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ECO 252 UNIT 1 Flashcards

462251087	Economics	is the study of how individuals and societies choose to use the scarce resources that nature and previous generations have provided.
462251088	Opportunity cost	The best alternative that we forgo, or give up, when we make a choice or a decision.
462251089	Scarce	limited
462251090	Marginalism	The process of analyzing the additional or incremental costs or benefits arising from a choice or decision
462251091	Sunk Cost	Costs that cannot be avoided because they have already been incurred.
462251092	efficient market	A market in which profit opportunities are eliminated almost instantaneously.
462251093	Industrial Revolution	The period in England during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries in which new manufacturing technologies and improved transportation gave rise to the modern factory system and a massive movement of the population from the countryside to the cities.
462251094	Microeconomics	The branch of economics that examines the functioning of individual industries and the behavior of individual decision-making units—that is, firms and households
462251095	Macroeconomics	The branch of economics that examines the economic behavior of aggregates—income, employment, output, and so on—on a national scale.
462251096	Positive Economics	An approach to economics that seeks to understand behavior and the operation of systems without making judgments. It describes what exists and how it works.
462251097	Normative Economics	An approach to economics that analyzes outcomes of economic behavior, evaluates them as good or bad, and may prescribe courses of action. Also called policy economics.
462251098	descriptive economics	The compilation of data that describe phenomena and facts.
462251099	economic theory	A statement or set of related statements about cause and effect, action and reaction.
462251100	model	A formal statement of a theory, usually a mathematical statement of a presumed relationship between two or more variables.
462251101	variable	A measure that can change from time to time or from observation to observation.
462251102	Ockham's razor	The principle that irrelevant detail should be cut away.
462251103	ceteris paribus	or all else equal A device used to analyze the relationship between two variables while the values of other variables are held unchanged.
462251104	Methods of expressing the quantitative relationship between two variables:	Graphing Equations
462251105	post hoc, ergo propter hoc	Literally, "after this (in time), therefore because of this." A common error made in thinking about causation: If Event A happens before Event B, it is not necessarily true that A caused B.
462251106	fallacy of composition	The erroneous belief that what is true for a part is necessarily true for the whole.
462251107	Empirical Economics	The collection and use of data to test economic theories.
462251108	Criteria for judging economic outcomes:	1. Efficiency 2. Equity 3. Growth 4. Stability
462251109	efficiency	In economics, allocative efficiency. An efficient economy is one that produces what people want at the least possible cost
462251110	equity	Fairness
462251111	economic growth	An increase in the total output of an economy.
462251112	stability	A condition in which national output is growing steadily, with low inflation and full employment of resources
462392847	aggregate behavior	The behavior of all households and firms together.
462392848	sticky prices	Prices that do not always adjust rapidly to maintain equality between quantity supplied and quantity demanded
462392849	Three of the major concerns of macroeconomics are:	Output growth Unemployment Inflation and deflation
462392850	Business Cycle	The cycle of short-term ups and downs in the economy.
462392851	Aggregate Output	The total quantity of goods and services produced in an economy in a given period.
462392852	Recession	A period during which aggregate output declines. Conventionally, a period in which aggregate output declines for two consecutive quarters.
462392853	Depression	A prolonged and deep recession.
462392854	expansion or boom	The period in the business cycle from a trough up to a peak during which output and employment grow.
462392855	contraction, recession, or slump	The period in the business cycle from a peak down to a trough during which output and employment fall.
462392856	unemployment rate	The percentage of the labor force that is unemployed.
462392857	inflation	An increase in the overall price level.
462392858	hyperinflation	A period of very rapid increases in the overall price level.
462392859	Deflation	A decrease in the overall price level.
462392860	circular flow	A diagram showing the income received and payments made by each sector of the economy.
462392861	transfer payments	Cash payments made by the government to people who do not supply goods, services, or labor in exchange for these payments. They include Social Security benefits, veterans' benefits, and welfare payments.
462392862	Components of the Macroeconomy	Households. Firms. The government. The rest of the world.
462392863	Three Market Arenas	The goods-and-services market. The labor market. The money (financial) market.
462392864	Goods-and-Services Market	Firms supply to the goods-and-services market. Households, the government, and firms demand from this market.
462392865	Labor Market	In this market, households supply labor and firms and the government demand labor.
462392866	Money Market	Households supply funds to this market in the expectation of earning income in the form of dividends on stocks and interest on bonds. Much of the borrowing and lending of households, firms, the government, and the rest of the world are coordinated by financial institutions
462392867	Dividends	The portion of a firm's profits that the firm pays out each period to its shareholders
462392868	shares of stock	Financial instruments that give to the holder a share in the firm's ownership and therefore the right to share in the firm's profits.
462392869	corporate bonds	Promissory notes issued by firms when they borrow money.
462392870	Treasury bonds, notes, and bills	Promissory notes issued by the federal government when it borrows money.
462392871	fiscal policy	Government policies concerning taxes and spending.
462392872	monetary policy	The tools used by the Federal Reserve to control the quantity of money, which in turn affects interest rates.
462392873	Great Depression	The period of severe economic contraction and high unemployment that began in 1929 and continued throughout the 1930s.
462392874	fine-tuning	The phrase used by Walter Heller to refer to the government's role in regulating inflation and unemployment.
462392875	stagflation	A situation of both high inflation and high unemployment
471472663	consumer price index (CPI)	A price index computed each month by the Bureau of labor Statistics using a bundle that is meant to represent the "market basket" purchased monthly by typical urban consumer.
471472664	cyclical unemployment	Unemployment that is above frictional plus structural unemployment
471472665	discouraged-worker effect	The decline in the measured unemployment rate that results when people who want to work but cannot find jobs grow discouraged and stop looking, thus dropping out of the ranks of the unemployed and the labor force.
471472666	employed	Any person 16 years old or older (1) who works for pay, either for someone else or in his or her own business for 1 or more hours per week, (2) who works without pay for 15 or more hours per week in a family enterprise, or (3) who has a job but has been temporarily absent with or without pay.
471472667	frictional unemployment	the portion of unemployment that is due to the normal turnover in the labor market; used to denote short-run job/skill matching problems
471472668	labor force	The number of people employed plus the number of unemployed.
471472669	labor force participation rate	The ratio of the labor force to the total population 16 years old or older.
471472670	natural rate of unemployment	the unemployment that occurs as a normal part of the functioning of the economy. Sometimes taken as the sum of frictional unemployment rate and structural unemployment.
471472671	not in the labor force	a person who is not looking for work because he or she does not want a job or has given up looking
471472672	output growth	The growth rate of the output of the entire economy.
471472673	per-capita output growth	the growth rate of output per person in the economy
471472674	producer price indexes (PPIs)	Measures of prices that producers receive for products at all stages in the production process.
471472675	Productivity Growth	The growth rate of output per worker.
471472676	real interest rate	The difference between the interest rate on a loan and the inflation rate.
471472677	structural unemployment	the portion of unemployment that is due to changes in the structure of the economy that result in a significant loss of jobs in certain industries
471472678	unemployed	A person 16 years old or older who is not working, is available for work, and has made specific efforts to find work during the previous 4 weeks.
471472679	unemployment rate	The ratio of the number of people unemployed to the total number of people in the labor force
471472680	labor force (equation)	employed + unemployed
471472681	population (equation)	labor force + not in labor force
471472682	unemployment rate (equation)	unemployed / ( employed +unemployed )
471472683	labor force participation rate (equation)	labor force/population
471782151	Treasury bonds, notes and bills	Prommissory notes issued by the federal government when it borrows money.
471782152	base year	The year chosen for the weights in a fixed-weight procedure.
471782153	change in business inventory	The amount by which firms' inventories change during a period. Inventories are the goods that firms produce now but intend to sell later.
471782154	compensation of employees	Includes wages, salaries, and various supplements—employer contributions to social insurance and pension funds, for example—paid to households by firms and by the government.
471782155	corporate profits	The income of corporations.
471782156	current dollars	The current prices that we pay for goods and services.
471782157	depreciation	The amount by which an asset's value falls in a given period.
471782158	disposable personal income or after-tax income	Personal income minus personal income taxes. The amount that households have to spend or save.
471782159	durable goods	Goods that last a relatively long time, such as cars and household appliances.
471782160	expenditure approach	A method of computing GDP that measures the total amount spent on all final goods and services during a given period.
471782161	final goods and services	Goods and services produced for final use.
471782162	fixed weight procedure	A procedure that uses weights from a given base year.
471782163	government consumption and gross investment (G)	Expenditures by federal, state, and local governments for final goods and services.
471782164	gross domestic product (GDP)	The total market value of all final goods and services produced within a given period by factors of production located within a country.
471782165	Gross investment	The total value of all newly produced capital goods (plant, equipment, housing, and inventory) produced in a given period.
471782166	gross national income (GNI)	GNP converted into dollars using an average of currency exchange rates over several years adjusted for rates of inflation.
471782167	Gross National Product (GNP)	The total market value of all final goods and services produced within a given period by factors of production owned by a country's citizens, regardless of where the output is produced.
471782168	Gross Private Domestic Investment (I)	Total investment in capital—that is, the purchase of new housing, plants, equipment, and inventory by the private (or nongovernment) sector.
471782169	Income Approach	A method of computing GDP that measures the income—wages, rents, interest, and profits—received by all factors of production in producing final goods and services.
471782170	Indirect taxes minus subsidies	Taxes such as sales taxes, customs duties, and license fees less subsidies that the government pays for which it receives no goods or services in return.
471782171	intermediate goods	Goods that are produced by one firm for use in further processing by another firm.
471782172	National Income	The total income earned by the factors of production owned by a country's citizens.
471782173	National Income and product accounts	Data collected and published by the government describing the various components of national income and output in the economy.
471782174	Net Business transfer payments	Net transfer payments by businesses to others.
471782175	Net Exports (EX-IM)	The difference between exports (sales to foreigners of U.S.-produced goods and services) and imports (U.S. purchases of goods and services from abroad). The figure can be positive or negative.
471782176	Net Interest	The interest paid by business.
471782177	Net Investments	Gross investment minus depreciation.
471782178	Net National product (NNP)	Gross national product minus depreciation; a nation's total product minus what is required to maintain the value of its capital stock.
471782179	Nominal GDP	Gross domestic product measured in current dollars.
471782180	Nondurable goods	Goods that are used up fairly quickly, such as food and clothing.
471782181	nonresidential investments	Expenditures by firms for machines, tools, plants, and so on.
471782182	personal consumption expenditures (C)	Expenditures by consumers on goods and services.
471782183	personal income	The total income of households.
471782184	personal savings	The amount of disposable income that is left after total personal spending in a given period.
471782185	personal savings rate	The percentage of disposable personal income that is saved. If the personal saving rate is low, households are spending a large amount relative to their incomes; if it is high, households are spending cautiously.
471782186	Proprietors income	The income of unincorporated businesses.
471782187	rental income	The income received by property owners in the form of rent.
471782188	residential investments	Expenditures by households and firms on new houses and apartment buildings.
471782189	services	The things we buy that do not involve the production of physical things, such as legal and medical services and education.
471782190	statistical discrepancy	Data measurement error.
471782191	surplus of government enterprises	Income of government enterprises.
471782192	underground economy	The part of the economy in which transactions take place and in which income is generated that is unreported and therefore not counted in GDP.
471782193	value added	The difference between the value of goods as they leave a stage of production and the cost of the goods as they entered that stage.
471782194	weight	The importance attached to an item within a group of items.
471782195	Expenditure approach to GDP	C+I+G+(EX-IM)
471782196	GDP	Final Sales + Change in business inventories
471782197	Net Investment	Capital end of period - Capital beginning of period

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People and a Nation Flashcards

CH 1. 2. 3.

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463707671	paleo Indians	Arrived 12,00 to 14,000 years ago. First Americans, used spears and homemade tools to hunt game.
463707672	Importance of Agriculture	9,000 years ago the inhabitants of Central and South America began cultivating various crops. Where ever agriculture dominated the economy, complex civilizations flourished
463707673	Mesoamerican Civilizations	Early civilizations emerged in what is now New Mexico as early as 3,000 years ago. A number of powerful and complex societies develoved including the Olmecs, the Myans, and the Aztecs.
463707674	Mound Builders	Tribes of North America who built extensive mounds of dirt, especially in the Mississippi and Ohio River valleys.
463707675	Aztecs	The Aztecs moved into the Valley of Mexico in the twelfth century where they ultimately established an empire built on a warrior tradition that included human sacrifice and conquered people's tribute.
463707676	Sexual Division of Labor	The nomadic tribes assigned the task of hunting to men, while women prepared the food, made clothing, and raised children. In the agricultural tribes of the West the men farmed, but in the East women performed that task
463707677	Social Organization	The social organizations of the agricultural peoples of the southwest and east were similar, with extended families being defined matrilineally. The nomadic Indians of the Great Plains, by contrast, were usually related patrilineally.
463707678	War and Politics	The Indians of North America engaged in wars with each other long before the coming of Europeans. Indian leadership reflected a widespread democracy, but political structure, including the role of women, varied widely from tribe to tribe.
463707679	Religion	Generally polytheistic, Indian religion was more varied than their politics. In 1492
463707680	West Africa (Guinea)	Most of the enslaved Africans that came to America originated in West Africa, or Guinea. Upper Guinea had a culture that reflected contact with the Islamic Mediterranean region, while Lower Guinea remained less cosmopolitan.
463707681	Slavery in West Africa	Slavery existed in West Africa primarily as a means of accumulating lands and wealth, but after contact with Europeans and the establishment of slave-trading posts, the internal slave trade adapted readily to meet the new demands from abroad.
463707682	Sexual Division of Labor in West Africa	In West Africa men and women shared agricultural duties, with the men also hunting or herding while the women performed household tasks and managed local commerce. In Lower Guinea, society developed based on the "dual-sex principle."
463707683	West African Religion	West African religious beliefs stressed complimentary male and female roles.
463707684	Sexual Division of Labor in Europe	Males did most of the farming or herding; women concentrated on the household and children. Men dominated European society, relegating females to positions of inferiority
463707685	Black Death	Bubonic Plague first struck Europe in 1346, then struck again in the 1360s and 1370s, killing a third of the continent's population.
463707686	Political, Economic, and Technological Change	European leaders took advantage of the chaos resulting from the Black Plague and the Hundred Years' War to engender nationalism as a means of consolidating power. Along with this political innovation, economic and technological changes shaped Europe in the fifteenth century
463707687	Motives for Explorations	Developments in Europe made possible an era of exploration designed both to gain access to markets and to spread Christianity.
464825221	Sailing in the Mediterranean	European sailors learned much of navigation, winds, and currents by sailing in the Mediterranean Atlantic, a region bounded by the Canary Island, the Azores, and the Madeiras. The most important concept being sailing "around the wind" or picking up westerly breezes that allowed ships to return safely to port.
464825222	Islands of the Mediterranean Atlantic	In the fifteenth century Europeans, particularly Portuguese and Spanish, settled the Azores, Madeiras, and Canary islands, and began plantation economies.
464825223	Portuguese Trading Posts in Africa	The Portuguese established mutually beneficial trading posts in West Africa. Later on São Tomé, the Portuguese established sugar plantations dependent on slave labor from the African interior.
464825224	Lessons of Early Colonization	Europeans learned that they could transplant crops and livestock successfully to new lands, that the inhabitants of these new regions could be conquered, and slave-based plantations could be profitable.
464825225	Columbus's Voyage	Christopher Columbus sailed west in an effort to reach Asia, but he encountered the Bahamas instead a month after starting
464825226	Columbus's Observations	Columbus made obvious his intentions by asking the natives about gold, pearls, and spices. He also marveled at the new plants and animals he encountered, and described how they could be exploited.
464825227	The Taíno People	Columbus also reported that the human inhabitants he encountered would be useful as converts and as laborers
464825228	Naming of America	Even though Columbus died believing he had found Asia, map makers named the new region America in honor of Florentine explorer, Amerigo Vespucci.
464825229	Northern Voyages	Because of the winds they confronted, mariners who sailed to the region that was to become the United States and Canada followed a route different from those who sailed to the south.
464825230	Norse Seafarers	Leif Ericsson had established a short-lived settlement in modern Newfoundland in the year 1001
464825231	John Cabot's Explorations	John Cabot deserves credit for the first formal exploration of the continent's northern coast. Other mariners added to Europe's knowledge of the Western Hemisphere.
464825232	Hernán Cortés and Malinche	Having first arrived in the West Indies in 1504, Cortés embarked for the mainland in 1519. Malinche, one of 20 slaves given to Cortés by the Mayas, became his mistress and translator. In 1521 the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlán fell to the Spaniards.
464825233	Spanish Colonization	Spanish conquerors established a colonial system that stressed strict royal control, the predominance of male settlers, and exploitation of Americans and Africans.
464825234	Christianity in New Spain	Franciscan and Dominican friars established a number of missions to Christianize Native Americans and to Hispanicize their culture, in which they were very successful.
464825235	Smallpox and Other Diseases	Hundreds of thousands of Native Americans died from European diseases, particularly smallpox, to which they had no immunity.
464825236	Trade Among Indians and Europeans	Rich fishing banks off the coast of North America attracted many Europeans to the New World. The English also developed a lucrative fur trade with the Indians. The Indians, in turn, desired European goods. This mutually beneficial trade arrangement not only affected Indian cultures but had serious ecological consequences as well.
464825237	Contest of Spain and England	Geopolitical conflict with Spain led England to desire colonies in North America.
464825238	Sir Walter Raleigh's Roanoke Colony	Early efforts by the English to settle the region they called Virginia had disastrous results
464825239	Thomas Harriot's Briefe and True Report	Thomas Harriot's Briefe and True Report Harriot, a noted scientist, publicized the benefits of Virginia, including its natural resources like copper, iron, furs, grapes, and people.
464825240	Florida	Spain established a fort and settlement at St. Augustine in 1565 to keep the French out of present-day Florida.
464825241	New Mexico	Spaniards under Juan de Oñate invaded and conquered the Pueblo country, but the colony they established turned out to be poor and indefensible, but fertile ground for missionaries.
464825242	Quebec Montreal	By the middle of the seventeenth century, France had founded Quebec and Montreal, outposts that served as that nation's claim to what is now Canada.
464825243	Jesuit Missions in New France	Friars from the Society of Jesus eventually converted thousands of natives to the Catholic faith and introduced them to European culture.
464825244	New Netherlands	In 1614, the Dutch established a post near present Albany, New York. The presence of the Dutch traders helped spawn competition, and war, among the various tribes.
464825245	Conflict in the Caribbean	The Caribbean provided the area of greatest conflict between European powers, especially as the lucrative sugar industry emerged in the region.
464825246	Social change in England	A swelling population led to geographical and social mobility, and many viewed the New World as a siphon for surplus population.
464825247	The English reformation	The English Reformation, which King Henry VIII initiated in 1533, set the stage for large numbers of English dissenters to leave their homeland.
464825248	Puritans	Conflict between the Stuart monarchs and dissenters called Puritans caused thousands of settlers to leave England in the 1630s.
464825249	The First Stuart Monarchs	James I established a new dynasty in England that was intolerant of Puritans and representative government.
464825250	Joint-Stock companies	English investors established joint-stock companies to finance early colonization projects. These forerunners of modern corporations enjoyed limited success in providing the vast long-term investment funds necessary for colonization.
464825251	Jamestown	Great difficulties beset Jamestown, the first permanent settlement in Virginia
464825252	Powhatan confederacy	Jamestown survived largely as a result of aid from the Algonkian Indians, but problems arose between the Englishmen and members of the Powhatan Confederacy.
464825253	Algonkian and English Cultural Differences	The Indians and the Europeans had many differing views, but the Englishmen's attitude of cultural superiority led to the greatest problems between the two peoples.
464825254	Virginia Company Policies	First under the Virginia Company, and later under James I, settlers to Virginia could claim 50 acres of land as a headright. In 1619 the Virginia Company allowed major landowners to elect representatives to an assembly called the House of Burgesses.
464825255	Indian uprising	Fearful of English encroachment, Powhatan's successor Opechancanough attacked Jamestown on March 22, 1622, killing 347, or one quarter of its inhabitants. This sparked warfare that ended only with the subjugation of the Powhatan Confederacy.
464825256	end of the Virginia company	James I revoked the charter of the Virginia Company in 1624, making Virginia a royal colony.
464825257	Founding of Maryland	Maryland, founded in 1632, mirrored Virginia in many ways. One important difference set Maryland apart: the colony tolerated all Christian faiths and therefore served as a haven for Catholics.
464825258	Need for laborers	obacco cultivation required a vast need for laborers, and Virginians experimented with several solutions, including Indian and African workers.
464825259	Indentured servant immigrants	Virginians met their labor needs by bringing indentured servants to the colony.
464825260	conditions of servitude	Life for these migrants proved difficult, but opportunities existed for those who fulfilled their contracts.
464825261	Standard of living	For everyone in the Chesapeake, life was severe with material wealth in short supply.
464825262	Chesapeake families	The predominance of males, the economic conditions, and high mortality rates in the Chesapeake led to fewer, smaller, and shorter-lived families in Virginia and Maryland.
464825263	Chesapeake Politics	A native-born elite with local ties and interests failed to emerge in Virginia and Maryland, leading to political instability.
464825264	Contrasting Regional Religious Patterns	Most immigrants to the Chesapeake were not affected by religious motives. By contrast, religion motivated many people who moved to the New England colonies.
464825265	Congregationalists and Separatists	Puritans believed in an omnipotent God who had predestined some people for salvation and some for damnation. Congregationalists wanted to reform the Church of England, while Separatists thought the Church of England was too corrupt to be saved.
464825266	Plymouth	Separatists, who wanted to leave the Church of England, arrived in America in 1620 and founded the settlement of Plymouth.
464825267	Pokanokets	This branch of the Wampanoags served as allies to the Pilgrims, ensuring their success.
464825268	Massachusetts Bay Company	When Charles I ascended to the throne in 1625 his anti-Puritan policy led thousands of Congregationalists to leave England for America.
464825269	Governor John Whinthrop	John Winthrop, first elected governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1629, envisioned a communal society based on Christian charity that put the common good before the needs of the individual.
464825270	Ideal of covenant	The concept of covenant permeated Puritan society. This faith in mutual consent manifested itself in the colony's political institutions.
464825271	New England towns	Puritan ideas influenced land distribution in the New England colonies. Massachusetts often gave land to groups rather than to individuals, grants that led to the growth of communities rather than to large personal holdings.
464825272	Internal Migration and the Pequot War	English migration into the Connecticut valley spawned conflict with the Pequot tribe.
464825273	John Eliot and the Praying Towns	Puritans focused on "civilizing" Indians, but met with little success.
464825274	Puritan and Jesuit Missions Compared	In New England, cultural assimilation remained limited, and Jesuit missions in New France enjoyed more success than did Puritan missions in New England.
464825275	New England Families	Big families, religious intolerance, and strict morality characterized life in New England.
464825276	impact of religion	Religion permeated every facet of New England life.
464825277	Roger Williams	advocated Indians' rights, separation of church and state, and religious tolerance. In 1635, he founded the town of Providence in what became Rhode Island.
464825278	Anne Hutchinson	emphasized the covenant of grace and direct communication with God. Her ideas threatened Puritan religious orthodoxy and traditional gender relationships.
465322181	Proprietorship	6 new colonies. known ad the Restoration colonies, were founded during the reign of Charles II (1660-1685
465322182	New York	Charles gave his younger brother, the Duke of York, claim to the area the Dutch had previously settled as New Netherland.
465322183	Duke's Law	Proclaimed by the Duke of York in 1665, the Duke's Laws tolerated the maintenance of Dutch legal practices and allowed each town in New York to decide which church to support with its tax revenues. However, no provision was made for a representative assembly.
465322184	Founding of New Jersey	The Duke of York regranted much of his land to two friends, thereby limiting the geographical extent and economic growth
465322185	Pennsylvania: Quaker Haven	Charles II gave William Penn a grant in 1681 to repay a debt he owed Penn's father. A leading member of the Society of Friends, William Penn sought to establish a tolerant, humane, and dynamic colony.
465322186	William Penn's Indian Policy	Penn attempted to treat Indians fairly, which in turn attracted many Indian immigrants to his colony. The newcomers often clashed with Europeans aslo attracted by Penn's policies.
465322187	Founding of Carolina	Charles charted Carolina in 1663. The northeren region remained linked to Virginia and developed differently thean did the area around Charleston.
465322188	New France and the Iroquis	The French claimed the Great LAkes with the Mississippi valley. This expansion broght France into conflict with the Iroquis Confederacy, which exerted great influence in what became northeasters United States. Competition for European trade sparked a series of wars in the region that lasted until 1701.
465322189	French expansion into the Mississippi Valley	After the French founded New Orlenes in 1718, its posts alonf the Mississippi became the glue of empire.
465322190	Popé and the Pueblo Revolt	Resentment over Spanish treatment led a shaman named Popé to lead a revolt among the Pueblo Indians in 1680. This uprising was the most successful Indian resistance in North America.
465322191	Spains North American Possessions	By using forts and missions, Spain expanded its holdings to include California and Texas.
465322192	Population Pressures in New England	The population increase in the New England area placed great pressure on the available land.
465322193	King Phillips War	Concerened by the encroachment of English settlers King Phillip, chief of the Pokanokets, led a bloody war In New England 1675-1676
465322194	Bacon's Rebellion	Conflict between ENglish settlers and Indians in Virginia turned into a Political struggle between Nathaniel Bacon and Govoner William Berkeley
465322195	Atlantic Trading System	The traffic in slaves became the linchpin of a complicated web of exchange that tied the peoples of the Atlantic world together
465322196	New England and the Caribbean	The sale of New England foodstuffs and wood products to Caribbean sugar palnters provided New Englanders with a major source of income.
465322197	The Human Tragedy of the Slave Trade	This voyage that transported Africans to the Americas proved particularly deadly, with high percentages of black slaves and white overseers dying in Africa or at sea.
465322198	West Africa and the Slave Trade	West Africa experienced profound demographic changes because of the slave trade. Also, some African kings consolidated their political power as a result of the role they played in the commerce.
465322199	European Rivalries and the Slave Trade	Europeans benefited the most from the slave trade, and their economies shifted away from trade in Asia and the Mediterranean to the Atlantic trade. Furthermore, attempts to control the slave trade caused rivalries among European nations.
465322200	Mercantilism	England used its colonies in an attempt to become self-sufficient while maintaining a favorable balance of trade with other countries.
465322201	Navigation Acts	Parliament sought to advance its mercantilist policies through a series of trade laws passed between 1651 and 1673. These acts, which made England the center of all trade, met with resistance in North America.
465322202	Board of Trade and Plantations	In 1696, Parliament hoped to improve its administration over the colonies when it established the Board of Trade and Plantations.
465322203	Enslavement in the Chesapeake	By 1720, Africans made up 20 percent of the population in the Chesapeake
465322204	Impact of Slavery on the Anglo-American Chesapeake	This concentration of slaves influenced the economic activities, demographic patterns, and social values of the region.
465322205	Enslavement in South Carolina	The large number of slaves in South Carolina, along with similarities in the climates of West Africa and the colony, helped ensure the survival of African culture.
465886842	Rice and Indigo	South Carolina developed a rice economy based mostly on skills brought in by enslaved Africans. Indigo, too, flourished because of knowledge bought by West Indian slaves.
465886843	Indian Enslavement in North and South Carolina	Indians were among the many people held in slavery in both the Carolinas. Bitterness over the trade in Indian slaves caused the Tuscarora War.
465886844	Yamasee War	The abuses associated with the trade in Indian slaves also led to the Yamasee War in South Carolina.
465886845	Slaves in Spanish North America	Spanish authorities in Florida in 1693 offered freedom to runaway slaves who would convert to Catholicism.
465886846	Slaves in French Louisiana	Both Africans and Indians were held as slaves in French Louisiana, but Louisiana remained a society with slaves rather than a slave society.
465886847	Enslavement in the North	Involvement of the northern colonies in the slave trade ensured that many people of African descent lived in that region.
465886848	Colonial Political Structures	Each of the colonies generally had a governor, some form of council, and an assembly. Local political institutions, such as town meetings or county courts, also developed in America.
465886849	A Tradition of Autonomy Challenged	James II and his successors attempted to tighten the reins of government by reducing the colonies' political autonomy.
465886850	Dominion of New England	James II attempted to strengthen royal control over the New England colonies by creating the Dominion of New England in 1686.
465886851	Glorious Revolution in America	News of the Glorious Revolution encouraged New Englanders to overthrow Governor Edmund Andros.
465886852	King William's War	A war with the French and their Algonquian allies added to New England's problem
465886853	The 1692 Witchcraft CrisiS	A witch hunt broke out in Salem, Massachusetts, in 1692. The intense but short-lived incident reflected the social and political stresses of the day.
465886854	Accommodation to Empire	Although the colonists resented the new imperial order, they adjusted to its demands and restrictions.

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Exam 1 Flashcards

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312614687	7 approaches to social change	consciousness raising, social action, comm. development, comm. coalitions, organizational consultation, alternative settings, policy research & advocacy
312614688	Community Psychology	Concerns the relationships of individuals w/ communities & societies. By integratating research w/ action, it seeks to understand and enhance quality of life for individuals, communities and societies.
312614689	Core values of C. P.	Individual & family wellness, sense of community, respect for human diversity, social justice, citizen participation, collaboration, and empirical grounding
312614690	3 primary issues in promoting social change	values/language, dynamic, changing systems, and contextual processes
312614691	What led to emergence of c.p?	WWII: spirit of optimism swampscott conference. civil rights movement and feminism
312614692	stages of consultation	entry, diagnosis, implementation, disengagement, evaluation
312614693	4 step model to program evaluation	1. identifyinig goals and desired outcomes 2. process evaluation worksheet 3. outcome evaluation 4. impact evaluation
312614694	Community	sarason: a readily available, mutually supportive network of relationships on which one could depend.
312614695	psychological sense of comm.	sarason: perception of similarity to other, an acknowledge interdependence w/ others, a willingness to maintain this by giving to or doing for others what one expects from them, the feeling that one is part of a larger dependable and stable structure
312614696	psychological sense of comm. 2	mcmillan & chavis: a feeling that members have of belonging, that they matter to one another and to the group, and a shared faith that members needs will be met through their commitment to be together.
312614697	comm. conflict	2 or more parties with incompatible goals that usually have specific values attached to them
312614698	Forcing	insist on my view prevailing. good when need to do something quickly, bad when you use it often
312614699	Avoiding	delay or avoid response. good when you dont care much about issue, bad when you rarely want to deal with conflicts in life
312614700	Collaborating	search for solution which meets as many concerns as possible
312614701	Compromising	meet half-way, bargain, find a little something for everyone
312614702	Accomodating	give in, decide it doesn't matter. not good when it happens often and you wish you could speak up more
312614703	3 pillars approach	destructive conflict -> dynamic peace anxiety, competitive goals, labeling -> trust, interlocking goals, issues
312614704	steps in dealing with conflict	1. what does conflict mean to you? 2. how concerned are you w/ these issues? 3. how concerned are you with the relationship? 4. implement effective comm. skills: reflective listening, i-statements, open ended questions
312614705	Perspectives	personal, associates, outsider leader we may have multiple perspectives, our approach to conflict depends on our perspective
312614706	personal perspective	you're experiencing the conflict
312614707	associates	shift the focus from ourselves to those who we associate with, who share our same values
312614708	outsider	no particular role, mediator
312614709	leader	do have an official role in group
312614710	membership	boundaries, common symbol, emotional safety, personal investment, sense of belonging
312614711	influence	most influential are those members whose needs and values matter the most
312614712	integration and fulfillment of needs	shared values, satisfying needs, exchanging resources
312614713	shared emotional connection **	positive contact among members, sharing important experiences, investment by members, honoring of members by group

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Community Based Participatory Research Flashcards

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151479596	goals of science	understanding, prediction, control in health sciences: etiology (causes), diagnosis and prognosis, treatment and prevention hypothesis testing evaluation of health care delivery, outcomes, treatments, etc
151479597	evaluation and evaluation research	attempt to worth or significance of someone or something evaluation research is the SYSTEMATIC attempt to to determine worth or significance of someone or something
151479598	program evaluation research	use of scientific methods to measure and evaluate the extent to which programs pf psychological, medical, social, or environmental change are able to produce beneficial outcomes (and at what costs)
151479599	two parts of evaluation and their defintions, sciences involved (and perspective)	outcome: does it produce intended effect and were there any unintended side effects? process: what was done to produce effect, how well was program implemented, what problems were encountered, what parts most successful? sciences involved: sociology, anthro-->psych-->biology and neuroscience (whole organism)-->microbiology (living cells)-->physical sciences (physics and chem)
151479600	reductionist science (ex: clinical trials)	focused hypothesis testing, ever-narrower focus understanding and prediction is goal high precision and replicaiton high internal validity narrow espertise ask does it work and how?
151479601	complex systems science	oriented around a specific action or outcome with an ever-broader focus prediction and control are goal High flexibility and equifinality (given state can be reached or changed by variety of potential means) high external validity interdisciplinary asks what works? goal is TRANSFORMATION
151479602	for what would you use reductionist approach?	isolating a single cause breaker down problems into smaller and smaller causes (ex: break asthma problem down and figure out which medicaiton works best by affecting which mechanism)
151479603	for what would you use css approach?	solving a difficult problem in real-world context understanding how multiple causes interact
151479604	When are RCTs not appropriate?	little funding when working in populations or communities when recruiting from different sites and can't treat people form different sites differently whenwould be unacceptable to randomize or have control (subjects won't consent, community will not tolerate, equipoise is unlikely) pilot study
151479605	equipoise	genuine uncertainty about benefits of a treatment (if know it works, can't randomize people to a non-treatment group)
151479606	community	group of people who have something in common and are nested within historical, geographic, economic, or cultural context actual and potential social netowrks that allow people to accessresources and interact otwards the solution of common problems or pursuit of common goals
151479607	features of community research and scientific challenges	study of real world problems, with goal of changing the world actively involves the community in achieving sustained change solve local problems and generate new knowledge coalitions (rather than individual researchers) involving government, industry, physicians, patients, businesses, other stakeholders) challenges: transition from control to empowering solution, transition from fixed protocol to flexibility, not control but capture, develop strategies to account for context, WELCOME variability in implementation and timing
151479608	features of CBPR	research done in partnership with the community who has the problem; community fully involved in DEFINING problem, setting GOALS and identifying SOLUTIONS, developing INTERVENTIONS, identifying and measuring and evlauation process and outcomes, analyzing results and understanding whatthey mean, dissemination and translation of what was learned nested levels (3) in which people are nested: 3: geography 2: time 1: people ...so since time periods are nested within place and people nested within time periods, measurement time needn't be the same
151479609	nested level: place	place characteristics, asks how does outcome level (intercept) and strength of associaiton (slope) vary as a function of place?
151479610	nested level: time within intervention communities	PROCESS evaluation measures that capture type and amount of intervention activity
151479611	nested level: individuals within nested intervention periods	measure individual differences in physiology, behavior, and demographics and ask what characteristics are associated with variabiltiy in outcomes?

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Chapter 12: Citizen Empowerment and Community Narratives Flashcards

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82346256	Power over	(riger) control and dominate
82346257	Power to	(riger) opportunity and freedom to pursue goals and develop capacities
82346258	Power from	(riger) resistance to the power of others
82346259	Integrative power / people power	the capacity to build groups, bind people togehter and inspire loyalty
82346260	Power of truth	(satyagraha) gandhi; principles, active adn openly expressed resistance to oppression that is coupled with appeals to social justice
82346261	Instruments of social power	1 - control of resources and rewards; 2 - control channels for participation; 3 - shape the definition of an issue or conflict (the power of "spin")
82346262	Rappaport's definition of empowerment	an active, collective process by which people, organizations and communities gain mastery over their own affairs
82346263	Community psychology and empowerment	1 - rappaport says empowerment shoudl be the defining and central concept of community psychology (it is the focus of what the field tries to understand, explain, predict, facilitate and create through its research and interventions); 2 - the emphasis of empowerment is not on personal control and mastery for the sole purpose of individual growth and development (eg exercise, meditation)
82346264	Cornell empowerment group	1 - an intentional, ongoing process; 2 - centered in a local community; 3 - involving mutual respect, critical reflection, caring, and group participation; 4 - through which people lacking an equal share of resources gain greater access to and control over those resources
82346265	Empowerment	includes attention to the cognitions, emotions, and motivations involved in people becoming active change agents in their own lives and contexts; includes identifying and nurturing the strenghts and resources of organizations and communities
82348865	Key qualities of empowerment	bottom-up vs top-down; process that develops over time; collective context; multilevel construct
82348866	Collective context and empowerment	empowerment occurs through participation in groups or organization
82348867	Multilevel construct and empowerment	1 - empowerment can occur at all ecological levels of analysis; 2 - empowerment at one level does not necessarily lead to empowerment at other levels
82348868	Psychological empowerment	zimmerman; 1 - beliefs about one's competence and efficacy, and a willingness to become involved in activities, to exert control in the social and political environment; 2 - involves cognition, behavioral skills and competence, motivation, commitment to values; 3 - develops through teh interaction of personality factors and social experience; 4 - empowerment is contextextual
82348869	Psychological empowerment is contextual	1 - develops in a particular setting, community, culture; 2 - can be psychologically empowered in one setting and not in another
82348870	Empowering settings	settings that foster the psychological empowerment of members and foster community participation
82348871	Characteristics of empowering settings	1 - strenghts-based beliefs system, activation of resources; 2 - opportunity role structures, 3 - participatory niches; peer social support systems; 4 - leadership is inspiring and shared, inclusive decision-making; 5 - strong sense of community; 6 - coempowerment - subgroups empowered together
82348872	Empowering communities and organizations	1 - provide experiences for members to participate actively in activities and decision-making; 2 - strenghtens sense of community; 3 - promotes psychological empowerment
82348873	Empowered communities and organizations	1 - influence the wider community; 2 - helps to create community change; 3 - promotes quality of life for members and citizens
82348874	Empowering but not empowered	empowers its members but does not have broader influence and is unable to effect change
82348875	Empowered but not empowering	can influence and effect change in the broader community but does not empower its members
82351098	Qualities of empowering organizations	solidarity, member participation, diversity and collaboration
82351099	Solidarity and empowering organizations	1 - strenghts-based belief system; 2 - social support; 3 - shared, inspired leadership
82351100	Member participation and empowering organizations	participatory niches; task focus; including decision-making; participatory rewards
82351101	Diversity and collaboration and empowering organizations	promoting diversity; fostering intergroup collaboration (microbelonging and macrobelonging, boundary spanning)
82351102	Boundary spanning	putnam's bridging; relationships that connect groups; help each group understand the other; builds capacity for collaboration access groups
82351103	Empowerment dilemmas	1 - the challenges of sucess; 2 - stubborn social regularities; 3 - paradox of empowerment
82351104	The challenges of success	the success of bottom-up organizations can create more bureaucracy as they grow and become more top-down
82351105	Stubborn social regularities	existing power relationships are often resistant to change
82351106	Paradox for empowerment	1 - can a more powerful group ever empower others? 2 - shifting the distribution of power is difficult to maintain, as systems and individuals fall naturally back into initial roles
82351107	Citizen participation	1 - the collective behaviors and process of individuals taking part in decision-making in the institutions, programs, and environments that effect them; 2 - can be both a means and an end; 3 - not simply volunteering or community service (involves collective decision-making in groups; influencing organizations and communities through collective action)
82351108	Citizen participation, empowerment and sense of community	1 - citizen participation involves collective action to influence policies, practices, etc; 2 - empowerment is a broader process that includes the variables that may lead to or result from citizen participation; 3 - empowerment is nurtured and citizen participation is more likely where there is a strong sense of community
82351109	Individual qualities that lead to citizen participation and empowerment	critical awareness; participatory competence; sense of collective efficacy; sense of personal participatory efficacy; values and commitment; relational connections
82352224	Critical awareness emerges from	1 - life experience with injustice; 2 - reflection on life experiences and lessons learned; 3 - dialogue with others
82352225	Critical awareness involves	1 - searching for the root causes of problems; 2 - questioning the status quo and widely held assumptions; 3 - recognizing how power relationships impact individuals, families, and communities; 4 - playing an active role in the transformation of society
82352226	Participatory competence	behavioral skills necessary for participating effectively in community decisions and change
82352227	Participatory competence skills	Articulating problems using critical awareness, Imagining and articulating a vision for a better community, Assertive advocacy of the vision, Mobilizing resources: identifying, gaining access, and using personal and community resources, Planning strategies for change, Relationship building, Managing and resolving conflicts, Pacing efforts, avoiding burnout, Mentoring others
82352228	Sense of collective efficacy	1 - the belief that collective action and participation will be effective in improving community life and lead to constructive changes; 2 - usually emerges with involvement in citizen participation efforts; 3 - contextual (you may have it in some situations and not in others)
82352229	Sense of participatory efficacy	1 - belief that one personally ahs the capacity to change in citizen participation and influence decisions; 2 - related to optimism, enthusiasm, enjoyment of challenges, attributing setbacks to situational causes rather than personal failues, and a "can-do" spirit
82352230	Values and commitment	1 - citizen action is often initiated and sustained by commitment to deeply held values; 2 - spiritual or moral commitment can be very powerful; 3 - purpose and meaning, a sense of "being called" to become involved and contribute to change; 4 - involves a suspension of fear and doubt
82352231	Relational connections	engagement in a wide variety of relationships with others; includes - bonding and bridging, social support, mentoring, neighboring
82356189	Riger's critique of empowerment	1 - calls for attention to the relationship between empowerment and power; 2 - says that we tend to study sense of empowerment vs real access to power and distribution of power; 3 - questions whether empowerment and community are contradictory; 4 - will people with power share resources in meaningful ways or simply help others feel more empowered?
82356190	Riger: power and empowerment	1 - empowerment risks confusing efficacy with actual decision-making, control of resources, and freedom from oppression; 2 - providing opportunities to access resources is not the same thing as control of resources
82430310	Riger: psychological empowerment	1 - focuses on cognitions, beliefs, and sense of self; 2 - raises question: does person create reality or does reality create the person? 3 - if too focused on cognitive processes, situational or systemic factors that impact oppressed groups are ignored; 4 - does enhancing sense of empowerment create an illusion of power without affecting the actual distribution of power and resources (illusion of empowerment)
82578746	Riger: empowerment and individualism	1 - empowerment often has a value connotation of individualism ; 2 empowerment brings to mind traditionally masculine concepts of autonomy, mastery and control vs. more feminine concepts of relatedness and cooperation; concerned that empowerment is inconsistent with "community"
82578747	Empowerment often has the value connotation of individualism	1 - empowerment as the power to meet individual needs and goals; 2 - in western societies, empoweremnt has been connected to personal self-advancement without regard for one's community or larger society; 3 - empowerment has also been associated with strenghtening the position or resources of one's ingroup at the expense of other groups
82578748	Riger: dangers of empowerment	1 - becoming empowered in the context of a worldview of individualism can be accompanied by (competition, isolation, conflicts over control and dominance, and sense of superiority); 2 - raises the core issue of the conflict between teh individual and group/community needs and goals; 3 - do individuals needs and goals become prioritized over teh well-being of the group of community?; 4 - the risk appears to increase as more actual success and power are gained
82578749	Results of riger's critiques	Riger's critique challenges community psychology to seek strategies where empowerment is faciliated in teh context of sense of community and with a goal of social justice; implications for order of interventions (sense of commmunity --> empowerment --> social justice)
82578750	Empowerment and narrative theory	rappaport, 1995; 1 - individuals, organizations, and communiies have narratives, stories about themselves, their experiences, their relationships, and their place in the world; 2 - narratives tell us who we are, who we have been, and who we can be; 3 - narratives create memory, identity, emotion, meaning, role relationships
82578751	Controlling narratives is controlling a valuable resource	the ability to create and tell one's own story; access to collective stories; influence over collective stories
82585148	Rappaport's concept of community narratives	a story that is common among a group of people that describes events over time - 1 - makes a clear point and has a beginning, middle, and end; 2 - shared and transmited in a variety of ways (eg social interactions, literature and local media, art and music, customs and rituals); 3 - narratives communicate how community members can understand themselves, their roles, important lessons of survival, and expectations of their own behavior and the behavior of others
82585149	More about community narratives	rappaport; 1 - narratives are resources, access to information that facilitates optimal functioning within a context; 2 - all communiies have narratives about themselves; 3 - the communities and stories available to any individual are related of social locations such as race, class, gender, sexual orientation
82585150	Narratives contexts and indentity	1 - narratives function to continuously create, recreate, and maintain contexts and identity; 2 - individuals and groups create and maintain contexts by their behaviors, relationships, norms etc; 3 - contexts shape how individuals think of themselves and their world
82585151	Problematic narratives	for those who lack social, political, or economic power both dominant culture narratives and community narratives can be problematic - negative stories; narrow, unidimensional, limited stories; stories written by others
82585152	Empowerment is facilitated by	1 - understanding how existing community and cultural narratives influence our own personal narratives; 2 - changing dominant cultural narratives; 3 - reauthoring community narratives (help people discover their own stories; help individuals and communities create new narratives that are positive, multidimensional, and full); 4 - giving voice and amplifying diverse community narratives
82585153	Dominant culture narratives	narratives communicated by mass media and societal institutions that touch the lives of most people (1 - often overlearned through repetition and heavy exposure; 2 - can be evoked by words or symbols that pull up the memory of the prototype store; 3 - those with access to mass media can tell their stories as if they were everyone's reality; 4 - the control of dominant cultural narratives can influence social identity and has political consequences)

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Community Psychology midterm Flashcards

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324234207	community psychology	the scientific study of community phenomena
324234208	community psychologist	a psychologist who applies scientific discoveries and interventions to the community
324234209	respect for diversity	includes ethnicity/race, gender and social class
324234210	Lewin	B=f(PXE) behavior is a function of the interaction between the person and environment
324234211	barker	the importance of settings and of the people in them
324234212	bogat and jason	dscriminative stimuli guide (control) people's behaviors
324234213	empowerment	which means enhancing the possiblity that people can more actively control their own lives and includes: respect, self determination and self-efficacy
324234214	microsystems	systems that have a direct influence on the individual (the home environment or family)
324234215	mesosystems	where microsystems interact (school and family come together)
324234216	exosystems	include non-immediate, outside influences (government)
324234217	macrosystems	influences interactions but do not contain specific settings (culture)
324234218	adaptation	involves ability to cope with the environment
324234219	interdependence	means that various elements of any ecosystem influence each other
324234220	succession	incorporates a time perspective wherein the environment as well as those in it change
324234221	person-environment fit	the optimal match between the person and environment
324234222	primary prevention	prevent a problem from occurring altogether
324234223	secondary prevention	treat a problem at the earliest possible moment
324234224	tertiary prevention	reduce the severity of an established problem
324234225	Universal	programs which address the general public
324234226	selective	programs aimed at populations at risk for future problems
324234227	indicated	programs designed for those beginning to show symptoms of a problem
324234228	competence	a sense of mastery
324234229	assets	discovering each individuals strengths
324234230	victim blaming	not blaming the individual for the problem or disorder
324234231	social change	efforts to shift community values, attitudes and expectations
324234232	action research	designed to resolve social problems should be grounded in theory should involve an active partnership between the researcher and community members
324234233	psychological sense of community	includes membership, influence, integration, emotional connection, neighborhood
324234234	membership	experience feelings of belonging
324234235	influence	members feel they make a difference
324234236	integration	members feel the community meets their needs
324234237	emotional connection	members have and will share a sense of history, time, place, and experience
324234238	neighborhood	feeling of social cohesion, homogeneity, and a place identity among neighbors
324278689	deinstitutionalization 1955	moves from state hospitals to community settings
324278690	1961 deinstitutionalization	joint commission on mental illness and health report financial support for MH research training and use on nonprofessionals community services and public education
324278691	1963 deinstitutionalization	kennedys address and the community mental health movement
324278692	1965	swampcott conference
324278693	1967	community psychology recognized by the american psychological association (APA)
324278694	1987	name change to society for community research in action (SCRA)
324278695	area of competence	Individuals, creating community, organizing existing communities, research
324278696	creating an eco-identity	Becoming "emotionally involved"/invested in the community
324278697	tolerance/ appreciation of diversity	Different stakeholders have different interests
324278698	coping effectively with varied resources	Using untapped current resources for community growth Emory Cowen and "informal helpers"
324278699	commitment to risk taking	Big challenges include big risks
324278700	balance of patience and zeal	passion for the long term
324278701	empiricism	the need to understand what we observe
324278702	Creation of Theory	to create, refine, and confirm or disconfirm theories
324278703	theory	a systematic attempt to explain events its goal is to describe predict and eventually control events
324278704	model	a working blueprint
324278705	paradigm	a smaller framework that guides researchers to conceptualize events in a consistent fashion
324278706	kuhns second definition of paradigm	a collection of theories that are commonly agreed upon socially to guide scientific enquiry
324278707	falsifiability	assumes the theory could be false and must be tested therefore we must subject a theory to continuous testing
324278708	scientific revolutions	cause dramatic shifts in our way of seeing the world cause changes in our theories, models and paradigms
324278709	reliability	dependability, replicability
324278710	validity	true; it is what we say it is
324278711	internal validity	within the study
324278712	external validity	generalizable to the larger world
324278713	population	all members of the group that the researcher is interested in studying
324278714	sampling	sample a subset of the population
324278715	representative	dont need to study the whole population, just a portion that is typical of the whole
324278716	sample methods utilized include:	random, convenience, stratified, purposive
324278717	correlational research	does not mean cause effect but rather when variable 1 and variable 2 systematically vary together
324278718	experimental research	compares groups, uses random assignment and assumes that differences are caused by variation in the independent variables
324278719	quasi-experimental research	where requirements of experiments are not fully met attempts to approximate an experiment, but with limitations
324278720	ethnography	Allows social interaction with participants As well as for the researcher to describe personal experiences Uses qualitative data such as anecdotal information or free-form verbal input
324278721	network analysis	The study of patterns of relationships Types of analyses: egocentric and sociometric
324278722	egocentric	examines the individuals relationship with others
324278723	sociometric	studies linkages among members of a group of people
324278724	epidemiology	Study of the "occurrence and distribution of disease ... in a population." Prevalence = Total number of cases Incidence = Number of new cases in a specified time period
324278725	needs assessment	Determines whether program can be of use to a given population Can be conducted with interviews, surveys, and other descriptive techniques
324278726	program evaluation	Generally used once a program is established (i.e. after needs assessment occurs) Two kinds of evaluations: Process - Is program occurring as planned? Outcome - Is program effective?
324278727	participatory research	Participants help to Define the problem Devise the solution Determine what is a meaningful outcome Help in data interpretation Influence the dissemination of data
324278728	Concerns of ethics	institutional review informal consent cultural sensitivity
324278729	unobtrusive measures	data that participants are not aware is being collected; can supplement other measures
324278730	constitutent validity	research should be meaningful to those being studied
324278731	stress	a disturbance in the homeostatic balance of a person's life
324278732	stress occurs	when environmental demands exceed coping resources leading to adverse cognitive, behavioral and physiological effects
324278733	crisis theory	disrupted equilibrium, effort to restore homeostasis (Caplan, 1961, 1964) Can have either negative or positive results if growth occurs
324278734	schedule of recent events	total events in a previous year predicted onset of illness (Holmes & Rahe 1967) (Next slides-University of Washington Press)
324278735	normative events	life experiences expected at certain life stage
324278736	non normative events	no aged linked
324278737	dohrenwends model	aterss as a psychosocial process leading to the development of psychopathology in given population
324278738	personal level (dohrenwends)	includes the person's coping skills, intelligence and other characteristics
324278739	situational level (dohrenwends)	includes the setting in which the event occurred
324278740	intervening factors (dohrenwends)	also are involved such as the sources of stressors and presence of social support
324278741	acute	Discrete and observable (e.g.an argument)
324278742	chronic	Enduring or less self-limiting (e.g. racism within a culture)
324278743	primary appraisal	The person's assessment of the potential for trouble
324278744	secondary appraisal	The person's assessment of his or her ability to cope
324278745	emotion focused	lessen or strengthen the emotion
324278746	problem focused	change the environment
324278747	active coping	try to solve the problem
324278748	avodiant coping	try to escape the problem
324278749	Emotional Approach	Research shows that dealing with the emotion and not suppressing it enhances adjustment
324278750	Collectivist Approaches	Are different from individualistic approaches and include sharing with others, accepting and seeing stress as a learning opportunity, etc.
324278751	action	coordination of actions and contingency plans if something goes wrong
324278752	social and personal resources	coordination of personal resources such as social support, special skills
324278753	preferences and options	deciding what is preferred or not and what various options for coping are
324278754	social support	the active participation of significant others in an individuals stress management
324278755	types of social support	emotional, instrumental, informational
324278756	buffering/shielding	friends help share the burden of stress
324278757	addictive/contributing	support raises our positivity; we are happy because we have friends
324278758	emotional social support	expressing compassion
324278759	instrumental social support	physical or substantive assistance is provided
324278760	informational social support	helpful information is provided
324278761	resilience	overcoming adversity being at risk, yet successful a process, not a static variable
324310340	First Order Change	Direct and involves changes only from within the system "more of the same" Ex. Diet fads
324310341	second order change	Truly changes the system because the innovator steps outside basic assumptions and practices Ex. Diet fads as symptom of values around health, body-image, nutrition, etc.
324310342	social change	second order changes that restructure society: economics, religion, family life, recreation, language
324310343	accountability	the obligation to be responsible for various transactions
324310344	cost effectiveness	there should be some return on investments
324310345	change agents	professionals trained in the process to serve as a guide
324310346	Conscientization	Bringing awareness of oppression to the oppressed
324310347	Cognitive misers	lazy thinkers
324310348	dogmatism	closed mindness
324310349	Source	the person trying to change others must have prestige, trustworthiness, and attractiveness
324310350	target	selfesteem
324310351	interaction between source and target	similarity moderate discrepancy in attitude brief and repeated communication accidental/unintentional exposure high fear only if include specific way to avoid situation; otherwise moderate is best
324317366	cocaine	constricted blood vessels, dilated pupils, increased temp, heart rate, blood pressure; paranoia and hallucinations
324317367	cocaine and alcohol	cocaethylene: increases the risk o f suddden death
324317368	heroin	withdrawal symptoms after one try
324317369	ecstasy	club drug mental and sensory stimulation increased energy nausea, chills, sweating, teeth clenching, muscle cramping, blurred vision
324317370	marijuana	THC component relaxes: memory, concentration, and coordination problems, bloodshot eyes, impaired sleeping, dry mouth, paranoia, and hallucinations
324336184	self fulfillment	goal of everyone
324336185	social interest	means a sense of connection to others and is also a concern of everyone
324336186	childhood psycho-educational treatment	adler developed to to ensure mentally healthier children
324336187	classical conditioning	the process by which a naturally occuring response or UCR is eventually elicited by a stimulus other than the naturally occuring stimulus
324336188	operant conditioning	a behavior is more likely to be engaged in when it is reinforced
324336189	learned helplessness	lack of perceived control
324336190	desensitization	step by step relaxation training to overcome phobias, such as fear of flying
324336191	behavior modification	treatment is tailored to the individual to modify the individuals behavior
324336192	labeling	people sometimes behave in accord with the labels applied to them
324336193	client-centered therapy	the role of the therapist is not as experted but is to facilitate the clients reflection upon his or her own experiences
324336194	supernatural causes	sins and demons cause mental disturbance
324336195	humanism	the belief that illness is not due to moral defects all people should be treated with dignity
324336196	asylums	to contain and control the mentally ill
324336197	early contributors to the mental health care system include	benjamin rush philippe pinel emil kraepelin
324336198	benjamin rush	the father of american psychiatry
324336199	philippe pinel	coined the term dementia
324336200	emil kraepelin	later changed the same term to dementia praecox
324336201	eugene bleuler	more recently changed the term to schizophrenia
324336202	louis pasteur	developed the notion of germ theory where illness is caused by germs
324336203	dorothea dix	treatment of mental illness should be by moral managements, not by imprisonment
324336204	deinstitutionalization	brought bout the current debate over which is better- impatient versus outpatient
324336205	inpatient	hospital
324336206	outpatient	community clinic
324336207	depopulation	psychiatric hospitals
324336208	diversion to community settings	where treatment or intervention is supposed to occur
324336209	decentralization of responsibility	to multiple and diverse entitles with attendant fragmentation of authority
324336210	early alternatives to institutionalization	nursing homes, board-and-care homes
324336211	social intergration	do patients become an active part of community
324336212	recidivism	are patients repeatedly institutionalized
324336213	community competence	do patients have the ability to live in the community at large
324336214	problems of bias	do clinicians use different criteria for different racial and ethnic groups
324336215	lodge societies	structured, half-way houses emphasizing skill building and shared responsibility
324336216	intensive case management (ICM)	a case manager works closely with a client for community based treatment
324336217	Assertive Case Management (ACT)	teaches practical living skills assigns a multidisciplinary team to provide intensive case management has the staff visit clients in vivo
324336218	wraparound programs	comprehensiveness programs for those at risk for institutionalization embrace a strengths-based strategy includes family involvement and empowerment provide needs-based service planning offer individualized service plans
324336219	outcome focused approach	reduce hospitalization
324336220	national alliance for the mentally III	seeks to empower those with mental disorders and to lobby politicians for better care and more research funding on mental disorder

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Community Psychology Flashcards

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313531592	participant	they participate in community events
313531593	conceptualizers	while their participating in events, they are try to understand
313531594	community psychology	concerns the relationships of individuals with communities and societies. By intergrating research with actions, it seeks to understand and enhance quality of life for individuals, communities, and societies
313531595	Seven Core Values	individual and family wellness, sense of community, respect for diversity, social justice, empowerment and citizens participation, colloboration and community, and empirical grounding (CRISEES)
313531596	individual and family wellness	focuses on individual's psychological wellness, promotes strength wellness, the focus of clinical psychology.
313531597	sense of community	perception of belongingness, interpendence and mutual commitment that links to individual in collective unity can ignore or attact diversity
313531598	respect for diversity	notices the variety, understanings individuals in community requires understanding diversity, norms and traditions
313531599	social justice	fair equal distributions in the community (distributive community and procedural justice) concerned with the changes in public attitude (advocacy)
313531600	empowerment and citizen participation	aimed at enhancing the possiblities for people to control aspects in their own lives. Citizen participate in macro systems
313531601	collaboration and community	strengths involves relationships between community psychologists and citizens, search for personal and community strengths that promotes change
313531602	empirical grounding	uses research to make community action more effective and makes research more valid for understanding communities (qualitative and quantitative research methods are used)
313563918	context	affect personal life, refers to the enclosed environments within which individuals lives family friendship, coworkers, neighbors)
313563919	context minimization error	is not nothing the importance of context in everyones life for ex: why did the girl drop out of school? she was lazy, however I did not look at here household full of high school drop outs
313563920	1st order change	replaces members of a group, this type of change does not fix problems in schools, considering that they reoccur ex: attempting to solve homelessness by helping a homeless family
313563921	2nd order change	take accound structural problems, context and policies rather than just looking at relationships and individual problems
313563922	3 advantages of ecological perspective	helping in shifting perspectives, helps to create context for mediating structures, uncovers multiple factors to different issues in the community
313563923	mediating structures	create to help individuals cope with stressors (hair salons, barbershops, YMCA's)
313615473	prevention perspective on mental health services	public health concerned with preventing illness more than treatment. Population perspective focuses on control of disease within a community (second order change)
313615474	reforms in mental health systems	began after world war II-1960's Veteran's needed medical attention. So programs were made such as the veterans administration that help the psychological needs of soliders (clinical psychology also emerged) As medicine use for psychiatric patients increased, the number of hospitals with more than 1,000 psychiatric beds reduced by 50%
313615475	group dynamics and action research	these traditions began with Kurt Lewin-social action and research can be connected in ways that strenghtens both focus in the development of skill for working groups and communities. Involved prevailing individualism and laboratory focus of psychology and involved a collaborative partnership of professionals and citizens
313615476	movement for social change and liberation	most direct influences were feminists and civil rights movement-several commodies consisted of challenging a hierachy, unequal role relationships between whites and people of color, men and women experts and citizens, persons of all orientations and the powerful and the oppressed. Values common to these movements were related to core values (citizen participation, social justice and respect for diversity)
313615477	undercurrents of optimism	to solve social problems you have to build and create, optimism the ability to find solutions provided underlying support for all other forces
313615478	Swampscott of 1965	purpose was to discuss new roles in the GMHC systems. The new field would focus on "psychological processes that link social systems with individual behavior in complex interaction, participant- conceptualizer
313654279	Erich Lindemann	leader of the Wellesley Humans Relations service stressed the importance of learning from citizens and enabling them to take responsibility for the mental health of their community
313654280	George Fairweather	leader of the Community Lodge, began seeking to improve group therapy with their patients. The logde had become its own community
313654281	Seymore Sarason	Yale Psycho-Educational Clinic, 3 aims- (1) understand the "culture of the school" and how that often inhibits productive learning to gain understanding experientally through performing services in schools and to model for university students the everyday practical involvement of their faculty in schools. The goals required wanting to step outside the usual research methods, to ask open-ended questions and learn for analysis of personal experience
313654282	Emory Cowen	Primary Mental Health Project, broadened its focus over the years to include action research on such topics as social problem-solving skills training in schools, preventive services for children of divorce and child resilience
313654283	Marie Johoda	Resilence and positive mental health, the research team focused on studying the community as well as individual and used documents, questionnaires, interviews, individuals and family histories and participant and nonparticipant observation.
313686195	Tom Wolf	started as a clinical psychologist, shifted his focus and became a consultant on the coalition and building capacity-involves uniting individuals, groups, organizations, or institutions to achieve a common goal.
313686196	Len Jason	combats teen tabacco use, in one county he worked to decrease the sale in tabacco, devoped policies that effect merchants and teens -reduced smoking in public areas
313686197	Greg Meissen	professor and director of self help resource and research center. He and his students engage in community based research and the practice of community psychology through community organizing, collaboration and consultation with a variety of community organizations (evaluation and applied research) director of self help group clearinghouse and research center
313686198	Fair Play	everyone starts on the same level. Since we are on the same level field we all have to play by the rules. If you don't you won't get what you need ex: running a race = competition to suceed
313686199	Fair Shares	does not assume that everyone starts at the same place and tries to make sure that everyone has the resources that they need ex: family taking care of all its members despite that fact that everyone is not equal

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Midterm exam Flashcards

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142507624	Zeitgeist	the spirit of the time ex. green energy, organic food
142507625	phenomenology	a philosophical doctrine proposed by Edmund Husserl based on the study of human experience in which considerations of objective reality are not taken into account
142507626	HOUNDS	homely, old,unsuccessful, non-verbal,dumb ex. characterizing certain types of people

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Community Research Flashcards

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82616174	Key goals of research in community psychology	1 - yield insights not available in traditional laboratory-based research; 2 - inform action; 3 - attending to unheard voices; 4 - collaborate with and empower communities through research partnerships
82616175	Philosophies of science / epistemology	positivist, constructivist, critical
82616176	Positivism	1 - knowledge is objective and truth is obtainable through empirical research; 2 - value-free neutrality is the goal; 3 - seeks generalizable laws and principles that apply widely; 4 - isolate variables and control extraneous individual and contextual variables; 5 - phenomena are measurable and can be reduced to numbers and understood through statistics; 6 - experimental research, quantitative research
82616177	Constructivism	(contextualism, postmodernism) 1 - knowledge is relative and context-dependent; 2 - what is true in one context may not be true in another; 3 - embraces complexity and diversity; 4 - focuses on particular, local settings; 5 - seeks the meanings of phenomena; 6 - field research, qualitative
82616178	Critical philosophy for community psychology research	1 - knowledge is shaped by power relationships created and maintained by social instititutions and belief systems; 2 - social location of researcher is important; 3 - researchers must recognize and question their own position in social systems and how this effects research; 4 - activist orientation (research that can lead to challenging injustice); 5 - feminist, liberation, multicultural, psychologies often incorporate a critical philosophy of science; 6 - action research, participatory methods
82616179	Four key issues of research and cultural context	1 - assessment of cultural/racial/ethnic identity; 2 - assumptions of population homogeneity; 3 - assumptions of methodological equivalence; 4 - between-group and within-group designs
82616180	Assessment of cultural/racial/ethnic idenity	1 - broad vs specific categories; 2 - considering multiracial/multiethnic people; 3 - generational status; 4 - extent of identification; 5 - acculturation
82616181	Assumptions of popular homogeneity	ethnic gloss and ethnocentrism
82616182	Assumptions of methodological equivalence	linguistic equivalence and scale equivalence
82616183	Between-group and within-group designs	1 - between group designs are comparative (danger of difference as deficit); 2 - within-group designs are intragroup (more in-depth and more likely to emphasize strenghts)
82616184	Etic approach	between-group; cross-cultural; compares culture on universal constructs
82616185	Emic approach	within-group; intracultural; seeks understanding of a particular culture from the inside
82616186	Four questions for conducting community psychology research	1 - what values stances will we take? 2 - how shall we promote community participation and collaboration? 3 - how will we understand the cultural and social contexts of this research? 4 - at what ecological level of analysis will we conduct this research?
82620598	Principles of community research partnerships	1 - research should be stimulated by community needs; 2 - research should be an exchange of resources; 3 - research should be a tool for social action; 4 - evaluation of actions and outcomes should be imperative; 5 - research should yield products useful to the community
82620599	Participatory action research	1 - common approach in community psychology; 2 - collaborative relationship with the community; 3 - community participation happens at all levels (conceptualization, design, implementation, analysis); 4 - can happen through a community research panel (representatives involved in all decisions); 5 - both researchers and community have choice and control; 6 - makes the study more authentic to the needs and concerns of the community
82620600	Psychopolitical validity	prilleltensky; 1 - extent to which the research considers and accounts for the impact of macrosystem influences and social forces on individuals and communities; 2 - extent to which the research promotes the capacity of the community to understand these influences and participate in social change
82620601	Quantitative	measure phenomena and reduce into numeric representation
82620602	Qualitative	intensive and in-depth study of the "lived experience" of individual and communities
82620603	Types of research questions	descriptive, relational, predictive or longitudiinal, cause and effect, comparative
82620604	Quantitative characteristics	Outsider knowledge, Large samples, Experimental/Basic, Laboratory, Measurement, Data are numbers, Standardized procedures, Hypothesis testing, Statistical analyses
82620605	Qualitative characteristics	Insider knowledge, Smaller samples, Applied, Field, Interview/Observation, Data are words, Context-dependent procedures, Thick description, Thematic analyses
82620606	Strategies of qualitative research	Participant-Observation, Case Study, Individual Interviews, Focus Group Interviews, Archival
82620607	Strategies of quantitative research	Survey Research, Experimental, Correlational, Comparative, Epidemiological
82621094	Descriptive research questions	1 - types, characteristics, components; 2 - frequency, intensity, duration; 3 - experience
82621095	Relational research questions	relationships between two or more variables
82621096	Predictive or longitudinal research questions	a set of variables predicting an outcome; change over time
82621097	Cause and effect research questions	the effect of a change or intervention
82621098	Comparative research question	differences between groups

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Chapter 2: How Has Community Psychology Developed Flashcards

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78631551	Five influential forces in the development of community psychology	preventive perspective on problems; reforms in the mental health system; group dynamics and action research; movements for social change and liberation; social optimism
78631552	Preventive perspective on problems	influenced by the concepts of the discipline of public health (concerned with preventing illness more than with treating it)
78631553	Reforms in the mental health system	after the war, VA (veterans administration) and NIMH (national institute of mental health) were created; Community mental health centers act passed in 1963
78631555	Movement for social change and liberation	the civil rights and feminist movements most directly influenced psychology; social movements and community psychology have commonalities (the challenging of hierarchical, unequal role relationships; they sought to link social action at the local and national levels)
78638581	Historical contexts and influences of community psychology	before 1890: social darwinism, 1890-1914: progressive organizations emerged, 1919-1932: WW1 and great depression, 1930s-40s: eugenics movement and WW2, 1950s: post-war optimism
78638582	Psychological effects of unemployment	1930, marie jahoda; resilience and strenghts as well as resignation and dispair
78638583	Group dynamics (T-groups)	1940s, Kurt Lewin; intergroup relations, reduction of antisemitism; students founded NTL-center to learn about within and between group dynamics
78638584	The Coconut Grove fire	1944, Eric Lindermann; psychoeducation about coping and support to prevent future problems; crisis and transitions as points of preventive intervention
78638585	Human relations service	1948, Lindermann and Klein; learn from community members, appreciation of community strenghts
78638586	The community lodge	1950s, George Fairweather; peer group interventions with adults with chronic mental illness
78638587	Primary mental health project	1958, Emory Cohen; early intervention, paraprofessionals
78638588	Yale Psycho-educational clinic	1962, S. Sarason; understand the culture of the school
78638589	1950's-1960's - social justice and social change movements	civil rights movement (1954 brown vs board of education of topeka), women rights/feminism, peace activism, environmental activism, gay and lesbian rights, anti-poverty movement, migrant farm workers right
78638590	1955 - Stanford university conference	lindermann, klein adn others convened to describe their work; the field of community mental health was created emphasizing community-based services and prevention; it was met with resistance from advocates of traditional mental health care
78638591	1959-1961 - joint committee on mental illness and mental health	marie jahoda headed the study of postive mental health, advocated identifying and altering conditions that inhibit mental health; in one study for the report George albee reviewed research on rates of mental disorder and costs of training clinicians, concluded that the US could never train enough professionals to provide treatment for all who needed it; called for an emphasis on prevention
78638592	1963 - Community Mental Health Center (CMHC) Act	the national institute of mental health proposed system of CMHCs in response to the joint commission report; president kennedy had a special interest in mental health and retardation issues; congress passed CMHC act (community-based treatment with persons with mental disorders, crisis intervention, consultation with other agencies and community organizations, prevention activities)
78638593	1965 - Swampscott conference	39 psychologists convened at a resort in massachussets; group consisted of psychologiests involved in community work; called for a new field called community psychology (the study of psychological processes that link social systems with individual behaviors in complex interaction); some important with community mental health with important distinctions
78638594	Distinctions between community psychology and community mental health	departure from a medical model emphasizing the diagnosis and treatment of pathology; not limited to focusing solely on existing problems and disorders
78731375	1967 - Martin Luther King delivers the Invited Distinguished Addressed at APA	"the role of the behavioral scientist in the civil rights movement" - social responsability(psychologists should be instruments for social change), importance of focusing on context vs. individual pathology, appealed to psychologists to "tell it like it is" (disseminate information on the reality of negro life), calls for research into complex dynamics of negro life (within-group vs comparative research), understanding of urban riots, links economic conditions and discrimination to individual behavior (called for structural changes), need to study and promote citizen leadership and social action
78731376	Creative Maladjustment	standing up for justice and equality and standing against the prevailing norms of discrimination and the oppressive status quo can appear "abnormal"; psychologists should facilitate the questioning of society and rejecting those components that permit injustice to form and grow; suggested the international association for the advancement of creative maladjustment
78731377	1975: Austin conference	100 community psychologists from the united states and puerto rico met at the university of texas at austin; focus was on issues of identity
78731378	Key themes identified at the austin conference that distinguished community psychology as a field of study	multiple levels of analysis emerged as the central and distinguishing emphasis; social action and advocacy efforts to address isms; prevention of dysfunction and the promotion of social competence; diversity was emphasized as a core value with voices of minority groups being present and heard at the conference
78731379	Latin American and community psychology	(brazil, puerto rico, guatemala, mexico, etc) emerged from social psychology and social change movements (community social psychology); response to oppression, colonialism, and poverty; rooted in liberation theology, emphasizes social justice and empowerment
78731380	Liberation theology	a form of Christian theology (developed by South American Roman Catholics) that emphasizes social and political liberation as the anticipation of ultimate salvation
78731381	Key influences and leaders in latin america	paolo friere (brazil educator and activist), iguacio martin-baro (el salvador, jesuit priest and psychologist), imma serrano-garcia (puerto rico psychologist and feminist)
78731382	Other locations for community psychology	australia and new zealand (rights and concerns about indegenous people), south africa (opposition to apartheid and post-apartheid reconciliation), europe (philosophical and epistemological issues, social movements)
78731383	More recent developments	empowerment theory, critical and liberation psychology, collaborative research
78731384	Empowerment theory	rappaport's 1981 paper; importance of community self-determination
78731385	Critical and liberation psychology	feminist community psychology; isaac prilleltensky (critical psychology, collective wellness -health of communities and societies)
78731386	Collaborative research	participant conceptualizer role (active involvement in the community while attempting to understand and develop interventions), action research (has a change agenda), expanded use of qualitative methods
78731387	Top-down approaches	focus is on efforts designed and implemented by professionals, leaders and others in elite positions; reflect experiences of those with power and usually preserve the existing power structure; characterizes community mental health; example - psychotherapy
78731388	Bottom-down approaches	originate among citizens, grassroots levels and reflect attempts for ordinary people to assert some control over their lives; reflect experiences and ideals of those most effected by the problem; characterizes efforts in community psychology; example - self help group
78732862	Individualism as a world view	ideology that is primarily concerned with personal and economic freedom from restraint; independence and autonomy are highly valued; competition is seen as teh pathway to success; individual rights are emphasized over the collective good; interaction with broader society is in the service of achieving personal goals and promoting personal agendas, no strong responsibility for helping others; influences the theories, research, and practices in psychology
78732863	Utilitarian individualism	emphasis on material success and security; individual ability and effort are the causes of success or failure; individual initiative and self-reliance are hightly valued
78732864	Expressive individualism	emphasis is on personal happiness, self discovery, and self-expression; finding oneself and self-actualization are priorities
78732865	Blaming the victim	william ryan; critique of individualism; people and groups impacted negatively by social inequities and social problems are blamed for their circumstances and their problems are attributed to personal characteristics; underlying assumption that the problems of people lie within teh biological, psychological, or moral make-up of individuals or groups; problems are seen as individual deficits that can be remedied only by individual change
78732866	Fundamental attribution error	Tendency of observers to overestimate the importance of individual characteristics and underestimate the importance of situational factors
78732867	Context minimization error	Ignoring or discounting the significance of contexts in an individual's life
78732868	Fair play	william ryan; equality exists when the rules and procedures in the competition for economic and social advancement are thought to be fair and consistent for everyone; inequalities result from differences in individual talent and effort; people accent large gaps in outcomes; assumes that all people have access to teh same opportunities and resources and there is little incentive to change the status quo
78732869	Fair shares	william ryan; equality exists when opportunities and access to resources are distributed equitably; inequalities result from disparities in opportunities and access to resources; emphasis is on minimizing extreme inequalities in outcomes and role relationships; people in a society feel a responsibility to care for all of its members
78733980	Levine and Levine Hypothesis	hypothesis regarding the impact of historical and sociopolitcal forces on conceptions of human problems
78733981	Levine and Levine hypothesis (conservative times)	problems are conceptualized in terms of individual factors (eg genetics, personality); results in pessimism about potential for solution of social problems (by health professionals or the criminal justice system)
78733982	Levine and Levine hypothesis (progressive times)	problems are conceptualized in terms of environmental factors (eg poverty, lack of educational opportunity); results in optimism about solutions to social problems through social change and improving community life
78733983	Divergent reasoning	identifys multiple truths in teh opposing perspectives; recognizes that conflicting viewpoints may usefully coexist; resists easy answers
78733984	Globalization	refers to the centralizing effects of market capitalism, advertising, mass media, and values of individualism and economic output
78733985	Indigenization	refers to consciousness of traditional collective values and commmunity bonds of indigenous ethnic cultures and local communities

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