| CourseNotes

Chapter 1: What is Community Psychology Flashcards

78529075	Community psychology	the study of human behavior in its multiple contexts (ecological, historical, cultural, sociopolitical); concerns the relationships of the individual to communities and society; focuses on the transactions between individuals and society (bidirectional relationship, each influences the other); central to the field is the insistence on examining phenomena at multiple levels of analysis
78529076	Application of community psychology	to create person-environment transactions that prevent dysfunction and distress, facilitate empowerment and social justice, and promote well being (personal, relational, collective)
78529077	Community psychology modus operandi	through collaborative research and action, community psychologists seek to understand and enhance quality of life for individuals, community, and society
78529078	Shift in perspective with community psychology	community psychology emphasizes the connection between individuals and environments..not either alone, where as psychology emphasizes the individuals and sociology emphasizes society
78529079	Context minimization error	denotes ignoring or discounting the importance of ocntexts in an individual's life; refers to contexts and forces that include those beyond the immediate situation; lead to psychological theories and research findings that are flawed or that hold true only in limited circumstances
78529080	Fundamental attribution error	the tendency of observers watching an actor to overestimate the importance of actor's individual characteristics, and underestimate the importance of situational factors
78529081	Context	the encapsulating environments within which an individual lives: family, friendship network, peer group, neighborhood, workplace, school, religious or community organization, locality, cultural heritage and norms, gender roles, social and economic forces
78529082	Example of fundamental attribution error	when we see someone trip on the sidewalk, we often think, "How awkward," or wonder if the person has been drinking; we seldome look to see if the sidewalk is flawed
78530764	First-order change	altering, rearranging, or substituting individuals in an attempt to solve a problem; limited as problem often re-emerges
78530765	Second-order change	altering role relationships among individuals in a setting and attending to social systems and structures; can address root causes of a problem
78530766	Example of second-order change	instead of rigid lines of expertise between mental health professionals and "patients", it involves finding ways that person with disorders may help each other in self-help groups
78530767	Participant conceptualizer	one who is actively involved in community processes while also attempting to understand and explain them
78530768	Community psychology and multiple levels of analysis	the individual exists within layers of interdependent social and environmental contexts (human behavior does not exist in a vacuum, we can't isolate behavior from the conditions in which it occurs, in order to understand individual behavior we must understand the contexts in which it exists, Bronfenbrenner's nesting doll metaphor
78530769	Bronfenbrenner's nesting doll metaphor diagram	illustrates the ecological levels of analysis for community psychology; shows proximal and distal systems; boundaries between each level are more gradual than the diagram suggests
78530770	Proximal systems	systems closest to the individual and involving the most face-to-face contact; are closer to the center of Bronfenbrenner's nesting doll metaphor diagram
78530771	Distal systems	systems are less immediate to the person yet have broad effects; are toward the outside of the Bronfenbrenner's nesting doll metaphor diagram
78530772	Ecological levels of analysis	the embeddedness of the individual in a complex ecological system with multiple layers; five levels at which individual and community problems can be understood, studied and changed: individual, microsystem, organization, locality/community, macrosystem
78530773	Individual LOA	the individual person and their relationships to the environments in their lives; analysis focuses on how these relationships are expressed in individual behaviors, values, life transitions, stress, coping, and the individual outcomes of community problems
78530774	Examples on the individual LOA	personal beliefs, childhood history, emotional intelligence, marriage, graduation, loss of a loved one, depression, addiction, teen pregnancy
78530775	Microsystem LOA	sets of individuals; small group (small enough for face-to-face interactions) environments in which the individual engages in direct, personal interactions with others over time
78530776	Examples on the microsystem LOA	family, friends, classroom, club, staff, team
78530777	Setting	a physical place and the enduring set of relationships among individuals that may be associated with the place; the term is applied to microsystems and to organizations
78531372	Organizational LOA	sets of microsystems that for a larger whole; individuals may identify with an organization but their involvement and participation is at the level of the microsystem
78531373	Examples of organizational LOA	university, church, corporation, hospital, school
78531374	Locality/community LOA	sets of organizations in a common geographic area; community action often involves organizations working togehter in coalitions to bring about change in a community
78531375	Examples of locality/community LOA	neighborhood, small town, rural area, city
78531376	Macrosystem LOA	sets of communities and/or organizations forming broad and diverse bodies of influence; includes the population level of analysis defined by a demographic category, as well as the institutional level of analysis; forms the context within which the other levels function; exercise influence through policies, laws, judicial decisions, customs, ideologies, belief systems, values
78531377	Examples on macrosystem LOA	nations, governmental and economic institutions, culture, gender, socioeconomic status groups, religion, "isms"
78531378	Sevon core values of community psychology	guide the priorities, emphases, research questions, hypotheses, and interventions in community psychology; include: individual wellness, sense of community, social justice, citizen participation, collaboration and community strengths, respect for human diversity, and empirical grounding
78531379	Individual wellness	Emory Cowen; values the attainment of optimum health and wellness, not just the absence of disease and distress (psychological well-being, healthy identity development, positive interpersonal relationships, pursuit of fulfilment and spiritual meaning, reaching highest personal potential)
78531380	Focuses of "individual wellness"	development of competencies and coping skills, social support and self-help groups, interventions outside health care settings, prevention of maladaptive behavior
78531647	Collective wellness	the health of communities and societies
78531648	Sense of community	Seymour Sarason and David Chavis; values the significance of connections with others, sense of belongingness and interdependence as essential to mental health
78531649	Focuses of "sense of community"	helping people connect with communities, building and strengthening communities, building connections within and between communities
78531650	Social justice	George Albee and William Ryan; values the fair and equitable allocation of resources, opportunities, and power; opposed to "isms" and exclusion based on race, gender, sexual orientation...
78531651	Focuses of "social justice"	social, political and economic factors that impact individuals; avoiding exploitation; ethnic psychologies, feminist psychology, liberation psychology
78531652	Distributive justice	concerns the allocation of resources (e.g. money, access to good-quality health services or education) among members of a population
78531653	Procedural justice	concerns whether processes of collective decision making include fair representation of citizen
78531654	Citizen participation/empowerment	Julian Rappaport; values self-determination and the ability of a community to define itself, its problems and issues, and to participate in solutions
78531655	Focuses of "citizen participaton/empowerment"	peaceful, respectful, collaborative decision-making processes; empowering individuals and communities; organizing grassroots citizen groups, neighborhood groups, coalitions of groups
78532072	Collaboration and community strenghts	values the strenghts and knowledge of community members as collaborators in research and action efforts; emphasizes how the community psychologist does his/her work
78532073	Focuses of "collaboration and community strengths"	identifying community resources and assets; recognizing and respecting the wisdom, experience, and expertise that exists in a community; interacting in a non-condescending manner; carefully nurturing the relationship between the psychologist and the community; bringing humility to one's work
78532074	Respect for diversity	Roderick Watts and Ed Trickett; values the variations within and between communities, as well as the diverse social identities and beliefs that exist in a societ; values the acceptance of diverse groups as equals where difference does not suggest deviance or pathology
78532075	Focuses of "respect for diversity"	diversity as a strength; examining diverse cultures for traditions that promote health; understanding diverse groups and cultures on their own terms; seeking understanding of differences and ways to bridge them
78532076	Empirical grounding	values the interdependence and integration of systematic research and planful action
78532077	Focuses of "empirical grounding"	role as participant-conceptualizer; multiple research methods (qualitative as well as quantitative); research that meets and informs community needs; interdisciplinary collaboration

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Community Psychology Flashcards

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313885719	qualitative	words are data. examining situations, processes+contexts that have not been studied in detail. Some researchers use qualitative approaches to explore + in theory development stages at a project, generating hypothesis that can be later tested
313885720	Qualitative methods	participation observations, Qualitative interviewing of individuals, non-equivalent comparison groups designs, interrupted time-series designs
313885721	participation observations	researchers join communities as a member, records personal experiences + observations, Strengths-strong relations w/community, thick description, contextual understanding. limits- generalizablity limited, sampling/data collection is not standardized, research influences setting studied, potential role conflict
313885722	Qualitative interviewing of individuals	collaborative approach open-ended questioning to elicit participant's understanding in his or her own words, intensive study of small samples Strengths:strong relationships, thick description, contextual understanding, more standardized limits generalizablity limited
313885723	non-equivalent comparison groups designs	similar field experiments excepts its RA , to experimental + control conditions.Strengths- standardized, some control confounding factors, practicality. Limits: Reliance on prior knowlegde, less control of confounds
313885724	interrupted time-series designs	longitudinal measurements of one or more settings before and after inventions may use multiple baseline designs, strengths-measurements in context, practicality, longitudinal perspective limits: reliance on prior knowledge, less control of confounds than randomized experiments, generalizability limits
313885725	multiple baseline designs	multiple time series design studies each conducted in a different community + compared to each other. Social innovation is implemented in each setting at different times, reduces the problems of external confounds + help generalibility
313885726	narratives	being shared by members of a group. share events ,values + other themes important to the identity+ sustainability of that group
313885727	personal stories	individual unique accounts created to make sense of their own lives, identity is embedded in a life story
313885728	experimental social innovation	evaluating the effects of an innovation implemented in an experimental design. Researchers can conduct a longitudinal study in which the innovation is implemented + compared with a control or comparison condition
313885729	epidemiology	study of frequency + distributions of disorders, risks factors, protective factors to prevent
313885730	mapping environments	availability of geographical information systems GIS methods offers new resources for studying relationships between physical spatial aspects at communities+ their psychosocial qualities
313885731	Randomized field experiments	evaluation of social innovation, random assignment to experimental + control conditions. Strengths: standardized methods, control of confounding factors, cause and effect. Limits: reliance on prior knowledge, difficult to obtain control groups in community settings, generalizability limited
313885732	Quantitative description	measurement+statistical analysis of standardized data from large samples, without experimental intervention. Study correlations. Strengths: standardized methods, generalizablity, study of variables that cannot be experimentally manipulated. Limits: reliance on prior knowlegde, decontextualized, limits cause and effect;

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Chapter 6: Understanding Community Flashcards

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79063664	Sarason definition of a community	a readily available, mutually supportive network of relationships on which one could depend
79063665	Major types of communities	locality-based, and relational
79063666	Locality-based community	people, groups, and organizations who interact primarily based on proximity, not necessarily by choice; examples: neighborhood, small town, city
79063667	Relational community	people, groups, and organizations whose connections are based upon commonalities or identification and are not limited by place or geography; examples: club, occupation, ethnicity
79063668	Types of relational communities	identity community, common interest community, task-oriented community, collective power structure community
79063669	Identity community examples	religion, race, ethnicity, sexual orientation
79063670	Common interest community examples	social or recreational clubs, occupation
79063671	Task-oriented community examples	school, workplace
79063672	Collective power structure community examples	labor unions, advocacy groups
79066496	Multiple communities	communities exist on multiple levels of analysis; people belong to multiple communities simultaneously; multiple communities can bring multiple resources but can also present conflicting or competing commitments
79066497	Communities are dynamic	the value and significance of our community memberships can vary widely and can change over time and context; communities and subcommunities emerge and become inactive as contexts and needs change
79066498	Mediating structure	intermediate communities that link different ecological levels
79066499	Who defines a community	external systems and community members may define the boundaries and inclusion of a community in different ways; coulton et al study found that census tract definitions of neighborhoods were different from neighborhood drawings that community members made (implcations for data such as crime rates as well as for the development of intervention programs)
79066500	Significance of a psychological sense of community	Sarason; loneliness and alienation that emerges from individualism is the defining problem of many western societies; loss or dilution of strong community connections is the most destructive dynamic in people's lives
79066501	Community and psychological well-being	psychological well-being, quality of life, meaning and purpose, self-esteem and positive behaviors are strongly related to having a sense of belongingness, connection, and identification with something larger than oneself
79066502	Communities and community psychology	the development and maintenance of communities and connection to communities are keystone values of community psychology
79066503	Sense of community	connection to a larger whole characterized by sharing an emotional bond or common condition; a feeling of belonging, identification, and security in relationship to a larger group; a sense of being "in this together", that others "have my back"
79066504	Sarason psychological sense of community	perception of similarity, acknowledgment of interdependence; feeling of being part of a larger dependable, stable structure; willingness to give to others
79066505	McMillan and Chavis psychological sense of community	feeling of belonging; feeling that members matter to one another and to the group; shared faith that members needs will be met through commitment to be together; PSOC increases the quality of life; what constitutes sense of community may vary in different contexts and cultures
79066506	Four major elements of psychological sense of community	mcmillan and chavis; membership, influence, integration and fulfillment of needs, shared emotional connection
79068204	PSOC elements: membership	sense of having invested part of oneself in the community; feeling of belonging and acceptance; five attributes: boundaries, common symbols, emotional safety, personal investment, sense of belonging/identification with community
79068205	Membership: boundaries	criteria for defining members and nonmembers (qualities, goals, territory); may be clear and explicit or vague and obscure
79068206	Membership: common symbol system	observable and identifiable markers of belonging (logos, mascot, sayings, colors, flags, anthems, clothing)
79068207	Membership: emotional safety	sense of security and comfort; a feeling of acceptance by others; one can be themselves and share that with others
79068208	Membership: personal investment	demonstration of long-term commitment to the community; willingess to "pay dues" for membership (time, money, risk-taking, personal sacrifices)
79068209	Membership: sense of belonging and identification	strong feeling of connection; relationship with the community is a central part of one's personal identitfy
79068210	PSOC elements: influence	reflects vertical relations; the mutual influence of the group and individual (individuals influence the group and can exert power within the group; the group influences teh behavior and thinking of individual - group dynamics can exert power on individuals within the group)
79068211	PSOC elements: integration and fulfillment of needs	reflects horizontal relations; connections through deeper shared values and ideals (communities involvement facilitates the realization and living of these values); needs and goals are met through community involvement; access to resources through community involvement
79068212	PSOC elements: shared emotional connection	the definitive element for true community; a strong bone that is felt and experienced; the strenght of the bond emerges from positive contact, shared history and experiences, shared crises, celebrations, rituals, stories; some experience it as spiritual
79068213	PSOC: issues and complications	multiple communities, intra-community issues, external relationships and dangers of strenghtening PSOC
79072910	Issues and complications: Multiple communities	can enrich identity and increase quality of life; can also compete for time and energy; conflicting commitments require one to choose or prioritize one community over another
79072911	Issues and complications: intra-community issues	myth of "we"; macrobelonging and microbelonging; subcommunities (can provide identity niche, change efforts often start here, can create conflict)
79072912	Myth of "we"	an emphasis on the similarities without attending to the differences in a community; romanticizing the psychological sense of community, without recognizing diversity within a community
79072913	Macrobelonging	the community's overall shared sense of community
79072914	Microbelongings	the diverse other identities or connections that members of a community have
79072915	External relationships and dangers of strengthening PSOC	victimization and exclusion of outsiders to maintain status or privilege; defining community by sense of superiority vs sense of connection; can increase conflict between communities; implcations for intergroup relations and "isms"
79072916	The "just community"	concept of community that incorporates issues of justice and equality; memebers seek to balance community values, individual freedoms, and social justice (concern for diverse subcommunities and individual members, relationships with othe communities)
79072917	Sense of community and exclusionary practices	delicate balance between building a strong sense of community and not promoting exclusionary or oppressive behavior
79072918	Dominant cultural narratives	are familiar to most people in a culture and are communitcated through media, books, and shared rituals; they convey values prized by the culture or at least by its most powerful members
79072919	Community narratives	are told within smaller communities and may follow or resist dominant cultural narratives
79072920	Personal stories	are individual's unique accounts, created to make sense of their own lives; often draw on shared cultural or community naritives to find meaning
79074658	10 Elements of a competent community	Cottrell and Iscoe; commitment, self-other awareness, articulateness, communication, conflict containment and accomodation, participation in decision-making, management of relations with larger society, utilization of resources, socialization for leadership, evaluation
79074659	Commitment	individuals are motivated to engage in shared community work; community and individuals influence each other
79074660	Self-other awareness	members clearly understand their own and their subgroup's interests and views along with those of other members and subgroups
79074661	Articulateness	members have the ability to state clearly their or their subgroup's views and interests
79074662	Communication	ideas and terms with a shared meaning are used to communicate within the community; these are based on understanding multiple perspectives within teh group and lead to genuine collaboration among members and subgroups
79074663	Conflict containment and accommodation	a set of agreed-upon procedures exists to recongize and manage conflicts within teh community
79074664	Participation in decision making	a set of agreed-upon procedures enables members to participate actively in community goal setting, decision making and implementing of plans
79074665	Management of relations with larger society	the community identifies and uses external resources and responds to external demands or threats
79074666	Utilization of resources	the community makes the best use of resources and skills among community members and those acquired externally
79074667	Socialization for leadership	work is conducted so that citizens learn skills for participation, leadership, and exercising pwoer and responsibility; this includes transferring power wile managing conflicts
79074668	Evaluation	action research is conducted on community issues, and effectiveness of programs and policies is evaluated, with use of feedback for improvement
79075341	Related concepts to sense of communigy	narratives, neighboring, place attachment, citizen participation, social support, social capital
79075342	Neighboring	specific behaviors such as personal interaction and assistance among neighbors
79075343	Place attachment	refers to emotional bonding to a particular physical environment and usually to the social ties one has there
79075344	Citizen participation	collective action; sense of community is a strong predictor of citizen participation in neighborhood association; however, citizens may participate in community decisions even if they do not share a strong positive sense of community
79075345	Social support	sources of help in coping with stress
79075346	Social capital	social networks and connections among individuals that form a network of reciprocal social relations; mutuality and trustworthiness and central dynamics
79093735	Putnam's contributions	"Bowling alone"; documented shifts in forms of community involvement; formal and informal types of social capital; concern over erosion of connections and mutual understanding within and between communities (bonding and bridging); strength of social capital is related to various indicators of community health and well being (child health, educational achievement, lower murder rates, lower rates of disease)
79093736	Bonding	creating and maintaining strong emotional ties within groups and communities
79093737	Bridging	creating and maintaining links across groups and communities; strength of weak ties - mutual interests, collaboration; bridging social capital is weakening in the US
79093738	Neighborhood social capital	sense of community, neighboring, citizen participation, sense of collective efficacy
79093739	Strength of weak ties	relationships between persons who are not close friends but acquainted sufficiently to recognize mutual interests, pass on information about the community, and act together when needed
79093740	Religion	a set of beliefs and practices associated with a particular organization or institution; emphasizes relationality
79093741	Spirituality	beliefs and practices associated with a personally meaningful sense of transcendence beyond oneself and one's immediate world which may include a personal connection to a transcendent power; emphasizes relationality
79093742	Spiritual communities	religious or spiritual or faith-based institutions, organizations, or settings; vary in their focus, belief system, function, action-oriented (eg personal salvation, broad spiritual growth, community bonding, social service ministries, calls for social justice)
79093743	Five functions of spiritual communities	1. connection, belonging, and sense of community (mcmillian and chavis 4 elements of PSOC), 2. community service, 3. meaning and understanding, 4. relevance to opprossed group, 5. can challenge forces in mainstream culture (ex civil rights movement)
79093744	Spiritual communities and community service	concern and assistance for others
79093745	Spiritual communities and meaning/understanding	understand one's purpose, guides for living, solace in the face of suffering and life crises
79093746	Spiritual communities and relevance to oppressed groups	provide resources and empowerment
79093747	Maton and Wells	religion as a community resoruce (healing, prevention, empowerment)
79093748	Religion and healing	maton and wells; can soothe and give meaning to stressfull circumstances and life experiences
79093749	Religion and prevention	maton and wells; can provide support and access to resources
79093750	Religion and empowerment	maton and wells; can provide setting to organize and mobilize people
79093751	Negative aspects of religion	(maton and wells) guilt and anxiety, disempowerment and control, oppression, bureaucracy

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Community Psychology Flashcards

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476047140	What is Community Psychology?	- emphasizing role of environment in creating and alleviating. -- focus on developing resources and strengths of individual and community. -- not practiced in clinics - practiced in field of interest
476047141	What "causes" problems	- problems develop due to interaction between social setting, environment and organizations you belong to. -emphasis on prevention of problems rather than treatment of existing problems
476047142	1955 History	Joint commission of mental heath and illness - encouraged development of community mental health concept -urged reduction in population of mental hospitals
476047143	1963 History	President Kennedy calls for "bold new approach" to prevent mental disorders. Kennedy bill pays for construction of community mental health centers.
476047144	Issues that catalyzed emergence of community psychology?	-treatment facilities -personnel shortage -doubt about effective of psychotherapy -medical models --awareness of environmental factors -politics concept of empowerment
476047145	Deinstitutionalization movement?	- started to prevent the negative effects for many patients of being confined to a mental hospital for long periods. - started to lower health care costs - plan was to open community mental heath centers like jails and prisons
476047146	Problems with deinstituionalization and homelessness?	-insufficient development of community based services to provide outpatient care. -increase in homelessness -increase in street crime - increase in death rate among homeless
476047147	Problems with deinstituionalization and Prisons/Jails?	- increase in # of mentally ill in prison - twice as likely to have been homeless prior -mentally ill tend to have more incarcerations
476047148	Ecological Levels of Analysis	- Individuals (interdependent with society) - Micro systems (Relationships) -Organizations (schools, churches, corporations) -Localities (Geographic areas of multiple micro systems) - Macro systems ( Societies, cultures, government institutions beyond local community
476047149	Primary Concept of Prevention	-counter act harmful circumstances before they produce illness. -reduce job discrimination -improve housing -teach parenting skills -genetic counseling -Head Start - Meals on Wheels -School Lunch etc
476047150	Secondary Concept of Prevention	Early identification of mental heath problems -early detection and treatment of drinking problems, mass screening
476047151	Tertiary Concept of Prevention	reduce duration and negative effects of mental disorders after occurrence. -counseling -job training
476047152	Universal Interventions	Tasks: -altering conditions that cause or contribute to mental disorders (risk factors) -establishing conditions that foster positive mental health (protective factors) Include -Biological Measures -Psychosocial Measures -Sociocultural Measures
476047153	Selective Interventions	- Aimed at a specific subgroup of the population considered at risk for developing mental health problems strategies -education programs -intervention programs for high-risk teens -parental education and family-based intervention programs -peer group influence programs -mass media modeling programs -combined prevention programs
476047154	Indicated Interventions	-emphasizes early detection and reason for maladaptive behavior in a persons family and community setting -provides immediate brief intervention to prevent long-term behavioral consequences.
476047155	Methods of Intervention	- Consultation (client vs. consulted-centered) - Community Alternatives (halfway houses, partial day programs) - Early childhood intervention (head start programs) -Self-Help Programs ( AA, Al-Anon, La Leche) -Paraprofessionals (use of laypersons as therapists)
476047156	Training of community Psychologists	- yet to develop an adequate or identifiable theoretical framework -should have solid background in relevant discipline - should have training in: -design of interventions -empirical evaluations of interventions - cultural competence -practicum or internship required

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Ch 14. Looking Ahead Flashcards

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314914652	Seize the Day	- applying community psychology concepts and action skills to today's social and community problems - taking advantage of opportunities for learning: community events, processes, and resources -building partnerships with persons that you do not know but have a common experience
314914653	Taking a long view	- recognizing the ongoing, dynamic nature of social and community change -social change occurs all around us everyday
314914654	Qualities for a Community Psychologist- A Clearly Identified Competence	- must demonstrate skills useful to a community- whether as a participatory research, program evaluator etc; must be taught as sharing a resource not being an expert
314914655	Qualities for a Community Psychologist- Creating an Eco-Identity	- immersing oneself in a community, identifying with it, and caring about it - emotional engagement with a community supports enduring commitment, deeper understanding, and respecting its members' choices
314914656	Qualities for a Community Psychologist-Tolerance for Diversity	- goes beyond passive tolerance to understanding and embracing diversity - relating to people who may be very different from oneself and understanding how those differences are resources for the community
314914657	Qualities for a Community Psychologist-Coping effectively with Varied Resources	-identify hidden skills, knowledge, and other resources and draw on them while working together - involves stepping out of the professional-expert role to collaborate with citizens as true partners, respecting their skills and insights
314914658	Qualities for a Community Psychologist- A Commitment to Risk Taking	- being an advocate for real cause or person, seeking positive community change - involves taking up sides with marginal, unpopular, low-status persons or groups against powerful interests - may involve risking failure; not impulsive, careful expression of one's values for the community
314914659	Qualities for a Community Psychologist-Metabolic Balance of Patience and Zeal	- be passionate about the values and goals of one's work but be patient with the time required for community change - when to speak out, when to be silent - supportive relationships with people who promote learning about the community - awareness of emotions involved in community work
314914660	Qualities for a Community Psychologist- Giving away the Byline	-Seeking or basking in personal recognition interferes with the long-term pursuit of strengthening community resources, working with community partners, an accomplishing positive change

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Group, Family, and Community Therapy Flashcards

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270126950	Key Factors in Group Therapy	1. Hope 2. Universality 3. Information 4. Social Support 5. Development of Social Skills 6. Interpersonal Learning 7. Group Comprehensiveness
270126951	Traditional Groups vs. Peer Self-Help Groups	Peer self-help groups (e.g. AA) work to resolve problems without the assistance of a mental health professional; in order to be a member, on emus have the problem
270126952	Family Therapies	Strategic (focus is on changing communication patterns) versus structural therapy (focus is on changing family values)
270126953	Marital Therapy	focuses on changing maladaptive interaction patterns between couples (e.g. "caring days", decreasing maladaptive cognitions); importance of mutual involvement in treatment.
270126954	Primary Prevention	preventing mental disorders from developing in the first place 1. create environments that are conductive to mental health 2. make individuals strong enough to avoid risk factors 3. teach skills to people that allow them to cope with risk factors 4. designed to impact on entire population
270126955	Secondary Prevention	focuses on reducing risk for mental disorder in individuals who are most likely to develop that disorder 1. high risk populations must be identified 2. an intervention is applied 3. universal, selective, and indicative preventative interventions 4. mental health promotion can be thought of as enhancement of individuals well-being
270126956	Tertiary Prevention	focuses on facilitating the readjustment of the individual to community life after hospital treatment for a mental disorder
270126957	Mental health is not just the absence of mental illness	1. mentally healthy person functions well physically, socially, and spiritually 2. purpose of mental health promotion is to enhance competence, self-esteem, resilience, and sense of well-being rather than to prevent mental disorder
270126958	Efficacy of these programs is unknown	1. many aspects of these programs do not fall into category of prevention 2. some programs may be harmful

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Ch 2. The Development and Practice of Community Psychology Flashcards

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314696322	Linking science	Community psych looks for r/s across micro to macro levels of analysis to better understand influences on an individuals health
314696323	Individualistic Practice	-Professional psychology focuses primarily on indvs - environments seldom receive scrutiny - focus inward to find new ways of living -overlooks other sources for recovery
314696324	Preventative Perspectives on Problems in Living	- influenced by the concepts of the discipline of public health - prevention rather than treatment
314696325	Reforms in Mental Health Systems	-
314696326	Group Dynamics and Action Research	-
314696327	Swampscott Conference	- May 1965 - Recognized community Psych as a new field
314696328	Levine and Levine	- In times that are socially and politically more progressive, human problems will be conceptualized in environmental terms (e.g. community or societal) - More conservative, emphasis on indv causes.
314696329	Blaming the Victim	- critique of individualistic thinking about social problems - When we assume that such problems as poverty, drug abuse, educational failure, crime, or unemployment are caused by deficits within individuals, we ignore such larger macrosystem factors as economic conditions, discrimination, lack of access to healthcare; -
314696330	Fair Play	- definition of equality seeks to assure rules of fairness in competition for economic, educational, or social advancement
314696331	Fair Shares	- focuses on fairness of procedure but is also concerned with minimizing extreme inequalities of outcome. - limiting accumulation of wealth so everyone has some minimum level of economic security
314696332	Bottom-Up Approach to Social Change	-originate at the "grass-roots" among citizens rather than among professionals or the powerful - reflect attempts by ordinary people to assert control over their everyday lives -reflect ideas and experiences of people most affected bya community or social problem
314696333	Top-Down Approach to Social Change	-designed by professionals, community leaders, or similar elites - may be well intentioned and grounded in research findings but also inevitably reflect the life experiences, worldviews, and interests of the powerful and preserve existing power structures -overlook strengths of a community
314696334	Divergent Reasoning	- identifying multiple truths in the opposing perspectives; recognizing that conflicting viewpoints may usefully coexist; and resisting easy answers - "both/and" not "either/or" -promote dialogue that respects both positions - question status quo -requires humility
314696335	Community Psychologists	- practice in wide array of settings: nonprofit, government, education, private. - consultants, program developers, policy specialists, community organizers

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Ch 1. Introducing Community Psychology Flashcards

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314663451	Problem Definition	Assumptions we make about a problem define how we approach and try to solve it.
314663452	Prevention/Promotion Programs	Reduce likelihood of problems by strengthening protective factors and reducing risk factors in individuals, families, schools, organizations, and communities.
314663453	Consultation	Focuses on roles, decision making, communication, and conflict in organizations to promote employee job satisfaction or effectiveness of human services, social change organizations, or schools
314663454	Alternative Settings	Put in place when traditional services do not meet the needs of some populations.
314663455	Community Organizing	At grassroots levels helps citizens organize to identify local issues and decide how to address them.
314663456	Community Coalitions	bring together citizens and community institutions to address a community problem together (part of comm organizing.)
314663457	Participatory Research	Community researchers and citizens collaborate to provide useful information for action on community issues
314663458	Program Evaluation	helps to determine whether community programs effectively attain their goals and how they can be improved
314663459	Policy Research and Advocacy	includes research on community and social issues, efforts to inform decision makers about courses for action and evaluation of the effects of social policies.
314663460	Context Minimization Error	- ignoring or discounting the importance of contexts in an individual's life. - Leads to psych theories and research findings that are flawed or only hold true in limited circumstances. - Can lead to therapy interventions or social programs that fail because they reform without understanding or altering context within idvs live.
314663461	Context	the encapsulating environments within which an individual lives. - influence our lives as much as individual characteristics do -
314663462	Fundamental Attribution Error	- the tendency of observers watching an actor to overestimate the importance of the actor's individual characteristics and underestimate the importance of situational factors. - trip on sidewalk: person drinking? not, sidewalk flawed?
314663463	Persons and Contexts Influence Each Other	- Persons influence context when citizen efforts lead to improved police coverage.
314663464	Community Psychology	- concerns the relationships of individuals with communities and societies. By integrating research with action, it seeks to understand and enhance quality of life for individuals, communities, and societies.
314663465	Participant-Conceptualizer	- actively involved in community processes while also attempting to understand and explain them.
314663466	First Order Change	- alters, rearranges, or replaces the individual members of a group; potentially resolving some aspects of a problem - help individuals but problems persist because you do not address the larger picture
314663467	Social Disorganization Theory	The theory that attributes increases in crime and deviance to the absence or breakdown of communal relationships and social institutions, such as the family, school, church, and local government
314663468	Second-Order Change	- Changing relationships, shared goals, roles, rules, and power relationships - Analysis of the problem taking into account these relationships and how they're contributing to the problem, not specific interventions.
314663469	Limits of Second-Order Change	- Problem resolution = a process - New problems, challenges created with resolutions
314663470	Ecological Levels of analysis	- clarifies the differing values, goals, and strategies for intervention associated with each level of analysis - interaction between systems - clarify how single problems have multiple causes
314663471	Proximal Systems	- closest to the individual and involving the most face-to-face contact
314663472	Distal Systems	- less immediate to the person yet having broad efects
314663473	Bronfenbenner (1979)	- Russian nesting doll - each individual exists within layers of contexts -Proximal systems are nested within broader more distal systems - Does NOT account for relationships among levels
314663474	Individuals	- each person is involved in systems at multiple ecological levels - influences environments and relationships, they influence the indv.
314663475	Microsystems	- environments in which the person repeatedly engages in direct, personal interaction with others; ie classrooms, friendship networks, families -indvs form interpersonal relationships, assume social roles, and share activities -social units with own dynamics -members have roles, differential power in making decisions -important sources of support, but also conflict
314663476	Setting	- not simply a physical place but an enduring set of relationships among individuals that may be associated with one or several places - ie coffee shops, changing place, for a meeting; still the 'setting' diff place
314663477	Organizations	- larger than microsystems and have formal structure: title, mission, bylaws, meetings, etc - important forms of community in that they affect who people associate with, resources available, etc - schools, health care -often consist of smaller microsystems -not sum of parts, dynamics of whole organization and informal 'culture' important - can be part of larger social units
314663478	Localities	- have governments, local economies, media, systems of social, educational, and health services - sets of organizations or microsystems. -indv participate in locality through smaller groups; cannot influence alone
314663479	Macrosystems	-largest level of analysis in system - societies, cultures, political parties, social movements, corporations - exercise influence through promoting ideologies and social norms - form contexts within which the other levels function; ie economic climate
314663480	Population	- defined by a broadly shared characteristic; ie gender, race, ethnicity, nationality
314663481	Mediating structures	- Peter Berger, John Neuhaus - settings that can assist individuals coping with society's stressors - schools, mutual help groups
314663482	Error of Logical Typing	- taking action at the wrong level of analysis eg taking individual approach to reduce homelessness
314663483	Individual and Family Wellness	-1/7. - strengthening families can promote indv wellness - places in ecological context
314663484	Wellness	- physical and psych health, including personal well-being and attainment of personal goals - indicators: psych distress, social-emotional skills, personal well-being, life satisdaction
314663485	Collective Wellness	- health of communities and societies
314663486	Sense of Community	-2/7 -perceptions of belongingness, interdependence, and mutual commitment that links individuals in a collective unity - balances the value of indv/family wellness - not always positive, in/out
314663487	Respect for Human Diversity	-3/7 - recognizes and honors the variety of communities and social identities based on gender, ethnic or racial identity, nationality etc. - Persons/comm diverse, defy generalizations, must be understood on own terms - Psychs must understand the traditions of culture/distinct community, appreciate strengths resources, and adapt research methods
314663488	Social Justice	- 4/7 - the fair, equitable allocation of resources, opportunities, obligations, and power in society as a whole - most concerned with advocacy and changes in public attitude
314663489	Distributive Justice	- allocation of resources among members of a population - outcomes of a program or social policy
314663490	Procedural Justice	- concerns whether processes of collective decision making include a fair representation of citizens; - how things are planned
314663491	Empowerment and Citizen Participation	- 5/7 - empowerment is aimed toward enhancing the possibilities for people to control their own lives - a process that works across multiple levels; gaining access to resources and exercising power - emphasizes democratic processes of making decisions that allow all member of a community to have meaningful involvement - must be balanced with values of sense of community, social justice, and respect for diversity
314663492	Collaboration and Community Strengths	-6/7 - making community strengths available - comm psychs search for personal and community strengths and promote change; add to structures existing in a community - collaboration best pursued where psychologist and community share common values
314663493	Empirical Grounding	-7/7 - integrating research with community action, basing action in empirical research findings whenever possible - uses research to make community action more effective and makes research more valid for understanding communities

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Econ 102 - Macroeconomics; unit 1 Flashcards

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206591677	Economics	The study of how people use their scarce resources to satisfy their unlimited wants
206591678	Resources	The inputs, or factors of production, used to produce the goods and services that people want; resources consist of labor, capital, natural resources, and entrepreneurial ability
206591679	Labor	The physical and mental effort used to produce goods and services
206591680	Capital	The buildings, equipment, and human skills used to produce goods and services
206591681	Natural resources	All gifts of nature used to produce goods and services; includes renewable and exhaustible resources
206591682	Entrepreneurial ability	The imagination required to develop a new product or process, the skill needed to organize production, and the willingness to take the risk of profit or loss
206591683	Entrepreneur	A profit-seeking decision maker who starts with an idea, organizes an enterprise to bring that idea to life, and assumes the risk of the operation
206591684	Wages	Payment to resource owners for their labor
206591685	Interest	Payment to resource owners for the use of their capital
206591686	Rent	Payment to resource owners for the use of their natural resources
206591687	Profit	Reward for entrepreneurial ability; sales revenue minus resource cost
206591688	Good	A tangible product used to satisfy human wants
206591689	Service	An activity, or intangible product, used to satisfy human wants
206591690	Scarcity	Occurs when the amount people desire exceeds the amount available at a zero price
206591691	Market	A set of arrangements by which buyers and sellers carry out exchange at mutually agreeable terms
206591692	Product market	A market in which a good or service is bought and sold
206591693	Resource market	A market in which a resource is bought and sold
206591694	Circular-flow model	A diagram that traces the flow of resources, products, income, and revenue among economic decision makers
206591695	Rational self-interest	Each individual tries to maximize the expected benefit achieved with a given cost or to minimize the expected cost of achieving a given benefit
206591696	Marginal	Incremental, additional, or extra; used to describe a change in an economic variable
206591697	Microeconomics	The study of the economic behavior in particular markets, such as that for computers or unskilled labor
206591698	Macroeconomics	The study of the economic behavior of entire economies, as measured, for example, by total production and employment
206591699	Economic fluctuations	The rise and fall of economic activity relative to the long-term growth trend of the economy; also called business cycles
206591700	Economic theory, or economic model	A simplification of reality used to make predictions about cause and effect in the real world
206591701	Variable	A measure, such as price or quantity, that can take on different values at different times
206591702	Other-things-constant assumption	The assumption, when focusing on the relation among key economic variables, that other variables remain unchanged; in Latin, ceteris paribus
206591703	Behavioral assumption	An assumption that describes the expected behavior of economic decision makers, what motivates them
206591704	Hypothesis	A theory about how key variables relate
206591705	Positive economic statement	A statement that can be proved or disproved by reference to facts
206591706	Normative economic statement	A statement that reflects an opinion, which cannot be proved or disproved by reference to the facts
206591707	Association-is-causality fallacy	The incorrect idea that if two variables are associated in time, one must necessarily cause the other
206591708	Fallacy of composition	The incorrect belief that what is true for the individual, or part, must necessarily be true for the group, or the whole
206591709	Secondary effects	Unintended consequences of economic actions that may develop slowly over time as people react to events
206591710	Opportunity cost	The value of the best alternative forgone when an item or activity is chosen
206591711	Sunk cost	A cost that has already been incurred, cannot be recovered, and thus is irrelevant for present and future economic decisions
206591712	Law of comparative advantage	The individual, firm, region, or country with the lowest opportunity cost of producing a particular good should specialize in that good
206591713	Absolute advantage	The ability to make something using fewer resources than other producers use
206591714	Comparative advantage	The ability to make something at a lower opportunity cost than other producers face
206591715	Barter	The direct exchange of one product for another without using money
206591716	Division of labor	Breaking down the production of a good into separate tasks
206591717	Specialization of labor	Focusing work effort on a particular product or a single task
206591718	Production possibilities frontier (PPF)	A curve showing alternative combinations of goods that can be produced when available resources are used efficiently; a boundary line between inefficient and unattainable combinations
206591719	Efficiency	The condition that exists when there is no way resources can be reallocated to increase the production of one good without decreasing the production of another; getting the most from available resources
206591720	Law of increasing opportunity cost	To produce more of one good, a successively larger amount of the other good must be sacrificed
206591721	Economic growth	An increase in the economy's ability to produce goods and services; reflected by an outward shift of the economy's production possibilities frontier
206591722	Economic system	The set of mechanisms and institutions that resolve the what, how, and for whom questions
206591723	Pure capitalism	An economic system characterized by the private ownership of resources and the use of prices to coordinate economic activity in unregulated markets
206591724	Private property rights	An owner's right to use, rent, or sell resources or property
206591725	Pure command system	An economic system characterized by the public ownership of resources and centralized planning
206591726	Mixed system	An economic system characterized by the private ownership of some resources and the public ownership of other resources; some markets are regulated by government
206591727	Utility	The satisfaction received from consumption; sense of well-being
206591728	Transfer payments	Cash or in-kind benefits given to individuals as outright grants from the government
206591729	Industrial Revolution	Development of large-scale factory production that began in Great Britain around 1750 and spread to the rest of Europe, North America, and Australia
206591730	Firms	Economic units formed by profit-seeking entrepreneurs who employ resources to produce goods and services for sale
206591731	Sole proprietorship	A firm with a single owner who has the right to all profits but who also bears unlimited liability for the firm's losses and debts
206591732	Partnership	A firm with multiple owners who share the profits and bear unlimited liability for the firm's losses and debts
206591733	Corporation	A legal entity owned by stockholders whose liability is limited to the value of their stock ownership
206591734	Cooperative	An organization consisting of people who pool their resources to buy and sell more efficiently than they could individually
206591735	Not-for-profit organizations	Groups that do not pursue profit as a goal; they engage in charitable, educational, humanitarian, cultural, professional, or other activities, often with a social purpose
206591736	Information Revolution	Technological change spawned by the microchip and the Internet that enhanced the acquisition, analysis, and transmission of information
206591737	Market failure	A condition that arises when the unregulated operation of markets yields socially undesirable results
206591738	Monopoly	A sole supplier of a product with no close substitutes
206591739	Natural monopoly	One firm that can supply the entire market at a lower per-unit cost than could two or more firms
206591740	Private good	A good, such as pizza, that is both rival in consumption and exclusive
206591741	Public good	A good that, once produced, is available for all to consume, regardless of who pays and who doesn't; such a good is nonrival and nonexclusive, such as a safer community
206591742	Externality	A cost or a benefit that affects neither the buyer or the seller, but instead affects people not involved in the market transaction
206591743	Fiscal policy	The use of government purchases, transfer payments, taxes, and borrowing to influence economy-wide variables such as inflation, employment, and economic growth
206591744	Monetary policy	Regulation of the money supply to influence economy-wide variables such as inflation, employment, and economic growth
206591745	Ability-to-pay tax principle	Those with a greater ability to pay, such as those earning higher incomes or those owning more property, should pay more taxes
206591746	Benefits-received tax principle	Those who get more benefits from the government programs should pay more taxes
206591747	Tax incidence	The distribution of tax burden among taxpayers; who ultimately pays the tax
206591748	Proportional taxation	The tax as a percentage of income remains constant as income increases; also called a flat tax
206591749	Progressive taxation	The tax as a percentage of income increases as income increases
206591750	Marginal tax rate	The percentage of each additional dollar of income that goes to the tax
206591751	Regressive taxation	The tax as a percentage of income decreases as income increases
206591752	Merchandise trade balance	The value during a given period of a country's exported goods minus the value of its imported goods
206591753	Balance of payments	A record of all economic transactions during a given period between residents of one country and residents of the rest of the world
206591754	Foreign exchange	Foreign money needed to carry out international transactions
206591755	Tariff	A tax on imports
206591756	Quota	A legal limit on the quantity of a particular product that can be imported or exported
206591757	Demand	A relation between the price of a good and the quantity that consumers are willing and able to buy per period, other things constant
206591758	Law of demand	The quantity of a good that consumers are willing and able to buy per period relates inversely, or negatively, to the price, other things constant
206591759	Substitution effect of a price change	When the price of a good falls, that good becomes cheaper compared to other goods so consumers tend to substitute that good for other goods
206591760	Money income	The number of dollars a person receives per period, such as $400 a week
206591761	Real income	Income measured in terms of the goods and services it can buy; real income changes when the price changes
206591762	Income effect of a price change	A fall in the price of a good increases consumers' real income, making consumers more able to purchase goods; for a normal good, the quantity demanded increases
206591763	Demand curve	A curve showing the relation between the price of a good and the quantity consumers are willing and able to buy per period, other things constant
206591764	Quantity demanded	The amount of a good consumers are willing and able to buy per period at a particular price, as reflected by a point on the demand curve
206591765	Individual demand	The relation between the price of a good and the quantity purchased by an individual consumer per period, other things constant
206591766	Market demand	The relation between the price of a good and the quantity purchased by all consumers in the market during a given period, other things constant; sum of the individual demands in the market
206591767	Normal good	A good, such as new clothes, for which demand increases, or shifts rightward, as consumer income rises
206591768	Inferior good	A good, such as used clothes, for which demand decreases, or shifts leftward, as consumer income rises
206591769	Substitutes	Goods, such as Coke and Pepsi, that relate in such a way that an increase in one shifts the demand for the other rightward
206591770	Complements	Goods, such as milk and cookies, that relate in such a way that an increase in the price of one shifts the demand for the other leftward
206591771	Tastes	Consumer preferences; likes and dislikes in consumption; assumed to remain constant along a given demand curve
206591772	Movement along a demand curve	Change in quantity demanded resulting from a change in the price of the good, other things constant
206591773	Shift of a demand curve	Movement of a demand curve right or left resulting from a change in one of the determinants of demand other than the price of the good
206591774	Supply	A relation between the price of a good and the quantity that producers are willing and able to sell per period, other things constant
206591775	Law of supply	The amount of a good that producers are willing and able to sell per period is usually directly related to its price, other things constant
206591776	Supply curve	A curve showing the relation between price of a good and the quantity producers are willing and able to sell per period other things constant
206591777	Quantity supplied	The amount offered for sale per period at a particular price, as reflected by a point on a given supply curve
206591778	Individual supply	The relation between the price of a good and the quantity an individual producer is willing and able to sell per period, other things constant
206591779	Market supply	The relation between the price of a good and the quantity all producers are willing and able to sell per period, other things constant
206591780	Movement along a supply curve	Change in quantity supplied resulting from a change in the price of the good, other things constant
206591781	Shift of a supply curve	Movement of a supply curve left or right resulting from a change in one of the determinants of supply other than the price of the good
206591782	Transaction costs	The costs of time and information required to carry out market exchange
206591783	Surplus	At a given price, the amount by which quantity supplied exceeds quantity demanded; a surplus usually forces the price down
206591784	Shortage	At a given price, the amount by which quantity demanded exceeds quantity supplied; a shortage usually forces the price up
206591785	Equilibrium	The condition that exists in a market when the plans of buyers match those of sellers, so quantity demanded equals quantity supplied and the market clears
206591786	Disequilibrium	The condition that exists in a market when the plans of buyers do not match those of sellers; a temporary mismatch between quantity supplied and quantity demanded as the market seeks equilibrium
206591787	Price floor	A minimum legal price below which a product cannot be sold; to have an impact, a price floor must be set above the equilibrium price
206591788	Price ceiling	A maximum legal price above which a product cannot be sold; to have an impact, a price ceiling must be set below the equilibrium price

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Chapter 4: The Market System Flashcards

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126393591	Intellectual Property	Patents, Copyrights, and Trademarks.
126393592	Freedom of Enterprise	Guarantees individuals the right to use economic resources to produce their own choice of goods and services.
126393593	Freedom of Choice	allows individuals and businesses to sell or give their property to whomever they choose, and for buyers to buy what they want and can afford.
126393594	Competition	Includes in independent sellers and buyers acting with Rational Self Interest, and freedom of sellers and buyers to enter and leave markets at will with no barriers.
126393595	Monopoly	Sole control over a single product or market.
126393596	Specialization	Producers will produce only those goods which the seller is most efficiently producing. For example: Ford will not sell hamburgers.
126393597	Division of Labor	Human specialization: Allows for individuals to make use of talents and abilities, takes practice, saves time, increases total output and uses resources most efficiently.
126393598	Medium of Exchange	Money: It makes trade easier.
126393599	Bartering	Trading goods for other goods. Inefficient because it requires a coincidence of wants.
126393600	Fundamental Questions	What will be produced? How will goods and services be produced? Who will get the goods and services? How will the system accommodate change?
126393601	Normal Profit	Payment for cost of entrepreneurial ability.
126393602	Economic Profit	Pure profit. Over normal profit. Money left over after paying for FOP.
126393603	Expanding Industries	Profitable industries. More sellers want to get in on the action.
126393604	Shrinking Industries	Typically sustain negative profit.
126393605	Dollar Votes	Consumers effectively "vote" for the existence of a product when they spend money on it.
126393606	Consumer Sovereignty	Consumer Dollar Vote, and so have control over the success and availability of a product.
126393607	Derived Demand	Demand for resources. Closely linked to the demand for the finished product.
126393608	Guiding Principle of Prices	High prices guide resources to the appropriate industries.
126393609	Creative Destruction	A firm that lags behind others with more efficient techniques loses competitive ground.

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