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Ch. 1 - Atoms, Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures

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12990163elementmatter made of atoms of only one kind
12990164electronsnegatively charged particles in an atom
12990165protonpositively charged particles in an atom
12990166neutronneutrally charged particle in an atom
12990167electron cloudregion surrounding the nucleus that contains the electrons
12990168atomic numberthe number of protons in the nucleus of each atom of that element
12990169isotopesatoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons
12990170mass numbernumber of protons plus the number of neutrons in an atom
12990171atomic massweighted average mass of the isotopes of an element
12990172metalsgenerally have a shiny or metallic luster and are good conductors of heat and electricity
12990173nonmetalsusually dull in appearance and most are poor conductors of heat and electricity
12990174metalloidselements with characteristics of metals and nonmetals
12990175substancematter that has the same composition and properties throughout
12990176compoundsubstance whose smallest unit is made up of atoms of more than one element bonded together
12990177mixturewhen two or more substances come together but don't combine to make a new substance
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AP MacroEcon Ch. 1

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197958469economicsthe social science dealing with the use of scarce resources to obtain the maximum satisfaction of society's virtually unlimited economic wants.
197958470economic perspectivea viewpoint that envisions individuals and institutions making rational decisions by comparing the marginal benefits and marginal costs associated with their actions
197958471utilitythe want-satisfying power of a good or service; the satisfaction or pleasure a consumer obtains from the consumption of a good or service (or from the consumption of a collection of goods and services).
197958472marginal analysisthe comparison of marginal ("extra" or "additional") benefits and marginal costs, usually for decision making.
197958473scientific methodthe procedure for the systematic pursuit of knowledge involving the observation of facts and the formulation and testing of hypotheses to obtain theories, principles, and laws.
197958474theoretical economicsthe process of deriving and applying economic theories and principles.
197958475principlesa fundamental, primary, or general law or truth from which others are derived.
197958476generalizationsstatement of the nature of the relationship between two or more sets of facts.
197958477other-things-equal assumptionthe assumption that factors other than those being considered are held constant.
197958478policy economicsthe formulation of courses of action to bring about desired economic outcomes or to prevent undesired occurrences.
197958479tradeoffsthe sacrifice of some or all of one economic goal, good, or service to achieve some other goal, good, or service.
197958480macroeconomicsthe part of economics concerned with the economy as a whole; with such major aggregates as the house-hold, business, and government sectors; and with measures of the total economy.
197958481aggregatethe combining of individual units or data into one unit or number.
197958482microeconomicsthe part of economics concerned with such individual units as industries, firm, and households and with individual markets, specific goods and services, and product and resource prices.
197958483positive economicsthe formulation of courses of action to bring about desired economic outcomes or to prevent undesired occurrences.
197958484normative economicsthe part of economics involving value judgments about what the economy should be like; focused on which economic goals and policies should be implemented; policy economics.
197958485fallacy of compositionthe false notion that what is true for the individual (or part) is necessarily true for the group (or whole).
197958486"after this, therefore because of this," fallacythe false belief that when one event precedes another, the first event must have caused the second event.
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AP MacroEcon Ch. 1

Terms : Hide Images
197958469economicsthe social science dealing with the use of scarce resources to obtain the maximum satisfaction of society's virtually unlimited economic wants.
197958470economic perspectivea viewpoint that envisions individuals and institutions making rational decisions by comparing the marginal benefits and marginal costs associated with their actions
197958471utilitythe want-satisfying power of a good or service; the satisfaction or pleasure a consumer obtains from the consumption of a good or service (or from the consumption of a collection of goods and services).
197958472marginal analysisthe comparison of marginal ("extra" or "additional") benefits and marginal costs, usually for decision making.
197958473scientific methodthe procedure for the systematic pursuit of knowledge involving the observation of facts and the formulation and testing of hypotheses to obtain theories, principles, and laws.
197958474theoretical economicsthe process of deriving and applying economic theories and principles.
197958475principlesa fundamental, primary, or general law or truth from which others are derived.
197958476generalizationsstatement of the nature of the relationship between two or more sets of facts.
197958477other-things-equal assumptionthe assumption that factors other than those being considered are held constant.
197958478policy economicsthe formulation of courses of action to bring about desired economic outcomes or to prevent undesired occurrences.
197958479tradeoffsthe sacrifice of some or all of one economic goal, good, or service to achieve some other goal, good, or service.
197958480macroeconomicsthe part of economics concerned with the economy as a whole; with such major aggregates as the house-hold, business, and government sectors; and with measures of the total economy.
197958481aggregatethe combining of individual units or data into one unit or number.
197958482microeconomicsthe part of economics concerned with such individual units as industries, firm, and households and with individual markets, specific goods and services, and product and resource prices.
197958483positive economicsthe formulation of courses of action to bring about desired economic outcomes or to prevent undesired occurrences.
197958484normative economicsthe part of economics involving value judgments about what the economy should be like; focused on which economic goals and policies should be implemented; policy economics.
197958485fallacy of compositionthe false notion that what is true for the individual (or part) is necessarily true for the group (or whole).
197958486"after this, therefore because of this," fallacythe false belief that when one event precedes another, the first event must have caused the second event.
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AP US History Touart- American Pageant (Chapter 2) The Planting of English America Flashcards

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397113791Protestant ReformationWhat was the religious movement of the 16th Century launched in Germany by Martin Luther and in England in 1530s when Henry VIII broke with the Catholic Church?
242171397Enclosure MovementWhat was the period in England when landowners forced tenant farmers off their land in order to raise livestock heavily contributing to urbanization?
242171396primogenitureWhat was the medieval law that stated only eldest sons were eligible to inherit landed estates?
242171382Spanish ArmadaWhat was the large flotilla of naval invaders that were defeated by English "sea dogs" in 1588?
242171381Roanoke IslandWhat was the colony founded by Sir Walter Raleigh that mysteriously disappeared in the 1580s?
242171383joint-stock companyWhat was the forerunner of the modern corporation that enabled investors to pool financial capital for colonial ventures?
242171398Virginia Company of LondonWhat was the name of the group that received a charter from King James I in 1606 and formed the first permanent English settlement in the New World?
397113792JamestownWhat was the riverbank site where the Virginia Company settlers planted the first English colony?
397113793PowhatanWho was the Native American leader who ruled tribes in the James River area of Virginia in the 1600s?
242171389John SmithWho was the leader who rescued the Jamestown colonists from the "starving time" by instituting a disciplined work requirement?
242171400PocahontasWhat Native American woman served as ambassador between the Indians of the Chesapeake and the Jamestown settlers and ultimately married an Englishman and converted to Christianity?
397113794starving timeWhat was the term for the harsh winter between [1609-1610] when there was no food at Jamestown, leaving the settlers to eat anything they could find (cannibalism, dogs, snakes)?
242171386indentured servantsWho are penniless people obligated to forced labor for a fixed number of years, often in exchange for passage to the New World or other benefits?
242171390John RolfeWho was the Jamestown leader who developed a method of raising and curing tobacco that transformed it into a viable economic venture?
242171393House of BurgessesWhat representative assembly was created in 1619 in Virginia and is the oldest continual governing body in North America?
242171392De La WarrWho was the harsh military governor of Virginia who employed "Irish tactics" against the Indians?
242171384Anglo-Powhatan WarsWhat was the name of the two wars fought in 1614 and 1644, between the English in Jamestown and the nearby Indian leader?
397113795OpechancanoughWho was the chief of the Virginia native confederacy after brother Powhatan died, led efforts to defend Indian lands from English, 1644 led unsuccessful uprising -last time Powhatans challenged eastern regions of colony?
242171391Act of TolerationWhat legislation was passed in Maryland in 1649 that extended religious freedom to its Catholic settlers?
242171395George Calvert (Lord Baltimore)Who was the Catholic aristocrat who sought to build a sanctuary for Catholics in Maryland?
242171394North CarolinaWhat colony was called "a vale of humility between two mountains of conceit" due to the lower class of people that settled there?
397113796Tuscarora War (1711-1713)What was the conflict between the English and the Native Americans around New Bern, North Carolina that resulted in a tribe migrating to join the Iroquois Confederacy?
242171388OgelthorpeWho was the philanthropic soldier-statesman who founded the Georgia colony?
242171387Iroquois ConfederacyWhat was the powerful Indian alliance of New York and the Great Lakes area comprised of several peoples?
242171399Handsome LakeWhat Native American was the founder of the Longhouse religion in 1799?
242171385Barbados slave codesWhat was the harsh system of laws governing African labor officially adopted by South Carolina in 1696?
397113797Yamasee IndiansWhat was the tribe whose defeat by the South Carolinians in 1716 meant the defeat of the last of the coastal tribes of North America?
397113798charterWhat is the term for a royal document granting a specified group the right to form a colony and guaranteeing settlers their rights as English citizens?
397113799buffer colonyWhat was the term to describe Georgia as it was established to serve as a territory between English and Spanish holdings in the New World?
397113800squatterWhat is the term for a person (as in North Carolina) who occupies land and raises crops without gaining legal title to the soil?
397113801royal colonyWhat is the term for a colony (8 of the 13) under the direct control of the English crown?
397113802self-governing colonyWhat was a colony with an elected legislature, in which politicians are able to make most decisions without reference to the colonial power with formal or nominal control of the colony? (Rhode Island and Connecticut)
397113803tobaccoWhat was the primary staple crop of early Virginia, Maryland, and North Carolina?
397113804South CarolinaWhat was the only southern colony with a slave majority?
397113805riceWhat was the primary plantation crop of South Carolina?
397113806proprietary colonyWhat was colony run by individuals or groups to whom land was granted by the monarch? (Maryland, Delaware, and Pennsylvania)
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AP Bio: Ch. 5 Flashcards

AP Biology
Chapter 5
Beacker
Test 9-15-11

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208319192dehydration synthesistype of reaction that builds monomers into polymers & involves the removal of water.1
208319193hydrolysistype of reaction that breaks polymers into monomers & involves the addition of water.2
2083191941:2:1Ratio of Carbohydrates...3
208319195carbohydratesThese are always in a ratio of 1:2:1.4
208319196carbohydratesmain use is for storage & release of energy5
208319197monosaccharidesingle sugar molecule; includes glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose, deoxyribose...6
208319198disaccharidetwo sugar molecules connected together by a glycosidic linkage (polar covalent bond); includes sucrose7
208319199deoxyribosethe sugar in DNA8
208319200fructosemakes fruit sweet9
208319201sucroseaka table sugar10
208319202alphaglucosefound in starch11
208319203digestWe cannot break cellulose bonds... we can't ____ it.12
208319204glucosestarch is made of ____.13
208319205glycogenThe form in which the liver and muscles store glucose14
208319206alpha glucose15
208319207beta glucose16
208319208saturated fattype of fat that does not have any double bonds17
208319209saturated fata lipid made from fatty acids that have no double bonds between carbon atoms; tend to be solid at room temperature; found in animals18
208319210nonpolarLipids consist mainly of carbon & hydrogen atoms linked by ____ covalent bonds.19
208319211insulationthe main use for lipids is ____; also storage of energy & protection.20
208319212lipids have no monomerlipids have no monomer... type it21
208319213unsaturated fatfatty acid that have double bonds between the carbons and fats from plants22
208319214carboxyl groupall fatty acids have a ___ ___.23
208319215hydrophobicthe tail of a phospholipid is hydrophobic/philic.24
208319216hydrophilicthe head of a phospholipid is hydrophobic/philic.25
208319217nonpolarthe tail of a phospholipid is polar/nonpolar.26
208319218polarthe head of a phospholipid is polar/nonpolar.27
208319219phospholipids____ are the main component of the cell membrane.28
208319220cholesterolsteroid molecule present in the plasma membranes of ONLY animal cells29
208319221amino acidthe monomer of a protein30
208319222peptideamino acids are connected by ___ bonds.31
208319223denatured proteinA protein that has lost its native conformation by exposure to a destabilizing agent such as heat or detergent.32
20831922420how many different amino acids are there?33
208319225collagenA glycoprotein in the extracellular matrix of animal cells that forms strong fibers, found extensively in connective tissue and bone; the most abundant protein in the animal kingdom.34
208319226chitincomplex carbohydrate that makes up the cell walls of fungi; also found in the external skeletons of arthropods35
208319227tertiaryit is not until the ___ level of protein structure when you get a functioning protein... most stop at this level.36
208319228peptidein the primary structure of protein structure, ____ bonds are between each circle.37
208319229hydrogen bondsthis type of bonds are found in the secondary structure of protein structure.38
208319230hemoglobinthis is an example of something in the Quaternary structure of protein structure.39
208319231nucleotidethe monomer of a nucleic acid40
208319232sugar phosphate basewhat makes up a nucleotide of nucleic acids?41
208319233antiparallelDNA is ____.42
208319234DNAdouble stranded; blueprint located in the nucleus or nucleoid region.43
208319235RNAsingle stranded; helps with protein synthesis44
208319236deoxyribosesugar in DNA45
208319237ribosesugar in RNA46
208319238purine47
208319239pyrimidine48
208319240tertiaryAt which level of protein structure are interactions between the side chains (R groups) most important?49
208319241disaccharideHow is lactose classified?50
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American Pageant Ch. 7 (The Road to Revolution 1763-1775)

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223096643rights of English menUntil the end of the war, Americans only sought the _____ __ _______ ___. They were reluctant revolutionaries.
223096644rightsRepublicanism and Whigs together predisposed the colonists to be alert vs. any threat to ______.
223096645Republicanismsubordinate private, selfish interests to public good, virtue citizenry, civic involvement, opposed to hierarchial & authoritarian institutions
223096646Whigsfeared threat to liberty; attack use patronage & bribes by king's ministers, warn citizens to be on guard vs. corruptions
223096647authorityProperty owenership and political participation were accessible in the colonies. They grew accustomed to running their own affairs. Distance weakens _________.
223096648mercantilismjustify Brit. control over colonies, wealth measured by amount gold/ silver in treasury; export more than import; coloines supply raw materials to Britain and were a guaranteed market for (British) exports
223096649London gov.t's expectations of colonistsfurnish needed products, refrain making certain things for export, buy exclusively from Britain, no self-sufficiency or self-gov.t
223096650Navigation Law of 1650to regulate Mercantilist system, aimed at rival Dutch shippers; subsequent laws- only use British colonial vessels, Eur.n goods for America land in Britain first; ship some "enumerated products" only to Britain
223096651money_____ shortage; in everyday exchange nails, butter, etc., paper _____ depreciate fast, Parli. prohibit printing paper _____ & from passing bankruptcy laws, Americans say their welfare sacrificed for British commercial interests
223096652nullify legislationThe British crown had the right to _______ ___________, although used it little. The colonists still hated the principle.
223096653obedience, libertyBritish = _________, Americans = _______
223096654mercantile systemAmerican benefits- bounties to colonial producers ship parts, tobacco planters w/ monopoly in British market, protection under strong navy & army; burdens- dependency on British agents & creditors, felt used
223096655GrenvilleBritish prime minister, 1763 ordered Britain to enforce Navigation Laws; secured the Sugar Act; said Parli. w/ "virtual representation:
223096656Sugar Act of 1764by Grenville, first law passed by Parli. for raising tax revenue in colonies for crown; increased duty on foreign provisions & on sugar (from W. Indies); lowered after colonists protest
223096657Quartering Act1765- certain colonies req.d provide food & quarters for Britsh troops, some colonial assemblies refuse comply or vote only fraction supplies it called for; again after 1774 (Boston Tea Party)
223096658Stamp Actby Grenville 1765; for new military force; stamps req.d on bills o sale for about fifty trade items & certain commercial & legal documents, Americans thought they were a strike at local liberties; nullifies b/c machinery for collecting tax broke, no one to sell stamps, England hit hard, 1776 Parli. repealed the _____ Act
223096659admiralty courtsno trial by jury, no "innocent until proved guilty;" offenders of Sugar & Stamp Acts try here
223096660empire, Americanscolonists suspicious of British needing troops after French gone, Parli. has right ro legislate matters that affect whole ______, but deny right of Parli. to impose taxes on _________; say only elected legislatures could legally tax them. Americans did NOT want representation in Parli.
223096661Stamp Act Congress1765 in New York City; 27 delegates from 9 colonies; statement rights & grievances, beseech king & Parli. to repeal legislation, ignored in England, effect over time, step toward intercolonial unity
223096662Nonimportation agreementsvs. British goods, effective in Stamp Act, unite American people in common action, protest oppurtunities; NOT as effective vs. Townshend Acts (b/c was light & indirect and could smuggle tea at cheap price)
223096663Sons/ Daughters of Libertyviolent, "Liberty, Property, and No Stamps," enforce nonimportation agreements; ("Sons") in Boston Tea Party dressed as Indians
223096664George IIIstatue made in his honor by grateful residents when Parli. repealed the Stamp Act; bad ruler
223096665Declaratory ActParli. had right to bind colonies in all cases whatsoever
223096666Townshend Actsimport duty on glass, white lead, paper, paint, and TEA to pay salaries of judges and royal governors in America; nonimportation agreements NOT as effective vs. _________ ____ b/c was light & indirect and colonists could smuggle tea at a cheap price (also, by 1773, legal was cheaper than smuggled and those in England); fail make revenue; Lord North gov.t got Parli. repeal Townshend Acts by keeping 3-pence tea toll (still enforce Navigation Acts)
223096667Boston Massacresnowballs thrown at ten redcoats (b/c boy shot in protest for merchant who defied boycott Brit. goods); Britsh troops open fire w/o order, kill/ wound 11, 2 redoats guilty, soldiers released
223096668Lord NorthGeorge III; got Parli. to repeal Townshend Acts by keeping 3-pence tea toll, enforce Navigation Laws still
223096669Samuel AdamsBoston, faith in common people, organized in Massachusetts the local committees of correspondence; leading spirit Boston Tea Party; First Continental Congress 1774, signed Declaration of Independence
223096670local committees of correspondenceexchange letters, opposition to British policy
223096671intercolonial committeesevery colony w/ central committee to exchange ideas & information w/ other colonies, united action, evolve into first American congresses
223096672British East India Companyfaced bankruptcy so given monopoly over American tea so London gov.t wouldn't lose tax revenue, lowered tea prices (but Americans think playing a trick & still mad about principle of tax~ principle over price); mass demonstrations (tea ships return to England w/ full cargoes, burnt, tea seized)
223096673Thomas Hutchinsongovernor Boston; say colonists w/ no right to flout law but agree tax tax unjust; abridgement English liberties needed for law & order in the colonies; went to Britain after Boston Tea Party
223096674Boston Tea PartyDecember 16, 1773; Sons of Liberty dress like Indians (look scary & conceal identity) and smash & dump tea; Parli. got mad from this & created the "Intolerable Acts" as well as the Quartering Act (power to lodge British soldiers anywhere), Boston Port Act (closed Boston harbor until damages paid & order can be insured), and Quebec Act
223096675"Intolerable Acts"in response to Boston Tea Party, restrictions town meetings, officials who kill colonists in line of duty can be sent to Britain for trial; most significant response was the First Continental Congress
223096676Boston Port Actin response to Boston Tea Party, closed Boston harbor until damages paid & order can be ensured
223096677Quebec Actin response to Boston Tea Party, France w/ Catholic religion & retain old customs institutions; Quebec boundaries extended to ohio River; Americans mad b/c unrepresentative assemblies & no jury trial, "Popery"
223096678First Continental Congressmost significant response to the "Intolerable Acts," 1774 Philadelphia, ways to redress colonial grievances, 12/13 colonies (no Georgia); consultative, Declaration of Rights, J. Adams help defeat moderates' proposal for American home rule; Parli. rejected petitions, made The Association
223096679The Associationby First Continental Congress, complete boycott British goods (nonimportation, nonexportation, & nonconsumption); to repeal offensive legislation & eliminate parliamentary taxation, start open drilling
223096680Lexington & ConcordApril 1775 Brit. sent to _________ _ _______ to seize colonial gunpowder & bag "rebel" ringleaders Sam. Adams & Hancock; _________- not really a battle, _______- redcoats forced to retreat by Americans, "Shot heard round world"
223096681British strengths & weaknessespluses- population (3:1), wealth & naval power, professional army (inc. Ger. Hessians), Loyalists &(unreliable) Indians on long stretches frontier; minuses- troops in Ireland, didn't want to kill American cousins, second-rate generals, soldiers brutally treated, poor provisions, had to conquer (not restore pre-1763), 3,000 miles (military orders often received too late)
223096682Colonial strengths & weaknessespluses- had English Whigs support (as opposed to Lord North's Tories), leadership, foreign aid (ally w/ France~ provide military supplies, too) Eur.n officers fight for pay, self-sustaining agriculture, belief in just cause; minues- poorly trained militia (unreliable although numerous), no urban nerve center, lack unity, no constitution until Articles of Confederation (Continental Congress debating & grow feeble), sectional jealousy, money depreciated (inflation, prices skyrocket, families w/ soldiers hard hit, debtors pay debts easily), limited military supplies, lack food, scarce clothing & shoes
223096683Marquis de Lafayettewealthy young Fr. nobleman, major general in colonial army, provided service & $200,000 private funds, also play role in Fr. Rev. after returned home
223096684Baron von AteubanGerman, didn't speak English, one of the stern colonial drillmasters who contributed to getting 7 or 8 thousand regulars (by war's end) in shape, taught what to use bayonet for
223096685Blacks_____ fought to secure own liberty, mostly from the North; at end war, Brit. kept word to some & evacuate 14,000 "Black Loyalists" to Nova Scotia, Jamaica, & England
223096686Lord DunmoreNovember 1775 issued proclamation promising freedom for any enslaved black in Virginia who join British army, "____ _______'s Ethiopian Regiment"
223096687American profiteersundermined revolutionary army morale; profits before patriotism, sell to Britain b/c pay in gold, make 50%- 200% profit on army garb, spectators force prices skyhigh,
223096688independenceWashington never had 20,000 effective troops in one place at one time. There was not enough revolutionary zeal- only a select minority of American colonists were selflessly attached to the cause of ____________.
223096689Brazila LewBunker Hill, 27th Massachusetts Regiment, drummer
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APUS Supreme Court Cases

15 important supreme court cases

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24724287Marbury v Madison1803, Established the principle of Judicial Review, which is the power of the court to override the acts of an executive.
24724288McCulloch v Maryland1819, A state cannot tax a federal agency
24724289Gibbons v Ogden1824, A state cannot regulate interstate commerce
24724290Dred Scott v Sanford1857, African Americans are not citizens and the MO Compromise was unconstitutional
24724291United States v EC Knight1895, Any action against manufacturing monopolies would have to be taken by the state. Sherman Anti-Trust Act did not prevent these.
24724292Plessy v Ferguson1896, Established "Separate but Equal"
24724293Lochner v New York1905, The court cannot uphold a labor law unless it is an issue of public health
24724710Schenck v United States1919, Limited free speech if the U.S. is in "clear and present danger"
24724711Schechter Poultry Corp. v United States1935, Congress cannot delegate legislative power over industry codes to the President
24724712United States v Butler1936, AAA is an unconstitutional use of power to tax
24724713Korematsu v United States1944, Executive Order #9066 is constitutional because it was a time of war
24724714Brown v Board of Education1954, Separate is not equal, no more segregated schools
24724715Gideon v Wainwright1963, Due process obligates all states to apply the 6th Amendment
24724716Miranda v Arizona1966, Police cannot use statements as evidence unless the speaker had been given his rights. Created a card for police officers
24724717Roe v Wade1973, Abortion is legal in the 1st trimester, states can regulate it in the 2nd and states can forbid it in the 3rd
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Ch 3 American Pageant 13e JDCHS

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437637819John CalvinThis French theologian was the leading French Protestant Reformer and very important to the second generation of the Christian Reformation. He deeply influenced Protestantism elsewhere in Europe and in North America. The Calvinist form of Protestantism is has had a great impact on the development of the modern world, and included the Hugeunots. One thing he specifically believed was that God knows before a person is born whether they are going to heaven or hell.
437637820Anne HutchinsonShe preached the idea that God communicated directly to individuals instead of through the church elders. She was forced to leave Massachusetts in 1637. Her followers (the Antinomianists) founded the colony of New Hampshire in 1639.
437637821Roger WilliamsHe founded Rhode Island for separation of Church and State. He believed that the Puritans were too powerful and was ordered to leave the Massachusetts Bay Colony for his religious beliefs.
437637822Henry HudsonDiscovered what today is known as the Hudson River. Sailed for the Dutch even though he was originally from England. He was looking for a northwest passage through North America.
437637823William BradfordA Pilgrim, the second governor of the Plymouth colony, 1621-1657. He developed private land ownership and helped colonists get out of debt. He helped the colony survive droughts, crop failures, and Indian attacks.
437637824Peter StuyvesantGovernor of New Netherland who swore to defend the city. He made himself so unpopular with his harsh rule and heavy taxes that the colonists refused to help him. In the end, he surrendered without firing a shot.
437637825William LaudArchbishop of Canterbury under Charles I in England; he tried to force the Scottish to use the English Book of Common Prayer; he was later executed by Parliament during the English Civil War
437637826Thomas HookerA Puritan minister who led about 100 settlers out of Massachusetts Bay to Connecticut because he believed that the governor and other officials had too much power. He wanted to set up a colony in Connecticut with strict limits on government.
437637827William PennA Quaker that founded Pennsylvania to establish a place where his people and others could live in peace and be free from persecution.
437637828John WinthropAs governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony, Winthrop (1588-1649) was instrumental in forming the colony's government and shaping its legislative policy. He envisioned the colony, centered in present-day Boston, as a "city upon a hill" from which Puritans would spread religious righteousness throughout the world.
437637829King PhilipEnglish name for Metacom who forged an alliance among Indians to try to end the spread of English settlement.
437637830John CottonA puritan who was a fiery early clergy educated at Cambridge University, emigrated to Massachusetts to avoid persecution by the church of England. He defended the government's duty to enforce religious rules. He preached and prayed up to six hours in a single day.
437637831Sir Edmund AndrosGovernor of the Dominion of New England from 1686 until 1692, when the colonists rebelled and forced him to return to England.
437637832Gustavus AdolphusSwedish Lutheran who won victories for the German Protestants in the Thirty Years War and lost his life in one of the battles
437637833William and MaryKing and Queen of England from 1689 to 1702. They were placed on the throne as a result of the Glorious Revolution of 1688, and ruled as limited monarchs.
437637834MassasoitLeader of the Wampanoag who signed a peace treaty with the Pilgrims at Plymouth
437637835Fernando GorgesAttempted to colonize near some of the lakes and forests near the coast of Maine.
437637836Myles StandishSeparatist captain who came on the Mayflower and later contributed as an Indian fighter and negotiator.
437637837Martin LutherA German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Church. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices.
437637838Michael WigglesworthNew England clergyman who wrote the popular poem "Day of Doom", which told the horrifying fate of the damned
437637839SquantoNative American who helped the English colonists in Massachusetts develop agricultural techniques and served as an interpreter between the colonists and the Wampanoag.
437637840the "elect"A doctrine made famous by John Calvin that posits the notion that only a small minority of the human race is predestined for salvation.
437637841predestinationthe doctrine that God has decided all things beforehand, including which people will be eternally saved
437637842freemenFarmers that had served their period of indentured servitude and were no longer under contract
437637843visible saintsIn Calvinism, those who publicly proclaimed their experience of conversion and were expected to lead godly lives.
437637844conversionA radical reorientation of one's whole life away from sin and evil and toward God.
437637845doctrine of a callingThe Puritan's belief that saved individuals have a religious obligation to do worldly work. Their spiritual intensity caused them to do God's work on earth.
437637846covenantA solemn agreement between people or between God and man involving mutual commitments and guarantees.
437637847antinomianismAn interpretation of Puritan beliefs that stressed God's gift of salvation and minimized what an individual could do to gain salvation; identified with Anne Hutchinson.
437637848sumptuary lawsLaws that regulated the value and style of clothing that various social groups could wear, and the amount they could spend on family celebrations
437637849salutary neglectGreat Britain's decision to not interfere in her colony's affairs and allow them to set up their own colonial governments
438053888city upon a hillname for Mass. Bay Colony coined by Winthrop to describe how their colony should serve as a model of excellence for future generations
438053889protestant reformationa religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches
438053890PilgrimsGroup of English Protestant dissenters who established Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts in 1620 to seek religious freedom after having lived briefly in the Netherlands.
438053891New England ConfederationNew England colonists formed this in 1643 as a defense against local Native American tribes and encroaching Dutch. The colonists formed the alliance without the English crown's authorization.
438053892CalvinismEarly Christian belief that God predetermines a person's destination in their life and afterlife (heaven and hell).
438053893Massachusetts Bay CompanyJoint-stock company chartered by a group of Puritans. Led by John Winthrop who taught that the new colony should be a model Christian society. Included a governor and a representative assembly
438053894Dominion of New EnglandThe British government combined the colonies of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Connecticut into a single province headed by a royal governor (Andros). Ended in 1692, when the colonists revolted and drove out Governor Andros
438136908Institutes of the Christian ReligionWritten by John Calvin, it contained four books which codified Protestant theology. Among these beliefs were the ultimate authority of the word of God, the depravity of man, and his belief that the Bible is the only source of Revelation.
438136909Navigation LawsIn the 1660's England restricted the colonies; They couldn't trade with other countries. The colonies were only allowed to trade with England.
438136910Great MigrationMany Puritans migrated from England to North America during the 1620s to the 1640s due to belief that the Church of England was beyond reform. Ended in 1642 when King Charles I effectively shut off emigration to the colonies with the start of the English Civil War.
438136911Glorious RevolutionEnglish revolution of 1688 to 1689 when King James II was removed from the throne and his Protestant daughter Mary and her Dutch husband William began to rule. Reaction to this in the American colonies was varied: There was a revolt against appointed Catholic officials in New York and Maryland, and in Massachusetts the governor was sent back to England with the colonial demand that the Dominion of New England be disbanded.
438136912PuritansA religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay.
438136913General Courta Puritan representative assembly elected by the freemen; they assisted the governor; this was the early form of Puritan democracy in the 1600's
438136914Dutch West India Companycompany in Caribbean that raided and traded; also in Africa and in sugar industry in Brazil; established colony in New Netherland (Hudson River) for fur; also bought Manhattan from Indians
438136915Separatistssub-group of the Puritans who vowed to break completely with the Church of England
438136916Bible Commonwealthname for the Massachusetts Bay colony that refers to its tax supported churches and visible saints.
438136917QuakersEnglish dissenters who broke from Church of England, preached a doctrine of pacifism, inner divinity, and social equity, under William Penn they founded Pennsylvania
438136918Mayflowerthe ship in which the Pilgrim Fathers sailed from England to Massachusetts in 1620
438136919Protestant ethicthe idea that hard work and material success are signs of God's favor.
438136920Mayflower Compact1620 - The first agreement for self-government in America. It was signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower and set up a government for the Plymouth colony.
438136921Fundamental OrdersThe constitution of the Connecticut River colony drawn up in 1639, it established a government controlled in democratic style by the "substantial" citizens.
438136922French HuguenotsFrench protestants who came to the New World to escape religious prosecution in France
438136923Scottish PresbyteriansOne group of American settlers who were Calvinists from Scotland.
438136924Church of EnglandChurch created in England as a result of a political dispute between Henry VIII and the Pope, Pope would not let Henry divorce his wife
438136925Dutchificationthe idea that the children of the Pilgrims were become too familiar with Dutch practices
438136926Plymouth BayChosen as the settlement site by the Pilgrims; located in present-day MA
438136927Congregational ChurchA Protestant denomination holding that each individual congregation should be self-governing.
438136928Pequot WarConflict between English settlers and Pequot Indians over control of land and trade in eastern Connecticut
438136929Dutch "golden age"A period of Dutch History (1600s ) in which The Dutch Republic dominated world trade and used that wealth to become the world's center for arts and sciences.
438136930New NetherlandDutch colony conquered by the English to become four new colonies New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware.
438136931New Amsterdama 17th-century Dutch colonial settlement that served as the capital of New Netherland. It later became the city now known as New York City.
438136932New SwedenSwedish fur-trading community established with the assistance of the Dutch on the Delaware River in 1638 and absorbed by New Netherland in 1655
438136933Penn's Woodlandthe name of William Penn's asylum colony for Quakers and other persecuted groups
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AP US History Touart- American Pageant (Chapter 3) Settling the Northern Colonies Flashcards

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242221449SeparatistsWho were radical Calvinists who considered the Church of England so corrupt that they broke with it and formed their own independent churches?
242233786William BradfordWho was the thirty time governor of the Plymouth colony who authored the memoir Of Plymouth Plantation?
242221450Mayflower CompactWhat was the shipboard agreement by the Pilgrim Fathers to establish a body politic and submit to majority rule?
242233781MassassoitWho was the Wampanoag chieftain who befriended the English colonists of Plymouth?
242221451Congregational ChurchWhat was the Puritan Church in America called?
242233782elect or visible saintsTwo-part Give the names that true members of the Puritan church were known as.
242233775PuritansWho were English Calvinists who sought a thorough cleansing from within the Church of England?
402621152covenantWhat is the term for the Puritan's belief that Massachusetts Bay had a special arrangement with God to become a holy society?
242233776John WinthropWho was the governor of Massachusetts Bay who claimed it was a holy "city upon a hill"?
242221452Anne Hutchinson, antinomianismTwo-part Who was the radical woman preacher who claimed that the truly saved need not obey human or divine law and what is the name of this doctrine?
402621153blue laws (sumptuary laws)What is the term for legislation designed to restrict personal behavior in accord with a strict code of morality?
242221453Fundamental Orders of ConnecticutWhat is considered the first constitution or structure of government in the American colonies?
402621154Great Migration (1630-1642)What was the flight of some seventy thousand refugees from England to the North American colonies to establish a model Christian settlement in the new world
242233773New England ConfederationWhat was the experimental union of four northern colonies in defense against Indians called?
249246444praying townsWhat was the term for the English missionary settlements that sought to convert the Native Americans to Christianity and become assimilated to English culture?
242233779General CourtWhat was the representative assembly of Massachusetts Bay?
249246443Pequot WarWhat was the conflict in 1637 when the English slaughtered the natives of the Connecticut Mystic River Valley?
242233772Metacom (King Philip)Who was the Wampanoag Chieftain who waged an unsuccessful war against New England in 1675?
242233777Roger WilliamsWho was the radical Massachusetts exile who founded the most tolerant New England colony?
402621155William PennWho was the founder of the most tolerant and democratic of the Middle Colonies?
242233778QuakersWhat was the religious group who were persecuted in Massachusetts and New York but not in Pennsylvania?
242233780Peter StuyvesantWho was the director general of New Netherland who ultimately lost the colony to the English?
242233774NetherlandsWhich European country first settled the territory which would ultimately become New York City?
242233784Dutch West India CompanyWhat was the organization that established the colony of New Netherlands?
402621156patroonshipVast Dutch feudal estates fronting the Hudson River in the early 1600's. They were granted to promoters who agreed to settle fifty people on them.
242233783Navigation LawsWhat were the series of trade regulations placed on the English colonists that limited exports and imports beginning in 1651?
249246445salutary neglectWhat is the term for the English government's loose enforcement of trade restrictions on the American colonists?
242233785Sir Edmund AndrosWho was the autocratic governor of the Dominion of New England who was removed after the Glorious Revolution in England?
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Chapter 27: Empire and Expansion 1890-1909 - People

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16714782Captain Alfred Thayer Mahanauthor of The Influence of Sea Power Upon History: 1660-1783
16714783Joseph Pulitzer"yellow press" journalist
16714784William Randolph Hearst"yellow press" journalist, published letter written by Spanish minister to Washington Dupuy de Lome
16714785James G. Blainecreator of the "Big Sister" policy, presided over the first Pan-American conference
16714786Grover ClevelandDemocratic president from 1885-1889, 1893-1897
16714787Valeriano "Butcher" WeylerSpanish general sent to Cuba during the Spanish-American War
16714788Frederick Remingtondrew pictures for William Randolph Hearst's stories
16714789William McKinleyRepublic president from 1897-1901
16714790Theodore RooseveltRepublic president from 1901-1909, vice president for McKinley
16714791John D. LongNavy secretary during the Spanish-American War
16714792Commodore George Deweycommander of the American Asiatic Squadron, took over Philippines
16714793Emilio AguinaldoLeader of Filipino insurgents against the Spanish
16714794William R. Shafterfat American general who was ill-prepared at Cuba
16714795Leonard Woodcolonel and commander of the "Rough Riders," helped clean up yellow fever in Cuba
16714796the "Rough Riders"regiment of volunteers, mostly cowboys, organized by Theodore Roosevelt
16714797the Anti-Imperialist Leagueopposed McKinley administration's expansionism: Mark Twain, William James, Samuel Gompers, Andrew Carnegie
16714798Rudyard Kiplingauthor of the White Man's Burden
16714799William Jennings BryanDemocratic candidate for the elections of 1900
16714800William C. GorgasAmerican colonel who helped clean up yellow fever in Cuba
16714801Dr. Walter Reedhelped clean up yellow fever in Cuba
16714802Joseph WheelerAmerican general who was given command in Cuba
16714803Elihu RootSecretary of War who established a general staff for the army and founded the War College
16714804William Howard Taftleader of the Philippine Commission, which tried to assimilate Filipinos
16714805John HaySecretary of State who made the Open Door Policy
16714806the "Boxers"super-patriotic Chinese rebel group against foreigners
16714807Philippe Bunau-Varillaleader of the old French Canal Company, assisted American in the creation of the Panama Canal
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