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Naturalistic Observation Flash Cards Flashcards

508941205	Similarities	o Meaghan and Caitlyn's interpretations were similar, seeing that they were closer to the subject.
508941206	Similarities	o All of us recognized her clueless facial expression when listening to the lecture in the classroom.
508941207	Similarities	o We all recognized when she would play with her ear and trying to fix her earring all class.
508941208	Similarities	o We all noticed what she was wearing, aka the sock bun.
508941209	Similarities	o We all noticed she likes to "gossip" about other people.
508941210	Differences	o Darby's interpretations were similar, but not as in depth as both Meaghan's and Caitlyn's. (ex. The "yay" tweet)
508941211	Differences	o Meaghan quoted something she said "We literally travel here to get here."
508941212	Differences	o Meaghan also realized as she kept saying throughout the class, "What the heckles?"
508941213	Differences	o Meaghan was the only one who realized that she was falling asleep during the lecture because Darby and Caitlyn were actually paying attention.
508941214	Differences	o Caitlyn and Darby both noticed how she stared at another girl in the class when she entered, but Meaghan never noticed that she kept staring at the same girl.
508941215	Is Naturalistic Observation Reliable?	o In our experiment, naturalistic observation is not very reliable in gathering information about human behavior because we are only looking at one person to relate their behavior to all of the citizens in the nation.
508941216	Is Naturalistic Observation Reliable?	o In our experiment, naturalistic observation is not very reliable in gathering information about human behavior:  Different types of people  Different situations  Different personalities  Intellectual level  In a Health Occ class, might not relate to anything else anyone would recognize  Classroom setting  Different background  Mood during that observation/day  Knowing the person
508941219	Longitudinal Case Study	If the group were to test the hypothesis, we would perform a longitudinal case study. In this research method we would be able to track people throughout their whole education and schooling. From this, we would be able to determine the students studying habits and see how concentrated they are in the classroom. In this study, a regular case study would not be beneficial because the experimenters would not have background knowledge on the students.
508941220	Longitudinal Case Study	They would only be able to see the students' actions at that one point in time. An experiment would not be used because this type of study would not be able to fully study the actions of a person. A naturalistic observation would not be used to test this hypothesis because an experimenter would not be able to get valid information about the subjects in the experiment. A longitudinal case study would be the best type of research method to be used to test this hypothesis because it will result in the best results.

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A People and a Nation, Chapters 11, 12, 13 Flashcards

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515663668	The Second Great Awakening	This was the second religious revival in the United States in which masses of people would gather to pray and many souls were "saved". The Methodists and Baptists became the most abundant religion from heavy recruiting. The Second Great Awakening renewed religion as the center of American culture and redefined American religions much as it had done a hundred years previous by reaching out to the masses.
515663669	Charles G. Finney	Leader of The Second Great Awakening, influential eveangelical revivalist of the second great awakening; masive revivals at Rochester and NYC in 1830 and 1831; "anxiious bench"; encouraged women to pray aloud in public
515663670	Female Reform Societies	one of the earliest and most effective antiprostitution groups founded by evangelical women in 1834
515663671	Dorothea Dix	A reformer and pioneer in the movement to treat the insane as mentally ill, beginning in the 1820's, she was responsible for improving conditions in jails, poorhouses and insane asylums throughout the U.S. and Canada. persuaded many states to assume responsibility for the care of the mentally ill. She served as the Superintendant of Nurses for the Union Army during the Civil War.
515663672	The Penitentiary Movement	Reformers worked to improve asylums and penitentiaries Aimed to transform criminals into productive members of society through disciplined regimens Led by the belief of perfectibility "Auburn System": prisoners worked together in the daytime but were isolated at night "Philadelphia System": utter silence and isolation prevailed day and night
515663673	The Asylum Movement	New asylums were clean and organized; 28 of the 33 states had public institutions for mentally ill, Reforms sought to improve treatment of the mentally ill
515663674	The Morgan Affair	Catalyst for Anitmasonry as an organized movement. William Morgan mysteriously disappeared shortly after being arrested for stealing. He was rumored to have been murdered by the Masons.
515663675	William Lloyd Garrison	Abolitionist; published "The Liberator" Spoke out against slavery and for the rights of America's black inhabitantsand one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society.
515663676	Black Abolitionists	Fredrick Douglass and Harriet Tubman joined white reformers in the American Anti-Slavery Society; wrote personal narratives.
515663677	Elijah P. Lovejoy	Abolitionist editor who was murdered by a mob in Illinois; public outrage increased antislavery support in North
515663678	The Gag Rule	The Congress was so overwhelmed with petitions to abolish slavery that they automatically "tabled" abolitionist petitions, preventing debate on them.
515663679	Women Abolitionists	Lydia Child and Maria Chapman served on the American Anti-Slavery Society's executive committee. Served as editors of its offical paper, The National Anti-Slavery Standard.
515663680	Angelina and Sarah Grimke	Sisters who fought for women's rights and abolition. They were attacked for speaking to mixed audiences.
515663681	The Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments	Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott, and Lucy Stone organized women's rights convention and launched women's rights movement that echoes the Declaration of Independence in declaring that "all men and women are equal.
515663682	The Jacksonian Democrats	Considered themselves reformers, sought to restore traditional republican virtues., the name for the new coalition that emphasized leadership through merit rather than birth.
515663683	The Kitchen Cabinet	Jackson relied on political friends for advice, took the place of his official cabinet.
515663684	The Force Act	Congress passed act which authorized the president to call up troops, but also offered a way to avoid force by collecting duties before foreign ships reached Charleston's harbor.
515663685	The Second Bank of the U.S	Served as a depository for federal funds, notes could be exchanged for gold, kept state banks honest by reusing to accept bank notes of any bank lacking sufficient gold reserves.
515663686	Empresarios	Mexico encouraged development of its remote northern province, offering large tracts of land virtually free to U.S settlers
515663687	Remember the Alamo	200 Texans made unsuccessful stand against 3000 Mexicans. (Texans won independence by the end of the year.)
515663688	Shakers	Largest of the communal Utopian experiments. 6000 members lived in 20 settlements across 8 states., The followers of Mother Ann Lee, who preached a religion of strict celibacy and communal living. Fought for social equality
515663689	Mormons	Church of the Latter-Day Saints. Most successful communitarian experiment and restructured family life.
515663690	Ralph Waldo Emerson	Prime mover of the American Renaissance and pillar of transcendental movement.
515663691	California Gold Rush	Millions streamed inot Claifornia after a carpenter spotted gold particles in the millrace at Sutter's Mill
515663692	The Forty-Niners	Name for gold seekers, some never found enough gold to pay expenses and most found work in California's cities and agricultural districts
515663693	Horace Mann	Secretary of the newly formed Massachusetts Board of Education, he created a public school system in Massachusetts that became the model for the nation. Started the first American public schools, using European schools (Prussian military schools) as models.
515663694	Urban Riots	Merchants, craftsmen and laborers vented rage against political and economic rivals. New York hired uniformed policemen; killed newspaper editor Elijah Lovejoy.
515663695	Louisa May Alcott	Author of "Little Women." Supported the family by working as a seamstress, governess, teacher and housemaid.
515663696	Thomas R. Dew	Slaveholder and professor of law and history. Declared black slavery part of the "order of nature.
515663697	Yeoman farmers	Owned own land and grew own food. Hardworking isolated and self reliant., Few/no slaves, grew cotton, authority over dependents-obedience,
515663698	Yeoman fold culture	Based on family, church and local region. Flocked to religious camp meetings. owned their own land raised corn, hogs, and some cotton and tobacco. raised cattle and and pigs also. they lacked wealth but gained respect from wealthy neighbors
515663699	Ferdinand L. Steel	North Carolina Yeoman, Independent Yeoman farmer whose cash crop was cotton. He never owned slaves. Later became travelling Methodist.
515663702	Southern Paternalism	Justified dominance over white women and black slaves viewed themselves as custodians of the welfare society in general and of the black families they owned.
515663703	Paul Carrington Cameron	North Carolina's largest slaveholder. Used paternalistic ideology. Later turned 1000 black people from his land and rented his fields to white farmers and invested in industry.
515663704	Dr. Robert Knox	Edinburgh College of Surgeons. Believed the source of all evil lies in the Celtic race of Ireland.
515663705	Manifest Destiny	Belief U.S was designed to expand across the continent
515663706	Martin Van Buren	He was the eighth president of the United States who was experienced in legislative and administrative life. He passed the Divorce Bill which placed the federal surplus in vaults located in large cities and denied the backing system.
515663707	John Tyler	elected Vice President and became the 10th President of the United States when Harrison died 1841-1845, President responsible for annexation of Mexico after receiving mandate from Polk, opposed many parts of the Whig program for economic recovery
515663708	Fredrick Douglass	American abolitionist and writer, he escaped slavery and became a leading African American spokesman and writer. He published the autobiography, The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, and founded the abolitionist newspaper, the North Star.
515663709	Harriet Tubman	American abolitionist born a slave on a plantation in Maryland, became a major part of the American Anti-Slavery Society.
515663710	John Quincy Adams	6th U.S. President. 1825-1829. Democratic-Republican. Secretary of State under Monroe. Accused of winning the presidency with a "corrupt bargain" with Clay. Repealed the Gag Rule
527614116	St Monday	Drinkers took this holiday to recover from Sunday. In the new world of the factory, drinking was unacceptable.
527614117	Martha Washington societies	was one of the names for women's groups; it worked for temperance legislation despite their inability to vote
527614118	Richard Allen	an african american preacher who helped start the free african society and the african methodist episcopal church
527614119	William Wells Brown	Prominent African-American abolitionist lecturer, novelist, playwright, and historian. Born into slavery in the Southern United States, Brown escaped to the North in 1834, where he worked for abolitionist causes and was a prolific writer.
527614120	Declaration of Sentiments	series of resolutions issued at the end of the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848; modeled after the Declaration of Independence, the list of grievances called for economic and social equality for women, along with a demand for the right to vote.
527614121	Election of 1824	No one won a majority of electoral votes, so the House of Representatives had to decide among Adams, Jackson, and Clay. Clay dropped out and urged his supporters in the House to throw their votes behind Adams. Jackson and his followers were furious and accused Adams and Clay of a "corrupt bargain."
527614122	Election of 1828	The election of 1824 convinced Van Buren of the need for a renewed two-party competition. In the election of 1828, a new party formed & gradually became known as the Democratic Party which made Jackson president & Calhoun VP. Opponents called themselves the National Republicans.
527614123	Specie Circular	Executive order that required payment in gold/silver in order to buy land since paper money was inflating. This signified the growing economic problems which would result in the panic of 1837.
527614124	Election of 1836	Martin Van Buren v. WHIGS (William Henry Harrison, Daniel Webster, Hugh Lawson White). NEW PARTY - The Whigs (formed as opposition to Andrew Jackson); Whig strategy - by running several candidates, no one would receive a majority of the electoral vote sending it the House of Representatives (where they thought they could defeat Van Buren and the Democrats)! Martin Van Buren won big!
527614125	Election of 1840	Van Buren was nominated but no vice president was put up. His opponent, William Henry Harrison was ridiculed as "Old Granny" by the Democrats, and was given the most successful campaign slogans in history. "Tippecanoe and Tyler too" Harrison won 80% of the electoral vote but died a moth later.
527887205	election of 1844	Annexation is the major issue of this election; Clay and Van Buren were the two major candidates; Polk came along as a "darkhorse" candidate and ended up winning; wanted to annex Texas and take all of Oregon Territory; Liberty Party siphoned off votes to Polk (took from Clay)
527887206	Annexation of Texas	Created as a joint-resolution of Congress instead of a treaty. This only requires a simple majority and thus they are able to annex this state. As soon as this happens, Mexico breaks off diplomatic relations.
527887207	Alexis de Tocqueville	He wrote a two-volume Democracy in America that contained insights and pinpointed the general equality among people. He wrote that inequalities were less visible in America than France.
527887208	American Renaissance	The writing of the period before the Civil War, beginning with Emerson and Thoreau and the Trancendentalist movement including Whitman, Hawthorne, and Melville. These writers are essentially Romantics of a distinctively American stripe.
527887209	urban problems	Overcrowded and unsanitary living conditions. Transportation challenges, mass transit had to be built to meet the needs of increasing populations, supplying safe drinking water, Sanitation - how to keep cities clean - horse manure piled up on streets and people dumped their trash on streets. Crime increased, How to put out fires with limited water.
527887210	City Culture	Exclusive private associations provided space and occasions for leisure apart from crowds and rowdiness. While old stock middle and upper-class Americans were isolating themselves, members of various ethnic, racial, and religious groups formed their own associations
530477035	South-North Dissimilarity	South: rural agricultre, biracial society of inequality, small population density, difficult to finance public improvements, little commercial development. for southern evangelicals- self-improvement, not social reform.
530477036	Proslavery Argument	deep racism at heart of matter, defended as "positive good", used Bible and historical arguments to support it, economic necessity, whites superior and intellectual, blacks physical. natural state of man was inequality by ability.
530492813	Landless Whites	25%-40% of white southern workers, similar to indentured servants, Irish and immigrants, owned no land and no slaves, rented land to farm, and did dangerous work such as building railroads and digging ditches. Approximately one-fifth of the total white population, which was between 300,000 to 400,000 whites, in Virginia, North and South Carolina, and Georgia lived in poverty.
530492814	Free Blacks	Did not own land and labored in someone else's fields. Couldn't own guns, buy liquor, or violate curfew. Could only assemble at church. Some bought land.
530492815	Southern Paternalism	slaveholders saw themselves as guardians of a familial relationship between masters and slaves given to them by fate and heritage; believed it was their duty to house, feed, and make the slaves work
530492816	The Ostrich game	Sexual relations between planter and slaves, Violations of moral laws and wives would "put their heads in the sand" in order to say they did not know
531126059	Southern Quarterly Review	declared that the proper place for women is at home. One of the highest privileges, to be politically merged in the existence of her husband.
531126060	Slave Children	Future of the system and widely valued. Unidentified slaveowner calculated the that the slave girl purchased in 1827 for $400 had three sons now worth $3000 as working field hands. --------------- gather kindling, carried water to the fields, lifted cut sugarcane stalks into carts and chase birds away from sprouting rice plants.
531126061	Delia Garlic	Woman who said "its bad to belong to folks that own you soul and body. I could tell you bout it all day, but even then you couldn't guess the awfulness of it"
531126062	Slave Culture	a sense of distinctiveness' and pride, based in large part on influence of Africa (clothing, music, dance, religion); played a major role in their resistance to white oppression.
531126063	Slave women	Often sexually exploited. Sometimes threatened by sale of children in exchange for exploitation. Largely encouraged to bear children. States to have two weeks recovery after birth, often short-sided to work with newborns laying near in the fields.
531126064	Nat Turner	preacher that lead of a slave rebellion in 1831 in Virginia. Revolt led to the deaths of 20 whites and 40 blacks and led to the "gag rule' outlawing any discussion of slavery in the House of Representatives
531126065	South's racial ideology	Whites were superior to blacks, thus slavery became the basis of equality among whites, and racism inflated the status of poor whites and gave them a common interest with the rich.
531126066	The Impending Crisis	A controversial book. written by Hinton Helper, that used statistics to argue that the non-slaveholding whites were the ones that were suffering from slavery. This book was banned in the south, but the republican party used it as campaign material in the north
531126067	Minstrels	Around 1850, white people painted themselves black and made fun of the black people's music. These people were called ... and were meant to copy plantation songs.
531126068	Uncle Tom's Cabin	Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1853 that highly influenced england's view on the American Deep South and slavery. a novel promoting abolition. intensified sectional conflict.
533287426	Andrew Jackson	The seventh President of the United States (1829-1837), who as a general in the War of 1812 defeated the British at New Orleans (1815). As president he opposed the Bank of America, objected to the right of individual states to nullify disagreeable federal laws, and increased the presidential powers.
533287427	James Polk	1845-1849, Democrat, first dark horse, Manifest Destiny, issue - Texas and slavery, talked about "four forty or fight", Liberty Party - James G. Birney (abolition of slavery) Buren and Clay agree for not annexing Texas
533287428	Oregon Fever	in 1842, many Eastern and Midwestern farmers and city dwellers were dissatisfied with their lives and began moving up the trail to the Willamette Valley. This free land was widely publicized
533287429	Maysville road veto	proposed building a road in Kentucky (Clay's state) at federal expense. Jackson vetoed it because he didn't like Clay, and Martin Van Buren pointed out that New York and Pennsylvania paid for their transportation improvements with state money. Applied strict interpretation of the Constitution by saying that the federal government could not pay for internal improvements.

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AP US HISTORY UNIT 2 REVIEW Flashcards

AP US HISTORY

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523431140	mercantilism	an economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought
523431141	Stamp Act 1765	Was issued in order to raise revenues to support the new British military force. Mandated the use of stamped paper certifying the payment of taxes. Colonist were angrily aroused and felt that this act was jeopardizing the basic right of the colonists as Englishmen.
523431142	Sons of Liberty	A radical political organization for colonial independence which formed in 1765 after the passage of the Stamp Act. They incited riots and burned the customs houses where the stamped British paper was kept. After the repeal of the Stamp Act, many of the local chapters formed the Committees of Correspondence which continued to promote opposition to British policies towards the colonies. The Sons leaders included Samuel Adams and Paul Revere.
523431143	Declaratory Act 1766	this Act repealed the Stamp Act, but stated that Great Britain can rule the colonies anyway she sees fit (with date)
523431144	Boston Massacre	The first bloodshed of the Amercan Revolution, as British guards at the Boston Customs House opened fire on a crowd killing five americans
523431145	Tea Act 1773	Allowed East India Company to avoid navigation taxes when exporting tea to colonies and gave them power to monopolize tea trade; this angered colonists and threatened merchants and the colonial economy.
523431146	Coercive Acts 1774	1. Closed Boston port until destroyed tea paid for. 2. stopped town meetings. 3. Appointed a military government for Massachusetts. 4. Trials of government officials will be in England.
523431147	First Continental Congress	Delegates from all colonies except georgia met to discuss problems with britain and to promote independence
523431148	Lexington and Concord	the first battle of the American Revolution (April 19, 1775)
523431149	Battle of Bunker Hill	the first important battle of the American War of Independence (1775)
523431151	writs of assistance	It was part of the Townshend Acts. It said that the customs officers could inspect a ship's cargo without giving a reason. Colonists protested that the Writs violated their rights as British citizens.
523431152	Declaration of Independence	This document was adopted on July 4, 1776. It established the 13 American colonies as independent states, free from rule by Great Britain. Thomas Jefferson wrote the majority of this document.
523431153	Battle of Saratoga	Turning point of the American Revolution. It was very important because it convinced the French to give the U.S. military support. It lifted American spirits, ended the British threat in New England by taking control of the Hudson River, and, most importantly, showed the French that the Americans had the potential to beat their enemy, Great Britain.
523431154	General Cornwallis	the British general who defied an order and was trapped at Yorktown forcing his surrender; he called Washington an old fox
523431155	John Jay	First chief justice of the Supreme Court
523431156	Articles of Confederation	This document, the nation's first constitution, was adopted by the Second Continental Congress in 1781 during the Revolution. The document was limited because states held most of the power, and Congress lacked the power to tax, regulate trade, or control coinage.
523431157	Northwest Ordinance	Enacted in 1787, it is considered one of the most significant achievements of the Articles of Confederation. It established a system for setting up governments in the western territories so they could eventually join the Union on an equal footing with the original 13 states
523431158	James Madison	Strict constructionist, 4th president, father of the Constitution, leads nation through War of 1812
523431159	Anti-federalists	opponents of a strong central government who campaigned against the ratification of the Constitution in favor of a confederation of independant states
523431160	John Locke	English philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract" in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in which the government serves the people; also said people have natural rights to life, liberty and property.
523431162	Richard Henry Lee	Member of the Second Continental Congress who urged Congress to support independence; signer of the Declaration of Independence.
523431163	Sugar Act of 1764	An act that raised tax revenue in the colonies for the crown. It also increased the duty on foreign sugar imported from the West Indies.
523431164	virtual representation	British governmental theory that Parliament spoke for all British subjects, including Americans, even if they did not vote for its members
523431165	Stamp Act Congress	group of colonists who protested the Stamp Act, saying that Parliament couldn't tax without colonist' consent
523431166	Charles Townshend	British Prime Minister. Influenced Parliament to pass the Townshend Acts.
523431167	non-importation agreements	A form of protest against British policies; colonial merchants refused to import British goods.
523431168	committees of correspondence	Organization founded by Samuel Adams consisting of a system of communication between patriot leaders in New England and throughout the colonies
523431169	Intolerable Acts 1774	1774 closed harbor untio damage were paid and order can be ensued + British official if they killed someone they get trial by jury in Britian where they were likely not to get charged. (in response when the colonist threw the tea)
523431170	John Adams	America's first Vice-President and second President. Sponsor of the American Revolution in Massachusetts, and wrote the Massachusetts guarantee that freedom of press "ought not to be restrained."
523431171	Second Continental Congress	They organized the continental Army, called on the colonies to send troops, selected George Washington to lead the army, and appointed the comittee to draft the Declaration of Independence
523431172	Thomas Paine	Revolutionary leader who wrote the pamphlet Common Sense (1776) arguing for American independence from Britain. In England he published The Rights of Man
523431173	Pontiac's Rebellion	A 1763 conflict between Native Americans and the British over settlement of Indian lands in the Great Lakes area
523431174	Benjamin Franklin	Printer, author, inventor, diplomat, statesman, and Founding Father. One of the few Americans who was highly respected in Europe, primarily due to his discoveries in the field of electricity.
523431176	Treaty of Paris 1783	The British recognized the independence of the United States. It granted boundaries, which stretched from the Mississippi on the west, to the Great Lakes on the north, and to Spanish Florida on the south. The Yankees retained a share of Newfoundland.
523431177	Land Ordinance of 1785	A law that divided much of the United States into a system of townships to facilitate the sale of land to settlers.
523431178	Annapolis Convention	Originally planning to discuss the promotion of interstate commerce, delegates from five states met at Annapolis in September 1786 and ended up suggesting a convention to amend the Articles of Confederation
523431179	Virginia Resolution	Written anonymously by Jefferson and Madison in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, they declared that states could nullify federal laws that the states considered unconstitutional.
523431180	Constitutional Convention	meeting of delegates in 1787 to revise the Articles of Confederation, which produced the new U.S. Constitution
523431181	Quartering Act of 1765	Act forcing colonists to house and supply British forces in the colonies; created more resentment; seen as assault on liberties.
523431182	Proclamation Act 1763	Act passed by England prohibiting colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains
523431183	Townshend Acts 1767	Taxed luxury items imported into the colonies; colonists outraged and started another movement to stop importing Br. goods
523431184	George III	English monarch at the time of the revolution. He was the main opposition for the colonies due to his stubborn attitude and unwillingness to hear out colonial requests/grievances.
523431185	Samuel Adams	Founder of the Sons of Liberty and one of the most vocal patriots for independence; signed the Declaration of Independence
523431186	Quebec Act	Signed in 1774, intended to reorganize the way these British territories were governed
523431187	George Washington	Virginian, patriot, general, and president. Lived at Mount Vernon. Led the Revolutionary Army in the fight for independence. First President of the United States.
523431188	Common Sense	a pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that claimed the colonies had a right to be an independent nation
523431189	circular letter	A letter circulated in 1767 in reaction to the Townshend Act. It urged colonists to jointly sign a petition of protest and was influential in causing colonists to work together against the British.
523431190	Battles of Trenton and Princeton	Washington crossed Delaware, surprised Hessians at Trenton, went on to win at Princeton...gave new hope to Americans after defeats in New York
523431191	Nathaniel Greene	Quaker-raised American general who employed tactics of fighting and then drawing back to recover, then attacking again. Defeated Cornwallis by thus "fighting Quaker".
523431192	Yorktown	The last major battle of the war in which Charles Cornwallis surrendered to George Washington. The French helped us. The was over, and colonists had won!
523431193	Shay's Rebellion	was led by Daniel Shays it was a protest against the land being taken away and the taxes that they had just worked so hard to get rid of
523431194	Alexander Hamilton	Delegate to the Constitutional Convention and leader of the Federalists; first secretary of the treasury.
523431195	Thomas Hobbes	wrote "Leviathan" and believed people were naturally cruel, greedy, and selfish; he also believed only a powerful governemnt could keep an orderly society
523431196	Prohibitory Act	On July 8, 1775, the colonies made a final offer of peace to Britain, agreeing to be loyal to the British government if it addressed their grievances (repealed the Coercive Acts, ended the taxation without representation policies). It was rejected by Parliament, which in December 1775 passed the American Prohibitory Act forbidding all further trade with the colonies.

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A People and a Nation Ch. 8, 9, 10 Flashcards

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502618652	James Madison	Father of the Constitution, 4th President of the United States, wrote the nineteen amendments of which ten were ratified, leads nation through War of 1812
502618653	Chisholm v. Georgia	The heirs of Alexander ----------(a citizen of South Carolina) sued the state of Georgia. The Supreme Court upheld the right of citizens of one state to sue another state, and decided against Georgia., 1793- Supreme Court ruled that a state could be sued in federal courts by nonresidents
502618654	Quakers	A religious group that petitioned the US Government to abolish slavery before the 1808 provisions.
502618655	George Washington	The first president of the United States. Set the tone for the presidency. He wanted national unity.
502618656	Alexander Hamilton	emerged as a major political figure during the debate over the Constitution, as the outspoken leader of the Federalists and one of the authors of the Federalist Papers. Later, as secretary of treasury under Washington he immediately confronted the main problem facing the new government, namely its finances. In building support for his program,created the Federalist Party. In 1804, he was killed in a duel with his political nemesis, Aaron Burr
502618657	Why was the Whiskey taxed?	Because it was cheaper to make the whiskey and ship it, than shipping the wheat to whiskey manufacturers.
502618659	Gabriel's Rebellion	A planned slave rebellion in Richmond led by Gabriel, a slave. The plan leaked out just before the march, and authorities rounded up the participants and executed thirty-five of them, including Gabriel.
502618660	Gabriel Prosser	Was an enslaved blacksmith. He started the slave revolt. It failed and then the laws became more strict.
502618661	John Adams	Second president of the US. Was the cause of the Quazi-War.
502618662	Quazi War	Started because John Adams deliberately sabotaged the negotiations between the US and France by releasing documents. He replaced the 3 names of the French agents in the documents, naming them, X, Y, and Z. Which is now known as the XYZ documents.
502618665	Matthew Lyon	Democratic Republican. Was the first victim of the Sedation Acts. He was arrested for making a printout that basically said (John Adams was power hungry.) He served 4 months in jail. During his sentence, he was re-elected.
502618666	President Thomas Jefferson	A Democratic Republican. Referred to winning his presidency as the "Revolution of 1800's." He was the third president of the United States. Doubled the size of the nation, and struggled to maintain American neutrality
502618667	John Marshall	He was Chief Justice of the United States from 1801 to 1835. His rulings strengthened the role of the court and constantly upheld the sanctity of contracts and the supremacy of federal legislation over the laws of the states. Though he established the precedent of judicial review, he also clashed with presidents Jefferson and Jackson over questions of constitutional interpretation.
502618668	Marbury v. Madison	A landmark case where John Marshall significantly increased the Supreme Court's power. William Marbury was named a justice of the Peace in Washington, D.C. James Madison, Jefferson's new secretary of state, declined to certify William Marbury's appointment so that the president (Thomas Jefferson) could instead appoint a Democratic Republican. Marbury sued, requesting a "writ of mandamus." Which was a court order, forcing the president to appoint him.
502789537	George and Deborah Logan	Went to Paris to negotiate peace with the French to settle the Quasi-War. Was a priviate citizen, and his actions lead to the Logan Act, which prohibited private citizen from undertaking diplomatic missions. Wife defended her hubands actions while he was away.
502789538	Revenue Act of 1789	James Madison, representing Virginia in the House of Representatives, became influential in Congress. He persuaded congress to adopt the ____ ______ __ 1789, imposing a 5 percent tariff on certain imports. thus the first congress achieved an effective national tax law.
502789539	Bill of Rights	The first ten amendments of the U.S. Constitution, containing a list of individual rights and liberties, such as freedom of speech, religion, and the press.
502789540	Judicary Act of 1789	Established a federal court system. determined that these federal courts would have the power to reverse state decisions
502789541	debate of slavery	Group of Quakers whated the freedom of slaves,The legislators went on to develop a positive defense of slavery, insisting that abolition would cause more problems than it solved, primarily by confronting the nation with how to deal with a sizable population of freed people.
502789542	strict Constitution	Strict and doctrinal interpretation of the ---------- and its justification. Thomas Jefferson favored a strict interpretation of the ------------, which he interpreted as forbidding everything it did not expressly permit. In contrast, Hamilton favored a loose interpretation.
502789543	Whiskey Rebellion	Rebellion in 1794 by farmers in western Pennsylvania against the tax on whiskey, a protest caused by tax on liquor; it tested the will of the government, Washington's quick response showed the government's strength and mercy, Washington's quick response showed the government's strength and mercy
502789544	Treaty of Alliance with France	In 1778 France offered Franklin a treaty of alliance that bound both parties to wage war until the United States had fully secured its freedom and until both agreed to terms with the common enemy, England.
502789545	Citizen Edmond Genet	French representative who, against the Neutrality Proclamation, gathered armies against Spanish Florida, Louisiana, and Canada.
502789546	Jay Treaty	Was made up by John Jay. It said that Britain was to pay for Americans ships that were seized in 1793. It said that Americans had to pay British merchants debts owed from before the revolution and Britain had agreed to remove their troops from the Ohio Valley; Washington executive privileges, The power of the president to withwold information from congress if he believes it is warrented
502789547	Alien and Sedition Acts	the alien act allowed the exportation of any alien believed to be a threat to national security and during times of war; sedition act made it a criminal offense to plot against the government -oppressed people's first amendment rights
502789548	Election of 1796	The first real contested presidential election. Federalists support John Adams, Republicans support Thomas Jefferson. Adams wins, Jefferson becomes V.P
502789549	XYZ Affair	When the French, outraged by Jay's treaty, begin violating the terms of the Franco-American Treaty of 1778, President John Adams sends over three secret go-betweens to talk with Talleyrand, the French foreign minister. The demanded a bribe of $250,000 in order to merely talk with Talleyrand. led to Naval Battles between the two countries. But France, already at battling Britain, realized they did not wish to have one more enemy added to their roster.
502789550	Virgina and Kentucky Resolutions	The _______ introduced the theory of interposition. They argued that if the federal government did something unconstitutional, the state could interpose and stop the illegal action. ________ advanced the theory of nullification. According to this, if the federal government passed an unconstitutional law, the states could nullify it
502789551	Toussaint L'Ouverture	was an important leader of the Haïtian Revolution and the first leader of a free Haiti. In a long struggle again the institution of slavery, he led the blacks to victory over the whites and free coloreds and secured native control over the colony in 1797, calling himself a dictator.
502789552	Esteban Rodriguez Miro	Louisiana governor very intelligent, soke seven languages, married a Louisiana woman. the population exploded under his rule, Ordered all slaves and free black women to wear head wraps rather than hats.
502809394	Handsome Lake	A Seneca Iroquois prophet. Preached against alcoholism by appealing to religious traditions. Had Quaker missionaries teach agricultural methods to the Iroquois men. Only by adopting the sexual divison of labor could they retain an autonomous existence.
506437103	John Foss	captured by pirates in 1790s with group of 9 men and treated as white slave to black masters. wrote about experience, setting commercial minds spinning. spurred belief of western superiority over "barbarians" questioned whether americans could protect their citizens and commerce abroad
506437104	Tripoli War	1. from 1801-1805 2.--------declared war on US b/c US refused to pay tribute for safe passage of its ships on Mediterranean 3.1803: Jeff. declares naval blockade of Tripoli a. USS Philadelphia ran aground, all its soldiers & officers captured 4. 1805: treaty w/ -------- a. US pays $60.000 to free Philadelphia prisoners b. ends war 5. US still pays other 3 Barbary States tribute (Algiers, Morocco, & Tunis) until 1815
506437105	Revolution of 1800	Jefferson's view of his election to presidency. Jefferson claimed that the election of 1800 represented a return to what he considered the original spirit of the Revolution. Jefferson's goals for his revolution were to restore the republican experiment, check the growth of government power, and to halt the decay of virtue that had set in under Federalist rule.
506437106	War on Judiciary	Jefferson had Congress repeal the Judiciary Act of 1801. The Democratic-Republican Congress also impeached and removed Federal District Judge John Pickering. They could not, however, remove Supreme Court Justice Samuel Chase. precedent: only criminal behavior could warrant impeachment
506437107	Louisiana purchase	The U.S., under Jefferson, bought the Louisiana territory from France, under the rule of Napoleon, in 1803. The U.S. paid $15 million for the Louisiana Purchase, and Napoleon gave up his empire in North America. The U.S. gained control of Mississippi trade route and doubled its size.
506437108	Lewis and Clark	Sent on an expedition by Jefferson to gather information on the United States' new land and map a route to the Pacific. They kept very careful maps and records of this new land acquired from the Louisiana Purchase.
506437109	York	The African American slave who explored the Louisiana Purchase with Lewis and Clark. Became a celebrity with the Native-Americans who had never seen a black man before.
506437110	Sacagawea	Shoshone woman who, along with her French fur-trapper husband Toussaint Charbonneau, accompanied and aided Lewis and Clark on their expedition
506437111	The Partisan Press	Newspapers that were funded by political parties. The power in the press created bias and impartial coverage. Readers were limited by political position and limited by the limited to society's elite.
506437112	Aaron Burr	An American politician in New York. He is remembered not so much for his tenure as the third Vice President, under Thomas Jefferson, as for his duel with Alexander Hamilton, resulting in Hamilton's death. He is also known for his trial and acquittal on charges of treason for threating to break up the Union.
506437113	The Prophet	a charismatic religious leader of the Native Americans, he experienced a mystical awakening in recovering from alcoholism, and inspired a religious revival that spread throughout tribes and helped unite them, and return to the old ways.
506437114	Tecumseh	A Shawnee chief who, worked to unite the Northwestern Indian tribesalong with his brother, the Prophet. The league of tribes was defeated by an American army led by William Henry Harrison at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811. was killed fighting for the British during the War of 1812 at the Battle of the Thames in 1813.
506437115	War of 1812	Also Know as Madison's War: Fought with Britain, 1812-14, over lingering conflicts that included impressment of American sailors, interference with shipping, and collusion with Northwest Territory Indians; settled by the Treaty of Ghent in 1814.
506437116	Dolly Madison	political figure throughout her husband's term, socially took over the white house because her husband was very shy and bookish, she was also the one who called the white house by it's name, the white house.saved valuable papers including Washington's portrait, Saved the original copy of the Constitution & the Declaration of Independence.
506437117	USS Constitution	affectionately knows as Old Ironside - during the war of 1812 British cannonballs bounced off her thick wooden hull.
506437118	Battle of New Orleans	Jackson led a battle that occurred when British troops attacked U.S. soldiers in New Orleans on January 8, 1815; the War of 1812 had officially ended with the signing of the Treaty of Ghent in December, 1814, but word had not yet reached the U.S.
506437119	Treaty of Ghent	December 24, 1814 - Ended the War of 1812 and restored the status quo. For the most part, territory captured in the war was returned to the original owner. It also set up a commission to determine the disputed Canada/U.S. border.
506437120	The Hutchinson Family	Performed patriotic, religious, and sentimental songs of popular music. Made upwards of a $1000 a night for a performance, selling nostalgia and reform. Exemplified the markets for the times in which goods and services in exchange for cash, and traveled around the country on the ever expanding rail system.
506437121	Nationalist program	seen as way to unify the country, protective tariff to stimulate industry, southern cotton to new england mills, 2 national bank chartered.
506437122	James Monroe	He was the fifth President of the United States. He is the author of the Monroe Doctrine. Proclaimed that the Americas should be closed to future European colonization and free from European interference in sovereign countries' affairs. It further stated the United States' intention to stay neutral in European wars
506437123	McCulloch Vs Maryland	The state of Maryland taxed banknotes produced by the Bank of the United States, claiming that the Bank was unconstitutional. Using implied powers, Marshall countered that the Bank was constitutional and ruled that Maryland was forbidden from taxing the Bank.
506437124	John Qunicy Adams	Faced major dipolmatic challenges that faced the US, and Clearly definded the borders of the US and Canada, and also the borders to the south, and aquired for Florida from the spanish.
506437125	Fire Bell in the Night	part of quote by Thomas Jefferson that was revering to seriousness of the expansion of slavery if Missouri added as slave state (1819)Topic of slavery came up in Congress when Missouri wanted to enter Union as a slave state. would have extended slavery farther N. and shift political balance in Senate towards slave states. Maine was made a state to balance the slave free states if Missouri bacame a slave state.
506437126	Boom and Bust	Rise in an economy, followed by a downturn as the economy falls due to items losing value. This is a cycle that the United States economy follows. A type of cycle economy where there are alternating periods of economic growth and shrinkage. During booms an economy will see an increase in its production and GDP (gross domestic product). During busts an economy will see a fall in production and an increase in unemployment. This is a cycle that the United States economy follows.
508903655	Lieutenant Zebulon Pike	1. 1806: sought source of Mississippi River & navigable H20 route West 2. ----- & co. wandered into Spanish territory in the South- held captive for sev. months in Mexico 3.after release, --- wrote an account of his experiences
508903656	Timothy Pickering	1.Older Feds remained opposed to popular appeals a.divisions among Feds. undermined success b. extremisim of some Older Feds. discredited the rest 2. MA Congressman & former Sec. of State a. opposed Louisiana Purchase, feared Jefferson's reelection, urged secession of New England in 1803-04
508903657	Josiah Quincy	opponent of the War of 1812; Federalist; opposed the admittance of Louisiana; did not support the War of 1812 b/c the U.S. was not strong enough; supported strengthening of the military; significant b/c of what he represents
508944292	Impressment of American Sailors	A forced enrollment of recruits for military duty. After 1800, England restricted impressment mostly to naval service. The Napoleonic Wars increased English need for sea power and led to the impressment of a large number of deserters, criminals, and British subjects who had become naturalized Americans. Frequent interception of American ships to impress American citizens was a major cause of the War of 1812.
508944293	Prophetstown	Town founded by Tecumseh and his brother, the Prophet. It is located at the where the Tippecanoe and Wabash Rivers.
508944294	Embargo Act	signed by thomas jefferson in 1807 - stop export of all american goods and american ships from sailing for foreign ports Many merchants, particularly in New England, suffered great financial losses, despite the dramatic rise in smuggling during these years. In the end, the this policy had little effect in compelling either France or Britain to respect American neutrality
508944295	Election of 1808	the Democratic-Republican candidate James Madison defeated Federalist candidate Charles Cotesworth Pinckney. Madison had served as United States Secretary of State under incumbent Thomas Jefferson, and Pinckney had been the unsuccessful Federalist candidate in the election of 1804.
508944296	Samuel Slater	He was a British mechanic that moved to America and in 1791 invented the first American machine for spinning cotton. He is known as "the Father of the Factory System" and he started the idea of child labor in America's factories.
508989421	Non-Intercourse Act	1809 - Replaced the Embargo of 1807. Unlike the Embargo, which forbade American trade with all foreign nations, this act only forbade trade with France and Britain. It did not succeed in changing British or French policy towards neutral ship
508989422	Burning of Washington	took place on August 24, 1814, during the War of 1812 between the British Empire and the United States of America. British forces occupied Washington, D.C. and set fire to many public buildings following the American defeat at the Battle of Bladensburg
508989423	General William Harrison	led a military force in 1811- engaged Indians at Battle of Tippecanoe (where Tippecanoe Creek meets Wabash in Indiana) & destroyed hopes of Tecumseh's federation; Prophet recklessly ordered an assault on Harrison's camp on November 11, 1811; Harrison destroyed Prophetstown
508989424	Andrew Jackson	He became a general in 1812 and was the leader in the Battle of New Orleans. Two weeks after he had won the battle
509349550	Erie Canal	It is a canal in New York State, United States, that runs from the Hudson River to Lake Erie, connecting the Great Lakes with the Atlantic Ocean It cut transport costs into what was then wilderness by about 90%. The Canal resulted in a massive population surge in western New York, and opened regions further west to increased settlement
509349551	Railroads	Were essential to westward expansion because they made it easier to travel to and live in the west. Made possible by advancements in gears and steam engine, goods and people could be transported more quickly and efficiently
509349552	Women Paid Labor	Many sold eggs, dairy products, butter and cheese and sold produce at local markets. Their earnings became essential to the house hold income. Expanded to include clothes and other house hold commodities.
509349553	Mechanization of Agriculture	Mechanized agriculture is the process of using agricultural machinery to mechanize the work of agriculture, massively increasing farm output and farm worker productivity.
509349554	Textile Mills	centered in New England, near sources of water to power spinning machines and looms. Cotton cloth production rose. More than 1/2 the workers were women. Unable to find enough laborers near mills, managers recruited farm daughters, whom they housed in boarding houses. To ease concerns, mill owners offered paternalistic oversight; they enforced curfews, prohibited alcohol, and required church attendance. Working conditions in mills got harder over time. Women aired their complaints in worker-run newspapers. Worker turnover weakened women's organizations efforts
509520900	Factory Girl's Garland	Poem in 1844 that was used factory bells to emphiasize its incessant control, announced when they were to wake, eat, begin work, and go to sleep, night and day
509520901	Gender Divisions in work	-the separation of men and women's work culture.Women and girls left home to work at the mills and the men who had once worked at hom now worked outside of home. - A result of large-scale manufacturing. -Social: the unpaid labor of women devalued, everyone was working, andcouldn't do household chores
509520902	Americans on the Move	Most expansion went westward, however there were some that settled in the South setteling along the Mississippi River Valley, and down into Florida. There was also expansion to the North, moving into the Ohio Valley and to northern states, even Canada.
509520903	Native American Resistance	constitution recognized Indian soverignty, but made no difference. Indians try to adapt to market economy, but get into debt, have to cede land, indian population fell. pressure from Georgia to remove natives, Creeks try to alter structure to survive, but fail.
509520904	Cherokee Nation	Cherokees had adopted some white customs, could speak and read English and many had converted to Christianity. Aside from farming, they ran successful businesses such and grain and lumber mills. They established a government based on a written constitution and claimed status as a separate nation.
509520905	Cherokee Vs. Georgia	In 1828 the Georgia legislature declared the Cherokee tribal council illegal and asserted its own jurisdiction over Indian affairs and Indian lands. The Cherokees appealed this move to the Supreme Court, which twice upheld the rights of the Indians. He did say that Indians had unquestionable rights to their lands. They could only lose titles by voluntarily giving it up But President Jackson refused to recognize the Court's decisions.
509520906	Trail of Tears	The Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands. They traveled from North Carolina and Georgia through Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas-more than 800 miles to the New Indian Territory. More than 4,000 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116-day journey.
510680270	John Qunicy Adams	Son of 2nd president served as secretary of state under Monroe before becoming 6th president of the US. Strong advocate of national finance and improvement, faced opposition from states' rights advocates in the south and west. His controversal electoin-allegedly "the corrupt bargain" of 1824- and his lack of politcial acumen further hampered his presidential agenda. His greatest achivement was the Monroe Doctrine.
510680271	Don Luis de Onis	the spanish minister to the united states, who agreed to transfer florida to the united states to President John Q Adams.
510769214	Cotton South	-By 1825, the South was the worlds dominant supplier of cotton. -Caused by the invention of the cotton gin which efficiently helped production of cotton and resulted in a great economic growth in the south. -Social- Separated the South from the national economy because they did not pay wages for labor, they bought laborers.
510769215	1st Amendment	freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, and petition
510769216	2nd Amendment	Right to bear arms
510769217	3rd Amendment	No quartering of Soldiers
510769218	4th Amendment	Freedom from unreasonable searches and seizures
510769219	5th Amendment	right to grand jury, indictment, no double jeopardy, freedom from self-incrimination, due process of law
510769220	6th Amendment	Right to a fair, speedy trial
510769221	7th Amendment	Right to a trial by jury in civil cases
510769222	8th Amendment	No cruel and unusual punishments
510769223	9th Amendment	The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.
510769224	10th Amendment	The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.
510769225	11th Amendment	Immunity of states from suits from out-of-state citizens and foreigners not living within the state borders. Lays the foundation for sovereign immunity.
510769226	12th Amendment	added the seperation of the president and vice president onto two different ballots
510769227	Sequoyah	Cherokee Indian credited with establishing a written version of his language to help spread literacy among the Cherokee tribe.
510769228	Chief John Ross	Cherokee leader at the time that Georgia was trying to get land of the Cherokees. Georgis annulled Cherokee constitution and restricted their assembly rights. Their chief turned to federal courts in 1831 case "Cherokee Nation v Georgia" to try to fight back

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End Of Course Vocabulary Modern US History Flashcards

End Of Course Vocabulary Modern US History

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167308103	Gilded Age	Period of rapid wealth accumulation by entrepreneurs from approximately the 1870's-1890's
167308105	Constituent	people represented by an elected official
167308107	Nativism	political movement characterized by anti-immigrant sentiment favoring the interests of native-born people over foreign-born people
167308109	Assimilation	process by which minority group gradually adopts the culture of the majority group
167308111	Radicals	group(s) favoring fundamental changes from present
167308113	Progressives	early 20th century reformers seeking to return the government to the people and correcting injustices
167308115	Bureaucracy	government department and agencies of non-elected officials
167308117	Interest group	an organization supporting a particular goal through attempts to influence the political process
167308119	Stagflation	an economic condition of slow economic growth marked by both inflation and high unemployment
167308121	Deficit spending	government spending more money than it receives in a fiscal year
167308123	National debt	the sum of deficit spending over time
167308125	Deregulation	reduction or removal of federal rules on business and industry
167308127	Hoovervilles	communities of hastily built shelters often constructed by people evicted during the Great Depression
167308129	Rust belt	region in the northeast and midwest where heavy industry and population declined since the 1970's
167308131	Sun belt	region in the southeast and southwest which experienced heavy population and business growth since the 1970's
167308133	Steel belt	region in US where most of the heavy industry was once located
167308135	Cotton belt	southern region in US where most of the cotton is grown
167308137	Suburbia	residential towns that are around major cities
167308139	Manifest Destiny	a belief and policy that claimed the United States had a right to expand on the North American continent
167308141	European Union	a n organization that unites many European nations for political, social, and economic goals such as free trade and military cooperation
167308143	Stalemate	a political situation in which further action is blocked
167308145	Affirmative action	programs that gave preference to women and minorities in hiring and admissions
167308147	Capitalism	an economic system in which investment in and ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange of wealth is made and maintained chiefly by private individuals or corporations, esp. as contrasted to cooperatively or state-owned means of wealth.
167308149	Communism	a system of government in which there is no private property and there are no economic classes
167308151	Conservation	the careful use of resources
167308153	Deflation	a fall in the general price level or a contraction of credit and available money
167308155	Détente	efforts to lower Cold War tensions in the 1960s and early 1970s
167308157	Economic Cycle	a recurrent fluctuation in the total business activity of a country
167308159	Foreign Policy	a policy pursued by a nation in its dealings with other nations, designed to achieve national objectives.
167308161	Inflation	increased prices for goods and services combined with the reduced value of money
167308163	Immigration	movement of people to settle in a new country
167308165	Impeach	to bring an accusation against the President (House of Representatives)
167308167	Imperialism	the policy of extending a nation's power by gaining territories fro a colonial empire
167308169	Infrastructure	the basic, underlying framework or features of a system or organization.
167308171	Integration	an act or instance of integrating a racial, religious, or ethnic group
167308173	Isolationism	a policy in which a nation avoids entanglements in foreign wars
167308175	Laissez faire	French meaning "allow to do" - in business, it refers to a system where companies are allowed to conduct business without interference from the government
167308177	Liberal	noting or pertaining to a political party advocating measures of progressive political reform
167308180	Militarism	the tendency to regard military efficiency as the supreme ideal of the state and to subordinate all other interests to those of the military
167308182	Monopoly	exclusive control of a commodity or service in a particular market, or a control that makes possible the manipulation of prices
167308184	Oppression	the exercise of authority or power in a burdensome, cruel, or unjust manner
167308186	Platform	a public statement of the principles, objectives, and policy of a political party
167308188	Popular Culture	contemporary lifestyle and items that are well known and generally accepted
167308189	Precedent	a legal decision or form of proceeding serving as an authoritative rule or pattern in future similar or analogous cases
167308191	Segregation	the separation of people based on race
167308193	Sexism	discrimination based on gender
167308195	Social Class	a broad group in society having common economic, cultural, or political status
167308197	Socialism	a political theory advocating state ownership of industry
167308198	Sphere of Influence	an area where foreign countries control trade or natural resources of another nation or area
167308199	Supply side economics	the economic theory that tax cuts and business incentives will increase the supply of labor and goods and stimulate the economy

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Hidalgo APUSH Review Flashcards

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TEAS Nursing School Entrance Exam - Part 1- College of Dupage Flashcards

Nursing Entrance Exam: Overview of TEAS Study Guide

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444932731	Period:	This follows a declarative sentence
444932732	Period:	This follows accepted abbreviations
444932733	Period:	This follows an indirect question
444932734	Period:	A series of these indicates omission in quoted material
444932735	Comma:	Introductory words, such as yes and no, are set apart by these
444932736	Comma:	Used to separate quoted expresions
444932737	Quoted expresions:	He said, "I will be ready on time."
444932738	Dash:	This indicates an interruption or an abrupt change of ideas in a sentence
444932739	Quotation marks:	These are used to enclose titles of chapters, articles, short poems or stories, song and essays
444932740	Quotation marks:	Used to enclose slang words, technical terms or other expressions that are unusual
444932741	Parentheses:	These are used to enclose supplementary or explanatory material which interrupts the main sentence
444932742	Question mark:	Used after a direct question
444932743	Hyphen:	Used to divide a word that won't fit on same line
444932744	Hyphen:	Used with compound numbers
444932745	Hyphen:	Used to form new words beginning with self, ex, all, trans and great
444932746	Asexual reproduction:	method of reproducing from one parent by means of mitosis
444932747	Atomic Number:	Number of protons in nucleus
444932748	Atrophy:	Reduction in size or wasting away of organ or cell from disease or lack of use
444932749	Axon:	neuron process that carries impulses away from nerve cell body
444932750	Bactericidal:	able to kill bacteria
444932751	Basal metabolic rate:	Rate at which energy is expended by the body per unit of time under controlled conditions
444932752	Beta Particle:	An electron emitted from a nucleus in one type of radioactivity
444932753	Synonym:	different words with identical meanings
444932754	Onomatopoeia:	A word that imitates the source of the sound it describes
444932755	Simile:	A figure of speech comparing two unlike things using like or as
444932756	Hyperbole:	A figure of speech in which statements are exaggerated
444932757	Hyperbole:	These books weight a ton.
444932758	Simile:	He is as fast as a speeding bullet.
444932759	Onomatopoeia:	Moo.
444932760	Synonym:	student and pupil
444932761	Metaphor:	Using two nouns and compare or contrast them.
444932762	Metaphor:	I am a rainbow.
444932763	Acetylcholine (ACH):	Chemical transmitter substance released by some nerve endings
444932764	Acid:	A compound the yields H+ ions in solution
444932765	Acid-base balance:	pH of blood is maintained between 7.35 and 7.45
444932766	Actinides:	The row of elements below the periodic table
444932767	Action Potential:	a large transient depolarization event, including polarity reversal, that is conducted along the membrane of a muscle cell or a nerve fiber
444932768	Active Transport:	Membrane transport processes for which ATP is provided
444932769	Adaptation:	Receive, interpret and respond to internal and external stimuli via the nervous system
444932770	Adhesion:	Molecular attraction between dissimilar molecules.
444932771	Example of adhesion:	Attraction between water molecules and molecules that make up the inside of a xylem tube
444932772	Adrenergic fibers:	Any of the fibers that transmit impulses to other nerve cells, smooth muscle, or gland cells by norepinephrine
444932773	Aerobic:	In the presence of oxygen
444932774	Afferent Nerve:	A sensory nerve that contains processes of sensory neurons and carries nerve impulses to the CNS
444932775	Agglutination:	Clumping of foreign cells; induced by corsslinking of antigen-antibody complexes
444932776	Agonist:	Muscle that bears the major responsibilty for effecting a particular movement; a prime mover
444932777	Alkali metals:	The colum of elements from lithium to francium
444932778	Allele:	any of the alternative forms of a gene
444932779	Allergy (hypersensitivity):	overzealous immune response to an otherwise harmless antigen
444932780	Alpha Particle:	A cluster of 2 protons and 2 neurtons emitted from a nucleus in one type of radioactivity
444932781	Amnion:	Fetal membrane that forms a fluid-filled sac around the embryo
444932782	Anabolism:	Energy required during building phase of metabolism in which simipler substances are combined to form more complex substances
444932783	Anaerobic:	Without the presence of oxygen
444932784	Anion:	Atom or molecule with negative charge
444932785	Anode:	The negative electrode at which oxidation occurs
444932786	Antibody:	a protein molecule that is released by a plasma cell and binds specifically to an antigen; an immunoglobulin
444932787	Aqueous:	A solution with water as the solvent
444932788	Arteries:	Blood vessels that conduct blood flow away from the heart and into circulation
444932789	Articulation (joint):	the junction of two or more bones
444932790	Pi:	3.14 or 22/7
444932791	Circumference of a circle:	C=2 x Pi x r
444932792	Area of a Circle:	A= Pi x r ^2
444932793	Radius of a circle:	is the line segment connecting the center of the circle to any point on the circle
444932794	Circumference of a circle:	The total distance around the circle
444932795	Diameter of a circle:	A line that passes through the center of the circle, connecting any two points
444932796	Perimeter of a triangle:	P=a+b+c
444932797	Area of a triangle;	A=1/2 b x h
444932798	Pythagorean Theorem:	a^2 + B^2 = C^2 Hypotenuse is denoted by letter C
444932799	Perimeter of a rectangle:	P=2L x 2W
444932800	Area of rectangle:	A = L x W
444932801	Perimeter of a square:	P= 4 x s
444932802	Area of square:	A = S^2
444932803	Volume of a cube or Prism:	V= L x W x H or S^3
444932804	Volume of a circular cylinder:	V= Pi x r^2 x H
444932805	Ratio:	Comparison of two numbers by division
444932806	Proportion:	Two equal ratios
444932807	Fraction to decimal:	Divide numerator by denominator
444932808	Interest formula:	Principal x rate x time
444932809	Avogadro's Law:	Equal volumes of gases contain the same number of molecules
444932810	Boyle's Law:	The volume of a gas varies inversely with pressure
444932811	Bronchioles:	Branching air passageways inside the lungs
444932812	Calorie:	Unit of energy equal to 4.184 joules
444932813	Cathode:	The positive electrode at which reduction occurs
444932814	Charles' Law:	The volume of a gas varies directly with temperature
444932815	Chlorophyll:	Green plant pigment found in chloroplast; necessary for pothosysthesis
444932816	Chloroplast:	Plant cell structures containing light-sensitive chlorophyll
444932817	Bowman's Capsule:	A network of capillaries encased in a membrane in the kidney for the purpose of filtration
444932818	Circulation:	Transporting oxygen and other nutrients to the tissues via cardiovascular system
444932819	Coenzyme:	Nonprotein substance associated with activating an enzyme, typically a vitamin
444932820	Cohesion:	Attraction between similar molecules
444932821	Colloid:	Suspension that does not separate on standing
444932822	Colony:	A group of bacteria cells
444932823	Complemental air:	Amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled
444932824	Corticosteroids:	Steroid hormones released by the adrenal cortex
444932825	Cotyledon:	Seed leaf that stores food for a plant embryo of seed plants
444932826	Covalent bond:	atoms linked together by sharing valence electrons
444932827	Cranial nerves:	The 12 nerve pairs that arise from the brain
444932828	Culture medium:	Specially prepared nutritious substance used to grow experimental organisms
444932829	Dendrite:	Branching neurons that transmit the nerve impulse toward the cell body
444932830	Disaccharide:	Sugar formed by the combination of two simple sugar molecules
444932831	Corticosteroids:	Used medically as an anit-inflammatory agent
444932832	Deoxyribonucleic acid:	A nucleic acid found in all living cells which carries the organism's hereditary information
444932833	Dominant traits:	Occurs when one allele masks or suppresses the expression of its partner
444932834	Electrode:	A conducting substance that connects an electrolyte to an external circuit
444932835	Electrolyte:	An ionic substance that has high electrical conductivity
444932836	Embryo:	Early development of an animal or plant after fertilization
444932837	Emulsion:	Suspension of two liquids which are incapable of mixing or attaining homogeneity
444932838	Endocrine glands:	Ductless glands that empty their hormonal products directly into the blood
444932839	Enzyme:	A protein catalyst
444932840	Protein catalyst:	A chemical that changes the rate of a chemical reaction in living tissue without itself being chemically altered
444932841	Erythrocytes:	Red blood cells
444932842	Estrogen:	Hormones that stimulate female secondary sex characteristics
444932843	Expiration:	The process of breathing out
444932844	Fascia:	Layers of fibrous tissue covering and separating muscle
444932845	Fermentation:	Release of energy from sugar without the use of oxygen; anaerobic respiration
444932846	Fetus:	developmental stage 9 weeks to birth
444932847	Fibrinogen:	A blood protein that is converted to fibrin during blood clotting
444932848	Fibrin:	a white, insoluble protein
444932849	Filtrate:	Liquid that passes through the pores in a filter
444932850	Follicle:	Ovarian structure consisting of a developing egg surrounded by one or more layers of follicle cells; colloid-containing structure of the thyroid gland
444932851	Free energy:	The thermodynamic quantity measuring the tendency of a reaction to proceed
444932852	Fulcrum:	The fixed point on which a lever moves when a force is applied to it
444932853	Gamete:	Sex or germ cell
444932854	Genetic code:	Amino acid sequences
444932855	Amino acid sequence:	Rules by which the base sequence of a DNA gene is translated into protein structures

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Geography Terms Flashcards

Geography terms and their definitions.

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36235028	altitude (elevation)	the height above sea level
36235029	archipelago	a group of many islands
36235030	basin	an area of land largely enclosed by higher land.
36235031	bay	part of a body of salt water that reaches into the land; usually smaller than a gulf
36235032	branch (tributary)	a river or stream that flows into a larger river or stream
36235034	canyon	narrow valley with steep sides; usually created by erosion
36235035	cape	a curved or hooked piece of land extending into a body of water
36235036	channel	a narrow deep waterway connecting two larger bodies of water; the deepest part of the waterway.
36235038	cliff	a high, steep slope of rock or soil
36235039	coast	land along the sea or ocean
36235040	continent	one of the seven largest bodies of land on earth
36235041	continental shelf	plateau of land surface into the ocean but underwater
36235044	delta	land built up by deposits of sand and silt at the mouth of some rivers
36235045	desert	dry, barren region usually sandy and without trees, little rainfall or practical use of land unless irrigated
36235046	divide	the highest ridge of land separating river basins
36235048	fault	a fracture in the rocks along which there has been movement
36235049	fjord	a narrow inlet of the sea between high banks or cliffs created by glaciers
36235050	forest	a large tract of land covered with trees and underbrush; extensive wooded area
36235051	fork	the place where a stream or tributary joins a river
36235052	glacier	a large body of slow moving ice which alters the land around it through displacement
36235053	gulf	part of a sea or ocean that reaches into land; usually larger than a bay
36235055	hemisphere	half of the earth usually referred to as eastern or western; northern or southern
36235056	highland	an area of hills, plateaus, and mountains
36235057	hill	a raised part of the earth's surface with sloping sides; old mountain which because of erosion has become rounder and shorter
36235059	inlet	a small part of a body of water that reaches into a coast
36235060	island	an area of land completely surrounded by water
36235061	isthmus	narrow strip of land with water on both sides connecting two larger pieces of land
36235062	lake	a large body of water surrounded by land
36235065	lowland	an area of low and usually level land
36235066	mesa	a land formation having a relatively flat top and steep rock walls
36235067	mountain	high, rocky land, usually with steep sides and a pointed or rounded top, higher than a hill
36235068	mountain range	a long chain of mountains; a row of connected mountains
36235069	mouth (of a river)	place where a river empties into a larger body of water; the end of a river
36235070	oasis	a fertile place in the desert where there is water and some vegetation
36235071	ocean	largest body of salt water; these cover 3/4 of the earth's surface.
36235072	peninsula	piece of land that extends into a body of water and is surrounded on three sides by water
36235073	plain	a broad, flat or gently rolling area; usually low in elevation
36235074	plateau	flat highland area with one steep face; elevated plain
36235076	prairie	a large plains region with tall grass
36235078	reef	a ridge of rock or sand at or near the surface of the water
36235080	river	a large stream of water flowing through the land into a lake, ocean, or other body of water
36235081	sea	a large body of water, usually salt water, partly or completely surrounded by land
36235082	sound	a wide channel connecting two bodies of water or an inlet between the mainland and islands
36235083	source (of a river)	the place where a river or stream begins
36235084	strait	a narrow waterway connecting two larger bodies of water
36235085	swamp	an area of land that is always soaked with water; low, wet land that supports grass and trees
36235086	tide	the regular rising and falling of the water of the oceans and waters connected to the ocean
36235088	valley	low land between hills or mountains
36235089	volcano	a cone shaped mountain formed out of rock or ash thrown up from inside the earth, frequently with an opening or depression at the top
36235090	waterfall	place where running water makes a sheer drop, usually over a cliff

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Ch 17 Gene to Protein Flashcards

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253190893	transcription	the synthesis of RNA using a DNA template
253190894	translation	The synthesis of a polypeptide using the genetic information encoded in an mRNA molecule. There is a change of "language" from nucleotides to amino acids
253190895	RNA polymerase	unwinds DNA and adds nucleotides during transcription, based on complementary binding to nucleotides on a DNA template strand Binds with promoter region
256065232	promoter	includes a TATA box, a nucleotide sequence containing TATA region where RNA polymerase attaches and initiates transcription
256065233	transcription factors	proteins that allow RNA polymerase to bind
256066510	terminator	in bacteria, a sequence of nucleotides in DNA that marks the end of a gene and signals RNA polymerase to release the newly made RNA molecule and detach from the DNA
256079128	intron	noncoding segments of nucleic acid
256079129	exons	regions that are expressed, usually by being translated into amino acid sequences
256079130	spliceosome	cuts the premRNA, releasing the intron, splicing exons together
256079131	mRNA	messenger RNA carries code for protein attaches to ribosomes in the cytoplasm and specifies the primary structure of a protein
256079132	tRNA	transfer RNA binds to one amino acid has one anticodon brings amino acids to mRNA in ribosomes
256079133	rRNA	ribosomal RNA 2 rRNA subunits (large and small) and one protein that make one ribosome brings tRNA and mRNA together It has mRNA binding site It has tRNA binding site (P site, A site, E site)
256112228	P site	holds the tRNA carrying the polypeptide chain
256112229	A site	holds the tRNA carrying the next amino acid to be added to the chain
256112230	E site	discharged tRNAs leave the ribosome from this site
256079134	codon	code for amino acids carried my mRNA
256108998	triplet code	3 successive bases of mRNA specify the amino acids for polypeptide chains
256079135	anticodon	a nucleotide triplet at one end of a tRNA molecule that base pairs with a particular complementary codon on an mRNA molecule
256110863	wobble	flixibility in the base-pairing rules in which the nucleotide at the 5' end of a tRNA anticodon can form hydrogen bonds with more than one kind of base in the 3' end of a codon
256079136	aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase	an enzyme that joins each amino acid to the appropriate tRNA
256091430	transcriptional unit	the stretch of DNA that is transcribed into an RNA molecule
256177477	polyribosome	many ribosomes on one mRNA strand
256087486	two processes that link genes to proteins	Transcription and translation; transcription occurs nucleus translation occurs in the cytoplasm
256087487	RNA difference from DNA	U replaces T ribose sugar single stranded leaves nucleus codes for protein
256091431	initiation of transcription	Transcription factors recognize the TATA box and bind to promoter in DNA RNA polymerase binds to the promoter (helped by transcription factors) RNA polymerase unwinds the DNA and adds nucleotides complementary to the DNA template strand.
256096501	elongation of transcription	RNA polymerase constructs RNA strand New RNA peels away from the template strand double helix reforms
256099727	termination of transcription	RNA polymerase transcribes the polyadenylation signal (AAUAA) sequence from the DNA Transcription stops when proteins cut RNA strand from polymerase, releasing pre-mRNA
256103141	RNA processing	modification of pre-mRNA 5' cap added poly A tail added The added ends are not translated into protein
256103142	reason for RNA processing	The modified ends promote export of mRNA from the nucleus They help protect te mRNA from degradation. When mRNA reaches the cytoplasm, the modified ends facilitate ribosome attachment.
256105430	RNA splicing	most of a transcription unit is noncoding RNA has introns and exons snRNPs and other proteins form a spliceosome snRNPs recognize the introns spliceosome cuts the pre-mRNA, releasing the introns and splicing the exons together
256105847	alternative splicing	many polypeptides are made from one gene
256117254	translation initiation	Small ribosomal subunit binds the mRNA and tRNA with anticodon MET Small subunit bound to tRNA binds to the 5' cap of the mRNA and then moves downstream along the mRNA until it reaches the matching start codon initiator tRNA hydrogen bonds to the start codon. Large ribosomal subunit joins the mRNA, tRNA, and small ribosomal subunit Hydrolysis of GTP provides energy for the assembly of the initation complex The initiator tRNA is in the P site
256127672	translation elongation	amino acids are added one by one to the previous amino acid of the growing chain The anticodon of an incoming aminoacyl tRNA basepairs with the complementary mRNA codon in the A site. An rRNA molecule of the large ribosomal subunit catalyzes the formation of a peptide bond between the amino group of the new amino acid in the A site and the carboxyl end of the growing polypeptide in the P site. This step removes the polypeptide from the tRNA in the P site and attaches it to the amino acid on the tRNA in the A site.
256127673	translation termination	Elongation continues until a stop codon in the mRNA reaches the A site of the ribosome Release factor binds to the stop codon in the A site Release factor causes the addition of a water molecule instead of an amino acid to the polypeptide chain. This reaction breaks (hydrolyzes) the bond between the completed polypeptide and the tRNA in the P site, releasing the polypeptide through the exit tunnel of the ribosome's large subunit. The two ribosomal subunits nd the other componets of the assembly dissociate
256177478	post translation modification	protein folds and its aided by chaperonin polypeptides may be chemically modified or enzymatically spliced Polypeptide synthesis always begins in the cytosol as a free ribosome starts to translate an mRNA molecule and finish if it is a free ribosome
256177479	polypeptide targeting	Polypeptide synthesis begins on a free ribosome in the cytosol. Polypeptide cues ribosome to attach to ER. Poly peptide destined for ER or secretion are marked by signal peptide. Signal peptide is recognized as it emerges from the ribosome and bound by a signal recognition particle (SRP). SRP brings the ribosome and binds to a receptor protein built into the ER membrane. SRP leaves and polypeptide synthesis continues in the ER. Polypeptide travels into ER lumen. Signal peptide is removed by an enzyme. Rest of the completed polypeptie leaves the ribosome and folds into its final conformation
256190898	point mutation	change in just one base pair
256190899	types of point mutations	substitution insertions or deletions (can be more than one nucleotides)
256190900	substitution	one nucleotide replaced with another
256190901	types of subtitution	silent missense nonsense
256190902	silent mutation	no change in amino acid due to redundancy in codons
256190903	missense mutation	one amino acid change changes protein structure and function May have little effect on protein
256190904	nonsense	codon changed to stop short polypeptide
256190905	time of insertion/deletion	frameshift mutation
256190906	frameshift mutation	nucleotide numbers no longer mltiples of three all downstream codons incorrect

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Study Guide Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration Flashcards

Cellular Respiration Brief Study Guide from Chapter 9 Biology 1-2 Textbook

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554480168	Overall equation for cellular respiration	C6H12O6+6O2--->6H2O+6H2O+ATP
554480169	Name the proper chemical formula of the products in the equation for cellular respiration.	1 Glucose + 6 Carbon dioxide --> 6 Carbon Dioxide + 6 Water + 38 ATP
554480170	Why is cellular respiration called an aerobic process?	Because it requires air.
554480171	Which gas released in the process of cellular respiration?	Carbon Dioxide
554480172	How many total ATP molecules are produced by the breakdown of 1 glucose molecule in cellular respiration?	36
554480173	Name 3 stages of cellular respiration called an aerobic process.	Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, and ETC(Electron Transfer Chain)
554480174	Where does Glycolysis take place?	Cytoplasm
554480175	Where does the Krebs Cycle take place?	Mitochondria
554480176	Does the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain occur with or without oxygen?	Without
554480177	What molecule does the process of glycolysis start with?	Glucose
554480178	What happens after glycolysis when oxygen is present?	Krebs Cycle
554480179	What's the starting molecule for the Krebs Cycle?	Pyruvic Acid
554480180	What's the process that happens after the Krebs Cycle?	Electron Transport Chain {ETC}
554480181	Which molecules carry high energy electrons to the Krebs Cycle?	NADH & FADH2
554480182	As electrons pass through the electron transport chain, their energy is used to make what?	Used to make 32 ATP.
554480183	What are the two types of fermentation?	Alcoholic and Lactic Acid Fermentation.
554480184	Does fermentation occur with or without oxygen?	Without.
554480185	Can an anaerobic bacterium perform cellular respiration?	No because cellular respiration requires oxygen/air.
554480186	Do trees, plants, mushrooms, deer, dogs, and humans perform cellular respiration?	Yes.
554480187	What's the process that yeast cells go through to obtain energy?	Alcoholic Fermentation
554480188	What's the process that occurs in muscle cells when no oxygen is present or very low oxygen?	Lactic Acid Fermentation
554480189	What are the 3 processes that provide energy during exercise?	Stored ATP, Lactic Acid, and ATP produced by cellular respiration.
554480190	How are the products of cellular respiration related to photosynthesis?	They are the reactants of photosynthesis.
554480191	How are the products of photosynthesis related to cellular respiration?	They are the reactants of cellular respiration .
554480192	What process does this pathway illustrate? Glucose \| \| V Pyruvic Acid \| \| V Lactic Acid + 2 ATP	Lactic Acid Fermentation
554480193	What process does this pathway illustrate? Glucose \| \| V Pyruvic Acid \| \| V Lactic Acid \| \| V Carbon Dioxide + Ethyl alcohol + 2 ATP	Alcoholic Fermentation
554480194	What process does this pathway illustrate? Glucose \| \| V Pyruvic Acid \| \| V Carbon Dioxide + Water + 36 ATP	Cellular Respiration
554480195	What is the beginning (common) process for each pathway?	Glycolysis.
554480196	Is the beginning (common) process aerobic or anaerobic?	Anaerobic.
554480197	How many total ATP'S are made by fermentation?	2.
554480198	What is a calorie?	A unit of heat equal to the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius.
554480199	What is a Calorie?	Approximates the energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 kilogram of water by 1 degree Celsius.
554480200	What happens in Glycolysis?	Glucose-->2 Pyruvic Acids.
554480201	How many ATP's are made in glycolysis?	2.
554480202	What happens in the Krebs Cycle?	Pyruvic acids broken down, CO2 released.
554480203	How many ATP's are made during the Krebs Cycle?	2
554480204	What happens during ETC?	NADH and FADH2 pass high energy electrons.
554480205	How many ATP's are made in the ETC?	32.
554480206	Where is the ETC located?	Mitochondrion.

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