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Cellular processes

Phagocytic Cells: Mechanisms of Bacterial Injury and Tissue Injury

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Biology
Cellular processes
Immune system
Phagocytosis
Attachment theory
Phagocyte


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AP biology Exam 1990

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Biology
Classical genetics
Cellular processes
Hemoglobins
Evolutionary biology
Genetics
Dominance
Clostridium botulinum
Sickle cell trait
Sickle cell disease
Antibody
Mutation

AP EXams1990 AP BIOLOGY Answers: Last Page Three hours are allotted for this examination: 1 hour and 30 minutes for Section I, which consists of multiple-choice questions; and 1 hour and 30 minutes for Section II, which consists of essay questions. Section I is printed in this examination booklet; Section II, in a separate booklet. SECTION I Time- 1 hour and 30 minutes Number of questions ? 120 Percent of total grade ? 60 This examination contains 120 multiple-choice questions. Following this examination there are 12 multiple-choice questions regarding your preparation for this exam.? Please be careful to fill in only the ovals that are preceded by numbers 1 through 132 on your answer sheet. General Instructions

AP Bio_genetic_variation

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Classical genetics
Cellular processes
Molecular genetics
Meiosis
Genetic variation
Ploidy
Homologous chromosome
Sex

Genetic variation produced in sexual life cycles contributes to evolution * Mutations (changes in an organism?s DNA) are the original source of genetic diversity * Mutations create different versions of genes called alleles * Reshuffling of alleles during sexual reproduction produces genetic variation Origins of Genetic Variation Among Offspring * The behavior of chromosomes during meiosis and fertilization is responsible for most of the variation that arises in each generation * Three mechanisms contribute to genetic variation: ? Independent assortment of chromosomes ? Crossing over ? Random fertilization Independent Assortment of Chromosomes * Homologous pairs of chromosomes orient randomly at metaphase I of meiosis

Ch 13 Study Guide

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Biology
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Cell biology
Genetics
Molecular genetics
Cell cycle
Chromosomes
Cellular processes
Cytogenetics
Meiosis
Homologous chromosome
Chromatid
Cell division

Copyright ? 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. -1- Name__________________________Period___________ Chapter 13: Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles Concept 13.1 Offspring acquire genes from parents by inheriting chromosomes 1. Let?s begin with a review of several terms that you may already know. Define: gene: A discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA (or RNA, in some viruses) locus: A specific place along the length of a chromosome where a given gene is located gamete: A haploid reproductive cell, such as an egg or sperm. Gametes unite during sexual reproduction to produce a diploid zygote. male gamete: Sperm female gamete: Eggs

Biology: Mitosis vs Meiosis

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Cell cycle
Classical genetics
Cellular processes
Meiosis
Ploidy
Homologous chromosome
Chromosome

Meiosis v. Mitosis Ploidy Non disjunction Definitions Mitosis - the way normal body cells divide, reproduce, and grow...and meisosis extends it one step further. In meiosis the cell grows larger. THey both divide into 2 seperate cells but in meiosis, the steps continue - the resulting cells divide further into meiosis. WHen cells undergo meiosis, the result is the creation of gametes, sex-cells. It involves one replication of chromosones and 2 successive cell divisions. Mitosis - starts our all diploid and then it splits into Haploid. Non disjunction - chromosomes fail to separate correctly.

Endo-membrane System

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Anatomy
Membrane biology
Cellular processes
Organelles
Peripheral membrane proteins
Endosome
Golgi apparatus
Vesicle
Endocytosis
Endomembrane system

Endomembrane system 4/7/16 Proteins synthesized in the ER enter the endomembrane system Comprises a transport system whereby material flows between the ER, Golgi, endosomes, lysosomes, and the plasma membrane REMEMBER: Rough ER is involved in biosynthesis and processing of proteins Smooth ER is involved in drug detoxification, carbohydrate metabolism, steroid biosynthesis Network of small tubes Both water-soluble and transmembrane proteins are co-translated: Soluble ? completely translocated across the ER membrane into the lumen Default pathway = SECRETION Transmembrane ? partly translocated and will reside in the membrane Default pathway = PLASMA MEMBRANE Most proteins that enter the endomembrane system get glycosylated cytosolic proteins are generally not glycosylated

Bio 220 Principles of Physiology and Development

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Germ cells
Cellular processes
Embryogenesis
Fertilisation
Blastocoel
Cleavage
Cell

Bio 220 Notes Prokaryotes: 3.2 billion years ago Cell wall = peptidoglycans gram neg - lipopolysaccharides secreted outside of cell wall No internal compartments Unicellular and small (1-5 um) Most have single chromosome Transcription and translation occurs in the same location Eukaryotes: 2.1 billion years ago compartmentalization = organelles you can be more efficient with reaction vessels (concentrate functions) You can get by with fewer enzymes if you concentrate them into organelle, its cheaper Endosymbiants Mitochondria divide at their own rate, replicate independently of cell they live in Has its own DNA, circular First endosymbiants Cell size varies greatly RBC are the smallest and neurons are the largest/longest Plasma Membrane

Chapter 12 Notes

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Cell cycle
Microbiology
Cell biology
Cellular processes
Molecular genetics
Fission
Cell
Chromatin
Mitosis
Prokaryote
Reproduction
Health
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mitosis

Biology 240 SI Session #10 Chapter 12 SI Leader: Lauren Curtis Email: [email protected] Prokaryotes: Describe the process of 'binary fission' : Binary fission is the process by which a prokaryotic cell cell reproduces asexually by dividing in half. This does not include mitosis in prokaryotes, but a process all in it's own. The cell duplicates it's DNA, doubling in size, and then splits into two daughter cells. Here are some terms you need to be familiar with in regards to cell division... Chromatin: A DNA-protein complex, represents DNA in it's unfolded and non condensed form. Chromosomes: Represents DNA folded and condensed down as the cell gets ready to divide. It organizes the DNA in a way where parts won't get lost when the cell splits in half.

AP Biology Campbell 8th edition Chapter 12 Study Guide

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Cell cycle
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Reproduction
Mitosis
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Cell division
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The Cell Cycle

STUDY GUIDE: CH. 12 THE CELL CYCLE THE KEY ROLES OF CELL DIVISION 1. Explain how cell division functions in reproduction, growth, and repair. -Single-celled and other organisms reproduce asexually by cell division -Asexual spores, binary fissiion in bact., growth, breakage, and estab. Of vines -Growth may increase the sizes or numbers of cells -Wounding releases growth factors that stimulate mitosis 2. Describe the structural organization of the genome. -Organisms may have hundreds to tens of thousands of genes -Genes, controlling sequences, spacers, and junk are strung on chromosomes -Chromosome numbers -Bacteria may have one or a few circular or linear chromosomes -Eukaryotes may have one to >1000 linear chromosomes

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