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Enzymes

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Enzymes Proteins- Enzymes belong to the macromolecule group of proteins and can be described as a specialized type of protein. Enzymes are considered the catalysts of life (catalysts=agents that speed up chemical reactions) - Enzymes are named by what they are acting upon and replacing the ending with ?ase? Ex= cellulose to cellulase Enzymes assist in the process of metabolism= the many chemical reactions that occur in organisms. Many chemical reactions would not occur without enzymes because the molecules in cells would simply not house enough energy/contain enough heat, to begin a reaction and carry it out quick enough. An enzymes job is to lower the activation energy needed in a chemical process and to finish by completing it.

biology in focus chapter 6 (AP)

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Adenosine triphosphate
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Chapter 6 An Introduction to Metabolism Forms of Energy Energy is the ability to do work or cause change Kinetic energy is the energy of motion Thermal energy is associated with the movement of atoms/molecules Heat is the transfer of thermal energy from one object to another Potential energy is the energy possessed by matter due to its location or structure Chemical energy is a type of potential energy Thermodynamics Thermodynamics is the study of energy transformations The First Law of Thermodynamics Energy can be transferred and/or transformed, but neither created nor destroyed The Second Law of Thermodynamics Energy transformations favor a more disorderly state, increasing entropy Entropy Entropy is a measure of the disorder, or randomness, of a system

Campbell9thEdChapter8Introduction to Metabolism

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Endergonic

An Introduction to Metabolism Chapter 8 Overview: The Energy of Life The living cell is a miniature chemical factory where thousands of reactions occur The cell extracts energy and applies energy to perform work Some organisms even convert energy to light, as in bioluminescence ? 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 8.1 Concept 8.1: An organism?s metabolism transforms matter and energy, subject to the laws of thermodynamics Metabolism is the totality of an organism?s chemical reactions Metabolism is an emergent property of life that arises from interactions between molecules within the cell ? 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Organization of the Chemistry of Life into Metabolic Pathways A metabolic pathway begins with a specific molecule and ends with a product

AP Bio Chp. 8

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AP Biology Reading Guide Chapter 8: An Introduction to Metabolism Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw Copyright ? 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. - 7 - AP Biology Reading Guide Chapter 8: An Introduction to Metabolism Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw Copyright ? 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. - 1 - Name _________________________________________________ MOD____________ Date ________ Chapter 8: An Introduction to Metabolism Concept 8.1 An organism?s metabolism transforms matter and energy, subject to the laws of thermodynamics 1. Define metabolism. 2. There are two types of reactions in metabolic pathways: anabolic and catabolic. a. Which reactions release energy? b. Which reactions consume energy?

how enzymes function

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Enzyme catalysis 1 ENZYME CATALYSIS By (Student?s Name) Course Instructor Institution City, State Date One of the primary tasks of a protein is to act as an enzyme. Fundamentally, Enzymes are organic catalysts that speed up the rate of virtually all biochemical reactions that occur in a cell. Ordinarily, cellular chemical reactions proceed so gradually that they would not occur under normal organism?s conditions of temperature and pressure (Enzyme Catalysis, 2015). Concisely, enzymatically catalyzed reactions involve the provision of an alternative route alongside stabilizing intermediates. In turn, this causes a reduction in the energy required to reach the highest energy transition state of the reaction as shown below (Enzyme Catalysis, 2015).

BIO CH 8

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Campbell's Biology, 9e (Reece et al.) Chapter 8 An Introduction to Metabolism This chapter lays the foundations for the chapters on respiration and photosynthesis. Key concepts are as follows: The laws of thermodynamics govern energy transformations by living organisms, metabolic reactions couple energy-harvesting reactions to reactions that accomplish cellular work, and enzymes increase the rates of reaction. Understanding the properties of enzymes, how they work, and how their activities are regulated is necessary to achieve an understanding of metabolic pathways. Multiple-Choice Questions 1) Which term most precisely describes the cellular process of breaking down large molecules into smaller ones? A) catalysis B) metabolism C) anabolism D) dehydration E) catabolism
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