over a distance (moving an object) ii. Heat ? form of energy. ? chemicals may store potential energy in their bonds that can be released as heat energy 2. The law of conservation of mass ? energy can be converted from one form to another, but cannot be created or destroyed ? is also the first law of thermodynamics. i. Potential energy ? energy due to position or composition ii. Kinetic energy ? energy due to the motion of an object ? K? = 1/2mv2 3. Temperature reflects random motion of particles in a substance 4. Temperature indicates the direction in which heat energy will flow
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