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Molecular Bionumbers Notes

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Adenosine triphosphate

Useful fundamental numbers in molecular biology The numbers quoted here were extracted from the literature. They should only serve as ?rule of thumb? values. Consult the full references to learn about the specific system under study, growth conditions, measurement method etc. Full references at: www.bioNumbers.org Cell sizes: Bacteria (e.coli): ~1mm diameter, 2mm length, ~1mm3 in volume; 109cells/ml in an overnight culture (OD600~1) Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae): ~5 mm diameter, ~50 mm3 in volume Mammalian (HELA) cell - ~2,000 mm3 in volume, adherent cell on a slide ~20 mm diameter ? ~100,000 cells in a confluent well of a 96 multiwell plate Organelles and cell constituents: Mammalian cell nucleus ~10 micron diameter

Pearson Biology Guided Reading Answers Chapter 10

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Chapter 10: Molecular Biology of the Gene # 152826 Cust: Pearson Au: Reece Pg. No. 66 Title: Active Reading Guide for Campbell Biology: Concepts & Connections, 8e C / M / Y / K Short / Normal DESIGN SERVICES OF S4-CARLISLE Publishing Services 66 Copyright ? 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 10: Molecular Biology of the Gene Guided Reading Activities Big idea: The structure of the genetic material Answer the following questions as you read modules 10.1?10.3: 1. The study of heredity at the molecular level is called ________________. 2. Students are usually surprised to discover that viruses can infect bacteria. What type of virus infects bacteria? 3. Hershey and Chase decided to use radioactively labeled sulfur and phosphorous in their

Pearson Biology Guided Reading Chapter 10

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Chapter 10: Molecular Biology of the Gene # 152826 Cust: Pearson Au: Reece Pg. No. 66 Title: Active Reading Guide for Campbell Biology: Concepts & Connections, 8e C / M / Y / K Short / Normal DESIGN SERVICES OF S4-CARLISLE Publishing Services 66 Copyright ? 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 10: Molecular Biology of the Gene Guided Reading Activities Big idea: The structure of the genetic material Answer the following questions as you read modules 10.1?10.3: 1. The study of heredity at the molecular level is called ________________. 2. Students are usually surprised to discover that viruses can infect bacteria. What type of virus infects bacteria? 3. Hershey and Chase decided to use radioactively labeled sulfur and phosphorous in their

Pearson Guided Reading Activities KEY CH10

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Chapter 10: Molecular Biology of the Gene # 152826 Cust: Pearson Au: Reece Pg. No. 66 Title: Active Reading Guide for Campbell Biology: Concepts & Connections, 8e C / M / Y / K Short / Normal DESIGN SERVICES OF S4-CARLISLE Publishing Services 66 Copyright ? 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 10: Molecular Biology of the Gene Guided Reading Activities Big idea: The structure of the genetic material Answer the following questions as you read modules 10.1?10.3: 1. The study of heredity at the molecular level is called ________________. 2. Students are usually surprised to discover that viruses can infect bacteria. What type of virus infects bacteria? 3. Hershey and Chase decided to use radioactively labeled sulfur and phosphorous in their

Transcription

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Polyadenylation
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DNA Transcription (Slide 20) The ?Central Dogma? - Crick 1958 DNA - RNA - Protein Proposed that this process could not go backwards The part of DNA that encodes for a protein (or RNA) is called a gene GENE: Functional unit of DNA that codes for one or more polypeptide chains or an RNA molecule Genome is not just genes, there are intervening sequences that don?t code for a protein Proteins are generated through transcription and translation How much protein is present can be regulated by the amount of transcription and/or translation Beta-catenine- high abundance in brain (A) but low abundance in muscle (B) DN A is transcribed by RNA polymerase One RNA polymerase in bacteria that does all the transcription CORE ENZYME: 2?, 1?, 1??

Amino Acid II

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Nucleic Acids, DNA Structure, and Chromosomes Nucleotides are the building blocks of nucleic acids One (NMP), two (NDP), three (NTP) phosphates 5 different bases: A, G, C (DNA and RNA), T (DNA), U (RNA) 2 different sugars: ribose (RNA), deoxyribose (DNA) Two kinds of 5-carbon sugars Five kinds of nitrogen containing bases The sugars and bases are linked through a glycosidic bond nucleoside = N-containing base linked to a 5 carbon sugar (no phosphate) nucleotide = N-containing base linked to a 5 carbon sugar & one or more phosphates Nucleotides are linked through phosphodiester bonds Link between nucleotides: 5? C of sugar - phosphate- 3? C of sugar (backbone) Variable portion: base

Amino Acid I

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Nucleic Acids, DNA Structure, and Chromosomes Nucleotides are the building blocks of nucleic acids One (NMP), two (NDP), three (NTP) phosphates 5 different bases: A, G, C (DNA and RNA), T (DNA), U (RNA) 2 different sugars: ribose (RNA), deoxyribose (DNA) Two kinds of 5-carbon sugars Five kinds of nitrogen containing bases The sugars and bases are linked through a glycosidic bond nucleoside = N-containing base linked to a 5 carbon sugar (no phosphate) nucleotide = N-containing base linked to a 5 carbon sugar & one or more phosphates Nucleotides are linked through phosphodiester bonds Link between nucleotides: 5? C of sugar - phosphate- 3? C of sugar (backbone) Variable portion: base

AP Bio Campbell 8e chapter 17

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Chapter 17 From Gene to Protein Overview: The Flow of Genetic Information The information content of DNA is in the form of specific sequences of nucleotides along the DNA strands. The DNA inherited by an organism leads to specific traits by dictating the synthesis of proteins. Gene expression, the process by which DNA directs protein synthesis, includes two stages called transcription and translation. Proteins are the links between genotype and phenotype. Concept 17.1 Genes specify proteins via transcription and translation The study of metabolic defects provided evidence that genes specify proteins. In 1909, Archibald Gerrod was the first to suggest that genes dictate phenotype through enzymes that catalyze specific chemical reactions in the cell.

Ch 17 Study guide from biologyjunction

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Chapter 17 From Gene to Protein Lecture Outline Overview: The Flow of Genetic Information The information content of DNA is in the form of specific sequences of nucleotides along the DNA strands. The DNA inherited by an organism leads to specific traits by dictating the synthesis of proteins. Gene expression, the process by which DNA directs protein synthesis, includes two stages called transcription and translation. Proteins are the links between genotype and phenotype. For example, Mendel?s dwarf pea plants lack a functioning copy of the gene that specifies the synthesis of a key protein, gibberellin. Gibberellins stimulate the normal elongation of stems. Concept 17.1 Genes specify proteins via transcription and translation

Transcription & Translation

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Transcription & Translation

DNA Transcription and Translation Objectives Identify the structure of RNA List the 3 types of RNA Understand why transcription must occur Identify the different steps of transcription. What are we trying to do? Transcription- we are trying to make a ?messenger? to code for a protein. Translation- making the protein! Gene Segment of DNA that codes for a protein DNA codes for RNA and RNA makes protein (central dogma) One Gene ? One Enzyme The Beadle and Tatum experiment showed that one gene codes for one enzyme. One gene codes for one polypeptide. polypeptide - a chain of covalently bonded amino acids. (proteins are made of one or more polypeptide) Let?s make some observations about RNA?s structure RNA RNA stands for: Ribonucleic acid RNA is found:

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