DNA Repair Mechanisms
Subject:
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Molecular genetics
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AP Bio_chromosomal_structure_and_dieases
Subject:
Alterations of chromosome number or structure cause some genetic disorders * Large-scale chromosomal alterations in humans and other mammals often lead to spontaneous abortions (miscarriages) or cause a variety of developmental disorders * Plants tolerate such genetic changes better than animals do Abnormal Chromosome Number * In nondisjunction, pairs of homologous chromosomes do not separate normally during meiosis * As a result, one gamete receives 2 of the same type of chromosome, and another gamete receives no copy * Aneuploidy results from the fertilization of gametes in which nondisjunction occurred * Offspring with this condition have an abnormal number of a particular chromosome * A monosomic zygote has only 1 copy of a particular chromosome
AP Bio_chromosomal_basis_of_inheritance
Subject:
The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance Locating Genes Along Chromosomes ( 15.1) * Mendel?s ?hereditary factors? were purely abstract when first proposed * Today, we can show that the factors?genes?are located on chromosomes * The location of a particular gene can be seen by tagging isolated chromosomes with a fluorescent dye that highlights the gene * Cytologists worked out the process of mitosis in 1875 and meiosis in the 1890s using improved techniques of microscopy * Biologists began to see parallels between the behavior of Mendel?s proposed hereditary factors and chromosomes * Around 1902, Sutton and Boveri and others independently noted these parallels and began to develop the chromosome theory of inheritance 15.2
AP Bio_genetic_variation
Subject:
Genetic variation produced in sexual life cycles contributes to evolution * Mutations (changes in an organism?s DNA) are the original source of genetic diversity * Mutations create different versions of genes called alleles * Reshuffling of alleles during sexual reproduction produces genetic variation Origins of Genetic Variation Among Offspring * The behavior of chromosomes during meiosis and fertilization is responsible for most of the variation that arises in each generation * Three mechanisms contribute to genetic variation: ? Independent assortment of chromosomes ? Crossing over ? Random fertilization Independent Assortment of Chromosomes * Homologous pairs of chromosomes orient randomly at metaphase I of meiosis
AP Bio_Meiosis
Subject:
Concept 13.3: Meiosis reduces the number of chromosome sets from diploid to haploid * Like mitosis, meiosis is preceded by the replication of chromosomes * Meiosis takes place in two consecutive cell divisions, called meiosis I and meiosis II * The two cell divisions result in four daughter cells, rather than the two daughter cells in mitosis * Each daughter cell has only half as many chromosomes as the parent cell The Stages of Meiosis * Chromosomes duplicate before meiosis * The resulting sister chromatids are closely associated along their lengths * This is called sister chromatid cohesion * The chromatids are sorted into four haploid daughter cells * Division in meiosis I occurs in four phases: Prophase I
Ch 13 Study Guide
Subject:
Copyright ? 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. -1- Name__________________________Period___________ Chapter 13: Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles Concept 13.1 Offspring acquire genes from parents by inheriting chromosomes 1. Let?s begin with a review of several terms that you may already know. Define: gene: A discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA (or RNA, in some viruses) locus: A specific place along the length of a chromosome where a given gene is located gamete: A haploid reproductive cell, such as an egg or sperm. Gametes unite during sexual reproduction to produce a diploid zygote. male gamete: Sperm female gamete: Eggs
DNA
Subject:
Bio Study Guide Proteins are made of amino acids that are strung together in a chain. Each 3-letter DNA sequence, or codon, encodes a specific amino acid. DNA-->mRNA-->Protein: Dna to mrna is called transcription, mrna to protein is translation DNA is a double helix, backbone is made up of sugar and phosphate DNA is made up of 4 nucleotides Adenine and Thymine always pair, Guanine and Cytosine always pair DNA Technology and Genomics E. Coli- an organism used to clone genes Restriction Enzyme- Used to cut DNA at a specific location for splicing Biotechnology-Using organisms or their components to make useful products Genetic engineering-direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes Plasmid- a small piece of bacterial DNA used for gene transfer
Transcription
Subject:
DNA Transcription (Slide 20) The ?Central Dogma? - Crick 1958 DNA - RNA - Protein Proposed that this process could not go backwards The part of DNA that encodes for a protein (or RNA) is called a gene GENE: Functional unit of DNA that codes for one or more polypeptide chains or an RNA molecule Genome is not just genes, there are intervening sequences that don?t code for a protein Proteins are generated through transcription and translation How much protein is present can be regulated by the amount of transcription and/or translation Beta-catenine- high abundance in brain (A) but low abundance in muscle (B) DN A is transcribed by RNA polymerase One RNA polymerase in bacteria that does all the transcription CORE ENZYME: 2?, 1?, 1??
Amino Acid II
Subject:
Nucleic Acids, DNA Structure, and Chromosomes Nucleotides are the building blocks of nucleic acids One (NMP), two (NDP), three (NTP) phosphates 5 different bases: A, G, C (DNA and RNA), T (DNA), U (RNA) 2 different sugars: ribose (RNA), deoxyribose (DNA) Two kinds of 5-carbon sugars Five kinds of nitrogen containing bases The sugars and bases are linked through a glycosidic bond nucleoside = N-containing base linked to a 5 carbon sugar (no phosphate) nucleotide = N-containing base linked to a 5 carbon sugar & one or more phosphates Nucleotides are linked through phosphodiester bonds Link between nucleotides: 5? C of sugar - phosphate- 3? C of sugar (backbone) Variable portion: base
Amino Acid I
Subject:
Nucleic Acids, DNA Structure, and Chromosomes Nucleotides are the building blocks of nucleic acids One (NMP), two (NDP), three (NTP) phosphates 5 different bases: A, G, C (DNA and RNA), T (DNA), U (RNA) 2 different sugars: ribose (RNA), deoxyribose (DNA) Two kinds of 5-carbon sugars Five kinds of nitrogen containing bases The sugars and bases are linked through a glycosidic bond nucleoside = N-containing base linked to a 5 carbon sugar (no phosphate) nucleotide = N-containing base linked to a 5 carbon sugar & one or more phosphates Nucleotides are linked through phosphodiester bonds Link between nucleotides: 5? C of sugar - phosphate- 3? C of sugar (backbone) Variable portion: base
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