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Cytogenetics

AP Bio_chromosomal_structure_and_dieases

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Biology
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Genetics
Biology
Cytogenetics
Chromosomes
Chromosomal abnormalities
Molecular genetics
Genomic imprinting
Aneuploidy
Chromosome
Ploidy
Polyploidy
Chromosomal translocation

Alterations of chromosome number or structure cause some genetic disorders * Large-scale chromosomal alterations in humans and other mammals often lead to spontaneous abortions (miscarriages) or cause a variety of developmental disorders * Plants tolerate such genetic changes better than animals do Abnormal Chromosome Number * In nondisjunction, pairs of homologous chromosomes do not separate normally during meiosis * As a result, one gamete receives 2 of the same type of chromosome, and another gamete receives no copy * Aneuploidy results from the fertilization of gametes in which nondisjunction occurred * Offspring with this condition have an abnormal number of a particular chromosome * A monosomic zygote has only 1 copy of a particular chromosome

AP Bio_chromosomal_basis_of_inheritance

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Biology
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Biology
Genetics
Chromosomes
Classical genetics
Molecular genetics
Cytogenetics
Genetic linkage
Sex chromosome
Homologous chromosome
Mendelian inheritance
Genetic recombination
Sex linkage

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance Locating Genes Along Chromosomes ( 15.1) * Mendel?s ?hereditary factors? were purely abstract when first proposed * Today, we can show that the factors?genes?are located on chromosomes * The location of a particular gene can be seen by tagging isolated chromosomes with a fluorescent dye that highlights the gene * Cytologists worked out the process of mitosis in 1875 and meiosis in the 1890s using improved techniques of microscopy * Biologists began to see parallels between the behavior of Mendel?s proposed hereditary factors and chromosomes * Around 1902, Sutton and Boveri and others independently noted these parallels and began to develop the chromosome theory of inheritance 15.2

AP Bio_Cell division

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Biology
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Biology
Genetics
Reproduction
Classical genetics
Cytogenetics
Fertility
Developmental biology
Meiosis
Ploidy
Gamete
Alternation of generations
Sex

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles Variations on a Theme * Offspring resemble their parents more than they do unrelated individuals * Heredity is the transmission of traits from one generation to the next * Variation is demonstrated by the differences in appearance that offspring show from parents and siblings * Genetics is the scientific study of heredity and variation Concept 13.1: Offspring acquire genes from parents by inheriting chromosomes * In a literal sense, children do not inherit particular physical traits from their parents * It is genes that are actually inherited Inheritance of Genes * Genes are the units of heredity and are made up of segments of DNA * Genes are passed to the next generation via reproductive cells called gametes (sperm and eggs)

Ch 13 Study Guide

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Biology
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Biology
Cell biology
Genetics
Molecular genetics
Cell cycle
Chromosomes
Cellular processes
Cytogenetics
Meiosis
Homologous chromosome
Chromatid
Cell division

Copyright ? 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. -1- Name__________________________Period___________ Chapter 13: Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles Concept 13.1 Offspring acquire genes from parents by inheriting chromosomes 1. Let?s begin with a review of several terms that you may already know. Define: gene: A discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA (or RNA, in some viruses) locus: A specific place along the length of a chromosome where a given gene is located gamete: A haploid reproductive cell, such as an egg or sperm. Gametes unite during sexual reproduction to produce a diploid zygote. male gamete: Sperm female gamete: Eggs

Biology: Mitosis vs Meiosis

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Cell biology
Chromosomes
Cytogenetics
Cell cycle
Classical genetics
Cellular processes
Meiosis
Ploidy
Homologous chromosome
Chromosome

Meiosis v. Mitosis Ploidy Non disjunction Definitions Mitosis - the way normal body cells divide, reproduce, and grow...and meisosis extends it one step further. In meiosis the cell grows larger. THey both divide into 2 seperate cells but in meiosis, the steps continue - the resulting cells divide further into meiosis. WHen cells undergo meiosis, the result is the creation of gametes, sex-cells. It involves one replication of chromosones and 2 successive cell divisions. Mitosis - starts our all diploid and then it splits into Haploid. Non disjunction - chromosomes fail to separate correctly.

chromosomes and human heredity

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Biology
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Genetics
Cytogenetics
Chromosomes
Molecular genetics
Cell cycle
Meiosis
Nondisjunction
Karyotype
Telomere
Metaphase
Homologous chromosome
Technology

2/21/13 2:31 PM Scientists don?t just study genes, they also study whole chromosomes by using images of chromosomes stained during metaphase Karyotype- pairs of homologous chromosomes arranged in decreasing size to produce a micrograph Telomeres Telomeres- chromosome s end in protective caps, these caps consist of DNA associated with protiens The telomere also might be involved with aging and caner Nondisjunction Cell division during which sister chromatids fail to separate properly, this can take place during meiosis I or meiosis II One form two kinds of gametes result One has an extra one and one is missing one Organisms with an extra chromosome can survive but those lacking one usually do not Monosomy- lacking a chromosome in humans don?t usually survive

Meiosis Outline

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Biology
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Genetics
Cytogenetics
Classical genetics
Homologous chromosome
Chromosome
Ploidy
Meiosis
Sex
Gamete
Centromere
Gene
Health
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meiosis and sexual life cycle

1/22/13 2:17 PM Chromosome and chromosome number Genes- the DNA on chromosomes is arranged in segments Chromosomes determine you genes which are passed on determining the color of your hair and eyes Homologous Chromosome Homologous Chromosome- One chromosome from each parent Have same length and same centromere position and carry genes which determine the inherited traits Haploid and diploid cells Gametes- sex cells that have half the number of chromosomes Haploid- A cell with n number of chromosomes in a gamete Fertilization- the process by which one haploid gamete combines with another haploid gamete Diploid- After fertilization the cell has 2n chromosomes Meiosis Meiosis- Type of cell division that reduces the amount of chromosomes

Bio Notes Genetics

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Genetics
Philosophy of biology
Cytogenetics
Classical genetics
Plant sexuality
Sex linkage
Chromosome
Genetic linkage
Y chromosome
X chromosome
Heredity
Health

Sex Linked genes -The X and Y chromosomes determine the sex of an individual and contain genes related to female and maleness. All other genes on these chromosomes are called sex linked genes -The X chromosome has the most genes but in some species (fruit fly), genes are found on the Y chromosome as well. genes on the Y chromosome are only passed from father to son -Sex linked gene inheritance (x linked) can be studied using fruit flies. The gene for eye color is located on the X chromosome. R-Red eyes are dominant to r white eyes. -Alleles carried on the X chromosome are shown as X^R, and X^r, Females have 2 alleles (X^R X^R, X^R X^r, or X^r X^r) while males only have one (X^R Y, or X^r Y) The male?s phenotype results from one X allele plll. Sex Linked Disorders In Humans

AP Biology Essay

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Biology
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Biology
Genetics
Cytogenetics
Classical genetics
Homologous chromosome
Meiosis
Mendelian inheritance
Chromosome
Heredity
Genetic linkage
Dominance
Health

Genetics An organism is heterozygous at two genetic loci on different chromosomes. Explain how these alleles are transmitted by the process of mitosis to daughter cells. Explain how these alleles are distributed by the process of meiosis to gametes. Explain how the behavior of these two pairs of homologous chromosomes during meiosis provides the physical basis for Mendel?s two laws of inheritance. Labeled diagrams that are explained in your answer may be useful.

Biology vocab

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Biology
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Genetics
Biology
Classical genetics
Plant reproduction
Plant morphology
Cytogenetics
Dihybrid cross
Gametophyte
Monohybrid cross
Sporophyte
Alternation of generations
Quantitative trait locus

alternation of generations autosome chiasmata clone crossing over diploid cell fertilization gametophyte genetics haploid cell heredity homologous chromosomes karyotype locus recombinant chromosome sex chromosome spore sporophyte synapsis tetrad variation zygote allele amniocentesis carrier character codominance complete dominance dihybrid epistasis F1 generation F2 generation genotype heterozygous homozygous hybridization incomplete dominance law of independent assortment law of segregation monohybrid P generation pedigree phenotype pleiotropy polygenic inheritance quantitative character testcross trait

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