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organic chemistry

AP Chemistry Zumdahl 7E Chapter 22 Notes

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Chemistry
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Functional Groups
organic chemistry
Chemical nomenclature
Isomerism
Alkanes
Alkene
Alkyne
Hydrocarbon
Haloalkane
Cycloalkane
Aromatic hydrocarbon
Ether

1 AP Chemistry Chapter 22 - Organic Chemistry 22.1 Alkanes: Saturated Hydrocarbons A. Straight-chain Hydrocarbons 1. Straight-chain alkanes have the formula CnH2n+2 2. Carbons are sp3 hybridized The First 10 Alkanes # of Carbons Name Formula (CnH2n+2) 1 Methane CH4 2 Ethane C2H6 3 Propane C3H8 4 Butane C4H10 5 Pentane C5H12 6 Hexane C6H14 7 Heptane C7H16 8 Octane C8H18 9 Nonane C9H20 10 Decane C10H22 B. Structural Isomers 1. Same formula, but the atoms are bonded together in a different order 2. Different bonding order results in different properties C4H10 Butane C4H10 2-methylpropane C. Rules for Naming Alkanes (Nomenclature) 1. For a branched hydrocarbon, the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms

AP Bio Chp 4

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Biology
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organic chemistry
Isomerism
Functional Groups
Isomer
Carbon
molecule
Chemical bond
Carbohydrate
Hydroxyl

AP Biology Reading Guide Chapter 4: Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw Copyright ? 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. - 1 - Name_______________________Period___________ Chapter 4: Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life Concept 4.1 Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds 1. Study this figure of Stanley Miller?s experiment to simulate conditions thought to have existed on the early Earth. Explain the elements of this experiment, using arrows to indicate what occurs in various parts of the apparatus. 2. What was collected in the sample for chemical analysis? What was concluded from the results of this experiment?

BIO CH 3 TEST

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Biology
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Functional Groups
Chemical nomenclature
Chemistry
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Chemical elements
Isomer
Hydroxyl
Amino acid
Hydrogen bond
Chemical formula
organic chemistry
Carbon

Campbell's Biology, 9e (Reece et al.) Chapter 4 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life This chapter focuses on the chemistry of carbon and organic compounds. Students should be able to identify the nature of the bonds between carbon and other elements (nonpolar versus polar), the different types of weak bonds and interactions, the various types of isomers, the basic functional groups of organic molecules, and their relative solubility in water. The abiotic formation of organic molecules from inorganic molecules is important in the origin of life. Multiple-Choice Questions 1) The element present in all organic molecules is A) hydrogen. B) oxygen. C) carbon. D) nitrogen. E) phosphorus. Answer: C Topic: Concept 4.1 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension

Organic Chapter 11 ppt

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Chemistry
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Chemistry
organic chemistry
Functional Groups
Alcohol
Tosyl
Alkene
Ether
Aldehyde
Carboxylic acid
Pyridinium chlorochromate
Jones oxidation
Electrophile
Electrophile

Chapter 11 Reactions of Alcohols Organic Chemistry, 6th Edition L. G. Wade, Jr. Chapter 11 * Types of Alcohol Reactions Dehydration to alkene Oxidation to aldehyde, ketone, acids Substitution to form alkyl halide Reduction to alkane Esterification Tosylation Williamson synthesis of ether => Chapter 11 Chapter 11 * Summary Table => Chapter 11 Chapter 11 * Oxidation States Easy for inorganic salts CrO42- reduced to Cr2O3 KMnO4 reduced to MnO2 Oxidation: loss of H2, gain of O, O2, or X2 Reduction: gain of H2 or H-, loss of O, O2, or X2 Neither: gain or loss of H+, H2O, HX => Chapter 11 Chapter 11 * 1?, 2?, 3? Carbons => Chapter 11 Chapter 11 * Sample Problems (1)

Organic Chapter 10 ppt

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Chemistry
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Chemistry
organic chemistry
Functional Groups
Alcohol
Grignard reaction
Carboxylic acid
Haloalkane
Ether
Ketone
Alkoxide
Carbonyl
Organolithium reagent

Chapter 10 Structure and Synthesis of Alcohols Organic Chemistry, 6th Edition L. G. Wade, Jr. Chapter 10 * Structure of Alcohols Hydroxyl (-OH) functional group Oxygen is sp3 hybridized. Versatile synthetic intermediates Chapter 10 Chapter 10 * Classification Determined by carbinol carbon atom: Primary: carbon with ?OH is bonded to one other carbon. Secondary: carbon with ?OH is bonded to two other carbons. Tertiary: carbon with ?OH is bonded to three other carbons. Aromatic (phenol): -OH is bonded to a benzene ring. Chapter 10 Chapter 10 * Classify these: Chapter 10 Chapter 10 * IUPAC Nomenclature Find the longest carbon chain containing the carbon with the -OH group.

Organic Chapter 9 ppt

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Chemistry
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Chemistry
organic chemistry
Functional Groups
Alkyne
Hydroboration–oxidation reaction
Alkene
Hydroboration
Aldehyde
Ketone
Ozonolysis
Acetylene
Hydrogenation

Chapter 9 Alkynes Organic Chemistry, 6th Edition L. G. Wade, Jr. Chapter 9 * Introduction Alkynes (a.k.a. acetylenes) contain a triple bond. General formula is CnH2n-2. Two elements of unsaturation for each triple bond. Some reactions are like alkenes: addition and oxidation. Some reactions are specific to alkynes. Chapter 9 Alkynes in Nature Chapter 9 * Nomenclature: IUPAC Find the longest chain containing the triple bond. Change -ane ending to -yne. Number the chain, starting at the end closest to the triple bond. Give branches or other substituents a number to locate their position. => Chapter 9 Chapter 9 * Name these: propyne 5-bromo-2-pentyne

Organic Chapter 4 ppt

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Chemistry
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Chemistry
Chemical kinetics
Free-radical halogenation
organic chemistry
Chemical reaction
Radical
Halogenation
Reaction rate
Catalysis
Ethane
Alkane
Electrophile
Electrophile

Chapter 4 The Study of Chemical Reactions Organic Chemistry, 6th Edition L. G. Wade, Jr. Chapter 4 * Introduction Reactants ? Products: overall reaction. Mechanism: complete step-by-step description of exactly which bonds break and form in what order to give observed products To learn more about a reaction: Thermodynamics Kinetics. => Chapter 4 Chapter 4 * Thermodynamics study of energy changes provides an opportunity to: compare stability of reactants and products predict which compounds are favored Kinetics study of reaction rates, determining which products form the fastest helps predict how the rate will change if conditions are changed Chapter 4 Chapter 4 * Chlorination of Methane

AP BIO Chapter 04

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Chemistry
organic chemistry
Chemical nomenclature
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Hydrogen bond
Structural isomer
Carbon
Chemical formula
Chemical bond
education

Campbell's Biology, 9e (Reece et al.) Chapter 4 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life This chapter focuses on the chemistry of carbon and organic compounds. Students should be able to identify the nature of the bonds between carbon and other elements (nonpolar versus polar), the different types of weak bonds and interactions, the various types of isomers, the basic functional groups of organic molecules, and their relative solubility in water. The abiotic formation of organic molecules from inorganic molecules is important in the origin of life. Multiple-Choice Questions 1) The element present in all organic molecules is A) hydrogen. B) oxygen. C) carbon. D) nitrogen. E) phosphorus. Answer: C Topic: Concept 4.1 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension

AP BIO CHP 4 CAMPBELL BIOLOGY 9e

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Chemistry
organic chemistry
Chemical nomenclature
Chemical bonding
Isomerism
Isomer
Amino acid
Hydrogen bond
Structural isomer
Carbon
Chemical formula
Chemical bond
education
behavior
Human development
Interpersonal relationships
Love
Psychoanalysis
Human behavior
Personal life
Attachment theory
Evolutionary biology
Technology

Campbell's Biology, 9e (Reece et al.) Chapter 4 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life This chapter focuses on the chemistry of carbon and organic compounds. Students should be able to identify the nature of the bonds between carbon and other elements (nonpolar versus polar), the different types of weak bonds and interactions, the various types of isomers, the basic functional groups of organic molecules, and their relative solubility in water. The abiotic formation of organic molecules from inorganic molecules is important in the origin of life. Multiple-Choice Questions 1) The element present in all organic molecules is A) hydrogen. B) oxygen. C) carbon. D) nitrogen. E) phosphorus. Answer: C Topic: Concept 4.1 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension

Chem Ch. 8

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Chemistry
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Chemistry
organic chemistry
Organic reactions
Substitution reactions
SN1 reaction
Nucleophilic substitution
SN2 reaction
Haloalkane
Elimination reaction
Nucleophile
Christopher Kelk Ingold
Ether
behavior
Human development
Computing
Computer file formats
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Attachment theory
Technology

8.1 Functional Group Transformation by Nucleophilic Substitution Nucleophilic substitution reactions of alkyl halides are related to elimination reactions in that the halogen acts as a leaving group on carbon and is lost as an anion. The carbon-halogen bond of the alkyl halide is broken heterolytically: the two electrons in that bond are lost with the leaving group. The most frequently encountered nucleophiles are anions, which are used as their lithium, sodium, or potassium salts. If we use M to represent lithium, sodium, or potassium, some representative nucleophilic reagents are Table 8.1 illustrates an application of each of these to a functional group transformation. The

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