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Nonmetals

Campbell Biology 9th Edition Chapter 4 Outline

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Chapter 4 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life Outline Carbon: The Backbone of Life Organisms are made up of chemicals based mostly on carbon Carbon comes into the atmosphere through the action of plants: plants use solar energy to transform CO2 Carbon forms molecules that are large, complex, and varied Organic Chemistry is the Study of Carbon Compounds Organic Chemistry: The branch of chemistry that specializes in the study of carbon compounds Overall percentages of the major elements of life are quite uniform from one organism to the next Chemists learned to make many simple compounds in the lab by combining elements under the right conditions by the 1800s Vitalism: The belief in a life force outside the jurisdiction of physical and chemical laws

Ch. 2: The Chemical Context of Life

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2.1 An element is a substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions. A compound is a substance consisting of two or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio. Essential elements are needed for a healthy life and to reproduce. Humans need 25, plants need 17 Oxygen (O), Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H) and Nitrogen (N)?make up 96% of living matter Calcium (Ca), Phosphorus (P), potassium (K), sulfur (S), and a few other elements accounting for most of the remaining 4% of an organism's mass. Trace elements are required by an organism in only minute quantities. ? 2.2 Protons and neutrons are electrically charged. Proton= positive, electron=negative, neutron=neutral

Chapter 3 Notes

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BIOL 1020 - CHAPTER 2 LECTURE NOTES Chapter 2: The Chemical Context of Life You must understand chemistry to understand life (and to pass this course)! Elements and Atoms Elements ? substances that cannot be further broken down into other substances (at least by ordinary chemical reactions) every element has a chemical symbol (H for hydrogen, O for oxygen, etc.); this is most familiar from the periodic table Essential elements: elements that an organism needs to live. They are similar along different organism but there is some variation Trace element: elements that are required by an organism in only minute quantities E.g.: Iron (Trace) Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, and Carbon(Essential elements)

Chapter 4 Notes

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BIOL 1020 ? CHAPTER 4 LECTURE NOTES Chapter 4: Carbon and the molecular diversity of life Organic Compounds Organic compounds: any compound of carbon and another element or radical Inorganic: any compound that does not contain carbon. Carbon skeletons: the skeletal formula of an organic compound is a shorthand representation of its molecular structure Wide diversity in organic compounds Carbon has diverse bonding patterns. Carbon atomic structure How many valence electrons in a carbon atom? 4 How many covalent bonds can a carbon atom maximum form? 4 Bonding patterns Valence = 4 electrons Different molecular shape: chains, branches, ring, etc. Length difference. Hydrocarbons ? organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen e.g. propane

Biology Notes

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Biology Chapter 6 notes During cellular respirations: electrons are transferred to oxygen as carbon-hydrogen bonds of gloces are broken & hydrogen-oxygen bonds of water form Glucose loses hydrogen atoms as it is converted to carbon dioxide Oxygen gains hydrogen atoms in being converted to water Redox reaction: Electron transfer requires redox reactions for electrons to lose potential energy + release energy Oxidizing glucose: NAD+, dehygrenase Electron transport chain: electrons falling from glucose to oxygen, the transfer of electrons from an organic molecule to NADH Cellular respiration: Glycolysis (cytosol): break glucose into two molecules of pyruvate net product: NADH + ATP

review sheet of AP Biology for Chapter 4-18.9.09

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? ? ?Page | ? PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT ?1? review sheet of AP Biology for Chapter 4* 18.Sep.09 Chapter.4 :: Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life [[Page.58]] Overview ?Carbon ? The Backbone of Biological Molecules [[Page.58]] Although living organisms use water as their universal medium for life, they are made up of chemicals based mostly on the element carbon. Carbon enters the biosphere through the action of plants in the transformation of CO2 Of all chemical elements, carbon is unparalleled (best) in its ability to form molecules that are large, complex and diverse (various), and this molecular diversity had made possible the diversity of organisms that have evolved on Earth.

Essential Chemistry for Biology

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Essential Chemistry for Biology Chapter 2 1. There are 92 naturally occurring elements on Earth. What is an element? substances that cannot be broken down 2. Four of the elements oxygen, carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen make up about 96% of the weight of the human body. Oxygen is the most abundant element in the body. 3. Trace elements are required in very small amounts, but we cannot live without them. 4. Why is the trace element iodine important in the body? essential for hormone produced by thyroid gland 5. Why is the trace element fluoride important in the body? needed component of healthy bones and teeth 6. Know the chemical element for each of the following symbols: C; carbon H; hydrogen O; oxygen

APHuG glossary

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Acid deposition Sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides, emitted by burning fossil fuels., enter the atmosphere ? where they combine with oxygen and water form sulfuric acid and nitric acid ? and return to Earth?s surface Acid precipitation Conversion of sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides to acids that return to Earth as rain, snow, or fog Agribusiness Commercial agriculture characterized by the integration of different steps in the food-processing industry, usually through ownership by larger corporations Agricultural density
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