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APUSH: Chapter 01 - New World Beginnings, 33,000 B.C.-A.D. 1769 Flashcards

AP United States History
Chapter 01 - New World Beginnings, 33,000 B.C.-A.D. 1769

1614858481	Aztecs	A Native American Empire who lived in Mexico. Their capital was Tenochtitlan. They worshipped everything around them especially the sun. Cortes conquered them in 1521.	98765432
1614858482	Pueblo Indians	Lived in the Southwestern United States. They built extensive irrigation systems to water their primary crop, which was corn. Their houses were multi-storied buildings made of adobe.	98765432
1614858483	Joint Stock Companies	These were developed to gather the savings from the middle class to support finance colonies. Ex. London Company and Plymouth Company.	98765432
1614858484	Spanish Armada	"Invincible" group of ships sent by King Philip II of Spain to invade England in 1588; Defeated by smaller, more maneuverable English "sea dogs" in the Channel; marked the beginning of English naval dominance and fall of Spanish dominance.	98765432
1614858485	Black Legend	The idea developed during North American colonial times that the Spanish utterly destroyed the Indians through slavery and disease while the English did not. It is a false assertion that the Spanish were more evil towards the Native Americans than the English were.	98765432
1614858486	Conquistadores	Spanish explorers that invaded Central and South America for it's riches during the 1500's. In doing so they conquered the Incas, Aztecs, and other Native Americans of the area. Eventually they intermarried these tribes.	98765432
1614858487	Renaissance	After the Middle Ages there was a rebirth of culture in Europe where art and science were developed. It was during this time of enrichment that America was discovered.	98765432
1614858488	Canadian Shield	Geological shape of North America; 10 million years ago; held the northeast corner of North America in place; the first part of North America to come above sea level.	98765432
1614858489	Mound Builders	The mound builders of the Ohio River Valley and the Mississippian culture of the lower Midwest did sustain some large settlements after the incorporation of corn planting into their way of life during the first millennium AD. The Mississippian settlement at Cohokia, near present-day East St. Louis, Ill., was perhaps home to 40,000 people in about AD 1100. But mysteriously, around the year 1300, both the Mound Builder and the Mississippian cultures had fallen to decline.	98765432
1614858490	Montezuma	Aztec chieftan; encountered Cortes and the Spanish and saw that they rode horses; Montezuma assumed that the Soanush were gods. He welcomed them hospitably, but the explorers soon turned on the natives and ruled them for three centuries.	98765432
1614858491	Christopher Columbus	An Italian navigator who was funded by the Spanish Government to find a passage to the Far East. He is given credit for discovering the "New World," even though at his death he believed he had made it to India. He made four voyages to the "New World." The first sighting of land was on October 12, 1492, and three other journies until the time of his death in 1503.	98765432
1614858492	Hernan Cortes	He was a Spanish explorer who conquered the Native American civilization of the Aztecs in 1519 in what is now Mexico.	98765432
1614858493	Francisco Coronado	A Spanish soldier and commander; in 1540, he led an expedition north from Mexico into Arizona; he was searching for the legendary Seven Cities of Gold, but only found Adobe pueblos.	98765432
1614858494	Treaty of Tordesillas	In 1494 Spain and Portugal were disputing the lands of the new world, so the Spanish went to the Pope, and he divided the land of South America for them. Spain got the vast majority, the west, and Portugal got the east.	98765432
1614858495	Mestizos	The race of people created when the Spanish intermarried with the surviving Indians in Mexico.	98765432
1614858496	Marco Polo	Italian explorer; spent many years in China or near it; his return to Europe in 1295 sparked a European interest in finding a quicker route to Asia.	98765432
1614858497	Francisco Pizarro	New World conqueror; Spanish conqueror who crushed the Inca civilization in Peru; took gold, silver and enslaved the Incas in 1532.	98765432
1614858498	Juan Ponce de Leon	Spanish Explorer; in 1513 and in 1521, he explored Florida, thinking it was an island. Looking for gold and the "fountain of youth", he failed in his search for the fountain of youth but established Florida as territory for the Spanish, before being killed by a Native American arrow.	98765432
1614858499	Hernando de Soto	Spanish Conquistador; explored in 1540's from Florida west to the Mississippi with six hundred men in search of gold; discovered the Mississippi, a vital North American river.	98765432

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AP Biology Chapter 8 Vocab: An Introduction to Metabolism Flashcards

From: AP Biology Seventh Edition
Campbell and Reece

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949880757	metabolism	the totality of an organism's chemical reactions, consisting of catabolic and anabolic pathways	1
949971805	metabolic pathway	a series of chemical reactions that either build a complex molecule (anabolic pathway) or breaks down a complex molecule into simpler compounds (catabolic pathway)	2
949880758	catabolic pathway	a metabolic pathway that releases energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler compounds ***also called "breakdown pathways"	3
949880759	anabolic pathway	a metabolic pathway that consumes energy to build complicated molecules from simpler ones ***sometimes called "biosynthetic pathways"	4
949880760	thermodynamics	the study of the energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter	5
949880761	First Law of Thermodynamics	Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed. ***also known as the "principle of conservation of energy"	6
949880762	Second Law of Thermodynamics	Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe.	7
949880763	entropy	a quantitative measure of disorder or randomness ***symbolized by S	8
949880764	energy	capacity to do work (to move matter against an opposing force)	9
949880765	kinetic energy	energy that can be associated with the relative motion of objects	10
949880766	thermal energy	kinetic energy associated with the random movement of atoms or molecules	11
949880767	potential energy	energy that matter possesses due to its location or structure	12
949880768	chemical energy	the potential energy that is available for release in a chemical reaction ***stored in the chemical bonds of molecules	13
949880769	free energy	measures the portion of a system's energy that can perform work when temperature and pressure are uniform throughout they system	14
949880770	exergonic reaction	a spontaneous chemical reaction, in which there is a net release of free energy *** "energy outward"	15
949880771	endergonic reaction	a non-spontaneous chemical reaction, in which free energy is absorbed from the surroundings *** "energy inward"	16
949880772	energy coupling	the use of energy released from an exergonic reaction to drive an endergonic reaction	17
949880773	ATP	(adenosine triphosphate) an adenine-containing nucleoside triphosphate that releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed *** this energy is used to drive endergonic reactions in cells	18
949880774	ADP	(adenosine diphosphate) a nucleotide that is essential in photosynthesis and glycolysis	19
949880776	catalyst	a chemical agent that speeds up a reaction without being consumed by the reaction	20
949880777	enzyme	a protein serving as a catalyst	21
949880778	activation energy	the amount of energy that reactants must absorb before a chemical reaction will start *** also called free energy of activation	22
949880779	substrate	the reactant on which an enzyme works	23
949880780	enzyme-substrate complex	a temporary complex formed when an enzyme binds to its substrate (or substrates, when there are 2 or more reactants)	24
949880781	active site	the specific portion of an enzyme that attaches to the substrate by means of weak chemical *** typically a pocket or groove on the surface of the protein	25
949880782	induced fit	the change in shape of the active site of an enzyme so that it binds more snugly to the substrate, induced by entry of the substrate	26
949880783	cofactors	any non protein molecule or ion that is required for the proper functioning of an enzyme ***can be permanently bound to the active site or may bind loosely with the substrate during catalysis	27
949880784	coenzyme	an organic molecule serving as a cofactor	28
949880785	competitive inhibitor	a substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by entering the active site in place of the substrate whose structure it mimics	29
949880786	noncompetitive inhibitor	a substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by binding to a location remote from the active site, changing its conformation so that it no longer binds to the substrate	30
949880787	allosteric regulation	the binding of a molecule to a protein that affects the function of the protein at a different site	31
949880788	cooperativity	an interaction of the constituent subunits of a protein whereby a conformational change in one subunit is transmitted to all others	32
949880789	feedback inhibition	a method of metabolic control in which the end product of a metabolic pathway acts as an inhibitor of an enzyme within the pathway	33
949880790	denaturation	in proteins, a process in which a protein unravels and loses its native conformation, thereby becoming biologically inactive *in DNA, the separation of the 2 strands of the double helix * occurs under extreme conditions of pH, salt concentration, and temperature	34

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ORGANELLES Flashcards

ORGANELLES

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918188649	MITOCHONDRIA (function)	PRODUCES 95% OF THE ATP REQUIRED BY THE CELL	1
918188650	PEROXISOME (function)	CATABOLISM OF FATS & ORGANIC COMPOUNDS NEUTRALIZATION OF TOXINS GERNERATED IN THE PROCESS	2
918188651	LYSOSOME (function)	INTRACELLULAR REMOVAL OF DAMAGED ORGANELLES/PATHOGENS	3
918188652	GOLGI APPARATUS (function)	STORAGE, ALTERATION & PACKAGING OF SECRETORY PRODUCTS & LYSOSOMAL ENZYMES	4
918188653	ROUGH ER (function)	MODIFICATOIN & PACKAGING OF NEWLY SYNTHESIZED PROTEINS	5
918188654	SMOOTH ER (function)	LIPID, STEROID & CARBOHYDRATE SYNTHESIS CALCIUM ION STORAGE	6
918188655	ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (function)	SYNTHESIS OF SECRETORY PRODUCTS, INTRACELLULAR STORAGE & TRANSPORT	7
918188656	CENTRIOLES (function)	ESSENTIAL FOR MOVEMENT OF CHROMOSOMES DURING CELL DIVISION & ORGANIZATION OF MICROTUBULES IN CYTOSKELETON	8
918188657	MICROVILLI (function)	INCREASES SURFACE AREA TO FACILITATE ABSORPTION OF EXTRACELLULAR MATERIALS	9
918188658	NUCLEOLUS (function)	CONTROLS: METABOLISM STORAGE & PROCESSING OF GENETIC INFO PROTEIN SYNTHESIS (assembles ribosomes)	10
918188659	CHROMOSOMES	DENSE STRUCTURES= TIGHTLY COILED DNA STRANDS & HISTONES, (visible b4 undergoing mitosis/meiosis) [somatic cells contain 46 chromosomes a piece]	11
918188660	CHROMATIN (FUNCTION)	GRAINY MATERIAL VISIBLE IN CELL NUCLEI DURING INTERPHASE (THE "GRAINY" APPEARANCE OF THE DNA CONTENT OF THE NUCLEUS WHEN THE CHROMOSOMES ARE UNCOILED)	12
918188661	NUCLEAR MEMBRANE W/ PORES (function of each one)	COMMUNICATION BETWEEN NUCLEUS & CYTOSOL OCCURS THROUGH PORES MEMBRANE= PROTECTION	13
918188662	PLASMALEMMA (5 functions)	ISOLATION PROTECTION SENSITIVITY SUPPORT ENTRANCE/EXCHANGE OF MATERIALS W/ ENVIRONMENT	14

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Biology Lab Cell parts Flashcards

parts of the cell and their description.

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949418646	Plasma membrane	Outer-most layer	1
949418647	Cytoplasm	Everything inside cell that is not DNA related	2
949418648	Nucleus	Contains DNA	3
949418649	Nuclear envelope	Covers the nucleus	4
949418650	Nuclear pores	Allows material into the nucleus	5
949418651	Chromatin	Contains RNA, DNA, and protein	6
949418652	Nucleolus	Cite of ribosomes synthesis	7
949418653	Rough ER	Associates with ribosomes	8
949418654	Smooth ER	Assembles lipids	9
949418655	Golgi body	Sorts and ships	10
949418656	Mitochondrion	ATP production	11
949418657	Cell wall	Structure that distinguishes plant from animal cell	12
949418658	Vacuole	Storage bag filled with water	13
949418659	Vacuolar membrane	Encloses vacuole	14

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AP Biology Units 1-3 Flashcards

Ms. Nabi's AP Biology. Units 1-3. Taken from our textbook and Barron's AP Biology review.

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869714739	Atoms are the	building blocks of matter	1
869714740	Atoms consist of	protons, neutrons, and electrons	2
869714741	An atom in the elemental state is always	neutral	3
869714742	If all the electrons are in the lowest available energy state, the atom is said to be in the	ground state.	4
869714743	When an atom absorbs energy, it moves to a higher level...	the excited state	5
869714744	Isotopes	atoms of one element that vary only in the amount of neutrons in the nucleus. They are the same chemically.	6
869714745	Radioisotopes	radioactive isotopes	7
869714746	Bond	a bond is formed when two atomic nuclei attract the same electrons	8
869714747	Energy releases when a bond is	formed	9
869714748	Energy is lost when a bond is	broken	10
869714749	Ionic Bonds	transfer of electrons, ions gains electron - anion (A Negative ION) loses electron - cation	11
869714750	Covalent Bonds	sharing electrons molecules single, double, and triple bonds polar/non polar	12
869714751	Are diatomics polar or non polar?	non polar	13
869714752	Non Polar	electrons are shared equally between two identical atoms, balanced	14
869714753	Polar	electrons are shared unequally	15
869714754	Hydrophillic	water loving.	16
869714755	Hydrophobic	water hating	17
869714756	Miscibility	property of liquids to mix in all proportions	18
869714757	Hydrogen Bond	Bond between a hydrogen atom and either an oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine.	19
869714758	Properties of Water	- high specific heat - high heat of vaporization - universal solvent - strong cohesion tension - less dense as a solid than a liquid	20
869714759	Capillary Action	combined forces of cohesion and adhesion	21
869714760	Surface Tension	the property that allows bugs to walk on water without falling through, caused by hydrogen bonding	22
869714761	Cohesion	the act of sticking together tightly, water is attracted to water	23
869714762	Adhesion	the act of repelling, water is attracted to something other than water	24
869714763	pH	measure of acidity and alkalinity in a solution	25
869714764	0-6 pH	acidic	26
869714765	7 pH	neutral	27
869714766	8-14 pH	basic/alkaline	28
869714767	The value of pH is the...	negative log of the hydrogen ion concentration in moles/liter	29
869714768	A pH of 1 is "x" times higher than a pH of 2	x = 10	30
869714769	pH of stomach acid	2	31
869714770	pH of acid rain	1.5-5.4	32
869714771	pH of human blood	7.4	33
869714772	Buffers	resist a change in pH	34
869714773	What is the most important buffer in the human blood?	Biocarbonate	35
869714774	Isomers	organic compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structures and different properties	36
869714775	Structural Isomers	differ in the arrangement of their atoms	37
869714776	Cis-Trans Isomers	only differ in the spatial arrangement around double bonds, which are not flexible like single bonds	38
869714777	Enantimoers	molecules that are mirror right images of each other	39
869714778	L -	left image, referring to enantimoers	40
869714779	D -	right image, referring to enantimoers	41
869714780	All the amino acids in cells are (L- or D-)	L-	42
869714781	Organic Compounds	contain carbon	43
869714782	Four classes of organic compounds	Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids.	44
870209799	What does the body use carbohydrates for?	Fuel and as building materials	45
870209800	What do carbohydrates consist of?	Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen	46
870209801	The ratio of hydrogen to oxygen is always	2:1	47
870209802	The empirical formula of carbohydrates is always	CnH2O	48
870209803	1g of a carbohydrate will release "x" calories in a calorimeter	x = 4	49
870209804	What are the three classes of carbohydrates?	Monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides	50
870209805	Monosaccharides formula	C6H12O6	51
870209806	What monosaccharides are isomers of each other?	glucose, galactose, fructose	52
870209807	Disaccharides formula	C12H22O11	53
870209808	Definition of a disaccharide	two monosaccharides joined together, with the release of a water (H2O) molecule by dehydration	54
870209809	monosaccharide + monosaccharide -->	disaccharide + water	55
870209810	C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 -->	C12H22O11 + H2O	56
870209811	glucose + glucose -->	maltose + water	57
870209812	glucose + galactose -->	lactose + water	58
870209813	glucose + fructose -->	sucrose + water	59
870209814	Hydrolysis	the breakdown of a compound by adding water	60
870209815	What is hydrolysis the reverse of?	Condensation synthesis	61
870209816	Polysaccharides	are macro-molecules, polymers of carbohydrates	62
870209817	How are polysaccharides formed?	many monosaccharides join together by dehydration reactions	63
870209818	How many types of polysaccharides are there?	Four	64
870209819	Plant - structural polysaccharide	Cellulose - makes up the plant cell wall	65
870209820	Plant - storage polysaccharide	starch - amylase, amylopectin	66
870209821	Animals - structural polysaccharide	Chitin - makes up the exoskeleton in arthorpods	67
870209822	Where also can chitin be found?	in the cell wall of mushrooms	68
870209823	Animals - storage polysaccharide	glycogen - "animal starch"stored in liver and skeletal muscles	69
870221660	Lipids	fats, oils, waxes, steroids	70
870221661	All lipids are	hydrophoibc	71
870221662	Most lipids contain (structurally)	1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids	72
870221663	Glycerol is an	alcohol	73
870221664	Fatty acid	a hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group at one end	74
870221665	Saturated fats	come from animals. are solid at room temperature, contain only single bonds between carbon atoms	75
870221666	Unsaturated fats	come form plants, liquid at room temperature, good dietary fats, have at least one double bond formed by the removal of a hydrogen atom in the carbon chain	76
870221667	Tropical oils, such as coconut are more similar to	saturated fats	77
870221668	Steroids	are lipids that do not have the same general structure as other lipids, they consist of four fused rings	78
870221669	Types of steroids (3)	cholesterol, estradiol, testosterone	79
870221670	Lipid energy storange	1g of any lipid will release 9 calories per gram when burned in a calorimeter	80
870221671	Lipid structure	phospolipids, major component of the cell membrane	81
870221672	Lipid endocrine	some steroids are hormones	82
870221673	Phospolipids	a lipid where a phosphate group replaces one fatty acid	83
870221674	When phospolipids are added to water,	they self assemble into a bilayer	84
870221675	The head of the phospolipid is _____, while the tail is ________	hydrophilic,hydrophobic picture : http://www.biologycorner.com/resources/lipidbilayer.gif	85
870221676	Proteins	complex, unbalanced macromolecules	86
870221677	Proteins carry out bodily functions, such as:	growth, repair, enzyme activities, signaling, movement, regulation	87
870221678	1g of a protein burned in a calorimeter releases __ calories	4	88
870221679	Proteins contain what elements?	Sulfur, phosphorous, carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen	89
870221680	Amino acids	consist of a carboxyl group, amine group, and a variable (R) group all attached to a center, asymmetrical carbon atom	90
870221681	The R group ____ with each amino acid	differs	91
870221682	Dipeptide	molecule consisting of two amino acids connected by one peptide bond	92
870221683	Four levels of protein structure	primary, secondary, tertiary, quartenary	93
870221684	Primary	the unique, linear sequence of amino acids, the slightest change can have major consequences	94
870221685	Secondary	results from hydrogen bonding within polypeptide molecule, refers to how the polypeptide coils or folds into two distinct shapes	95
870221686	What are the two distinct shapes in a secondary protein structure?	Alpha helix and beta pleated sheet	96
870221687	Tertiary structure	intricate, 3D shape, imposed on secondary structure, determine the protein's specificity	97
870221688	What are the contributing factors in a tertiary sturcture?	hydrogen bonding between R groups, ionic bonding between R groups, hydrophobic interactions, Van der Waals interactions, disulfide bonds between cysteine amino acids	98
870221689	Quaternary structure	proteins that have more than one polypeptide chain	99
870221690	Fibrous proteins	proteins that exhibit either alpha helix, beta pleated sheet, or both	100
871225649	Bioformatics	uses computers and mathematical modeling to integrate the huge volume of data generated from the analysis of an amino acid sequence of a protein to predict the 3D structure of the resulting protein molecule	101
871235139	How many nucleic acids are there?	2	102
871235140	What are the names of the nucleic acids?	DNA and RNA	103
871235141	DNA	Deoxyribonucleic acid	104
871235142	RNA	Ribonucleic acid	105
871235143	Polymer	a substance that has a molecular structure built up chiefly or completely from a large number of similar units bonded together	106
871235144	Polynucleotides	A linear polymer whose molecule is composed of many nucleotide units, constituting a section of a nucleic acid molecule.	107
871235145	Nucleotide	consists of a phosphate, 5-carbon sugar (deoxyribose or ribose), and a nitrogen base - adenine (A), cytosene (C), guanine (G), and either in DNA thymine (T) or in RNA uracil (U).	108
871235146	Functional groups	the components of organic molecules that are most often involved in chemical reactions, attached to the carbon skeleton	109
871235147	Entropy	A thermodynamic quantity representing the unavailability of a system's thermal energy for conversion into mechanical work, often interpreted as the degree of disorder or randomness in the system	110
871235148	First law of thermodynamics/Law of conservation of energy	energy can not be created or destroyed, only transformed from one form to another	111
871235149	Second law of thermodynamics	during energy conversions, the universe becomes more disordered, entropy increases	112
871478062	Gibb's Free Energy	free energy, expressed as "G"	113
871478063	Exergonic/exothermic	energy released during the course of a reaction	114
871478064	Endergonic/endothermic	energy absorbed during the course of a reaction	115
871478065	____ reactions power the _____ ones.	exergonic, endergonic	116
871478066	Metabolism	sum of all chemical reactions that take place in cells	117
871478067	Catabolism	reactions that break down molecules	118
871478068	Anabolism	reactions that build up molecules	119
871478069	Pathways	the series in which metabolism functions take place, each pathway holds a specific function	120
871478070	Enzymes	serve as catalytic proteins that speed up reactions by lowering the energy of activation	121
871478071	Transition state	the reactive (unstable) condition of the substance after sufficient energy has been absorbed to initiate the reaction	122
871478072	Enzymes are globular proteins that	exhibit tertiary structure	123
871478073	Enzymes are substrate	specific	124
871478074	Induced-fit model	describes how enzymes work	125
871478075	Enzymes are not _____ in a reaction, they are _____.	destroyed, reused	126
871478076	Enzyme suffix	"ase"	127
871478077	lactose (enzyme)	lactase	128
871478078	Enzyme efficiency is affected by	temperature and pH balance	129
871478079	What is the optimal temperature for human enzymes?	37C or 98.6F	130
871478080	Competitive Inhibition	some compounds resemble the substrate molecules and compete for the same active site on the enzyme	131
871478081	Competitive Inhibitors	reduce the productivity of enzymes by preventing or limiting the substrate from binding to the enzyme	132
871478082	Allosteric enzymes	shape of the enzyme alters their efficiency	133
871478083	Feedback inhibition	the end product of the pathway is the allosteric inhibitor that catalyzes an early step in the pathway	134
871728292	Theory of Endosymbiosis	eukaryotic cells emerged when mitochondria and chloroplasts, once free living prokaryotes, took up permanent residence inside other larger calls, about 1.5 billion years ago	135
871728293	Most animal and plant cells have a diameter of	10-100 µm	136
871728294	µm	microns, micrometers. can also be expresses as um	137
871728295	Eukaryotic cell	have an internal membrane, compartmentized, led to the rapid evolution of organisms	138
871728296	What are the general characteristics of cells	enclosed by the plasma membrane, contain semi-fluid called cytosol, contain ribosomes, contain genetic material in the form of DNA	139
871728297	What are the two types of cells?	prokaryotes and eukaryotes	140
871728298	Prokaryote characteristics	simple, no nuclei, no other internal membrane, all bacteria, have a nucleoid	141
871728299	Nucleoid	non-membrane bound region where the chromosome is located	142
871728300	Eukaryotic characteristics	nucleus bound by double membrane, organelles, inner membrane, compartmentized, human body	143
871728301	Function dictates	form	144
873546318	The volume of each cell determines	the amount of metabolic activity the cell carries on	145
873546319	The surface area of the plasma membrane limits the	amount of material that can enter and leave the cell	146
873546320	Nucleus (of a non-dividing cell)	contains one or more prominent nucleoli (rRNA is synthesized here), combines proteins imported from the cytoplasm with rRNA made in the nucleolius, non-membrane-bound	147
873546321	Ribosome	protein factory, free in cytoplasm (protein produced for the cell's own use) or bound to the membrane (meant for export out of the cell)	148
873546322	Peroxisomes	found in both animal and plant cells, contain catalase, covert hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) into water (H2O) with the release of oxygen atoms, detoxify alcohol in liver cells	149
873546323	Endomembrane system	regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions in cells, includes: nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vesicles, vacuoles, and plasma membrane	150

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The Unfinished Nation Chapter 7 Flashcards

Key terms with significance

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1365598759	Marbury v Madison	Stemmed from the midnight appointmetns of outgoing Presdient John Addams. Provided that the Supreme Court had judicial reveiw over federal laws.	1
1365598760	"Republican Mother"	Help trained the new generation for citizenship. Helped speed the creation of female academies throughout the nation (1789 Mass required public schools serve females and other states gradually followed)	2
1365598761	Second Great Awakening	It enrolled millions of new members in existing evangelical denominations and led to the formation of new denominations. Many converts believed that the Awakening heralded a new millennial age. The Second Great Awakening stimulated the establishment of many reform movements designed to remedy the evils of society before the anticipated Second Coming of Jesus Christ.	3
1365598762	Louisiana Purchase (1803)	Napolean offered this because he didn't have resources to have to resources to establish empire in AmericaUS paid $15 million, grant exclusive commercial rights, and incorporated Louisiana people. Jefferson was pleased, but embarrassed because Constitution gave no direct authority.	4
1365598763	Embargo	Prohibited American ships from leaving the US for any foreign port. Widely evaded, effective enough to create serious depression--hardest hit were merchants and shipowners (Federalists). Persuaded England to repeal blockade, but repeal came too late to prevent war.	5
1365598764	Battle of New Orleans	British forces were no match for Andrew Jackson's well-protected men. US and Britain signed a peace treaty weeks before this battle, made Jackson a national hero	6
1365598765	John Marshall	Chief of Justice who shaped many rulings and strengthened judiciary	7
1365598766	Turnpike Era	Toll road of crushed stone that inspired difficult process of turnpike building, as horse-drawn vehicles could not travel at incline. There were complicated roads, and mt. roads were not built until gov. involved.	8
1365598767	Chesapeake-Leopard Incident	Americans refused Brits to search, opened fire, and Brits took four men. America wanted revenge, but Jefferson expelled Brit ships and demanded an end to impressment. Instead, compensation was offered, but England refused to renounce impressment.	9
1365598768	Tecumseh	was a Native American leader of the Shawnee and a large tribal confederacy (known as Tecumseh's Confederacy) which opposed the United States during Tecumseh's War and the War of 1812. Tecumseh has become an iconic folk hero in American, Aboriginal and Canadian history.	10
1365598769	Battle of Tippecanoe	Disillusioned many of the Prophet's followers and Tecumesh returned to find confederacy in disarray. Gov Harrison thought the only solution to make the West safe by driving British out of Canada and annex that province to the US.	11
1365598770	Francis Scott Key	Recorded pride in the moment by writing Star Spangled Banner (old English drinking song).	12
1365598771	"Noble Savages"	Native Americans (uncivilized but not uncivilizable). Hoped that schooling Indians would "uplift" tribes, but there were no efforts for African Americans.	13
1365598772	Barbary States	Morocco, Algiers, Punis, Tripoli. They demanded annual tribute in exchange for protection; Jefferson was reluctant.Tripoli was unhappy, Am. Flag chopped down (war), which stopped payment of tribute, but paid the ransom	14
1365598773	"Northern Confederacy"	Extreme Federalists (Essex Junto) thought only recourse for NE was to secede from the Union and form "northern confederacy". For any hope, it would have to include NY and NJ as well, but Alexander Hamilton refused. Turned to Aaron Burr, who dueled Hamilton.	15
1365598774	William Henry Harrison	Advocate of westernland development... Harrison Law Land meant it was easier for white settlers to acquire farms. Gov of Indiana to propose to Indians to either convert or move (give up all tribal lands & US acquired lands). (Brits in Canada became defensive and befriended Indians)	16
1365598775	War Hawks	Eager young congressmen who highly supported war	17
1365598776	Midwifery	Physicians started to take over deliveries	18
1365598777	Robert Fulton	Invented the steamboat; "Clermont" (1807) was large enough to carry passengers	19
1365598778	Lewis and Clark	Jefferson acquired Lewis (who acquired Clark) to investigate geography and Indians. 1804-1806 Lewis & Clary with Sacagawea as interpretator from St. Louis	20
1365598779	Impressment	British navy to its people: "floating hell"--most had to be impressed into service. Many would escape to American navy, but British raided ships and took both Brits and Americans	21
1365598780	Macon's Bill No.2	(185) Reopened free commercial relations with Britain and France	22
1365598781	Henry Clay	Elected Speaker of House in 1811 and appointed John Calhoun of SC to Committee of Foreign Affairs. Declaration of war against Britain	23
1365598782	Hartford Convention	Delegates from NE states met in Hartford to discuss grievances against Madison administration Reasserted right of nullification and proposed seven amendments to the Constitution (to protect NE from growing influence of South and West)	24
1365598783	"Burned Over" district	In the early nineteenth century, upstate New York was called the "burned-over district" because of the numerous revivals that crisscrossed the region.[7][8] Charles Finney, a leading revivalist active in the area, coined the term.	25
1365598784	Charles Finney	He has been called The Father of Modern Revivalism. Finney was best known as an innovative revivalist, an opponent of Old School Presbyterian theology, an advocate of Christian perfectionism, a pioneer in social reforms in favor of women and African-Americans, a religious writer, and president at Oberlin College.	26
1365598785	McCulloch v. Maryland	...The state of Maryland had attempted to impede operation of a branch of the Second Bank of the United States by imposing a tax on all notes of banks not chartered in Maryland. . The Court invoked the Necessary and Proper Clause of the Constitution, which allowed the Federal government to pass laws not expressly provided for in the Constitution's list of express powers, provided those laws are in useful furtherance of the express powers of Congress under the Constitution. This case established two important principles in constitutional law. First, the Constitution grants to Congress implied powers for implementing the Constitution's express powers, in order to create a functional national government. Second, state action may not impede valid constitutional exercises of power by the Federal government.	27
1365598786	Dartmouth v. Woodward	The case arose when the president of The Supreme Court upheld the sanctity of the original charter of the college, which pre-dated the creation of the State. The decision settled the nature of public versus private charters and resulted in the rise of the American business corporation and the free American enterprise system.	28
1365598787	Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge	In 1785, the Charles River Bridge Company had been granted a charter to construct a bridge over the Charles River connecting Boston and Cambridge. When the Commonwealth of Massachusetts sanctioned another company to build the Warren Bridge, chartered 1828, that would be very close in proximity to the first bridge and would connect the same two cities, the proprietors of the Charles River Bridge claimed that the Massachusetts legislature had broken its contract with the Charles River Bridge Company, and thus the contract had been violated. The Court ultimately sided with Warren Bridge. This decision was received with mixed opinions, and had some impact on the remainder of Taney's tenure as Chief Justice.	29
1365598788	Sacagawea	was a Lemhi Shoshone woman, who accompanied the Lewis and Clark Expedition, acting as an interpreter and guide, in their exploration of the Western United States. She traveled thousands of miles from North Dakota to the Pacific Ocean between 1804 and 1806.	30
1365598789	Hamilton's First Report on Credit	The report analyzed the financial standing of the United States of America and made recommendations to reorganize the national debt and to establish the public credit. Called for full federal payment at face value to holders of government securities and the national government to assume funding of all state debt	31
1365598790	Hamilton's Second Report on Credit	called for the establishment of a central bank, its primary purpose to expand the flow of legal tender by monetizing the national debt through the issuance of federal bank notes	32
1365598791	Hamilton's Report on Manufactures	the United States needed to have a sound policy of encouraging the growth of manufacturing and secure its future as a permanent feature of the economic system of the nation. He argued these could be achieved through bounties or subsidies to industry, regulation of trade with moderate tariffs (not intended to discourage imports but to raise revenue to support American manufacturing through subsidy), and other government encouragement The principal ideas of the "Report" would later be incorporated into the "American System" program by Senator Henry Clay of Kentucky and his Whig Party.	33
1365598792	Citizen Genet	French diplomat who in 1793 tried to draw the United States into the war between France and England (1763-1834)	34
1365598793	XYZ Affair	1798 - A commission had been sent to France in 1797 to discuss the disputes that had arisen out of the U.S.'s refusal to honor the Franco-American Treaty of 1778. President Adams had also criticized the French Revolution, so France began to break off relations with the U.S. Adams sent delegates to meet with French foreign minister Talleyrand in the hopes of working things out. Talleyrand's three agents told the American delegates that they could meet with Talleyrand only in exchange for a very large bribe. The Americans did not pay the bribe, and in 1798 Adams made the incident public, substituting the letters	35
1365598794	Alien Act	1798 (JA), gave president authority to deport individuals whom he considered threat to US	36
1365598795	Sedition Act	1798, (JA) , made it a crime to write, print, utter, or publish criticism of the president of government	37
1365598796	Kentucky Resolution	written by jefferson; introduced nullification; states have right to judge laws made and if be, declare laws null and void	38
1365598797	Virginia Resolution	Written anonymously by Jefferson and Madison in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, they declared that states could nullify federal laws that the states considered unconstitutional.	39
1365598798	elastic clause	The Necessary and Proper Clause (also known as the Elastic Clause, the Basket Clause, the Coefficient Clause, and the Sweeping Clause.[1]) is the provision in Article One of the United States Constitution, section 8, clause 18: The Congress shall have Power - To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof.	40

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The Unfinished Nation Chapter 6 Flashcards

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1365600046	The Confederation Congress	acted as the body of government from 1781 until the Constitution was written in 1787. Passed both the Land Ordinance of 1785 and Northwest Ordinance of 1787.	1
1365600047	Alexander Hamilton	was a very renowned and successful lawyer around this time. He was a Scottish man that called for a thing he called a national convention or impost. This convention would be held in order to alter the Articles of Confederation. He followed in the footsteps of Morris.	2
1365600048	James Madison	Father of the Constitution (Virginia Plan). Introduced, to the 1st congress, what became the Bill of Rights.	3
1365600049	The Founding Fathers	was a group of men that are noted for adopting the formation of the government that we have today as well as helping to create the country.	4
1365600050	Constitutional Convention (Philadelphia - 1787)	(everywhere but from Rhode Island) The convention was originally intended to revise the Articles of Confederation but eventually led to the development of the Constitution and a new entire form of government.	5
1365600051	Edmund Randolph	Randolph stated that there needed to be a system of checks and balances with three divided levels of power. These levels would be called the judicial, legislative and executive.	6
1365600052	William Patterson/New Jersey Plan	was a plan composed by Patterson in reaction to the Virginia plan. This plan said that Government should remain the same with no changes (eg unicameral). It was rejected in favor of the Virginia Plan.	7
1365600053	The Great Compromise (Connecticut Compromise)	small states received equal representation in the senate while large population states received proportion representation in the House	8
1365600054	Separation of power/checks and balances	was the system that was created out of the great compromise as well as the Virginia plan that divided the powers. The system divided the power evenly into levels and groups that were designed to keep check on each of the others ((eg presidential veto of congress).	9
1365600055	Federalists/Federalist Papers	name given to the supporters of the Constitution. Documents written by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay that spoke of supporting the Constitution	10
1365600056	Anti Federalists	were a group that was against the Constitution. They feared a repressive central government and wanted explicit protections to civil liberties.Included George Mason, Patrick Henry, and Richard Henry Lee	11
1365600057	The Bill of Rights	was the first ten amendments to the constitution. The bills included such details as freedom of speech, freedom of press, freedom of assembly and freedom of religion.	12
1365600058	The Judiciary Acts of 1789	created the Supreme Court and other "inferior" courts	13
1365600059	Report on Manufactures	was an outlined plan by Alexander Hamilton to stimulate the growth of industry.	14
1365600060	The First Bank of America	this idea was sparked from Hamilton wanting to pay off the national debt. Nowhere in the Constitution did congress have the explcit power to so. This is the origin of a loose interpretation of the Constitution.	15
1365600061	Whiskey Rebellion	congress made a tax on whiskey and some distillers refused to pay it. There was an uprising put down in Pennsylvania, establishes that the president has extensive power to ensure domestic tranquility.	16
1365600062	Jay's Treaty	tried to get the British soldiers off of their posts and stop England from blocking colonist's ships	17
1365600063	Thomas Pinckney/ Pinckney's Treaty	Jay's treaty paved the way for negotiatons with Spain and opened the door for Thomas Pinckney. He created Pinckney's Treaty which was signed in 1795. Spain said that America had the right to go all over the Mississippi and drop off goods into New Orleans.	18
1365600064	Prince Talleyrand/ XYZ Affair	John Adams appointed a bipartisan commission to negotiate with France in order to stabilize peace. Prince Talleyrand sent 3 agents to talk with the US delegation to demand a loan for France and a bribe for France before anything went down. But Pinckney wouldn't do it, he said "NO, NO! Not a sixpence!" Adams urged congress to prepare for war	19
1365600065	The "Quasi War"	was the sea war between France and America.	20
1365600066	The Alien and Sedition Acts	was a way for the Federalists to get ahead of the Republican Party. The Alien Act was a restriction on aliens coming into the United States, increased the years necessary to become a citizen and vote. The Sedition Acts prosecuted people who spoke against the government plan.	21
1365600067	Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions	the Kentucky legislature was written by Thomas Jefferson, and the Virginia legislature was written by James Madison. Asserted that states could interpose and nullify federal laws	22
1365600068	Land Ordinance of 1785	A law that divided much of the United States into a system of townships to facilitate the sale of land to settlers.	23
1365600069	Northwest Ordinance of 1787	Created the Northwest Territory (area north of the Ohio River and west of Pennsylvania), established conditions for self-government and statehood, included a Bill of Rights, and permanently prohibited slavery	24
1365600070	Shay's Rebellion	A 1787 rebellion in which ex-Revolutionary War soldiers attempted to prevent foreclosures of farms as a result of high interest rates and taxes. Caused several of the founders to believe that the central government needed more "energy" or power.	25
1365600071	Annapolis Convention (1785)	attempt to amend the Articles of Confederation, failed because of lack of attendance. Led to the calling of the Philadelphia Convention.	26
1365600072	Mount Vernon Conference	Successful at solving navigation and trade problems between Virginia and Maryland. Led to the calling of the Annapolis Convention.	27

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The Unfinished Nation-Chapter 4 Flashcards

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32129805	The Albany Plan	a plan established by the government in order to regulate relationships with the Native Americans. The law was written by Benjamin Franklin and stayed in use until the French and Indian War.	0
32129806	Seven Year's War	a war between the English and French. The victory by the English established their name among the world, yet the struggle for controlling power between them carried over into the New World.	1
32129807	Creoles	immigrants that had relations and origins of French heritage. The Creoles owned many plantations and took every advantage of slaves that was available.	2
32129808	The Iroquois Confederacy	established between five different Native tribes that consisted of the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, and also the Seneca and Cayuga. They became the biggest Native American power in the mid 17th century.	3
32129809	Queen Anne's War and the Treaty of Utrecht	started in 1701 and lasted for almost more than twelve years finally coming to end in 1713 due to the passing of the Treaty of Utrecht.	4
32129810	King George's War	a war between the English and the Spanish that dealt with trading regulations in Spain.	5
32129811	George Washington and Fort Necessity	is known as the father of America but before he was president he was sent to Ohio valley to stop the French from claiming all of the land. Once George Washington arrived he built a fort that he named necessity where he fought the French until he was forced to surrender.	6
32129812	Fort Duquesne	a fort located in Pittsburgh and was one of the largest outposts for the French during the colonial period.	7
32129813	William Pitt	one to plan out strategies and actions to be taken against the British during the American Revolution.	8
32129814	Impressments	a draft during the revolutionary war. The commanders would force the colonists into signing up to fight in the war and made farmers give supplies as well as some citizens had to give up their homes to provide a place of comfort to the soldiers.	9
32129815	Jeffrey Amherst and James Wolfe	two generals that are held accountable for the capture of the Fort in Louisburg in 1758. They are also well known for their capturing of Fort Duquesne against George Washington.	10
32129816	Marquis de Montcalm	battle where both Amherst and James Wolf were killed due to a surprise attack from General Wolf during the night.	11
32129817	Battle of Quebec	a battle between the English and the French colonies for the hold of Quebec. This was the first time that their military defenses had been tested and it was time that they made a name for themselves. The French put all effort into defending the hold after the shocking loss of one of their strongest forts to the English.	12
32129818	Peace of Paris 1763	this was the event where the French gave up all of their land to the strongest power nearby respectively. This is one of the greatest events for Great Britain because it put them in a great position of power.	13
32129819	King George III	came into power in the mid eighteenth century and brought bad news with him. He was both stupid and unable to do very much physically as well as he took out the positions of power that had been there so long and replaced them with others that lasted no more than a few years.	14
32129820	George Greenville	blamed for ruining the colonies and was elected Prime Minister by his friend King George III. He was against the idea of the colonists having their own decisions and believed they should follow all commands of Britain like little lapdogs.	15
32129821	Pontiac	the chief of the tribe Ottawa. He led a tribe of his people up north into the Ohio Valley where he decided to hold his spot from the British. The Brit's retreated due to fear of ruining trade in the west.	16
32129822	The Proclamation of 1763	banned settlers from inhabiting any land farther than the mountains.	17
32129823	The Mutiny Act of 1765	an act passed to restrict competition with England by minimizing trade. The waters were also searched thoroughly in order to stop any smugglers from ruining their plan.	18
32129824	The Sugar Act of 1764	an act passed in order to stop smugglers by putting them in front of a jury. This act also raised the tax on sugar and reduced the price of molasses.	19
32129825	The Currency Act of 1764	an act set up by the British parliament stating that paper money in any form was to banned, and made illegal. The British were running low on the coins of silver and gold and decided that this was best for the Americans as well. The colonies were shipping gold and silver back to Britain for Britain felt that this was the only way to balance out the importing and exporting differences. Gold and silver were the only forms of cash that would never lose value.	20
32129826	The Stamp Act of 1765	an act placed by the British Parliament on the American colonies. The act placed a tax on many of the colonies items. The act raised the taxes on many items and was placed in the form of a 'tax stamp' placed on the item itself. The tax met many angry Americans and was not taken very well. Protesters such as the Sons of Liberty were showing demonstrations of anger throughout the whole nation.	21
32129827	The Paxton boys	a group of bandits that went around murdering Native Americans during a riot also known as the Conestoga Massacre. The vigilantes were from Pennsylvania and claimed that the Conestoga natives were providing aid and weaponry to the hostiles and that they were not safe with the Conestoga's around them. More than fifty Paxton boys marched to the Conestoga tribe and slaughtered six, then burned the cabins. The rest of the tribe was placed in protective custody, yet when more than two hundred and fifty Paxton's marched into town, the rest were slaughtered just as before.	22
32129828	Patrick Henry	first governor of Virginia yet is better known for his major role in the American Revolution. Henry was one of the original founding fathers of America. He is known for pushing the Revolution along with such characters as Thomas Paine. He is also known for his infamous "Give me liberty, or give me death!" speech.	23
32129829	Virginia Resolves	a series of laws to make resolutions of the Stamp Act of 1765 by the Virginia General Assembly. The resolution stated that Virginia was subject to taxation only from a parliamentary that was elected by the Virginian colonists. Due to there being no elected representatives, the only people that could enforce the tax was the Virginia General Assembly.	24
32129830	James Otis	a man from Massachusetts. He was early set in pushing along the cause of the American Revolution. Otis was the first man to take stand against the British rules on the colonial America. He is known for the saying 'taxation without representation is tyranny'.	25
32129831	Sons of Liberty	a group of revolutionaries that came from the thirteen colonies during the time of Britain's oppressing laws. The sons of liberty were hated by a group called the 'loyalists' that had decided to remain faithful to the homeland of Britain; they were sometimes called the sons of violence. The Sons of Liberty in their most known act, snuck onto a ship dressed as Native Americans and poured out all of the tea in protest to the Tea Act.	26
32129832	Thomas Hutchinson	a British governor of the state of Massachusetts. He proclaimed himself to be a loyalist in the time of the American Revolution. He wrote the book History of Massachusetts.	27
32129833	The Declaratory Act	a series of resolutions passed by the British Parliament that tried to control and restrict the behavior of the colonies. The series of resolutions said that the colonial parliament had no right to make laws for the colonies in any way.	28
32129834	Charles Townshend	a British politician who created the Townshend Duties. The Townshend Duties were acts passed by the Parliament of Great Britain that stated that the colonies needed to raise money to pay the judges that would be independent of colonial control to enforce better trading regulations.	29
32129835	Boston Massacre	the result of a riot between the colonists and the British troops. The British troops were having sticks and stones thrown at them by a crowd of colonists. The fight ended with the troops pulling their guns and firing upon the crowd and taking five of the civilian's lives. This was one of the biggest driving forces in helping to start the revolutionary war.	30
32129836	Samuel Adams	a politician as well as a philosopher among being one of the founding fathers of America. He helped to write the Articles of Confederation and was also the governor of Massachusetts for a time.	31
32129837	Committee of Correspondence	a committee that was actively dispatched by the local governments of the thirteen colonies during the American Revolution. The committee was to blame for many of the actions that were set up during the revolutionary period between the colonies and the parliament. The committee was also active during the Sons of Liberty.	32
32129838	Virtual and Actual Representation	something that occurred during the early stages of the American Revolution. The colonists resisted taxation upon their items because they were not present during the decision, yet the parliament said that they were represented through assemblies, better known as 'taxation without representation'. Actual representation was what the colonists wanted, with the ability to be present at the time of the decision making.	33
32129839	Gaspee	an event where American colonists chased the ship of someone who was enforcing unpopular trade regulations. The colonists hopped on the ship, looted it, and then torched it, stating their opinion of the regulations.	34
32129840	The Tea Act of 1773	an act imposed by the Parliament of Great Britain stating that a tax would be placed on the teas that would go to his majesty. The acts lead to many revolts such as the Boston tea party by the Sons of Liberty.	35
32129841	Daughters of Liberty	a group of females that wanted to display their affection for America and chose to do so by protesting and boycotting against goods and instead making their own to use.	36
32129842	The Boston Tea Party	a revolt by the American colonists who threw gallons among gallons of tea off of the Boston Harbor in order to riot against the Tea Act.	37
32129843	The Coercive Acts	used to describe a series of laws passed by the British parliament. These laws created much anger and protest within the colonies. Some of the acts said that Massachusetts would be used as an example due to the Boston Tea Party while others dealt with the stamp act.	38
32129844	First Continental Congress	was a convention of delegates from each individual colony of the original thirteen colonies. This convention was called in order to deal with the passing of the coercive acts. The congress decided that an economic boycott would be the best solution to deal with King George.	39
32129845	Conciliatory Propositions	Britain's last attempt at creating a peaceful establishment with the colonies. This was laid down immediately before the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War.	40
32129846	Lexington and Concord	the first battles of the Revolutionary war. The battles endured on April 19th, 1775 in the Massachusetts Bay. The battles marked the beginning of military conflicts between Great Britain and the American colonies.	41
32129847	William Dawes and Paul Revere	one of the men to alert the colonial minutemen that the British troops were impending upon America and is known for his legendary 'midnight ride'. Paul Revere was also alongside of Dawes during the midnight ride and is known as one of the other messengers during the American Revolutionary war. Revere was also a silversmith and patriot.	42

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APUSH The Unfinished Nation Chapter 3 Flashcards

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1681704334	Enlightenment	Suggested that people had substantial control over their own lives and societies, and the product of some of the great scientific/intellectual discoveries in Europe, encouraging people to look to themselves and their own intellect (not just God) for guidance. It produced interest in education and concern with politics/government	0
1681704335	Participatory Democracy	Residents of a town held a yearly town meeting to decide important questions & choose "selectmen" who ran town affairs. Participation was generally for adult male members of the church.	1
1681704336	Great Awakening	Began in 1730s (climax: 1740s) and emphasized the potential for every person to break away from the past and start anew in one's relationship to God. Led to the division of existing congregations and to the founding of new ones = great cultural upheaval in the colonies	2
1681704337	Social Distinctions (stratification)	More than in England, white people in America faced opportunities for social mobility and there were new forms of community that varied greatly in regions. (NEED TO EDIT)	3
1681704338	Middle Passage	The long journey to the Americas, during which the prisoners were usually kept chained in the bowels of the slave ships and supplied minimal food and water. Name came from being the second of the three legs of the voyage. Substantial commerce in slaves grew in mid 17th century = more available black workers in North America	4
1681704339	Triangular Trade	Mainland colonies trade with England, continental Europe, and the west coast of Africa. Suggested the process of merchants carrying rum and goods from New England to Africa, exchanged them for slaves, whom were transported to the West Indies, and then exchanged slaves for sugar and molasses, which went back to New England to be rum. (A group of adventurous entrepreneurs emerged by the mid-18th century as a distinct merchant class)	5
1681704340	"Poor Richard's Almanac"	The most famous almanac in the 18th century by Benjamin Franklin in Philadelphia. Almanacs circulated throughout the colonies and even sparsely settled lands to the west. Gave America identity; Americans were different from British because they didn't have almanacs.	6
1681704341	John Peter Zenger	The 1734-1735 trial of this New York publisher ruled that criticisms of the government were not libelous if factually true. This removed some colonial restrictions on freedom of the press.	7
1681704342	Indentured Servants	Temporary servitude of usually 4-5 years in exchange for passage to America, food, and shelter. Male indentures were to receive clothing, tools, and occasionally land upon completion; in reality, many left with nothing. This created serious social problems because many (mostly males) had no land, employment, families, and prospects. A decrease in birth rate and improved economic conditions reduced pressure to emigrate= less indentured servants --> relying on African slavery	8
1681704343	Huguenots	French Calvinists (~300,000) who left Roman Catholic France for the English colonies after the Edict of Nantes (guaranteed substantial liberties) was revoked in 1685. Complimented the feature of the American population bringing together various races, ethnic groups, and nationalities.	9
1681704344	Harvard	The first American college established in 1636 by Puritan theologians wanting to create a training center for ministers. (Indicated the value of education, but higher education remained only to a few white men)	10
1681704345	Salem Witch Trials	The most famous outbreak when adolescent girls charged several West Indian servants steeped in voodoo lore of witchcraft. Hysteria spread throughout town & hundreds (most were women) were accused. 19 put to death before trials ended in 1692. Similar accusations of witchcraft spread through many New England towns, centered around women (many of low social positions, involved in domestic conflicts, accused of other crimes, and considered abrasive by neighbors & some who challenged the gender norms). Reflective of the religious character of New England societies.	11
1681704346	Jonathan Edwards	Outstanding preacher of the Great Awakening. He attacked the new doctrines of easy salvation for all and preached the traditional Puritan ideas of absolute sovereignty of God, predestination, and salvation by God's grace alone. (Led to the division of existing congregations and to the founding of new ones)	12
1681704347	Slave Codes	Colonial assemblies passed "slave codes", so permanent servitude (slavery) became legal in the 18th century. White masters had almost absolute authority over their slaves, and color was what determined whether a person was subject to the slave codes (not caring of mixed race over pure Africans).	13
1681704348	Stono Rebellion	In 1739, 100 blacks rose up, seized weapons, killed several whites, and attempted to escape the south to Florida. The uprising was quickly crushed, and most participants were executed. (Slaves were often resistant of their masters)	14
1681704349	Jeremiads	When ministers preached sermons of despair deploring the signs of waning piety. The progress of science and free thought caused some colonists to doubt traditional religious beliefs--New Englanders thought declension of piety was a serious problem.	15

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The Unfinished Nation Chapter 2 Flashcards

history chapter 2

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846009819	1606	James I issues new charter dividing North America b/t London Group in the south and the Plymouth merchants in the north. Charter promised full rights of Englishmen, an end to strict rule and share in self-government.	1
846009820	Jamestown	founded in 1607. London Co. headed for VA w/ 144 men aboard. Only 104 men survived. Site was low and swampy (failed for 17 years). Founded as a Joint Stock company to make a profit.	2
846009821	John Smith	John Smith took leadership promoted work and order, raids on Indian villages. Only 38 of orignial 144 survived. No women-no permanent stake. Disease-malaria. "Saved" by Pochahantas	3
846009822	Jamestown "starving time"	600 passangers to VA. One ship lost at sea, one aground on Bermuda isle. Many who arrived succumed to fevers. Local indians kept them barracaded in. Lived off dogs,..corpses. 60 people left when aground vessel arrived. All left. Ran into another supply vessel w/ Governor Lord De La Warr. Establish headright system. (50 acres) encouraged immigration.	4
846009823	Early Jamestown	Pocohontas married John Rolf and went to visit England. During VA 17 years 8,500 white settlers arrived--80% died.	5
846009824	1619	First African workers in Virginia. 20 some African negroes. Colonists thought they were indentured servants.	6
846009825	House of Burgesses	Met for the first time in 1619. Established representative gov't. (early preedent for self government)	7
846009826	Plymouth	Founded in 1620. Puritan Separatists. Set sail on the Mayflower, drew up the Mayflower Compact and governed themselves. "combine urselves together into a civil body politic" (early precedent for self-government)	8
846009827	1621	Spain went to war with the Netherlands. English swooped in and began colonizing.(Antigua, St. Kitts, Jamaica and Barbados). Spain only colonized on the larger islands (Cuba, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico). Tobacco and cotton failed--sugar succeeded.	9
846009828	Opecenough	Powhatan Indians attack Virginia in 1622	10
846009829	1624	Dutch settle in Manhattan	11
846009830	Charles I	began ruling as Monarch in England, dismissed the Parliament.	12
846009831	1629-40	King Charles I dissolved Parliament. (this is King James' son who was also repressive toward Puritans).	13
846009832	Massachusetts Bay Colony	Puritans established in 1630. 17 ships set sail with 1,000 people. Largest single migration. Gov'n John Winthrop. Created a refuge for Puritans. Charter meant they were not responsible to any company officials in England.	14
846009833	English turmoil	Charles I began ruling, Dismissed Parliament, Parliament returned, English Civil War began; Charles beheaded; New "protector" died; Charles II comes back and seizes throne. This is called the Restoration Period (1632-33).	15
846009834	Maryland	founded in 1634. Origins different than VA. Originally a refuge for Catholics, but Calvert died while negotiating with the King Lord Baltimore for charter. His son Cecilius (second Lord Baltimore) received charter and made his brother Leonard Calvert as governor. The most religiously tolerant.	16
846009835	Rhode Island	Roger Williams founded, 1635-36. Williams had lived in Salem, expressing religious and political dissent. Advocated separation from England. He escaped before deportation. Refuged with Narragansett tribe. Created Providence. Rhode Island was the only colony which all faiths could worship.	17
846009836	Pequot War	Broke out between English settlers in Connectcut valley in 1637. Natives almost wiped out. Bloodiest battle between whites and Indians. White's called it King Philips War(Indian Chief).Whites and Mohawks ambushed Metacomet and killed him. Fragile alliance disbanded. Earlier exchange of Flintlock rifle and Matchlock rifle (heavy).	18
846009837	Anne Hutchinson	felt that one could talk directly to God. Challenged assumptions about role of women in Puritan society. Convicted of heresy and sedition, banished with her family in 1638. Later killed in Indian uprising.	19
846009838	English Civil War	broke out in 1642. King Charles I antagonized the Parliament by dismissing them twice in two years. They organized a military force --Cavaliers (support the king) and the Roundheads (forces of Parliament, largly Puritan). Roundheads won..king beheaded.	20
846009839	1650's	England began trying to regulate colonial trade by Pariliament passing laws to keep Dutch ships out of the colonies. Navigation Acts passed later (1660-1673).	21
846009840	Navigation Acts	1660, 1663, 1673. Only trade with English ships and items exported only to England (tobacco); European goods must go through England to get taxed before the colonies receive; Coastal trading amongst colonies will be subject to taxes and custom officials will be appointed.	22
846009841	New Netherlands	English captured in 1664. Charles I granted his brother James(Duke of York) the land between CT and DE rivers. English navy extracted surrender of Dutch colony, renamed it New York. Living there were Dutch, Scandinavians, Germans, French and Africans(slaves) and Indians. No provision for representative assemblies.Political power with wealthy.	23
846009842	Charleston	founded in 1669. Charles II awarded 8 proprietors joint title. Religious freedom for all Christian faiths. Created representative assembly. Hoped to attract existing settlers and save $$. Anthony Ashley Cooper didn't give up and aided by John Locke drew up the Fundamental Constitution for Carolina. Divided colonies into equal size/equal parcels. Established social hierarchy. North (backwoods) South (fertile land/good harbor). Headright system established. It failed.	24
846009844	New Jersey	founded in 1674. James (Duke of York) gave part of his charter to John Berkley and Sir George Carteret. Carteret named it NJ. Enormous ethnic and religious diversity but no class division.	25
846009845	King Phillips War (Metacom's War)	1675-1678, New England natives defending themselves against an ever increasing white settlement, 12 New England towns destroyed and about 1/2 of New England towns attacked, Metacom was eventually captured and killed	26
846009847	Bacon's Rebellion	1676 - The autocratic rule of Berkley,Revealed rival elites in VA; Demonstrated instability of large population of non-landowners; continued struggle for white and Indian spheres of influence. Bacon was a westerland farmer.Nathaniel Bacon angered about hold the line of settlement to avoid Indian conflicts. Motivated movement away from indenture and toward race based slavery.	27
846009848	Pennsylvania	chartered in 1681. Society of Friends, first leader George Fox & Margaret Fell. Quakers rejected predestination concept and original sin. Pacifists. Colony was best know and most cosmopolitan of all colonies. Franklin named Philadelphia (city of brotherly love).	28
846009849	1684	Defiance of Navigation Acts by MA lead to charter getting revoked.	29
846009850	Dominion of New England	1686	30
846009851	Glorious Revolution	James II popular support vanished, daughter Mary (protestant) and husband William of Orange appt. ruler of Netherlands to assume the throne. Considered a bloodless coup. Touched off revolutions in several colonies (bloody ones); representative assemblies revived; colonial unification abandoned. 1688-89	31
846009852	1691	The Glorious Revolution led to Maryland becoming a separate colony. The new gov't increase potential authority.	32
846009853	1701	Ben Franklin signed a Charter of Liberties to establish representative assembly--limited authority of proprietor.	33
846009854	Spanish "Southwest"	Spanish began to fortify borders by est. forts (San Antonio area). Greatest threat was the French near Texas. (1731)	34
846009855	Georgia	chartered in 1732. Granted General James Oglethorpe and his fellow trustees control of GA. Excluded Africans(free or slave); Settlement became more compact and easier to defend. Only a few debtors release from prison. Brought hundreds of tradesman England, Switzerland, Germany, Scotland, Jews. Grew slower that other colonies.	35
846009856	colonial restoration period	Restoration Period --resumption of colonization in America. four additional colonies: Carolinas, NY, NJ and PA (1663)	36
868773197	"mail order" brides in Jamestown	VA Co. sent ironworkers and craftsman with 100 Englishwoman for wives to Virginia Colony.	37
868793877	What led to the Pueblo Revolt?	The harsh treatment of the Spanish and the Missions were tolerated at beginning but as the priests continued their power push by enforcing taxes on converted natives, burning every religious sacred thing of the pueblo people, forbidding the Kachina dances that are done at ceremonies, and arresting 43 shamans, killing 4, along with the drought that was destroying livestock and crops the natives under the leadership of shaman Pope, who was released from capture, revived their traditional religious culture and now wanted the Spanish out	38
868793878	Why was there such intensified religious restriction before Pueblo revolt?	Continued power struggle between the Spanish governors and the religious friars over. Both groups were there just to exploit the pueblos and competition to who can get the most out of the labor and resources of them. In order for the friars to get control of the labor they offered they needed to convert the natives and so they believed the best way to do so was to eliminate any other religious option, including the one they were originally practicing	39
868793879	Result of Pueblo Revolt	Spanish lost the colony to the Pueblo and their monopoly over the midwest. The Spanish horses are captured and spread throughout the Southwest becoming the start of the horse culture that arises throughout the heart of america	40
868793880	What was the Pueblo Revolt?	an uprising of many pueblos of the Pueblo people against Spanish colonization of the Americas in the New Spain province of New Mexico.	41
868793881	What happened during the pueblo revolt? (damages done) and how many natives were involved?	Pueblo indians killed 400 spanish, burned churches, put poop on chuches, killed preist & sent surviving spanish fleeing, 17,000	42
868793882	What was different about the treatment of the Pueblos this time after the Spanish had returned?	The Spanish weren't forcing them to give up their culture anymore - they were less oppressive	43
868793883	Why was the Pueblo Revolt significant? (3 reasons)	it was the only successful revolt, Pueblo culture stayed intact, pueblos are still located there today.	44
868935504	Stono Rebellion	first major slave rebellion (South Carolina), slaves stole a supply of guns and killed 20-25 whites, slaves hoped to escape to Florida (1676) Enacted strong laws stopping slaves from assembling in groups and from being taught to read.	45
868935505	slavery in South Carolina	imported slaves with specific knowledge of rice growing. Most southerners did not own slaves but felt that slaves were inferior to all whites	46
868935506	Maryland Toleration Act, 1649	protected Roman Catholics from discrimination and gave Christians some degree of religous action	47
868935507	Headright System (Chesapeake)	Method of attracting settlers to Virginia; after 1618, it gave fifty acres of land to anyone who paid for their own passage or for that of any other settlers who might be sent or brought to the colony.	48
869430270	"City on a Hill"	John Winthrop's statement the Puritans were to live as a model Christian society for the world (the beginning of American Exceptionalism?)	49
869430271	New England Colonies	migrated as families, longer life expectancy, religously motivated,	50
869430272	Chesapeake Colonies	intially mostly single men, motivated by trade and profit	51
869430273	Halfway Covenant	signified decrease in religous zeal of 2nd generation Puritans, In 1662, Puritans permitted the baptized children of church members into a "half-way" membership in the congregation and allowed them to baptize their children; they still could not vote or take communion.	52
869430274	Pilgrims	sepratists who wanted to end all ties with a corrupt England and corrupt Europe (beginning of theme of US' isolationism)	53
869433392	Puritans	led by John Winthrop, wanted to reform or "purify" the Church of England, 11 ships and 700 people to Mass. Bay, lived in villages centered around a meeting house, strict moral code - no card playing no dancing	54
869436957	Pennsylvania	Founded by William Penn when King Charles II settled a debt with Penn's father using land in 1681; proprietary colony with William Penn as the proprietor, settled by Quakers	55
869436958	Relations with Great Britain - Restoration (1660) and the Glorious Revolution (1688)	American colonists reluctant to accept the Restoration as it appeared to show the failure of puritan reform. Glorious Revolution in England led to small rebellions in the colonies due to the new English Bill of Rights	56
869436959	Virginia Company	1606; English joint stock companies chartered by James I with the purpose of establishing colonies in America	57
869436960	Pequot War	1634-38; armed conflict between English colonists and Pequot Indians, resulting in hundreds of Indians killed or in captivity	58
869436961	"Peaceable Kingdom"	William Penn's vision of Pennsylvania inhabited by both Indians and Europeans	59
869436962	Antinomianism	An interpretation of Puritan beliefs that stressed God's gift of salvation and minimized what an individual could do to gain salvation; identified with Anne Hutchinson	60
869436963	Great Migration	Settlement of over twenty thousand Puritans in Massachusetts Bay and other parts of New England between 1630 and 1642.	61
869436964	Indentured servants	Individuals who sold their labor for a fixed number of years in return for passage to the colonies; indentured servants were usually young, unemployed men and could be sold.	62
869436965	Proprietary colony	A colony founded as a grant of land by the king to an individual or group of individuals; Maryland (1634) and Carolina (1663) were proprietary colonies, as was Pennsylvania (1681).	63

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