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AP U.S. Government + Politics Semester 1 Final - Key Terms Flashcards

Semester 1 Final - Key Terms
Chapter #10: Elections and Voting Behavior - Key Terms
Taken from Chapter 2 and Chapters 6 through 12 in the 14th Edition of Government in America: People, Politics and Policy

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619234650	Incumbents	Those already holding office. In congressional elections, incumbents usually win.
619234651	Casework	Activities of members of Congress that help constituents as individuals; cutting through bureaucratic red tape to get people what they think they have a right to get.
619234654	Pork Barrel	The mighty list of federal projects, grants, and contracts available to cities, businesses, colleges, and institutions available in a congressional district.
619234657	Bicameral Legislature	A legislature divided into two houses. The U.S. Congress and every American state legislature except Nebraska's are bicameral.
619234660	House Rules Committee	An institution unique to the House of Representatives that reviews all bills (except revenue, budget, and appropriations bills) coming from a House committee before they go to the full House.
619234663	Filibuster	A strategy unique to the Senate whereby opponents of a piece of legislation try to talk it to death, based on the tradition of unlimited debate. Today, 60 members present and voting can halt a filibuster.
619234666	Speaker of the House	An office mandated by the constitution. The speaker is chosen in practice by the majority party, has both formal and informal powers, and is second in line to succeed to the presidency should that office become vacant.
619234669	Majority Leader	The principal partisan ally of the Speaker of the House or the party's manager in the Senate. The majority leader is responsible for scheduling bills, influencing committee assignments, and rounding up votes in behalf of the party's legislative positions.
619234672	Minority Leader	The principal leader of the minority party in the House of Representatives or in the Senate.
619234675	Whips	Party leaders who work with the majority leader or minority leader to count votes beforehand and lean on waverers whose votes are crucial to a bill favored by the party.
619234678	Standing Committees	Separate subject-matter committees in each house of Congress that handle bills in different policy areas.
619234681	Joint Committees	Congressional committees on a few subject-matter areas with membership drawn from both houses.
619234684	Conference Committees	Congressional committees formed when the Senate and the House pass a particular bill in different forms. Party leadership appoints members from each house to iron out the differences and bring back a single bill.
619234686	Select Committees	Congressional committees appointed for a specific purpose, such as the Watergate investigation.
619234689	Legislative Oversight	Congress' monitoring of the bureaucracy and its administration of policy, performed mainly through hearings.
619234692	Committee Chairs	The most important influencers of the congressional agenda. They play dominant roles in scheduling hearings, hiring staff, appointing subcommittees, and managing committee bills when they are brought before the full house.
619234695	Seniority System	A simple rule for picking committee chairs, in effect until the 1970s. The member who had served on the committee the longest and whose party controlled Congress became chair, regardless of party loyalty, mental state, or competence.
619234698	Caucus (Congressional)	A group of members of Congress sharing some interest or characteristic. Most are composed of members from both parties and from both houses.
619234701	Bill	A proposed law, drafted in precise, legal language. Anyone can draft a bill, but only a member of the House of Representatives or the Senate can formally submit a bill for consideration.
619234704	Interest Group	An organization of people with shared policy goals entering the policy process at several points to try to achieve those goals. Interest Groups pursue their goals in many arenas.
619234707	Pluralist Theory	A theory of government and politics emphasizing that politics is mainly a competition among groups, each one pressing for its own preferred policies.
619234709	Elite Theory	A theory of government and politics contending that societies are divided along class lines and that an upper-class elite will rule, regardless of the formal niceties of governmental organization.
619234711	Hyperpluralist Theory	A theory of government and politics contending that groups are so strong that government is weakened. Hyperpluralism is an extreme, exaggerated, or perverted form of pluralism
619234713	Subgovernments	A network of groups within the American political system that exercise a great deal of control over specific policy areas. Also known as iron triangles, subgovernments are composed of interest group leaders interested in a particular policy, the government agency in charge of administering that policy, and the members of congressional committees and subcommittees handling that policy.
619234715	Potential Group	All the people who might be interest group members because they share some common interest. A potential group is almost always larger than an actual group.
619234717	Actual Group	That part of the potential group consisting of members who actually join.
619234719	Collective Good	Something of value (money, a tax write-off, prestige, clean air, and so on) that cannot be withheld from a group member.
619234721	Free-Rider Problem	The problem faced by unions and other groups when people do not join because they can benefit from the group's activities without officially joining. The bigger the group, the more serious the problem.
619234722	Olson's Law of Large Groups	Advanced by Mancur Olson, a principle stating that "the larger the group, the further it will fall short of providing an optimal amount of a collective good."
619234723	Selective Benefits	Goods (such as information publications, travel discounts, and group insurance rates) that a group can restrict to those who pay their annual dues.
619234724	Single-Issue Groups	Groups that have a narrow interest, tend to dislike compromise, and often draw membership from people new to politics. These features distinguish them from traditional interest groups.
619234725	Lobbying	According to Lester Milbrath, a "communication, by someone other than a citizen acting on his own behalf, directed to a governmental decisionmaker with the hope of influencing his decision."
619234726	Electioneering	Direct group involvement in the electoral process. Groups can help fund campaigns, provide testimony, and get members to work for candidates, and some form political action committees.
619234727	Political Action Committees (PACs)	Funding vehicles created by the 1974 campaign finance reforms. A corporation, union, or some other interest group can create a PAC and register it with the Federal Election Commission (FEC), which will meticulously monitor the PAC's expenditures.
619234728	Amicus Curiae Briefs	Legal briefs submitted by a "friend of the court" for the purpose of raising additional points of view and presenting information not contained in the briefs of the formal parties. These briefs attempt to influence a court's decision.
619234729	Class Action Lawsuits	Lawsuits permitting a small number of people to sue on behalf of all other people similarly situated.
619234730	Union Shop	A provision found in some collective bargaining agreements requiring all employees of a business to join the union within a short period, usually 30 days, and to remain members as a condition of employment
619234731	Right-to-Work Laws	A state law forbidding requirements that workers must join a union to hold their jobs. State right-to-work laws were specifically permitted by the Taft-Hartley Act of 1947.
619234732	Public Interest Lobbies	According to Jeffrey Berry, organizations that seek "a collective good, the achievement of which will not selectively and materially benefit the membership or activities of the organization."
619234733	Legitimacy	A characterization of elections by political scientists meaning that they are almost universally accepted as a fair and free method of selecting political leaders. When legitimacy is high, as in the United States, even the losers accept the results peacefully.
619234734	Referendum	A state-level method of direct legislation that gives voters a chance to approve or disapprove proposed legislation or a proposed constitutional amendment.
619234735	Initiative Petition	A process permitted in some states whereby voters may put proposed changes in the state constitution to a vote if sufficient signatures are obtained on petitions calling for such a referendum.
619234736	Suffrage	The legal right to vote, extended to African Americans by the Fifteenth Amendment, to women by the Nineteenth Amendment, and to people over the age of 18 by the Twenty-sixth Amendment.
619234737	Political Efficacy	The belief that one's political participation really matters - that one's vote can actually make a difference
619234738	Civic Duty	The belief that in order to support democratic government, a citizen should always vote.
619234739	Voter Registration	A system adopted by the states that requires voters to register well in advance of Election Day. A few states permit Election Day registration.
619234740	Motor Voter Act	Passed in 1993, this act went into effect for the 1996 election. It requires states to permit people to register to vote at the same time they apply for their driver's license.
619234741	Mandate Theory of Elections	The idea that the winning candidate has a mandate from the people to carry out his or her platforms and politics. Politicians like the theory better than political scientists do.
619234742	Policy Voting	Electoral choices that are made on the basis of the voters' policy preferences and on the basis of where the candidates stand on policy issues.
619234743	Electoral College	A unique American institution, created by the Constitution, providing for the selection of the president by electors chosen by the state parties. Although the electoral college vote usually reflects a popular majority, the winner-take-all rule gives clout to big states.
619234744	Retrospective Voting	A theory of voting in which voters essentially ask this simple question: "What have you done for me lately?"
619234745	Nomination	The official endorsement of a candidate for office by a political party. Generally, success in the nomination game requires momentum, money, and media attention.
619234746	Campaign Strategy	The master game plan candidates lay out to guide their electoral campaign.
619234747	National Party Convention	The supreme power within each of the parties. The convention meets every four years to nominate the party's presidential and vice-presidential candidates and to write the party's platform.
619234748	Caucus	A meeting of all state party leaders for selecting delegate to the national party convention. Caucuses are usually organized as a pyramid.
619234749	Presidential Primaries	Elections in which voters in a state vote for a candidate (or delegates pledged to him or her). Most delegates to the national party conventions are chosen this way.
619234750	McGovern-Fraser Commission	A commission formed at the 1968 Democratic convention in response to demands for reform by minority groups and others who sought better representation.
619234751	Superdelegates	National party leaders who automatically get a delegate slot at the Democratic National Party Convention.
619234752	Frontloading	The recent tendency of states to hold primaries early in the calendar in order to capitalize on media attention.
619234753	National Primary	A proposal by critics of the caucuses and presidential primaries, which would replace these electoral methods with a nationwide primary held early in the election year.
619234754	Regional Primaries	A proposal by critics of the caucuses and presidential primaries to replace these electoral methods with a series of primaries held in each geographic region.
619234755	Party Platform	A political party's statement of its goals and policies for the next four years. The platform is drafted prior to the party convention by a committee whose members are chosen in rough proportion to each candidate's strength. It is the best formal statement of a party's beliefs.
619234756	Direct Email	A high-tech method of raising money for a political cause or candidate. It involves sending information and requests for money to people whose names appear on a list of those who have supported similar views or candidates in the past.
619234757	Federal Election Campaign Act	A law passed in 1974 for reforming campaign finances. The act created the Federal Election Commission (FEC), provided public financing for presidential primaries and general elections, limited presidential campaign spending, required disclosure, and attempted to limit contributions.
619234758	Federal Election Commission	A six-member bipartisan agency created by the Federal Election Campaign Act of 1974. The federal Election Commission administers and enforces campaign finance laws.
619234759	Presidential Election Campaign Fund	Money from the $3 federal income tax check-off goes into this fund, which is then distributed to qualified candidates to subsidize their presidential campaigns.
619234760	Matching Funds	Contributions of up to $250 matched from the Presidential Election Campaign Fund to candidates for the presidential nomination who qualify and agree to meet various conditions, such as limiting their overall spending.
619234761	Soft Money	Political Contributions earmarked for party-building expenses at the grass-roots level or for generic party advertising. Unlike money that goes to the campaign of a particular candidate, such party donations are not subject to contribution limits. For a time, such contributions were unlimited, until they were banned by the McCain-Feingold Act.
619234762	527 Groups	Independent groups that seek to influence the political process but are not subject to contribution restrictions because they do not directly seek the election of particular candidates. Their name comes from Section 527 of the federal tax code, under which they are governed.
619234763	Political Action Committees	Funding vehicles created by the 1974 campaign finance reforms. A corporation, union, or some other interest group can create a political action committee (PAC) and register it with the Federal Election Commission, which will meticulously monitor the PAC's expenditures.
619234764	Selective Perception	The phenomenon that people often pay the most attention to things they already agree with and interpret them according to their own predispositions.
619234765	Party Competition	The battle of the parties for control of public offices. Ups and downs of the two major parties are one of the most important elements in American politics.
619234766	Political Party	According to Anthony Downs, a "team of men [and women] seeking to control the governing apparatus by gaining office in a duly constituted election."
619234767	Linkage Institutions	The channels through which people's concerns become political issues on the government's policy agenda. In the United States, linkage institutions include elections, political parties, interest groups, and the media.
619234768	Rational-Choice Theory	A popular theory in political science to explain the actions of voters as well as politicians. It assumes that individuals act in their own best interest, carefully weighing the costs and benefits of possible alternatives.
619234769	Party Image	The voter's perception of what the Republicans or Democrats stand for, such as conservatism or liberalism.
619234770	Party Identification	A citizen's self-proclaimed preference for one party or the other.
619234771	Ticket Splitting	Voting with one party for one office and with another party for other offices. It has become the norm in American voting behavior.
619234772	Party Machines	A type of political party organization that relies heavily on material inducements, such as patronage, to win votes and to govern.
619234773	Patronage	One of the key inducements used by political machines. A patronage job, promotion, or contract is one that is given for political reasons rather than for merit or competence alone.
619234774	Closed Primaries	Elections to select party nominees in which only people who have registered in advance with the party can vote for the party's candidates, thus encouraging greater party loyalty.
619234775	Open Primaries	Elections to select party nominees in which voters can decide on Election Day whether they wan to participate in the Democratic or Republican contests.
619234776	Blanket Primaries	Elections to select party nominees in which voters are presented with a list of candidates from all the parties. Voters can select some Democrats and some Republicans if they like.
619234777	National Convention	The meeting of party delegates every four years to choose a presidential ticket and write the party's platform. Brokered Convention occurs if no candidate has won a majority of delegates in state primaries & caucuses.
619234778	National Committee	One of the institutions that keep the party operating between conventions. The national committee is composed of representatives from the states and territories.
619234779	National Chairperson	The national chairperson is responsible for the day-to-day activities of the party and is usually handpicked by the presidential nominee.
619234780	Coalition	A group of individuals with a common interest upon which every political party depends.
619234781	Party Eras	Historical periods in which a majority of voters cling to the party in power, which tends to win a majority of elections.
619234782	Critical Election	An electoral "earthquake" whereby new issues emerge, new coalitions replace old ones, and the majority party is often displaced by the minority party. Critical election periods are sometimes marked by a national crisis and may require more than one election to bring about a new party era.
619234783	Party Realignment	The displacement of the majority party by the minority party, usually during a critical election period.
619234784	New Deal Coalition	A coalition forged by the Democrats, who dominated American politics from the 1930s to the 1960s. Its basic elements were the urban working class, ethnic groups, Catholics and Jews, the poor, Southerners, African Americans, and intellectuals.
619234785	Party Dealignment	The gradual disengagement of people and politicians from the parties, as seen in party by shrinking party identification.
619234786	Third Parties	Electoral contenders other than the two major parties. Such in America are not unusual, but they rarely win elections.
619234787	Winner-Take-All System	An electoral system in which legislative seats are awarded only to the candidates who come in first in their constituencies. In American presidential elections, the system in which the winner of the popular vote in a state receives all the electoral votes of that state.
619234788	Proportional Representation	An electoral system used throughout most of Europe that awards legislative seats to political parties in proportion to the number of votes won in an election.
619234789	Coalition Government	When two or more parties join together to form a majority in a national legislature. This form of government is quite common in the multiparty systems of Europe.
619234790	Responsible Party Model	A view favored by some political scientists about how parties should work. According to the model, parties should offer clear choices to the voters, who can then use those choices as cues to their own preferences of candidates. Once in office, parties would carry out their campaign promises.
619234791	High-Tech Politics	A politics in which the behavior of citizens and policy makers and the political agenda itself are increasingly shaped by technology.
619234792	Mass Media	Television, radio, newspaper, magazines, the Internet, and other means of popular communication.
619234793	Media Events	Events purposely staged for the media that nonetheless look spontaneous. In keeping with politics as theater, media events can be staged by individuals, groups, and government officials, especially presidents.
619234794	Press Conferences	Meetings of public officials with reporters
619234795	Investigative Journalism	The use of in-depth reporting to unearth scandals, scams, and schemes, at times putting reporters in adversarial relationships with political leaders.
619234796	Print Media	Newspapers and magazines, as compared with broadcast media.
619234797	Broadcast Media	Television, radio, and the Internet, as compared with print media.
619234798	Narrowcasting	Media programming on cable TV of the Internet that is focused on one topic and aimed at a particular audience. Examples include MTV, ESPN, and C-SPAN
619234799	Chains	Newspapers published by massive media conglomerates that account for over four-fifths of the nation's daily newspaper circulation. Often these chains control broadcast media as well.
619234800	Beats	Specific locations from which news frequently emanates, such as Congress or the White House. Most top reporters work a particular beats, thereby becoming specialists in what goes on at that location.
619234801	Trial Balloons	An international news leak for the purpose of assessing the political reaction.
619234802	Sound Bites	Short video clips of approximately 10 seconds. Typically, they are all that is shown from a politician's speech on the nightly television news.
619234803	Talking Head	A shot of a person's face talking directly to the camera. Because this is visually unappealing, the major commercial networks rarely show a politician talking one-on-one for very long.
619234804	Policy Agenda	The issues that attract the serious attention of public officials and other people involved in politics at the time.
619234805	Political Entrepreneurs	People who invest their political "capital" in an issue. According to John Kingdon, a policy entrepreneur "could be in or out of our government, in elected or appointed positions, in interest groups or research organizations.
619234806	Public Opinion	The distribution of the population's beliefs about politics and policy issues.
619234807	Demography	The science of population changes.
619234808	Census	A valuable tool for understanding demographic changes. The U.S. Constitution requires that the government conduct an "actual enumeration" of the population every 10 years.
619234809	Melting Pot	The mixing of cultures, ideas, and peoples that has changed the American nation. The United States, with its history of immigration, has often been called a melting pot.
619234810	Minority Majority	The emergence of a non-Caucasian majority, as compared with a White, generally Anglo-Saxon majority. It is predicted that by about 2045, Hispanic Americans, African Americans, and Asian Americans together will outnumber White Americans.
619234811	Political Culture	An overall set of values widely shared within a society.
619234812	Reapportionment	The process of reallocating seats in the House of Representatives every 10 years on the basis of the results of the census.
619234813	Political Socialization	The process throught which a young person acquires political orientations as they grow up, based on inputs from parents, teachers, the media, and friends.
619234814	Sample	A relatively small proportion of people who are chosen in a survey so as to be representative of the whole.
619234815	Random Sampling	The key technique employed by sophisticated survey researchers, which operates on the principle that everyone should have an equal probability of being selected for the sample.
619234816	Sampling Error	The level of confidence in the findings of a public opinion poll. The more people interviewed, the more confident one can be of the results.
619234817	Random-Digit Dialing	A technique used by pollsters to place telephone calls randomly to both listed and unlisted numbers when conducting a survey.
619234818	Exit Poll	Public opinion surveys used by major media pollsters to predict electoral winners with such speed and accuracy.
619234819	Political Ideology	A coherent set of beliefs about politics, public policy, and public purpose. It helps give meaning to political evets, personalities, and policies.
619234820	Gender Gap	A term that refers to the regular pattern by which women are more likely to support Democratic candidates. Women tend to be significantly less conservative than men and are more likely to support spending on social services and to oppose higher levels of military spending.
619234821	Political Participation	All the activites used by citizens to influence the selection of political leaders or the policies they pursue. The most common but not the only means of political participation in a democracy is voting. Other means include protest and civil disobedience.
619234822	Protest	A form of political participation designed to achieve policy change through dramatic and unconventional tactics.
619234823	Civil Disobedience	A form of political participation that reflects a conscious decision to break a law believed to be immoral and to suffer the consequences.
619234824	Constitution	A nation's basic law. It creates political institutions, assigns or divides powers in government, and often provides certain guarantees to citizens. Constitutions can be either written or unwritten. See also U.S. Constitution.
619234825	Declaration of Independence	The document approved by representatives of the american colonies in 1776 that stated their grievances against the british monarch and declared their independence.
619234826	Natural Rights	Rights inherent in human beings, not dependent on governments, which include life, liberty, and property. The concept of natural rights was central to English philosopher John Locke's theories about government and was widely accepted among America's Founders.
619234827	Consent of the Governed	The idea that government derives its authority by the sanction of the people.
619234828	Limited Government	The idea that certain restrictions should be placed on government to protect the natural rights of citizens.
619234829	Articles of Confederation	The first constitution of the United States, adopted by Congress in 1777 and enacted in 1781. The Articles established a national legislature, the Continental Congress, but most authority rested with the state legislatures.
619234830	Shays' Rebellion	A series of attacks on courthouses by a small band of farmers led by Revolutionary War Captain Daniel Shays to block foreclosure proceedings.
619234831	U.S. Constitution	The document written in 1787 and ratified in 1788 that sets forth the institutional structure of the U.S. government and the tasks these institutions perform. It replaced the Articles of Confederation.
619234832	Factions	Interest groups arising from the unequal distribution of property or wealth that James Madison attacked in Federalist Paper No. 10. Today's parties or interest groups are what Madison had in mind when he warned of the instability in government caused by factions.
619234833	New Jersey Plan	The proposal at the Constitutional Convention that called for equal representation of each state in Congress regardless of the state's population
619234834	Virginia Plan	The proposal at the Constitutional Convention that called for representation of each state in Congress in proportion to that state's share of the U.S. population.
619234835	Connecticut Compromise	The compromise reached at the Constitutional Convention that established two houses of Congress: the House of Representatives, in which representation is based on a state's share of the U.S. population, and the Senate, in which each state has two representatives. CC
619234836	Great Compromise	The compromise reached at the Constitutional Convention that established two houses of Congress: the House of Representatives, in which representation is based on a state's share of the U.S. population, and the Senate, in which each state has two representatives. GC
619234837	Writ of Habeas Corpus	A court order requiring jailers to explain to a judge why they are holding a prisoner in custody.
619234838	Seperation of Powers	A feature of the Constitution that requires each of the three branches of government - exacutive, legislative, and judicial - to be relatively independentof the others so that one cannot control the others. Power is shared among these three institutions.
619234839	Checks and Balances	Features of the Constitution that limit government's power by requiring that power be balanced among the different governmental institutions. These institutions continually constrain one another's activities.
619234840	Republic	A form of government in which the people select representatives to govern them and make laws.
619234841	Federalists	Supporters of the U.S. Constitution at the time the states were contemplating its adoption.
619234842	Anti-Federalists	Opponents of the American Constitution at the time when the states were contemplating its adoption.
619234843	Federalist Papers	A collection of 85 articles written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison under the name "Publius" to defend the Constitution in detail.
619234844	Bill of Rights	The first 10 amendments to the U.S. Constitution, drafted in response to some of the Anti-Federalist concerns. These amendments define such basic liberties as freedom of religion, speech, and press and guarantee defendents' rights.
619234845	Equal Rights Amendment	A constitutional amendment passed by Congress in 1972 stating that "equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex." The amendment failed to acquire the necessary support from three-fourths of the state legislatures.
619234846	Marbury v. Madison	The 1803 case in which Chief Justice John Marshall and his associates first asserted the right of the Supreme Court to determine the meaning of the U.S. Constitution. The decision established the Court's power of judicial review over acts of Congress, (the Judiciary Act of 1789).
619234847	Judicial Review	The power of the courts to determine whether acts of Congress and, by implication, the executive are in accord with the U.S. Constitution. Judicial review was established by John Marshall and his associates in Marbury v. Madison.

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AP Biology Chapter 18 and 19 Test Review Stuff Flashcards

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620180591	In prokaryotes genes can come in one of two forms...	Inducible and repressible
620180592	Inducible regulation	Gene is "OFF" and gets turned "ON"
620180593	Repressible regulation	Gene is "ON" and gets turned "OFF"
620180594	Why does bacteria need to stop production of certain genes? STOP	Their environment requires them to respond quickly to changes in their environment. If they have enough a product, they need to stop production, because IT IS A WASTE OF ENERGY TO MAKE MORE.
620180595	How does it stop production of certain proteins? STOP	It stops production of certain enzymes for synthesis
620180596	Why does a bacteria need to utilize new food sources quickly? GO	metabolism, growth and reproduction
620180597	How do they utilize it...? GO	start production of enzymes for digestion
620180598	How do cells vary the amount of specific enzymes?	by regulating gene transcription
620180599	Turn genes OFF example	enough tryptophan means it doesnt need to make more enzymes to build up tryptofan.
620180600	Turn genes ON example	if bacterium encounters new sugar source, like lactose, it needs to start making enzymes to digest lactose.
620180601	What is an Operon?	genes in BACTERIA ONLY that are grouped together with related functions; controls gene refulation; mad up of promoter, operator and genes.
620180602	What is a promoter?	It is where the RNA polymerase binds to operon in order to begin transcription
620180603	Operator	Where a repressor protein binds to operon to inhibit RNA polymerase
620180604	How does a repressor protein work?	By attacking to the operator and blocking RNA polymerase so the gene is not transcribed. DETAILED: In excess, the repressor protein complex binds to the repressor protein which then binds to the operator to block RNA.
620180605	What are regulatory genes?	genes that produce repressor substances that inhibit an operator gene
620180606	How do inducible operons work?	In the presence of a protein, such as lac protein, it binds to repressor that is already on the operator causing the repressor to come off and allowing RNA pol to bind and transcribe DNA to make lactose digesting enzymes. (Lactose is an alloseric regulator of repressor proteins)
620180607	Repressible operons are mostly...	anabolic; building things up; synthesizing end products
620180608	Inducible operons are mostly	catabolic; breaking things down; digesting nutrients to simpler molecules
620180609	Eukaryotes	multicellular; bacteria-dont have nucleus so transcription and translation happen at same time-can only regulate transcription. In Eukaryote-more points to stop gen from making protein
620180610	Eukaryote	a LOT MORE POINTS OF CONTROLL
620180611	DNA packing	DNA coiling and folding; double helix; histones; nucleosomes; you can regulate how tight the genes are wrapped. t
620180612	heterochromatin	tightly wound DNA that cannot be transcribed because it is "DARK" or cannot be seen; tightly wound around histones so genes are turned "OFF"
620180613	Euchromatin	loosely wound DNA that can be transcribed; LIGHTER DNA; genes turned "ON"
620180614	Methylation	turns genes off; methyl group attaches to cytosine of double helix and turns of genes nearly permanently
620180615	acytlation	the binding of acetyl groups to histone tails, loosening them for transcription to occur
620180616	Euchromatin can be shut down by other ways...	all activator genes and enhancer genes must work to make gene transcribe
620180617	Controll at mRNA level (splicesomes)	how splicesomes work; snrps; how it cuts mRNA causes different products; different sequences are treated as exons and introns
620180618	Post-transcriptionally	mRNA gets 5 prime cap and poly A tail which tells how long it will last in cytoplasm; controlls how long protein can be made by adding different lengths of tails to it
620180619	RNA interference	siRNA and RNAi=death tag mRNA that cuts up mRNA molecules so transcription cannot happen; causes gene silencing
620180620	Control of translation	initiation blocker that stops mRNA from binding
620180621	Protein processing and degradation	must be folded right and tagged right; Ubiquitin and proteosomes
620180622	ubiquitin	death tag for proteins; labels protein for destruction
620180623	proteosomes	where proteins tagged with ubiquitin are destroyed; A PLACE; parts are recycled and used again
620180624	genomic imprinting	The passing down of methylation patterns; tissue keeps a chemical record during embryonic development which regulates expression of paternal or maternal alleles.
620180625	epigenetic inheritance	traits transmitted by mechonisms not directly involved in neuclotide sequence. Enzymes that can modify chromatin
620180626	enhancer	a segment of eukaryotic DNA containing multiple control elements, usually located far from the gene whose transcription it regulates
620180627	activator	a transcription factor that binds to an enhancerand stimulates transcription of a gene
620180628	prophage	Viral DNA incorporated into host DNA is referred to as a "prophage."
620180629	In lysogenic cycle...	viral DNA is replicated along with host DNA
620180630	Integration of viral DNA into host DNA is an early stage of the	lysogenic cycle.
620180631	transition from lysogenic to lytic cycle...	Phage DNA has exited the bacterial chromosome as a prelude to taking over the host's metabolic machinery.
620180632	As a result of the lytic cycle	host cell's DNA is destroyed
620180633	what binds to receptor molecules in host cells?	Glycoproteins on the viral envelope recognize and bind to receptors on the host cell.
620180634	what is the source of the viral envelope	the host cells cell membrane
620180635	How to make DNA from RNA?	reverse transcriptase catalyzes the formation of DNA from an RNA template.
620180636	Double-stranded viral DNA is incorporated into a host cell as a _____	Provirus
620180637	retrovirus'	transcribe RNA to DNA using reverse transcriptase. (leads to more mutations due to no "spellcheck"

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APUSH semester one test Flashcards

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604425707	ethnocentrism	when you think that your culture is better than someone else's
604425708	predestination	God already has your life planned out
604425709	covenant	contract with God, God gives grace-ppl live morally
604425710	halfway covenant	grandchildren of Puritans can be baptized even if parents do not demonstrate they have been saved
604425711	roanoke	first settlement. bad conditions. disappeared.
604425712	house of burgesses	a colonial assembly (mini parliament), self-gov; controlled $
604425713	pilgrims	thought god made them prosperous; separatists
604425714	separatists	group of puritans who broke entirely from the church of
604425715	mayflower compact	settlers made a simple agreement to form a govt and to submit to the will of majority. SELF GOVT= direct democracy
604425716	anne hutchinson (antinomianism)	believed puritan ministers lost touch with God, came from direct revelation from God. exiled to rhode island. -holy life is no sign of salvation, truly saved need not obey law of God
604425717	roger williams	extreme separatist, thought god will punish ppl, wanted separation of church and state..exiled to RI
604425718	William Penn	quaker, 1st gov of pennsylvania
604425719	mercantilism	more exports than imports, favorable balance of trade
604425720	navigation acts	only use english ships, can only ship to england, tarrif of imports
604425721	Bacon's Rebellion	native americans attacked and killed settlers bc of white encroachment (rich never help out poor), bacon and berkley fight back and forth chasing each other, indians get killed throughout chase
604425722	great awakening	puritan revival, churches divided and separated
604425723	salutary neglect	"turn a blind eye" england didn't enforce the navigation acts right away and colonists ignored them
604425724	albany congress	Ben Frank's idea for unity, british wanted colonists to meet with Iroquis and discuss Alliance ("Join or Die")...failed. Iroquis broke off relations with British and threatened to trade with France
604425725	seven years war (F&I)	war over land in america, france kicked out of america
604425726	peace of paris of 1763	france kicked out of U.S, GB now the strongest
604425727	enlightenment	man in control, FREE WILL, "natural rights"
604425728	John Locke	life, liberty, property (natural rights); government based on decisions of the ppl
604425729	proclamation of 1763	GB closed frontier west of App. Mts; GB instituted military rule for west
604425730	stamp act congress	1765-NYC, 9 colonies represented, showed allegiance to crown but "no taxation w/out representation"..only colonial assemblies should be able to tax
604425731	quartering act	1765-need to house/feed british troops
604425732	boston tea party	1773- colonists disguise as NA's and dump tea into Boston Port, tea ships returned back to GB, charged for vandalism
604425733	coercive acts (intolerable acts)	1773- closed Boston Port=no trade, MA legislative power decreases, decrease in town meetings, officials chosen by GB-no more self-gov.
604425734	committees of correspondence	formed throughout the colonies, united all who wanted to go against GB's new rules (revolutionists), groups designed to facilitate colonial communication
604425735	First Continental Congress	Delegates from all colonies except georgia met to discuss problems with britain and the enforced Intolerable Acts and to promote independence
604425736	olive branch petition	hope for reconciliation with GB & peace (GB rejects this)...leads to a revolution
604425737	Thomas Paine-Common Sense	bitter against GB, radical, opposed monarchy, believed indepen. is the only solution (self gov is natural right)
604425738	Second Continental Congress	They organized the continental Army, called on the colonies to send troops, selected George Washington to lead the army, and appointed the comittee to draft the Declaration of Independence
604425739	Articles of Confederation	This document, the nation's first constitution, was adopted by the Second Continental Congress in 1781 during the Revolution. The document was limited because states held most of the power, and Congress lacked the power to tax, regulate trade, or control coinage.
604425740	Shay's Rebellion	this conflict in Massachusetts caused many to criticize the Articles of Confederation and admit the weak central government was not working; uprising led by Daniel Shays in an effort to prevent courts from foreclosing on the farms of those who could not pay the taxes
604425741	virginia plan	large state plan, both house (bicameral) based on population
604425742	new jersey plan	small state plan, one house (unicameral) with equal representation
604425743	federalism	power divided and shared between federal and state governments
604425744	three-fifths compromise	slaves count as 3/5 of a person for population count for representation
604425745	federalist papers #10	Madison's argument for a public form of gov.; republic assembly could work in large country. Essay #10 proposed the idea of setting up the country as a republic as to avoid the problems of other big democracies.
604425746	Hamilton's Federalists vs. Jefferson's Democratic-Republican's	Feds: industrial, loose interpretation, favored powerful federal government Dem-Rep: agriculture, strict interpretation, favored strong state government
604425747	Jay's Treaty	Was made up by John Jay. It said that Britain was to pay for Americans ships that were seized in 1793. It said that Americans had to pay British merchants debts owed from before the revolution and Britain had agreed to remove their troops from the Ohio Valley
604425748	Pinckney's Treaty	spain gives US right to use MI river, right to deposit goods for free in New Orleans, officially make boundary line running all the way west to MI river, promise to stay out of indian affairs
604425749	whiskey rebellion	farmers in western pennsylvania protested a federal excise tax on whiskey
604425750	xyz affair	An insult to the American delegation when they were supposed to be meeting French foreign minister, Talleyrand, but instead they were sent 3 officials Adams called "X,Y, and Z" that demanded $250,000 as a bribe to see Talleyrand.
604425751	alien and sedition acts	president was john adams, public anger over xyz affair 1. residence requirement: citizenship went from 5 yrs to 14 yrs 2. president may deport/export any dangerous "aliens" 3. illegal for newspapers to criticize president
604425752	kentucky and virginia resolutions	in response to A&S acts, TJ(ky) and JM(va) proposed resolutions 1. fed govt was created to serve states 2.state legislatures can declare acts of congress unconstitutional
604425753	John Marshall-Marbury vs. Madison	adams appointed mignight judges (judiciary act) but TJ and Madison opposed them so William Marbury took it to the supreme court to fight for his position. John Marshall agreed that Marbury had right to his position and that judiciary act was unconstitutional
604425754	embargo act of 1807	This act issued by Jefferson forbade American trading ships from leaving the U.S. It was meant to force Britain and France to change their policies towards neutral vessels by depriving them of American trade. It was difficult to enforce because it was opposed by merchants and everyone else whose livelihood depended upon international trade. It also hurt the national economy, so it was replaced by the Non-Intercourse Act.
604425755	causes of war of 1812	These included: British impressment of sailors, British seizure of neutral American trading ships, and the reasons given by the War Hawks (the British were inciting the Indians on the frontier to attack the Americans, and the war would allow the U.S. to seize the northwest posts, Florida, and possibly Canada).
604425756	warhawks	wanted war, leaders: henry clay, andrew webster, john c. calhoun. they wanted canada and florida (from spain)
604425757	hartford convention	Meeting of Federalists near the end of the War of 1812 in which the party listed it's complaints against the ruling Republican Party. These actions were largley viewed as traitorous to the country (ended federalist party)
604425758	treaty of ghent	treaty that ended the war of 1812, took place in belgium, went back to pre-war ways
604425759	era of good feelings	A name for President Monroe's two terms, a period of strong nationalism, economic growth, and territorial expansion. Since the Federalist party dissolved after the War of 1812, there was only one political party and no partisan conflicts.
604425760	henry clay's american system	Henry Clay's plan for developing the United States included 3 steps: strong banking system, protective tariff, network of roads and canals
604425761	rush-bagot agreement of 1817	An agreement between Britain and the United States that severely limited naval armament on the lakes, putting an end to the floating arms race on the Great Lakes.
604425762	adams-onis treaty	1819-spain gave U.S florida; spain gave up its oregon claims to US too
604425763	missouri compromise	The issue was that Missouri wanted to join the Union as a slave state, therefore unbalancing the Union so there would be more slave states then free states. The compromise set it up so that Maine joined as a free state and Missouri joined as a slave state. Congress also made a line across the southern border of Missouri saying except for the state of Missouri, all states north of the 36 30 line must be free states or states without slavery.
604425764	monroe doctrine	A statement of foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the United States or in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere.
604425765	hudson river school of art	exaggerated nature, larger than anything else in the painting
604425766	spoils system	winning politicians get to give their supporters jobs
604425767	peggy eaton affair	Social scandal (1829-1831) - John Eaton, Secretary of War, stayed with the Timberlakes when in Washington, and there were rumors of his affair with Peggy Timberlake even before her husband died in 1828. Many cabinet members snubbed the socially unacceptable Mrs. Eaton. Jackson sided with the Eatons, and the affair helped to dissolve the cabinet - especially those members associated with John C. Calhoun (V.P.), who was against the Eatons and had other problems with Jackson.
604425768	nullification crisis	South was mad about the Tariff of Abominations. John C. Calhoun supported States' Rights and said they had a right to nullify a law. In 1832 the tariff was lowered. South Carolina passed the Nullification Act, and threatened to secede; Jackson was furious, so he passed the Force Bill which said that Jackson can use the army to enforce the tariff
604425769	bank veto	some said the bank was unconstitutional because there was too much power in the hands of small privileged groups, AJ vetoed this because he wanted a bank for all of the population
604425770	panic of 1837	inflation, cotton prices fell 50%, banks stopped specie payment
604425771	independent treasury act	public depository for govt funds without connections to commercial banking
604425772	second great awakening	A series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism. Stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects. The revivals attracted women, Blacks, and Native Americans. It also had an effect on moral movements such as prison reform, the temperance movement, and moral reasoning against slavery.
604425773	neal dow	famous temprance movement leader
604425774	cult of true womanhood/domesticity	term used by historians to characterize the dominant gender role for white women in the antebellum period. The ideology of domesticity stressed the virtue of women as guardians of the home, which was considered their proper sphere; during the 19th century
604425775	horace mann	United States educator who introduced reforms that significantly altered the system of public education (1796-1859)
604425776	dorthea dix	publicized inhumane treatment in prisons and asylums and lobbied for better conditions
604425777	william lloyd garrison	white new englander, against colonized societies, instead wanted immediate emancipation of slaves w emigration or compensation
604425778	transcendentalists	Followers of a belief which stressed self-reliance, self- culture, self-discipline, and that knowledge transcends instead of coming by reason. They promoted the belief of individualism and caused an array of humanitarian reforms.
604425779	Texas settlement and revolution	After a few skirmishes with Mexican soldiers in 1835, Texas leaders met and organized a temporary government. Texas troops initially seized San Antonio, but lost it after the massacre of the outpost garrisoning the Alamo. In response, Texas issued a Declaration of Independence. Santa Ana tried to swiftly put down the rebellion, but Texan soldiers surprised him and his troops on April 21, 1836. They crushed his forces and captured him in the Battle of San Jacinto, and forced him to sign a treaty granting Texan independence. U.S. lent no aid.
604425780	mormons	members of the church of christ of latter-day saints; church founded by Joseph Smith in 1830 with headquarters in Salt Lake City, Utah
604425781	manifest destiny	"we believe it is our Divine Right to expand to the pacific", reflected young america theme, Polk enforced this
604425782	54 40' or fight	slogan by polk-he wanted to get as far north as possible (manifest destiny), settled for the 49th parallel
604425783	James Polk	was a slave owning southerner dedicated to Democratic party. In 1844, he was a "dark horse" candidate for president, and he won the election. he favored American expansion, especially advocating the annexation of Texas, California, and Oregon. He opposed Clay's American System, instead advocating lower tariff, separation the treasury and the federal government from the banking system. He was a nationalist who believed in Manifest Destiny.
604425784	john slidell mission	wanted ppl to recognize that rio grande will be TX-US border, US would forgive amer. citizens claims against Mex. govt, US would purchase NM for $5million, US would buy CA at any price
604425785	treaty of guadalupe hidalgo	Treaty that ended the Mexican War, granting the U.S. control of Texas, New Mexico, and California in exchange for $15 million
604425786	gadsden purchase	bought from Mex. for the expansion of railroads (needed water for steam for the railroad), completed the continental US
604425787	wilmot proviso	"neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist in any part of new territory gained"...does not pass bc south senate dislikes this idea
604425788	nat turner	led a slave rebellion in VA
604425789	harriet beecher stowe	wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin, created a controversy with this book
604425790	free soil party	Formed in 1847 - 1848, dedicated to opposing slavery in newly acquired territories such as Oregon and ceded Mexican territory.
604425791	compromise of 1850	Called for the admission of California as a free state, organizing Utah and New Mexico with out restrictions on slavery, adjustment of the Texas/New Mexico border, abolition of slave trade in District of Columbia, and tougher fugitive slave laws. Its passage was hailed as a solution to the threat of national division.
604425792	fugitive slave law	Enacted by Congress in 1793 and 1850, these laws provided for the return of escaped slaves to their owners. The North was lax about enforcing the 1793 law, with irritated the South no end. The 1850 law was tougher and was aimed at eliminating the underground railroad.
604425793	kansas-nebraska act	1854 - Created Nebraska and Kansas as states and gave the people in those territories the right to chose to be a free or slave state through popular sovereignty.
604425794	bleeding kansas	aka Kansas Border War. Following the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act, pro-slavery forces from Missouri, known as the Border Ruffians, crossed the border into Kansas and terrorized and murdered antislavery settlers. Antislavery sympathizers from Kansas carried out reprisal attacks, the most notorious of which was John Brown's 1856 attack on the settlement at Pottawatomie Creek. The war continued for four years before the antislavery forces won. The violence it generated helped precipitate the Civil War.
604425795	dred scott case	a missouri slave sued for his freedom, claiming that his four year stay in the northern portion of the louisiana territory made free land by the missouri compromise had made him a free man. the US supreme court decided he couldn't sue bc he was property not a citizen
604425796	election of 1860	Republican - Abraham Lincoln. Democrat - Stephan A. Douglas, John C. Breckenridge. Constitutional Union - John Bell. Issues were slavery in the territories (Lincoln opposed adding any new slave states).
604425797	crittenden's proposal	a desperate measure to prevent the civil war, introduced by a senator from kentucky in Dec 1860. the bull offered a constitutional amendment recognizing slavery in territories south of the 36 30' line, noninterference by congress with existing slavery, and compensation to the owners of fugitive slaves. republicans on the advice of lincoln, defeated it.
604425798	anaconda plan	Union war plan by Winfield Scott, called for blockade of southern coast, capture of Richmond, capture Mississippi R, and to take an army through heart of south
604425799	copperheads	a group of northern Democrats who opposed abolition and sympathized with the South during the Civil War
604425800	vicksburg	union cutoff and laid seige to the town for 6 weeks, grant's victory in MI gives the N total control of MI river and railroad system
604425801	gettysburg	The most violent battle of the American Civil War and is frequently cited as the war's turning point, fought from July 1 - July 3, 1863.
604425802	13th amendent	abolished slavery in every state
604425803	lincoln's 10% plan	FORGIVENESS-state can rejoin the union once 10% of the citizens have full amnesty (full pardon to every southerner who follows const.)
604425804	wade-davis bill	PUNISHMENT-congress gets to decide when/how south states are admitted back in union, admitted once 50% of white males take loyalty oath to follow const.
604425805	14th amendment	gave citizenship for blacks, equal rights, equal protection
604425806	tenure of office act	1866 - Enacted by radical Congress, it forbade the president from removing civil officers without consent of the Senate. It was meant to prevent Johnson from removing radicals from office. Johnson broke this law when he fired a radical Republican from his cabinet, and he was impeached for this "crime".
604425807	panic of 1873	Four year economic depression caused by overspeculation on railroads and western lands, and worsened by Grant's poor fiscal response (refusing to coin silver)
604425808	15th amendment	ALL male citizens have the right to vote
604425809	hayes-tilden compromise	Also known as the Compromise of 1877, it resolved the disputed presidential election of 1876, giving Republican Hayes the presidency in exchange for removing troops from the South and ending reconstruction

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AP Macroeconomics Flashcards

AP Macro test review

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623632417	Circular flow	A model that shows how households and firms circulate resources, good, and incomes through the economy. This basic model is expanded to include the government and the foreign sector.
623632418	Closed economy	A model that assumes there is no foreign sector (imports and exports)
623632419	Aggregation	The process of summing the microeconomic activity of households and firms into a more macroeconomic measure of economic activity
623632420	GDP	The market value of the final goods and services produced within a nation in a given period of time.
623632421	Final goods	Goods that are ready for their final use by consumers and firms, e.g., a Ferrari
623632422	Intermediate Goods	Goods that require further modification before they are ready for final use, e.g., steel used to make the Ferrari
623632423	Double counting	The mistake of including the value of intermediate stages of production in GDP on top of the value of the final good
623632424	Second-hand sales	Final goods and services that are resold; final goods can only be counted once so second-hand sales are not counted as part of GDP
623632425	Nonmarket transactions	Household work or do-it-yourself jobs are missed by GDP accounting
623632426	Aggregate Spending (GDP)	The sum of all spending from four sectors of the economy; GDP = C + I + G + (X-M)
623632427	Nominal GDP	The value of current production at the current prices. Valuing 2003 production with 2003 prices creates nominal GDP for 2003
623632428	Aggregate Income (AI)	The sum of all income earned by suppliers of resources in the economy. With some accounting adjustments, aggregate spending equals aggregate income
623632429	Real GDP	The vale of current production, but using prices from a fixed point in time. Valuing 2003 production at 2002 prices creates real GDP in 2003 and allows us to compare it back to 2002
623632430	Base year	The year that serves as a reference point for constructing a price index and comparing real values over time
623632431	Price Index	A measure of the average level of prices in a market basket for a given year when compared to the prices in a reference year. You can interpret the price index as the current price level as a percentage of the level in the base year.
623632432	Market Basket	A collection of goods and services used to represent what is consumed in the economy
623632433	GDP Price Deflator	The price index that measures the average price level of the goods and services that make up GDP
623632434	Real rate of interest	The percentage increase in purchasing power that a borrower pays a lender
623632435	Expected Inflation	The inflation expected in a future time period. This expected inflation is added to the real interest rate to compensate for lost purchasing power
623632436	Nominal rate of interest	The percentage increase in money that the borrower pays the lender and is equal to the real rate plus the expected inflation
623632437	Consumer Price Index (CPI)	The price index that measures the average price level of items in the base year market basket. This is the main measure of consumer inflation.
623632438	Inflation	The percentage change in the CPI from one period to the next
623632439	Nominal Income	Today's income measured in today's dollars. These are dollars unadjusted by inflation
623632440	Real income	Today's income measured in base year dollars. These inflation-adjusted dollars can be compared from year to year to determine whether purchasing power has increased or decreased.
623632441	Employed	A person is employed if she has worked for pay at least one hour per week
623632442	Frictional Unemployment	A type of unemployment that occurs when someone new enters the labor market or switches jobs. This is a relatively harmless form of unemployment and is not expected to last long.
623632443	Seasonal Unemployment	Unemployment caused by seasonal changes in the demand for certain kinds of labor
623632444	Structural Unemployment	Unemployment of workers whose skills are not demanded by employers, who lack sufficient skill to obtain employment, or who cannot easily move to locations where jobs are available
623632445	Cyclical Unemployment	Unemployment caused by a contraction in aggregate demand or total spending in the economy. It rises and falls with the business cycle
623632446	Disposable Income (DI)	The income a consumer has left over or save once they have paid their taxes. DI = Y - T
623632447	Consumption Function	The relationship between consumption spending and disposable income.
623632448	Autonomous Consumption	The part of consumption that is independent of the level of disposable income; changes in autonomous consumption shift the consumption function up/down. It is the y intercept of the consumption graph
623632449	Saving function	A linear relationship showing how increases in disposable income cause increases in saving
623632450	Dissaving	Saving < 0, occurring at low levels of DI
623632451	Autonomous Saving	The amount of saving that occurs no matter the level of DI
623632452	Marginal Propensity to Consume (MPC)	The change in consumption caused by a change in DI, or the slope of the consumption function. MPC = dC / dDI
623632453	Marginal Propensity to Save (MPS)	The change in saving caused by a change in DI, or the slope of the consumption function. MPS = dS / dDI
623632454	Determinants of Consumption and Saving	Factors that shift the consumption and saving functions in the opposite direction are wealth, expectations, and household debt. The factors that change them in the same direction are taxes and transfers
623632455	Expected real rate of return (r)	The rate of real profit the firm anticipates receiving on investment expenditures. This is the marginal benefit of an investment project.
623632456	Real rate of interest (i)	The cost of borrowing to fund an investment. This is the marginal cost of an investment project.
623632457	Decision to invest	A firm invests in projects so long as r ≥ i
623632458	Investment demand	The inverse relationship between the real interest rate and the cumulative dollars invested. Like any demand curve, this is drawn with a negative slope.
623632459	Autonomous investment	The level of investment determined by investment demand, and is constant for all GDP
623632460	Market for loanable funds	The market for dollars that are available to be borrowed for investment projects. Equilibrium in this market is determined at the real interest rate where the dollars saved (supply) is equal to the dollars borrowed (demand)
623632461	Demand for loanable funds	The negative relationship between the real interest rate and the dollars invested by firms
623632462	Private saving	Saving conducted by households and the difference between disposable income and consumption
623632463	Public saving	Saving conducted by government and equal to the difference between tax revenue collected and spending on goods and services
623632464	Supply of loanable funds	The positive relationship between the dollars saved and the real interest rate
623632465	Multiplier effect	Describes how a change in any component of aggregate expenditures creates a larger change in GDP
623632466	Spending multiplier	The magnitude of the spending multiplier effect is calculated as (dGDP / dSpending) = 1/MPS = 1/(1-MPC)
623632467	Tax multiplier	The magnitude of the effect that a change in taxes has on real GDP. Tm = (dGDP / dTaxes) = MPC*Multiplier = MPC/MPS
623632468	Balanced-budget multiplier	When a change in government spending is offset by a change in lump sum taxes, real GDP changes by the amount of the change in G; the balanced-budget multiplier is equal to one
623632469	Aggregate Demand (AD)	The inverse relationship between all spending on domestic output and the average price level of that output. AD measures the sum of consumption spending by households, investment spending by firms, government purchases of goods and services, and the net exports bought by foreign consumers
623632470	Foreign sector substitution effect	When the average price of U.S. output increases, consumers naturally begin to look for similar items produced elsewhere
623632471	Interest rate effect	If the average price level rises, consumers and firms might need to borrow more money for spending and capital investment, which increases the interest rate and delays current consumption. This postponement reduces current consumption of domestic production as the price level rises.
623632472	Wealth effect	As the average price level rises, the purchasing power of wealth and savings begins to fall. Higher prices therefore tend to reduce the quantity of domestic output purchased
623632473	Determinants of AD	AD is a function of the four components of domestic spending (C, I, G, (X-M)). If any of these components increases/decreases, holding the others constant, AD increases/decreases, or shifts to the right/left.
623632474	Aggregate Supply (AS)	The positive relationship between the level of domestic output produced and the average price level of that output
623632475	Macroeconomic Short Run	A period of time during which the prices of goods and services are changing in their respective markets, but the input prices have not yet adjusted to those changes in the product markets. During the short run, the AS curve has three stages - horizontal, upward sloping, and vertical.
623632476	Macroeconomic long run	A period of time long enough for input prices to have fully adjusted to market forces. In this period, all product and input markets are in a state of equilibrium and the economy is operating at full employment. Once all markets in the economy have adjusted and there exists this long-run equilibrium, the AS curve is vertical at GDPf.
623632477	Determinants of AS	AS is a function of many factors that impact the production capacity of the nation. If these factors make it easier, or less costly, for a nation to produce, AS shifts to the right, and vice versa.
623632478	Macroeconomic Equilibrium	Occurs when the real output demanded is equal to the quantity of real output supplied. Graphically this is at the intersection of AD and AS. Equilibrium can exist at, above, or below full employment.
623632479	Recessionary Gap	The amount by which full-employment GDP exceeds equilibrium GDP
623632480	Inflationary Gap	The amount by which equilibrium GDP exceeds full-employment GDP.
623632481	Demand-Pull inflation	This inflation is the result of stronger consumption from all sectors of AD as it continues to increase in the upward sloping range of AS. The price level begins to rise and inflation is felt in the economy
623632482	Deflation	A sustained falling price level, usually due to weakened aggregate demand and a constant AS
623632483	Recession	In the AD and AS model, a recession is described as falling AD with a constant AS curve. Real GDP falls far below full employment levels and unemployment rate rises
623632484	Supply-side boom	When the AS curve shifts outward and the AD curve stays constant, the price level falls, real GDP increases, and the unemployment rate falls
623632485	Stagflation	A situation in the macroeconomy when inflation and the unemployment rate are both increasing. This is most likely the cause of falling AS while AD stays constant
623632486	Supply shocks	A supply shock is an economy-wide phenomenon that affects the costs of firms, and the position of the AS curve, either positively or negatively
623632487	Phillips Curve	A curve showing the short-run relationship between the unemployment rate and the inflation rate. In the long run it is vertical at the natural rate of employment
623632488	Fiscal Policy	Deliberate changes in government spending and net tax collection to affect economic output, unemployment, and the price level. Fiscal policy is typically designed to manipulate AD to "fix" the economy
623632489	Expansionary Fiscal Policy	Increases in government spending or lower net taxes meant to shift the aggregate expenditure function upward
623632490	Contractionary Fiscal Policy	A decrease in government purchases, increase in net taxes, or some combination of the two aimed at reducing aggregate demand enough to return the economy to potential output without worsening inflation; fiscal policy used to close an expansionary gap
623632491	Sticky Prices	Prices that do not always adjust rapidly to maintain equality between quantity supplied and quantity demanded, especially with downward changes in AD
623632492	Budget Deficit	Exists when government spending > tax revenue
623632493	Budget Surplus	Exists when tax revenue > government spending
623632494	Automatic Stabilizers	Mechanisms built into the tax system that automatically regulate, or stabilize, the macroeconomy as it moves through the business cycle by changing net taxes collected by the government. These stabilizers increase a deficit during a recessionary period and increase a budget surplus during an inflationary period, without any discretionary change on the part of the government
623632495	Crowding out effect	When the government borrows funds to cover a deficit, the interest rate increases and households and firms are "crowded out" of the market for loanable funds. The resulting decrease in C and I dampens the effect of expansionary fiscal policy
623632496	Net export effect	A rising interest rate increases foreign demand for U.S. dollars. The dollar then appreciates in value, causing net exports from the United States to fall. Falling net exports decreases AD, which lessens the impact of the expansionary fiscal policy. This is a variation of crowding out.
623632497	Productivity	The quantity of output that can be produced per worker in a given amount of time
623632498	Human capital	The amount of knowledge and skills that labor can apply to the work that they do and the general level of health that the labor force enjoys
623632499	Non-renewable resources	Natural resources that cannot replenish themselves. Coal is a good example
623632500	Renewable resources	Natural resources that can replenish themselves if they are not over-harvested
623632501	Technology	A nation's knowledge of how to produce goods in the best possible way
623632502	Investment tax credit	A reduction in taxes for firms that invest in new capital like a factory or piece of equipment
623632503	Supply-side fiscal policy	Fiscal policy centered on tax reductions targeted to AS so that real GDP increases with very little inflation. The main justification is that lower taxes on individuals and firms increase incentives to work, save, invest, and take risks
623632504	Stock	A certificate that represents a claim to, or share of, the ownership of a firm
623632505	Equity financing	The firm's method of raising funds for investment by issuing shares of stock to the public
623632506	Bond	A certificate of indebtedness from the issuer to the bond holder
623632507	Debt financing	A firm's way of raising investment funds by issuing bonds to the public
623632508	Fiat money	Paper and coin money used to make transactions because the government declares it to be legal tender. Because it has no intrinsic value, it is backed by the public's trust that the government maintains its value
623632509	Functions of money	Money serves three functions: a medium of exchange, a unit of account, and a store of value
623632510	Money supply	The quantity of money in circulation as measured by the Fed as M1, M2, and M3. Assumed to be fixed at a given point in time.
623632511	M1	The most liquid of money definitions and the basis for all other more broadly defined measures of money. M1 = cash, coins, checking deposits, and traveler's checks
623632512	M2	Less liquid than M1 because holders would incur a penalty if they wanted to convert their assets into cash. M2 = M1 + saving deposits, small time deposits, money market deposits, and money market mutual funds
623632513	M3	The least liquid of all because the asset holder would have to wait longer to liquidate a CD or pay a large penalty. M3 = M2 + large (over $100,000) time deposits
623632514	Liquidity	A measure of how easily an asset can be converted into cash
623632515	Transaction Demand	The amount of money held in order to make transactions. This is not related to the interest rate, but increases as nominal GDP increases
623632516	Asset Demand	The amount of money demanded as an asset. As nominal interest rates rise, the opportunity cost of holding money begins to rise and you are more likely to lessen your asset demand for money
623632517	Money demand	The demand for money is the sum of money demanded for transactions and money demanded as an asset. It is inversely related to the nominal interest rate
623632518	Theory of Liquidity Preference	Keynes's theory that the interest rate adjusts to bring the money market into equilibrium
623632519	Fractional Reserve Banking	A system in which only a fraction of the total money deposited in banks is held in reserve as currency
623632520	Reserve ratio	The fraction of total deposits that must be kept on reserve. rr = required reserves / total deposits
623632521	Required reserves	The portion of a deposit that must be held at the bank for withdrawals. Requires reserves = reserve ratio * total deposits
623632522	Excess Reserves	The portion of a deposit that may be borrowed by customers. Excess reserves = (1-rr) * total deposits
623632523	Balance sheet (T-Account)	A tabular way to show the assets and liabilities of a bank. Total assets must equal liabilities
623632524	Asset of a bank	Anything owned by the bank or owed to the bank is an asset of the bank. Cash on reserve is an asset and so are loans made to citizens
623632525	Liability of a bank	Anything owned by depositors or lenders is a liability to the bank. Checking deposits of citizens or loans made to the bank are liabilities to the bank.
623632526	Money multiplier	This measures the maximum amount of new checking deposits that can be created by a single dollar of excess reserves. M = 1/rr. The money multiplier is smaller if a) at any stage the banks keep more than the required dollars in reserve, b) at any stage borrowers do not redeposit funds into the bank and keep some as cash, and c) customers are willing to borrow
623632527	Expansionary monetary policy	Designed to fix a recession and increase AD, lower the unemployment rate, and increase real GDP, which may increase the price level
623632528	Contractionary policy	Designed to avoid inflation by decreasing AD, which lowers the price level and decreases real GDP back to full employment
623632529	Open Market Operations (OMOs)	A tool of monetary policy, it involves the Fed's buying (or selling) of securities from (or to) commercial banks and the general public.
623632530	Discount rate	The interest rate commercial banks pay on short-term loans from the Fed
623632531	Federal funds rate	The interest rate paid on short-term loans made from one bank to another. When this rate is a target for an OMO, bonds are bought or sold accordingly until the interest rate target has been met.
623632532	Quantity Theory of Money	A theory that asserts that the quantity of money determines the price level and that the growth rate of money determines the rate of inflation
623632533	Equation of Exchange	The equation says that nominal GDP (P*Q) is equal to the quantity of money (M) multiplied by the number of times each dollar is spent in a year (V). MV = PQ
623632534	Velocity of Money	The average number of times a dollar is spent each year; V = PQ/M
623632535	Domestic Price	The equilibrium price of a good in a nation without trade
623632536	World Price	The global equilibrium price of a good when nations engage in trade
623632537	Balance of Payments Statement	A summary of the payments received by the US from foreign countries and the payments sent by the US to foreign countries
623632538	Current account	This account shows current import and export payments of both goods and services and investment income sent to foreign investors of US and investment income received by US citizens who invest abroad
623632539	Capital (or Financial) Account	This account shows the flow of investment on real or financial assets between a nation and foreigners
623632540	Official reserves account	The Fed's adjustment of a deficit or surplus in the current and capital account by the addition or subtraction of foreign currencies so that the balance of payments is zero
623632541	Exchange rate	The price of one currency in terms of a second currency
623632542	Appreciating (depreciating currency)	When the value of a currency is rising (falling) relative to another currency, it is said to be appreciating (depreciating)
623632543	Determinants of exchange rates	Consumer tastes, relative incomes, relative inflation, and speculation all can shift the exchange rates of currencies
623632544	Revenue tariff	An excise tax levied on goods not produced in the domestic market
623632545	Protective tariff	An excise tax levied on a good that is produced in the domestic market so that it may be protected from foreign competition
623632546	Import quota	A limitation on the amount of a good that can be imported into the domestic market

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AP Human Geography Chapter 2 Vocab Flashcards

Vocab from Chapter 2 of the Barron's APHG book. Chapter is called "Population Geography"

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434143129	Age-sex distribution	A model used in population geography that describes the ages and number of males and females within a given population, also known as a population pyramid
434143130	Arithmetic Density	The number of people living in a given area
434143131	Baby Boom	A cohort of individuals born in the United States between 1946 and 1964, which was just after World War II in a time of relative peace and prosperity. These conditions allowed for better education and job opportunities, encouraging high rates of both marriage and fertility.
434143132	Baby Bust	Period of time during the 1960s and 1970s when fertility rates in the United States dropped as large numbers of women from the baby boom generation sought higher levels of education and more competitive jobs, causing them to marry later in life. As such, the fertility rate dropped considerably, in contrast to the baby boom, in which fertility rates were quite high.
434143133	Carrying Capacity	The largest number of people that the environment of a particular area can support
434143134	Census Tract	Small country subdivisions, usually containing between 2,500 and 8,000 persons, delineated by the US Census Bureau as areas of relatively uniform population characteristics, economic status, and living conditions.
434143135	Chain Migration	A type of migration in which individuals follow the path of preceding friends/family members
434143136	Child Mortality Rate	Number of deaths per thousand children within first 5 years of life
434143137	Cohort	A population group unified by a specific common characteristic, like age, and used as a statistical unit
434143138	Cotton Belt	Former umbrella term for the South of the US. GIven name because of its largely agrarian econ.
434143139	Crude Birth Rate	Number of births per year per 1000 people
434143140	Crude Death Rate	Number of deaths per year per 1000 people
434143141	Demographic Accounting Equation	An equation that summarizes the amount of growth or decline in a population within a country during a particular time period taking into account both natural increase and net migration
434143142	Demographic Transition Model	A sequence of demographic changes in which a country moves from high birth/death rates to low birth/death rates over time
434143143	Demography	Study of human populations.
434143144	Dependency Ratio	The ratio of the number of people who are either too old or young to provide for themselves to the number of people who must support them through their own labor. This is usually expressed in the form n : 100, where n equals the number of dependents.
434143145	Doubling TIme	Time required for an exponentially growing population to double
434143146	Emigration	Process of leaving a country of origin (moving)
434143147	Exponential growth	Growth that occurs when a fixed percentage of people is added to a population each year. IT compounds over time.
434143148	Forced Migration	Migration when individuals are made to leave against their will
434143149	Generation X	Post Baby Boom generation, will have to suppot Baby boomers
434143150	Geodemography	(aka population geography) a division of human geography concerned with spatial variations in distribution, composition, growth, and movements of population.
434143151	Immigration	The process of individuals moving into a new country for good
434143152	Infant Mortality Rate	Percentage of children who die before their first birthday in a particular region
434143153	Internal Migration	The permanent or semi-permanent movement of individuals inside a particular country
434143154	Intervening obstacles	Any forces that limit human migration
434143155	Involuntary Migration	Same as forced Migration, when individuals are forced to migrate
434143156	Life expectancy	The average age an individual is expected to live to, varies by race, gender
434143157	Thomas Malthus	Author. Claimed population growth was exponential, food was arithmetic, and overpopulation was inevitable.
434143158	Maternal Mortality Rate	Number of deaths per thousand of women giving birth
434143159	Migration	A long term move of a person from one political jurisdiction to another
434143160	Natural Increase Rate	The difference between the number of births and number of deaths within a particular country.
434143161	Neo-Malthusian	Advocacy of population control programs to ensure enough resources for current and future populations.
434143162	Overpopulation	A value judgement based on the notion that the resources of a particular area are not great enough to support that area's current population.
434143163	Physiologic density	A ratio of human population to the area of cropland, used in less developed countries dominated by subsistence agriculture.
434143164	Population density	A measurement of people to unit of land area
434143165	Population Geography	A division of human geo, concerned with spatial variations in distribution, composition, growth, and movements of populations.
434143166	Population pyramid	A model used in population geography to show the age and sex distribution of a particular population.
434143167	Pull factors	Attractions that draw migrants to a certain place, such as a pleasant climate and employment or educational opportunities.
434143168	Push Factors	Incentives for potential migrants to leave a place, such as a harsh climate, economic recession, or political turmoil.
434143169	Refugees	People who leave their home because they are forced out, but not because they are officially being relocated/enslaved. More of a choice. Move because of a fear
434143170	Rust Belt	The northern industrial states of the United States, including Ohio, Michigan, and Pennsylvania, in which heavy industry was once the dominant economic activity. In the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s, these states lost much of their economic base to economically attractive regions of the United States and to countries where labor was cheaper, leaving old machinery to rust in the moist northern climate.
434143171	Sun Belt	U.S. region, mostly comprised of southeastern and southwestern states, which has grown most dramatically since World War II.
434143172	Total Fertility Rate	The average number of children born to a woman during her childbearing years.
434143173	Voluntary Migration	Movement of an individual who consciously and voluntarily decides to locate to a new area-the opposite of forced migration.
434143174	Zero Population Growth	Proposal to end population growth through a variety of official and nongovernmental family planning programs.

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Domains and Kingdoms Quiz, pp.26-29 Flashcards

Study the answers

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475201638	Three	Life is divided into ________ Domains.
475201639	Archaea	The _________ domain contains ancient bacteria and bacteria that live in harsh environments.
475201640	Eukarya	The ______________ domain has cells that contain nuclei to hold their DNA.
475201641	Unicellular	Are Archaea unicellular or multicellular or have examples of both?
475201642	Unicellular	Are Bacteria unicellular or multicellular or have examples of both?
475201643	Examples of both	Are Eukarya unicellular or multicellular or have examples of both?
475201644	Archaea and Bacteria	__________ and ________ are the two domains that have ONLY prokaryotes.
475201645	Eukarya	___________ is the domain that is divided into four kingdoms.
475201646	Protists	The ___________ kingdom is sometimes called the "odd and ends" kingdom because it has both autrophs and heterotrophs, and unicellular and multicellular organisms.
475206705	Fungi	The __________ kingdom includes mushrooms, molds, and mildew.
475206706	Fungi	The __________ kingdom are heterotrophs that feed by absorbing nutrients from dead or decaying organisms.
475206707	Animals	The __________ kingdom contains dogs, fleas, sponges, crabs, and blue whales.
475206708	Animals	The ___________ kingdom are heterotrophs that locate food, capture it, eat it, and digest it.
475206709	Plants	The _________ kingdom are autotrophs.
475206710	Plants	Dandelions, mosses, and giant redwood trees belong to the ______________ kingdom.
475206711	Eukarya, Animal, Chordata, Mammalia	List the Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, and Class for humans and whales.

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AP Human Geography Chapter 1 Vocabulary Flashcards

Vocabulary for the Human Geography textbook by H. J. De Blij, Alexander B. Murphy, and Erin H. Fouberg. Chaoter One.

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540395505	Fieldwork	the study of geographic phenomena by visiting and observing how people interact with and thereby change those places.
540395506	Human Geography	One of the two major divisions of Geography; the spatial analysis of human population, its cultures, activities, and landscapes.
540395507	Globalization	the expansion of economic, political, and cultural processes to the point that they become global in scale and impact. The process of _______ transcend state boundaries and have outcomes that vary across places and states.
540395508	Physical Geography	One of the two major divisions of systematic geography; the spatial analysis of the structure, processes, and location of Earth's natural phenomena such as climate, soil, plants, animals, and topography.
540395509	Spatial	pertaining to space on the Earth's surface; sometimes used as a synonym for geographic.
540395510	Spatial Distribution	physical location of geographic phenomena across space.
540395511	Pattern	the design of spatial distribution.
540395512	Medical Geography	the study of health and disease within a geographic context and from a geographical perspective. Among other things, _______ _______ looks at sources, diffusion routes, and distributions of diseases.
540395513	Pandemic	An outbreak of a disease that spreads worldwide.
540395514	Epidemic	Regional outbreak of a disease.
540395515	Spatial Perspective	Observing variations in geographic phenomena across space.
540395516	Five Themes	Developed by the Geographic Educational National Implemention Project (GENIP), the _____ ______ of geography are location, human-environment, region, place, and movement.
540395517	Location	The first theme of Geography as defined by the GENIP; the geographical situation of people and things.
540395518	Location Theory	A logical attempt to explain the ______ional pattern of the economic activity and the manner in which its producing areas are interrelated. The agricultural _____ _______ contained in the von Thünen model is a leading example.
540395519	Human-Environment	The second theme of geography as defined by the GENIP; reciprocal relationship between humans and environment.
540395520	Region	The third theme of Geography as defined by the GENIP; an area on the Earth's surface marked by a degree of formal, funtional, or perceptual homogeneity of some phenomenon.
540395521	Place	The fourth theme of Geography as defined by the GENIP; uniqueness of a location.
540395522	Sense of Place	State of mind derived through the infusion of a place with meaning and emotion by remembering important events that occurred in that place or by labeling a place with a certian character.
540395523	Perception of Place	Belief or "understanding" about a place developed through books, movies, stories or pictures.
540395524	Movement	The fifth theme of Geography as defined by the GENIP; the mobility of people, goods and ideas across the surface of the planet.
540395525	Spatial Interaction	Both Complementarity ( A condition that exists when two regions, through an exchange of raw materials and/ or finished products, can specifically satisfy each other's demands) and Intervening Opportunity (The presence of a nearer opportunity that greatly diminishes the attractiveness of sites farther away).
540395526	Distance	Measurement of the physical space between two places.
540395527	Accessibility	The degree of ease with which it is possible to reach a certian location from other locations. ________ varies from place to place and can be measured.
540395528	Connectivity	The degree of direct linkage between one particular location and other locations in a transport network.
540395529	Landscape	The overall appearance of an area. Most _______ are comprised of a combination of natural and human-induced influences.
540395530	Cultural Landscape	The visible imprint of human activity and ______ on the ________. The layers of buildings, forms, and artifacts sequnetially imprinted on the ______ by the activities of various human occupants.
540395531	Sequent Occupance	The notion that succesive societies leave their cultural imprints on a place, each contributing to the cumulative cultural landscape.
540395532	Cartography	The art and science of making maps, including data compilation, layout, and design. Also concerned with the interpretation of mapped patterns.
540395533	Reference Maps	Maps that show the absolute location of places and geographic features determined by a frame of _______, typically latitude and longitude.
540395534	Thematic Maps	Maps that tell stories, typically showing the degree of some attribute of the movement of a geographic phenomenon.
540395535	Absolute Location	The position of place of a certian item on the surface of the Earth as expresed in degrees, minutes, and seconds of latitude, 0° to 90° north or south of the equator, and longitude, 0° to 180° east or west of the Prime Meridian passing through Greenwich, England.
540395536	Global Positioning System (GPS)	Satellite-based system for determining the absolute location of places or geograpic features.
540395537	Geocaching	A hunt for a cache, the GPS coordinates which are placed on the Internet by other _______ers.
540395538	Relative Location	The regional position or situation of a place relative to the position of other places. Distance, accessibility, and connectivity affect ____ ____.
540395539	Mental Map	Image of picture of the way space is organized as determined by an individual's perception, impression, and knowledge of that space.
540395540	Activity Space	The space within which daily activity occurs.
540395541	Generalized Map	"When mapping data, whether human or physical geographers, cartographers, the geographers who make maps, generalize the information the present on maps." (de Blij, Murphey, Fouberg, ph 16)
540395542	Remote Sensing	A method of collecting data or information through the use of instruments that are physically distant from the area or object of study.
540395543	Geographic Information System (GIS)	A collection of computer hardware and software that permits spatial data to be collected, recorded, stored, retrieved, manipulated, analyzed, and displayed to the user.
540395544	Rescale	Involvement of players at other scales to generate support for a position or an initiative (e.g., use of the Internet to generate interest on a national or global scale for a local position or initiative).
540395545	Formal Region	A type of _______ in which the housing stock predominantly reflects styles of building that are particular to the culture of the people who have inhabited the area.
540395546	Functional Region	A ______ defined by the particular set of activities or interactions that occur within it.
540395547	Perceptual Region	A ______ that only exists as a conceptualization or an idea and not as a physically demarcated entity.
540395548	Culture	The sum total of the knowledge, attitudes, and habitual behavior patterns shared and transmitted by the members of a society.
540395549	Cultural Trait	A single element of normal practice in a culture, such as the wearing of a turban.
540395550	Cultural Complex	A related set of cultural traits, such as prevailing dress codes and cooking and eating utensils.
540395551	Cultural Hearth	Heartland, source area, innovation center; place of origin of a major culture.
540395552	Independent Invention	The term for a trait with many cultural hearths that developed independent of each other
540395553	Cultural Diffusion	The expansion and adoption of a cultural element, from its place of origin to a wider area.
540395554	Time-Distance Decay	The declining degree of acceptance of an idea or innovation with increasing time and distance from its point of origin or source.
540395555	Cultural Barrier	Prevailing cultural attitude rendering certian innovations; ideas or practices unacceptable or unadoptable in that particular culture.
540395556	Expansion Diffusion	The spread of an innovation or an idea through a population in an area in such a way that the number of those influenced grows continuously larger, resulting in an expanding area of dissemination.
540395557	Contagious Diffusion	The distance-controlled spreading of an idea, innovation, or some other item through a local population by contact from person to person.
540395558	Hierarchial Diffusion	A form of _____ in which an idea or innovation spreads by passing first among the most connected places or peoples. An urban ________ is usually involved, encouraging the leapfrogging of innovations over wide areas, with geographic distance a less important influence.
540395559	Stimulus Diffusion	A form of _______ in which cultural adaptation is created as a result of the introduction of a cultural trait from another place.
540395560	Relocation Diffusion	Sequential ________ process in which the items being ________ are transmitted by their carrier agents as they evacuate the old areas and relocate new ones.
540395561	Geographic Concept	Ways of seeing the world spatially that are used by geographers in answering research questions.
540395562	Environmental Determinism	The view that the natural ______________ has a controlling influence over various aspects of human life, including cultural development.
540395563	Isotherm	Line on a map connecting point of equal temperature values.
540395564	Possibilism	Geographic viewpoint- a response to determinism- that holds that human descision making, not the environment, is the critical factor in cultural development.
540395565	Cultural Ecology	The multiple interactions and relationships between a culture and the natural environment.
540395566	Political Ecology	An approach to studying nature-society relations that is concerned with the ways in which environmental issues both reflect, and are the result of, the political and socioeconomic contexts in which they are situated.

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carbon numbers Flashcards

math prefix for an amount of carbons in chem

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213868061	1 Carbon	Meth
213868062	2 Carbon	Eth
213868063	3 Carbon	Prop
213868064	4 Carbon	But
213868065	5 Carbon	Pent
213868066	6 Carbon	Hex
213868067	7 Carbon	Hept
213868068	8 Carbon	Oct
213868069	9 Carbon	Non
213868070	10 Carbons	Dec

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College Chemistry I Conversions, Multiples, & Types of SI Measurements Flashcards

From the first week of class with David Foster at Monroe Community College. This set is created for the purpose of knowing conversions, measurements, and multiples of SI units.

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446876151	What is the symbol and multiplying factor for exa?	E - 10¹⁸
446876152	What is the symbol and multiplying factor for peta?	P - 10¹⁵
446876153	What is the symbol and multiplying factor for tera?	T - 10¹²
446876154	What is the symbol and multiplying factor for giga?	G - 10⁹
446876155	What is the symbol and multiplying factor for mega?	M - 10⁶
446876156	What is the symbol and multiplying factor for kilo?	k - 10³
446876157	What is the symbol and multiplying factor for hecto?	h - 10²
446876158	What is the symbol and multiplying factor for deca?	da - 10
446876159	What is the symbol and multiplying factor for deci?	d - 10⁻¹
446876160	What is the symbol and multiplying factor for centi?	c - 10⁻²
446876161	What is the symbol and multiplying factor for milli?	m - 10⁻³
446876162	What is the symbol and multiplying factor for micro?	u - 10⁻⁶
446876163	What is the symbol and multiplying factor for nano?	n - 10⁻⁹
446876164	What is the symbol and multiplying factor for pico?	p - 10⁻¹²
446876165	What is the symbol and multiplying factor for femto?	f - 10⁻¹⁵
446876166	What is the symbol and multiplying factor for atto?	a - 10⁻¹⁸
446876167	What is the SI base unit for length?	Meter, symbol: m
446876168	What is the SI base unit for mass?	Kilogram, symbol: kg
446876169	What is the SI base unit for time?	Second, symbol: s
446876170	What is the SI base unit for temperature?	Kelvin, symbol: K
446876171	What is the SI base unit for amount of substance?	Mole, symbol: mol
446876172	What is the SI base unit for electric current?	Ampere, symbol: A
446876173	What is the SI base unit for luminous intensity?	Candela, symbol: cd
448823825	What is the metric equivalent of an inch?	2.54 centimeters
448823826	What is the metric and feet equivalent of a mile?	5,280 feet and 1,609 kilometers
448823827	What is the metric equivalent of a foot?	0.3048 meters

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Biology Chapter 1 Flashcards

Themes in the Study of Life

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477103383	Name 7 properties of life	1) Order 2) All reproduce 3) All Process energy (metabolize) 4) Growth and Development 5) Respond to environment 6) Regulate their internal state 7) Can adapt to the environment as a population
477103384	Property of life: Order	Life has structure and formation, with the basic unit of life being the cell.
477103385	What is the basic unit of life?	Cell
477103386	Why are viruses not considered living things?	They are acellular.
477103387	Property of life: Reproduction	All living beings have some way to procreate.
477103388	Property of Life: Energy Processing	All living beings metabolize.
477103389	What is metabolism?	Metabolism is the exchange of matter and energy with the environment. It takes into account all chemical reactions in the organism.
477103390	What is catabolism?	Part of metabolism that breaks down fod into smaller parts.
477103391	What is anabolism?	Build up of food into larger parts, like muscles.
477103392	What are the three types of energy processors?	Autotrophs, heterotrophs, decomposers.
477103393	What are autotrophs?	Autotrophs can feed themselves. They can make their own food, like plants.
477103394	What are heterotrophs?	Heterotrophs need other animals to feed themselves.
477103395	What are decomposers?	Decomoposers are bacteria and fungi that need dead materials in order to feed. They soak up dead material nutrients.
477103396	Property of Life: Regulation	All living beings can regulate their internal conditions for homeostasis.
477103397	What is homeostasis?	Homeostasis is the goal of regulation by animals. The goal is to have "dynamic equilibrium" - maintain stable internal conditions in the organism, regardless of whats going on on the outside.
477109922	what is the way in which organisms can achieve homeostasis?	Organisms have negative and positive feedback mechanism. Biological processes that they have self regulate by feedback.
477109923	What is negative feedback?	Negative feedback is the accumulation of an end product that in turn slows the process down. Negative -- feedback that stops the process. Most feedback mechanisms are negative.
477125372	What is positive feedback?	Positive feedback is where the end product speeds up the process. Something is produced in the process that makes the process speedup or build strength.
477125373	Comparison of positive and negative feedback
477125374	What is an example of negative feedback?	Sweating or shivering. When you sweat because you are overheated, your body is producing sweat to cool you down. Your body is maintaining your temperature, once you are cool, it stops sweating. Shivering - when you are cold, you start shivering. The body then is monitoring how warm you are. Once you are warm enough, you stop shivering.
477125375	What is an example of positive feedback?	Clotting. When you have a cut, platelets aggregate to form a clot. This releases more chemicals that attract more platelets to the site. Peeing - when you need to pee, your bladder is full, which then your brains sends a hormone to make your bladder shrink. The pressure increases, causing the bladder to shrink some more, etc.
477125376	What is evolution?	The process of change that has transformed life on Earth from its earliest beginnings to the way it is now with lots of diversity. There are three main ideas of evolution: 1-descent with modification 2-individual variations in species cause differences in survival 3-natural selection - events in the environment "select" best traits over time, others die out
477125377	What is descent with modification?	Organisms share a common descendant (explains DNA). From that common descendant the variety grew from modification of traits with each new generation.
477125378	What do individual variations cause difference in survival?	Species generally have too many offspring, already causing competition. Their variations may cause them to adapt to their environment better than others - can compete better to live. 1) variation is heritable 2) changes in DNA were always there, just in some members of the species, and the species that survived passed on those traits to the population.
477125379	What is natural selection?	The tool of evolution -- allows organisms with the best traits, over time, to survive. things in the environment select the best organisms to live, and hence over time the population changes.
477125380	Hierarchy of life, in descending order	Biosphere Ecosystem (living + non living) Community (all things living, many species) Population (same species) Organism Organ system Organ Tissue Cell Organelle Molecule
477125381	what are the four macromolecules that build life?	Lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids
477131543	what is an emergent property?	At each level, from the molecular and up, new properties arrange which causes the sum of the parts to be bigger than the individual.
477131544	What are some examples of emergent properties.	Cohesion - one water molecule can not stick to itself. But many water molecules h bond to each other, causing them to be cohesive. Living beings - one atom or molecule does not have the ability to create living things. Several molecules aggregated into large macromolecules (the four large ones of life) are the basis of all life.
477131545	What is reductionism?	A theme in biology that reduces complex systems to simpler components so that it is more manageable to study.
477131546	What is systems biology	Model constructing that looks at the dynamic behavior of a whole system in case something happens to one piece of the system.
477131547	All energy eventually comes from	The sun. The sun provides the energy to plants which make the first energy as food (which then passes on to plants, etc.)
477131548	Explain form fits function.	Structure and function correlate at all levels of biological organization. An organisms structure helps it to do what it needs to do. Conversely, knowing the function of something helps us to understand its form. For example, leaves are thin and flat to maximize the amount of sunlight captured by chloroplasts
477131549	Other examples of form fits function
477134815	What are cells?	Basic unit of structure and funciton. It is the lowest level of organization that can be alive. Activities of an organisms are based on activities of cells.
477134816	What are the two types of cells?	Eukaryotic - has membrane enclosed organelles, with a nucleus that has DNA Prokaryotic - DNA is not separated from the rest of the cell enclosed in a membrane bound nucleus. Has much fewer organelles, if any.
477134817	Eurkaryotic vs prokaryotic
477152772	Where is heritable information contained?	In DNA. Genes are in there. Each chormosome has one vero long DNA molecule with hundreds or thousands of genes DNA is a double helix. Genes program cells production of proteins, and proteins do everything in the human body.
477152773	How does DNA create proteins?	DNA is a double helix composed of nucleotides. This sequience of neucleotides along a gene is transcribed into RNA, then translated into a specific protein with a unique shape and function.
477152774	What is the entire library of genetic instruction that organism inherits?	a genome
477152775	What are the 8 organizational hierarchies of life?	1) Domain - (3) eubacteria, archaea, eukarya 2) kingdom - (5) bacteria/archaea, protists, fungi, plantae, animalia 3) Phylum 4) Class 5) Order 6) Family 7) Genus 8) Species
477152776	What can exmplain how idnvidiuals in a population vary in their traits?	Per evolution, all traits, even varieties, are heritable. Some are not important, or are inactive. Then something happens per natural selection that causes that one trait to turn on, or to be an advantage for that specific time. Everyone else dies out, and the few that are left with this one trait are now the ones that propagate the species.
477152777	The tree of life
477152778	What are the two main forms of inquiry in biologists' study of nature?	1) Discovery Science 2) Hypothesis based learning - "scientific method"
477152779	What is inductive reasoning	Part of discovery sicnece, derive generalzations from large number of specific observations.
477152780	What is a hypothesis?	Tentative answer to a well framed question. Must be: 1) testable 2) falsifiable 3) but not provable. No amount of experimenting can prove a hypothesis. 4) leads to predictions that can be tested by making additional observations by experimenting.
477152781	what is deductive reasoning?	From general to specific, extrapolate to the specific results if the general premises are true i.e. if all organisms are made of cells, and humans are orgnaisms, then all humans are composed of cells.
477152782	Chart of hypothesis based learning
477152783	What are theories?	theories are broad in scope and very general theories are supported by a greater body of evidence. Can spin off new and more hypothesis.
477152784	Measurement conversions
477153886	what is the appropriate term for an interacting group occupying a defined area?	A population.
477153887	What is meant by emergence?	The whole is greater than the sum of the parts.
477153888	Natural selection tends to act at which level?	Population
477153889	At which point is a scientific investigator most likely to use deductive reasoning?	In establishing a test of a hypothesis
477158516	Classify the following into a kingdom or domain. If a kingdom, specify a domain. Give an example of each group. Fungi	Fungi is a kingdom. It belongs in Eukarya. An example is a mushroom.
477158517	Classify the following into a kingdom or domain. If a kingdom, specify a domain. Give an example of each group. Eubacteria	Eubacteria is a domain. One example is lactobacillus and other types of bacteria.
477158518	Classify the following into a kingdom or domain. If a kingdom, specify a domain. Give an example of each group. Plantae	Plantae is a type of kingdom. It belongs in Eukarya. An example is a tree.
477158519	Classify the following into a kingdom or domain. If a kingdom, specify a domain. Give an example of each group. Archaebacteria	Archaebacteria is a type of domain. An example is thermopolis aquaticus, or Taq.
477158520	Classify the following into a kingdom or domain. If a kingdom, specify a domain. Give an example of each group. Animalia	Animalia is a type of kingdom. It belongs in eukarya. One example is a human.
477158521	Classify the following into a kingdom or domain. If a kingdom, specify a domain. Give an example of each group. Protista	Protists is a type of kingdom It belons in eukarya. One example is an amoeba.
477180152	Which of the following is NOT an example of emergence -bees making a beehive -water's high specific heat -a calculator -an organ -None of the listed responses is correct.	None of the listed responses is correct.
477180153	Which of the following can be considered a biological system? -a single liver cell -a pond -the biosphere -a salmon's cardiovascular system -All of the listed responses are correct.	All of the listed responses are correct.
477180154	Eukaryotic organisms that decompose dead organisms and absorb the nutrients are generally found in which kingdom? -Archaea -Bacteria -Plantae -Animalia -Fungi	Fungi
477180155	Which of the following statements is most clearly inductively derived? -If the animals observed require organic molecules as nutrients, then it can be concluded that all animals require organic molecules as nutrients. -If all flying animals are birds, then it can be concluded that bats are birds. -Because worms lack bones, they are classified as invertebrates. -A paramecium moves by means of the rhythmic motion of its cilia. -An elephant is warm-blooded because it is a mammal.	If the animals observed require organic molecules as nutrients, then it can be concluded that all animals require organic molecules as nutrients. No. Induction moves from a set of specific observations to reach a general. In this case a generalization is being applied to a more specific group.
477180156	At which point is a scientific investigator most likely to use deductive reasoning? -during initial observation(s) -during the formulation of a hypothesis -in establishing a test of a hypothesis -in rephrasing an alternative hypothesis -after the careful analysis of both the qualitative and the quantitative data recorded in the study	in establishing a test of a hypothesis
477380015	Describe how populations evolve.	Populations evolve through natural selection. -Population or organisms all have hereditary variations. -They will overproduce and their children will struggle for existence. -An agent of natural selection in the environment will give an advantage to a specific trait, allowing the children who have that trait to survive more easily. -Individuals without that trait will eventually die out. -Individuals with that trait will live, and pass it on to their generations -Eventually, the entire population will be those generations, with the trait, and the population has evolved.

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