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Germ cells

Bio 220 Principles of Physiology and Development

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Bio 220 Notes Prokaryotes: 3.2 billion years ago Cell wall = peptidoglycans gram neg - lipopolysaccharides secreted outside of cell wall No internal compartments Unicellular and small (1-5 um) Most have single chromosome Transcription and translation occurs in the same location Eukaryotes: 2.1 billion years ago compartmentalization = organelles you can be more efficient with reaction vessels (concentrate functions) You can get by with fewer enzymes if you concentrate them into organelle, its cheaper Endosymbiants Mitochondria divide at their own rate, replicate independently of cell they live in Has its own DNA, circular First endosymbiants Cell size varies greatly RBC are the smallest and neurons are the largest/longest Plasma Membrane

Meiosis

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??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ? Meiosis??I. Formation of Haploid Cells???? A. In animals, meiosis produces gametes, haploid reproductive cells???? ??? 1. In humans, sperm + egg cells???? ??? 2. Each contain 23 (1n) chromosomes???? ??? 3. Fusion results in a zygote that contains 46 (2n) chromosomes???? B. Undergo the G1, S, and G2 phases of interphase.???? C. Begin meiosis with a duplicate set of chromosomes, but undergo meiosis twice???? ??? 1. Diploid (2n) cells result in four haploid (1n) cells???? D. Meiosis I- Stages of the first cell division???? E. Meiosis II- Stages of the second cell division?II. Meiosis I???? A. Prophase I???? ??? 1. DNA coils into chromosomes, spindle fibers appear (like mitosis)???? ??? 2. Nucleolus & nuclear membrane disassemble (like mitosis)???? ??? 3.

How do cells divide?

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How do cells divide? There are two types of cell division: mitosis and meiosis. Most of the time when people refer to “cell division,” they mean mitosis, the process of making new body cells. Meiosis is the type of cell division that creates egg and sperm cells. Mitosis is a fundamental process for life. During mitosis, a cell duplicates all of its contents, including its chromosomes, and splits to form two identical daughter cells. Because this process is so critical, the steps of mitosis are carefully controlled by a number of genes. When mitosis is not regulated correctly, health problems such as cancer can result.
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