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Period

Chapter 3 Notes

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BIOL 1020 - CHAPTER 2 LECTURE NOTES Chapter 2: The Chemical Context of Life You must understand chemistry to understand life (and to pass this course)! Elements and Atoms Elements ? substances that cannot be further broken down into other substances (at least by ordinary chemical reactions) every element has a chemical symbol (H for hydrogen, O for oxygen, etc.); this is most familiar from the periodic table Essential elements: elements that an organism needs to live. They are similar along different organism but there is some variation Trace element: elements that are required by an organism in only minute quantities E.g.: Iron (Trace) Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, and Carbon(Essential elements)

Periodic Table

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The periodic table is a very useful device for chemists and students to use. The periodic table is made of all of the elements that exist. For each element, the atomic number, atomic mass,the symbol, and the element name is in the periodic table. The Periodic table is organized in a way for us to easily tell which elements are metals, metalloids, or nonmetals. The state of the element is also sometimes included. The different groups (columns) have similiar characteristics with the other elements within the group. Group 1 is alkali metals, Group 2 is alkaline earth metals, Groups 3-12 are the transitional metals which also include the inner transition metals, Group 17 is the Halogens, and Group 18 is the noble gases.

Periodic Trends

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Three Important Periodic Trends Definition of Periodic Trend: The tendency of a certain characteristic of an element to increase or decrease as they progresses along a period or group on the periodic table of elements Definition of Term Atomic Radius - One half the distance between the nuclei of identical atoms that are bonded together. Picometers (pm) Ionization Energy - The energy required to remove 1 electron from a neutral atom of an element. kiloJoules per Mole (kJ/mol) Electronegativity - The measure of the ability of an atom in a chemical compound to attract the electrons of another atom in the compound. Trend Across the PT The atomic radii decreases as you move across each period, as you add more protons to help pull the electrons closer to the nucleus.

Chemistry Section 5.2 Notes

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Section 5.2: Electron Configuration and the Periodic Table Periods and Blocks of the Periodic Table: Elements arranged vertically in groups/family with similar properties Elements in horizontal rows (period) w/ similar chemical properties Length of period = number of electrons occupying sublevels being filled in that period Periodic Table divided into 4 blocks: s,p,d,f Name of each block determined by whether an s,p,d, or f sublevel is being filled in successive elements of that block Period of element determined from element?s electron configuration Aresnic: [Ar]3d104s24p3 4 in 4p3 indicates arsenic?s highest occupied energy level is 4 The s-Block Elements: Groups 1 and 2: Elements of s block are chemically reactive metals (Grp1 more reactive)

Chemistry Section 5.2 Notes

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Section 5.2: Electron Configuration and the Periodic Table Periods and Blocks of the Periodic Table: Elements arranged vertically in groups/family with similar properties Elements in horizontal rows (period) w/ similar chemical properties Length of period = number of electrons occupying sublevels being filled in that period Periodic Table divided into 4 blocks: s,p,d,f Name of each block determined by whether an s,p,d, or f sublevel is being filled in successive elements of that block Period of element determined from element?s electron configuration Aresnic: [Ar]3d104s24p3 4 in 4p3 indicates arsenic?s highest occupied energy level is 4 The s-Block Elements: Groups 1 and 2: Elements of s block are chemically reactive metals (Grp1 more reactive)
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