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Ch. 5 - The American Revolution Flashcards

Ch. 5 - The American Revolution

1083128945	Articles of Confederation	What was the first U.S. Constitution called?	1
1083128946	The St. Mary's River	Where did The Proclamation of 1763 move Georgia's southern boundary?	2
1083128947	Hart County (named after Nancy Hart)	What is the only county named after a woman in Georgia?	3
1083128948	The Intolerable Acts	What was the British response to the Boston Tea Party?	4
1083128949	Elijah Clarke	Who was the militia leader for the victory at Kettle Creek?	5
1083128950	The Proclamation of 1763	What law, issue by England's King George, forbade colonists to move west of the Appalachian Mountains?	6
1083128951	Georgia's only newspaper ceased being printed.	What was a consequence of the Stamp Act?	7
1083128952	The colonists took needed weapons and horses from the British.	What was the importance of the Battle of Kettle Creek?	8
1083128953	The city of Savannah remained in British hands.	What was the MOST significant result of the Siege of Savannah?	9
1083128954	As payment for his service in the Revolutionary War	Austin Dabney received a plot of land in Madison County;	10
1083128955	John Reynolds, Henry Ellis, and James Wright	The chronological order of Georgia's royal governors was;	11
1083128956	To get money to repay war debts, Great Britain taxed the colonies on the premise that the war had been necessary to protect the colonies from the French.	How did the French and Indian War lead to America's Revolutionary War?	12
1083128957	The British passed the Stamp Act adding a tax on newspapers and licenses.	Which British policy had the greatest effect on Georgia?	13
1083128958	The colonists were not involved in voting for the taxes.	What is meant by the phrase, "Taxation without representation is tyranny"?	14
1083128959	The southern border was changed to the St. Mary's River.	How was Georgia directly impacted by the Proclamation of 1763?	15
1083128960	Thomas Jefferson	Who was the primary author of the Declaration of Independence?	16
1083128961	Boycott	What is a protest where people refuse to buy certain items until specific conditions are met?	17
1083128962	John Reynolds	In early Georgia, who was the first royal governor?	18
1083128963	Loyalists	What is a person called who remained a part of Great Britain prior to and during the American Revolution?	19
1083128964	The Declaration of Independence	Which important document announced that the American colonies no longer wished to be part of the British Empire?	20
1083128965	Thomas Paine	Who is the author of "Common Sense", an important patriotic document which moved many fence-sitters toward independence?	21
1083128966	Patriot	What was a person called who agreed with boycotting British-made goods?	22
1083128967	James Wright	The Georgia Gazette, Georgia's first newspaper, was created under which royal governor?	23
1083128968	The French and Indian War	This long-term cause of the American Revolution caused the British to begin to tax the colonists.	24
1083128969	Henry Ellis	Who was the second Royal Governor of Georgia and is often credited with teaching Georgians the "art of self-government"?	25

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APUSH Chp 4 Empire in Transition Flashcards

Empire in Transition

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1610488246	Salutary Neglect	refering to an unofficial + long lasting 17th +18th century British policy to avoid strict enforcement of parliment laws, mean to keep colonies obedient to England	0
1610488247	Franklin's Albandy Plan	proposal to create a unified gov for 13 colonies suggested by Ben Frank, 20+ ppl came to plan their defense related to French +Indian war, plan present early attempts to form union of colonies	1
1610488248	Boston Massacre	Incident at King Streetby British army soldiers killed 5 civilized men + injured 6 others were	2
1610488249	Gaspée affair	Rhode Island colonists boarded the Gaspee, a British ship, looted it, then burned and sank it	3
1610488250	Tea Act of 1773	Allowed East India Company to avoid navigation taxes when exporting tea to colonies and gave them power to monopolize tea trade; this angered colonists and threatened merchants and the colonial economy.	4
1610488251	Women in revolt	economy was separating women and men into distinct roles, the home was a woman's special sphere "cult of domesticity"	5
1610488252	Boston Tea Party	A 1773 protest against British taxes in which Boston colonists disguised as Mohawks dumped valuable tea into Boston Harbor.	6
1610488253	Coercive intolerable act	acts sent in my parliament against MASS, stripped mass of rights as an example to other colonies not to break rules	7
1610488254	Quebec Act	Extended boundaries of Quebec and granted equal rights to Catholics and recognized legality Catholic Church in the territory; colonists feared this meant that a pope would soon oversee the colonies.	8
1610488255	Taxation	An increase in taxation (corporation tax, national influence)	9
1610488256	Samuel Adams	American Revolutionary leader and patriot, Founder of the Sons of Liberty and one of the most vocal patriots for independence; signed the Declaration of Independence	10
1610488257	Quartering Act	1765 - Required the colonials to provide food, lodging, and supplies for the British troops in the colonies.	11
1610488258	Townshend duties	Popular name for the Revenue Act of 1767 which taxed glass, lead, paint, paper and tea entering the colonies	12
1610488259	Internal / external taxation	direct tax; tax added on to the price of something purchased by the consumer / placed on an item coming into the colony	13
1610488260	Nature of Sovereignty	Americans believed that powers should be divided between leading governing force and smaller forces; British believed all governing power should be under one single leader and the Parliament.	14
1610488261	General Braddock	Blundering British officer whose defeat gave the advantage to the French and Indians in the early phase of the war.	15
1610488262	William Pitt	A competent British leader, known as the "Great Commoner," who managed to destroy New France from the inside and end the Seven Year's War	16
1610488263	Battle of Quebec	(1759) British victory over French forces on the outskirts of Quebec. The surrender of Quebec marked the beginning of the end of French rule in North America.	17
1610488264	Peace of Paris	This ended the Seven Years War/French and Indian war between Britain and her allies and France and her allies. The result was the acquisition of all land east of the Mississippi plus Canada for Britain, and the removal of the French from mainland North America.	18
1610488265	Proclamation of 1763	A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalacian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east.	19
1610488266	Sugar Act	(1764) British deeply in debt partly to French & Indian War. English Parliament placed a tariff on sugar, coffee, wines, and molasses. colonists avoided the tax by smuggling and by bribing tax collectors.	20
1610488267	Stamp Act Congress	A meeting of delegations from many of the colonies, the congress was formed to protest the newly passed Stamp Act It adopted a declaration of rights as well as sent letters of complaints to the king and parliament, and it showed signs of colonial unity and organized resistance.	21
1610488268	Declaratory Act	1766; Britains proclaimed the right to tax colonists for no reason without challenge	22
1610488269	John Locke	17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property.	23
1610488270	Representation, virtual vs direct	basic principal was right of people to be taxed with their consent absurd to english who employed "virtual representation" (parliament members represent interests of whole nation) vs. american "actual" representation elected and accountable to community	24
1610488271	French Indian War	Was a war fought by French and English on American soil over control of the Ohio River Valley-- English defeated French in1763. Historical Significance: established England as number one world power and began to gradually change attitudes of the colonists toward England for the worse.	25
1610488272	Iroquois Confederacy	a powerful group of Native Americans in the eastern part of the United States made up of five nations: the Mohawk, Seneca, Cayuga, Onondoga, and Oneida	26
1610488273	Ohio Valley	Region that was disputed by British, French and Indians; Indian tribes lived in the valley while France claimed it as territory and English settlement was expanding into it; tension eventually caused war to begin.	27
1610488274	Fort Duquesne	French fort that was site of first major battle of French and Indian War; General Washington led unsuccessful attack on French troops and was then defeated at Fort Necessity, marking beginning of conflict.	28
1610488275	Paxton Boys	They were a group of Scots-Irish men that wanted protection from Indian attacks. They made an armed march on Philadelphia in 1764. They protested the lenient way that the Quakers treated the Indians. Their ideas started the Regulator Movement in North Carolina.	29
1610488276	Stamp Act Crisis	1765, was a tax on stamps and printed materials in colonies to pay for keeping troops there and paying off war debts. It angered many colonists because of taxation without representation and led to protesting and violence; often by the sons of liberty.	30
1610488277	Patrick Henry "Virginia Resolves"	Introduces a series of resolves in the House of Burgesses. Believes Britain has no right to tax colonists.	31
1610488278	First Continental Congress	Delagates from all colonies except georgia met to discuss problems with britain and to promote independence	32
1610488279	Suffolk Resolve	Declared that the colonies need not obey the 1773 Coercive Acts, since they infringed upon basic liberties. Urged MA to arm themselves, and called for econ sanctions against the Brits	33
1610488280	Committees of Correspondence	Organization founded by Samuel Adams consisting of a system of communication between patriot leaders in New England and throughout the colonies	34

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Macroeconomics 7-9 Flashcards

Chapter 7-9

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1328314143	National Income and product accounts	keep track of the flows of money between different sectors of the economy	1
1328314144	Government transfers	payments by the government to individuals for which no good or service is provided in return	2
1328314145	Disposable income	income (after taxes) that is available to you for saving or spending	3
1328314146	Government purchases of goods and services	Expenditures by government for goods and services that government consumes in providing public goods and for public capital that has a long lifetime; the expenditures of all governments in the economy for those final goods and services.	4
1328314147	investment spending	spending on productive physical capital, such as machinery and construction of structures, and on changes to inventories	5
1328314148	final goods and services	Goods and services produced for final use.	6
1328314149	intermediate goods and services	goods and services bought from one firm by another firm to be used as inputs into the production of final goods and services	7
1328314150	aggregate spending	the sum of consumer spending, investment spending, government purchases of goods and services, and exports minus imports, is the total spending on domestically produced final goods and services in the economy	8
1328322757	price index	A measurement that shows how the average price of a standard group of goods changes over time	9
1328322758	market basket	a hypothetical set of consumer purchases of goods and services	10
1328322759	net exports	Exports minus imports	11
1328322760	inventories	Goods that have been produced but not yet sold	12
1328322761	aggregate output	The total quantity of goods and services produced in an economy in a given period.	13
1328322762	real gdp	GDP adjusted for inflation	14
1328322763	nominal gdp	GDP measured in current prices	15
1328322764	chained dollars	the method of calculating changes in real GDP using the average between the growth rate calculated using an early base year and the growth rate calculated using a late base year	16
1328322765	GDP per capita	The Gross Domestic product (GDP) divided by the total population of a country	17
1328322766	Consumer price index	A measure of the overall cost of the goods and services bought by a typical consumer	18
1328322767	Producer price index	A measure of the cost of a basket of goods and services bought by firms	19
1328322768	gdp deflator	a measure of the price level calculated as the ratio of nominal GDP to real GDP times 100	20
1328352533	employment	Having a job or career and responsibilities that go with it	21
1328352534	unemployment	Number of civilians at least 16 years who have been trying to find a job within the prior four weeks.	22
1328352535	labor force	Employed + Unemployed	23
1328352536	labor force participation rate	Labor Force / Population	24
1328352537	unemployment rate	= (unemployment / (unemployment + employment)) * 100	25
1328352538	discouraged workers	Individuals who would like to work but have given up looking for a job	26
1328352539	marginally attached workers	People who once held productive jobs but have given up looking for work.	27
1328352540	frictional unemployment	A type of unemployment caused by workers voluntarily changing jobs and by temporary layoffs; unemployed workers between jobs.	28
1328352541	structural unemployment	unemployment that results because the number of jobs available in some labor markets is insufficient to provide a job for everyone who wants one	29
1328352542	cyclical unemployment	A type of unemployment caused by insufficient total spending (or by insufficient aggregate demand).	30
1328352543	natural rate of unemployment	= frictional unemployment + structural unemployment	31
1328352544	real wage	The wage rate divided by the price level	32
1328352545	real income	income divided by the price level	33
1328352546	shoe-leather costs	increased costs of transactions caused by inflation	34
1328352547	menu cost	the costs of changing prices	35
1328352548	unit of account cost	arise from the way inflation makes money a less reliable unit of measurement	36
1328352549	nominal interest rate	is the interest rate expressed in dollar terms	37
1328352550	real interest rate	is the nominal interest rate minus the rate of inflation	38
1328371072	disinflation	A reduction in the rate of inflation	39
1328371073	rule of 70	70/percentage growth rate=doubling time in years	40
1328371074	labor productivity	the quantity of goods and services that can be produced by one worker or by one hour of work	41
1328371075	physical capital	all human-made goods that are used to produce other goods and services; tools and buildings	42
1328371076	human capital	the skills and knowledge gained by a worker through education and experience	43
1328371077	aggregate production function	a hypothetical function that shows how productivity (real GDP per worker) depends on the quantities of physical capital per worker and human capital per worker as well as the state of technology	44
1328371078	diminishing returns to physical capital	where each additional increase in inputs results in a smaller proportionate increase in the quantity produced	45
1328371079	growth accounting	estimates the contribution of each major factor in the aggregate production function to economic growth	46
1328371080	total factor productivety	the amount of output that can be achieved with a given amount of factor inputs	47
1328371081	research and development (R&D)	spending to create and implement new technologies	48
1328371082	infrastructure	Roads, power lines, ports, information, networks, and other underpinnings for economic activity	49
1328371083	convergence hypothesis	international differences in real gdp per capita tend to narrow over time.	50

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AP Art History: Prehistoric Art / Vocabulary Flashcards

The earliest surviving works of art are cave paintings and portable sculptures of humans or animals. Little is known about the original intention or meaning of prehistoric works. Buildings such as Stonehenge show the ability of prehistoric people to build elaborate religious structures using the post and lintel system of construction.

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1372053023	Paleolithic	Old Stone Age: about 2,500,000 to 200,000 years ago	1
1372053024	Neolithic	New Stone Age: starts around 9000 BCE	2
1372053025	Archaeology	the scientific study of ancient people and cultures principally revealed through excavation	3
1372053026	Cromlech	a circle of megaliths	4
1372053027	Megalith	a stone of great size used in the construction of a prehistoric structure	5
1372053028	Menhir	large uncut stone erected as a monument in the prehistoric era	6
1372053029	Mortise and Tenon	a groove cut into stone or wood, called a mortise that i shaped to receive a tenon, or projection, of the same dimensions	7
1372053030	Post and lintel	a method of construction in which two posts support a horizontal beam called a lintel	8

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AP Biology Chapter 1 Flashcards

Vocabulary: evolution, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), emergent properties, biosphere, ecosystems, community, population, organism, organs and organ systems, tissues, organelles, cell, molecule, eukaryotic cell, prokaryotic cell, gene, genome, negative feedback, positive feedback, adaptation, inductive reasoning, data, hypothesis, deductive reasoning, controlled experiment, dependent variable, independent variable, theory
Objectives:
After attending lectures and studying the chapter, the student should be able to:
1. Define biology.
2. List and explain the characteristics of life.
a. Define metabolism.
b. Define adaptation.
3. Distinguish between types of organisms by describing the differences between and
give examples of:
a. unicellular and multicellular organisms; and,
b. prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms.
4. List and explain the levels of biological organization.
5. Relating to major concepts in biology, explain what is meant by:
a. "the cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all living things";
b. "the continuity of life depends on the inheritance of biological information";
c. "form fits function";
d. "the unity and diversity of life"; and,
e. "life forms change".
6. Explain why DNA is considered the molecule of inheritance in all organisms.
7. Define evolution.
a. Define population and give examples of characteristics of populations.
b. Explain evolution through natural selection.
c. Explain how adaptations come about through natural selection.
d. Explain why evolution is a central theme in biology.
8. Define science and explain why biology is a science.
9. Distinguish between inductive and deductive reasoning and explain how these
processes of logic are used in science.
10. List in order and explain the logical relationship between the steps of the
scientific method.
11. Explain the difference between hypothesis, theory, and law.
12. Explain the "if . . .

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1679704527	Evolution	Evolution is the process of change that has transformed life on Earth	0
1679704612	DNA	Deoxyribonucleic acid: a long linear polymer found in the nucleus of a cell and formed from nucleotides and shaped like a double helix	1
1679704528	Biology	The scientific study of life	2
1679704529	Emergent properties	New properties that arise with each step upward in the hierarchy of life, owing to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases.	3
1679704530	Systems Biology	An approach to studying biology that aims to model the dynamic behavior of whole biological systems based on a study of the interactions among the system's parts.	4
1679704613	Eukaryotic Cell	A type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. Organisms with eukaryotic cells (protists, plants, fungi, and animals) are called eukaryotes.	5
1679704614	Prokaryotic Cell	A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. Organisms with prokaryotic cells (bacteria and archaea) are called prokaryotes.	6
1679704531	Gene	A discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA (or RNA, in some viruses).	7
1679704532	Gene expression	The process by which information encoded in DNA directs the synthesis of proteins or, in some cases, RNAs that are not translated into proteins and instead function as RNAs.	8
1679704533	Genome	The genetic material of an organism or virus; the complete complement of an organism's or virus's genes along with its noncoding nucleic acid sequences.	9
1679704534	Biosphere	The entire portion of Earth inhabited by life; the sum of all the planet's ecosystems.	10
1679704535	Ecosystems	All the organisms in a given area as well as the abiotic factors with which they interact; one or more communities and the physical environment around them	11
1679704536	Community	All the organisms that inhabit a particular area; an assemblage of populations of different species living close enough together for potential interaction.	12
1679704537	Population	A group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and interbreed, producing fertile offspring.	13
1679704538	Organism	a creature such as a plant, animal or a single-celled life form, or something that has interdependent parts and that is being compared to a living creature	14
1679704539	Organs	A specialized center of body function composed of several different types of tissues.	15
1679704540	Organ Systems	A group of organs that work together in performing vital body functions.	16
1679704541	Tissues	An integrated group of cells with a common structure, function, or both.	17
1679704542	Organelles	Any of several membrane-enclosed structures with specialized functions, suspended in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells.	18
1679704543	Cell	The part of a neuron that houses the nucleus and most other organelles.	19
1679704544	Molecule	Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds.	20
1679704545	Negative Feedback	A form of regulation in which accumulation of an end product of a process slows the process; in physiology, a primary mechanism of homeostasis, whereby a change in a variable triggers a response that counteracts the initial change.	21
1679704546	Positive Feedback	A form of regulation in which an end product of a process speeds up that process; in physiology, a control mechanism in which a change in a variable triggers a response that reinforces or amplifies the change.	22
1679704547	Adaptation	Inherited characteristic of an organism that enhances its survival and reproduction in a specific environment.	23
1679704548	Inductive Reasoning	Induction moves from a set of specific observations (humans require organic molecules, fish require organic molecules) to reach a general conclusion (all animals require organic molecules	24
1679704549	Data	Recorded observations.	25
1679704550	Hypothesis	A testable explanation for a set of observations based on the available data and guided by inductive reasoning. A hypothesis is narrower in scope than a theory.	26
1679704551	Deductive Reasoning	A type of logic in which specific results are predicted from a general premise.	27
1679704552	Controlled Experiment	An experiment in which an experimental group is compared with a control group that varies only in the factor being tested.	28
1679704553	Dependent Variable	It is something that depends on other factors.	29
1679704554	Independent Variable	It is a variable that stands alone and isn't changed by the other variables you are trying to measure.	30
1679704555	Theory	An explanation that is broader in scope than a hypothesis, generates new hypotheses, and is supported by a large body of evidence.	31
1679704615	What are the 7 Characteristics of Life?	1. Order 2. Regulation 3. Energy Processing 4. Evolutionary Adaptation 5. Response to the Environment 6. Reproduction 7. Growth and Development	32
1679704556	Metabolism	The totality of an organism's chemical reactions, consisting of catabolic and anabolic pathways, which manage the material and energy resources of the organism.	33
1679704557	Why is Biology a Science?	Biology is a science since it takes care to interpret the nature, according to the scientific method, which establishes the resolution of hypotheses raised by the researcher, by means of using different techniques for the creation of representative models of nature.	34
1679704558	Distinguish between Inductive and Deductive Reasoning	Inductive reasoning derives generalizations from specific cases and deductive reasoning predicts specific outcomes from general premises.	35
1679704559	What are the 7 steps of the Scientific Method?	1. Observe 2. Research 3. Form a hypothesis 4. Test the hypothesis 5. Analyze results and draw conclusions 6. Report your findings 7. Conduct more research	36
1679704560	What is the difference between hypothesis, theory and law?	The Difference between a Hypothesis a Theory and a Law there are very distinct. A hypothesis is a statement that can be tested. A theory is a statement that has not been tested. A Law is a statement that is relevant and is true.	37
1679704561	What is the difference between observational and experimental investigations?	Observational investigations do not manipulate data	38
1679704616	What is the difference between qualitative and quantitative data?	Quantitative data includes recorded measurements which can be organized into tables or graphs and qualitative data would include observations	39
1679704562	What is the relationship between the conclusion and the hypothesis?	The conclusion is a statement about the experiment's results. As a report of your data, it can't be considered wrong even if the results don't support your hypothesis. You have learned that your hypothesis does not answer your original research question.	40
1679704617	What are the three domains by which all living organisms are classified?	Domain Bacteria Domain Archaea Domain Eukarya	41
1679704563	What are the 4 kingdoms in the Domain Eukarya?	Plantae Animalia Fungi Protista	42
1679704564	What are Bacteria?	All unicellular prokaryotic (no nucleus) organisms with peptidoglycan in their cell walls	43
1679704565	What is the Theory of Natural Selection?	A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits.	44
1679704566	How do we distinguish between results(data) and conclusions?	Results are measurable data and a conclusion is a report about what you learned based on w the results	45
1679704567	Concept 1.2: Why is evolution considered the core theme of biology?	Evolution accounts for the unity and diversity of life and it explains the most fundamental aspects of all life on earth. It accounts for the common features shared by all forms of life due to the descent from a common ancestor.	46
1679704568	Concept 1.3: How could natural selection have led to the evolution of adaptations such as the thick, water conserving leaves of the mother of pearl plant?	Ancestors of this plant may have exhibited variation in how well their leaves conserved water. Because not much soil is present in the crevices where these plants are found, the variant plans that could conserve water may hav survived better and been able to produce more offspring.	47
1679704569	Define Biology? What is the definition of Biology	Biology is the scientific study of life	48
1679704570	What is the molecule that can account for both the unity and the diversity of life?	DNA	49
1679704571	What is the appropriate term for an interacting group of individuals of a single type occupying a defined area?	A Population	50
1679704618	How would you define a Eukaryotic cell?	A eukaryotic cell has membrane-enclosed organelles, the largest of which is usually the nucleus	51
1679704619	How would you define a prokaryotic cell?	A prokaryotic cell is simpler and usually smaller, and does not contain a nucleus or other membrane-enclosed organelles	52
1679704572	What is deductive reasoning?	Deductive reasoning uses general premises to make specific predictions	53
1679704620	What are the 7 Properties/Characteristics of Life	1. Order 2. Regulation 3. Energy Processing 4. Evolutionary Adaptation 5. Response to the Environment 6. Reproduction 7. Growth and Development	54
1679704573	What is reductionism?	The approach of reducing complex systems to simpler components that are more manageable to study.	55
1679704621	What are the 10 levels of Biological Organization?	1. Biosphere 2. Ecosystem 3. Communities 4. Populations 5. Organisms 6. Organs and Organ Systems 7. Tissues 8. Cells 9. Organelles 10. Molecules	56
1679704622	Cell	The lowest level of organization that can perform all activities required for life	57
1679704574	What is a theory?	A theory is a statement that has not been tested	58
1679704575	What is a law?	A Law is a statement that is relevant and is true.	59
1679704576	What is a hypothesis?	A hypothesis is a statement that can be tested	60
1679704577	What are data?	Data are recorded observations or items of information	61
1679704578	Of the three domains Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya, which one is prokayotic?	Archaea	62
1679704579	The energy used by most organisms for metabolism and growth ultimately comes from....	The sun	63
1679704580	Eukaryotic organisms that decompose dead organisms and absorb the nutrients are generally found in which kingdom?	Fungi	64
1679704581	All the organisms on a campus make up...	a community	65

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Chapter 7 - World Civilizations: The Global Experience Flashcards

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988406912	Lateen	Triangular sails attached to the masts of dhows by long booms or yards arms, which extended	1
988406913	Al-Mahdi	Third of the Abbasid caliphs; attempted but failed to reconcile moderates among Shi'a to Abbasid dynasty; failed to resolve problem of succession	2
988406914	Harun al-Rashid	One of the greatest Islamic rulers of the Abbasid era	3
988406915	Buyids	Regional splinter dynasty of the mid-10th century; invaded and captured Baghdad; ruled Abbasid empire under title of Sultan; retained Abbasids as figureheadss	4
988406916	Seljuk Turks	Nomaid invaders from central Asia via Persia; staunch Sunnis; ruled in name of Abbasid caliphs from mid-11th century	5
988406917	Crusades	Series of military adventures initially launched by western Christians to free Holy Land from Muslims; temporarily succeeded in capturing Jerusalem and establishing Christian kingdoms; later used for other purposes such as commercial wars and extermination of heresy	6
988406918	Saladin	Muslim leader in the last decades of the 12th century; reconquered most of the crusader outposts for Islam	7
988406919	Ibn Khaldun	A Muslim historian; developed concept that dynasties of nomadic conquerors had a cycle of 3 generations - strong, weak, dissolute	8
988406920	Shah Nama	Written by Firdawsi in the late 10th and early 11th centuries; relates history of Persia from creation to the Islamic conquests	9
988406921	ulama	Orthodox religious scholars within Islam; pressed for a more conservative and restrictive theology; increasingly opposed to non-Islamic ideas and scientific thinking	10
988406922	al-Ghazali	Brilliant Islamic theologian; struggled to fuse Greek and Qur'anic traditions; not entirely accepted by ulama	11
988406923	Mongols	Central Asia nomadic peoples; smashed Turko-Persian kingdoms; captured Baghdad in 1258 and killed last Abbasid caliph	12
988406924	Chinggis Khan	Born in decades following death of Kabul Khan; elected khagan of all Mongol tribes; responsible for conquest of northern kingdoms of China, territories as far west as the Abbasid regions; died prior to conquest of most of Islamic world	13
988406925	Hulegu	Ruler of Ilkhan khanate; grandson of Chinggis Khan; responsible for capture and destruction of Baghdad	14
988406926	Mamluks	Muslim slave warriors; established a dynasty in Egypt; defeated the Mongols at Ain Jalut in 1260 and halted Mongol advance	15
988406927	Muhammad ibn Quasim	Arab general; conquered Sind in India, declared the region and Indus valley to be part of the Umayyad empire	16
988406928	Mahmud of Ghanzi	3rd ruler of Turkish slave dynasty in Afghanistan; led invasions of northern India; credited with sacking of one of wealthiest Hindu temple in northern India; gave Muslims reputation for intolerance and aggression	17
988406929	Muhammad of Ghur	Military commander of Persian extraction who ruled small mountain kingdom in Afghanistan; began process of conquest to establish Muslim political control of northern India; brought much of Indus valley, Sind, and northern India under his control	18
988406930	Qutb-ud-din Aibak	Lieutenant of Muhammad of Ghur; established kingdom in India with capital at Delphi; proclaimed himself Sultan of India	19
988406931	Bhaktic cults	Hindu groups dedicated to gods and goddesses; strssed the importance of strong emotional bonds between devotees and the gods or goddess who was the object of their veneration; most widely worshiped gods were Shiva and Vishnu	20
988406932	Mira Bai	Celebrated Hindu writer of religious poetry; reflected openness of bhaktic cults to women	21
988406933	Kabi	Muslim mystic; played down the importance of ritual differences between Hinduism and Islam	22
988406934	Shrivijaya	Trading empire centered on Malacca Straits between Malaya and Sumatra; controlled trade of empire; Buddhist government resistant to Muslim missionaries; fall opened up southeastern Asia to Muslim conversion	23
988406935	Malacca	Portuguese factory of fortified trade town located on the tip of the Malayan peninsula; traditionally a center for trade among the southeastern Asian islands	24
988406936	Demak	Most powerful of the trading states on the north coast of Java; converted to Islam and served as a point of dissemination to other ports	25

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Bio Ch. 4-7 Flashcards

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1047036495	Absorption spectrum	Range of wavelengths that a given type of pigment can absorb.	1
1047036496	Accessory pigment	A pigment that absorbs and transfers light energy to a photo system; extends the range of light wavelengths for photosynthesis.	2
1047036497	ATP synthases	A type of membrane-bound active transport protein that also catalyzes the formation of ATP.	3
1047036498	Autotrophs	An organism that synthesizes its own food.	4
1047036499	C3 plants	Type of plant in which three carbon PGA is the first stable intermediate to form after carbon fixation.	5
1047036500	C4 plants	Type of plant in which four-carbon oxaloacetate is the first stable intermediate to form after initial carbon fixation; in these plants, carbon is fixed twice, in two different types of photosynthetic cells.	6
1047036501	Calvin-Benson cycle	Cyclic reactions that form sugar and regenerate RuBP in the second stage of photosynthesis. The reactions require carbon (from carbon dioxide). They use energy from ATP and hydrogens and electrons from NADPH, both of which form in the first stage	7
1047036502	CAM Plants	Type of plant that conserves water by opening stomata only at night, when it fixes carbon by repeated turns of the C4 pathway; stand for crassulacean acid metabolism.	8
1047036503	Carbon fixation	Process by which any autotrophic cell incorporates carbon atoms into a stable organic compound. Different cells get carbon dioxide from the air or dissolved in water.	9
1047036504	Cartenoids	One of a class of accessory pigments in photosynthesis that reflected red, orange, and yellow light. One kind, beta-carotene, is a precursor of vitamin A.	10
1047036505	Chlorophyll a	In plants and algae, a pigment that is a receptor for the photon energy required to start photosynthesis; it absorbs mainly violet and red light and reflects or transmits green light.	11
1047036506	Chlorophyll b	An accessory pigment that absorbs mainly blue and orange light.	12
1047036507	Chloroplasts	Organelle of photosynthesis in plants and algae. Two outer membranes enclose a semifluid interior, the stroma. A third membrane forms a compartment inside that functions in ATP and NADPH formation; sugars form in the stroma	13
1047036508	Cuticle	Of plants, a cover of transparent waxes and cutin on the outer wall of epidermal cells. Of annelids, a thin and flexible coat. Of arthropods, a lightweight exoskeleton hardened with chitin.	14
1047036509	Cycle pathways	Old photosynthetic pathway. Photon energy forces electrons out of membrane-bound photosystems to transfer systems, which return them to the photosystems. Electron flow across the membrane sets up H+ gradients that drive ATP formation.	15
1047036510	Electromagnetic spectrum	All wavelengths of photon energy from gamma rays less than 10-5 nanometers long to radio waves more than 10 kilometers long.	16
1047036511	Electron transfer chains	Array of enzymes and other molecules in a cell membrane that accept and give up electrons in sequence; operation of chain releases the energy of the electrons in small, usable increments.	17
1047036512	Heterotrophs	Organism that cannot make its own food.	18
1047036513	Light-dependent reaction	First stage of photosynthesis. Pigments trap photon energy, which is transduced to ATP chemical energy. In a noncycle pathway, a reduced coenzyme, NAPDH, also forms.	19
1047036514	Light-independent reaction	Second stage of photosynthesis. Involves carbon fixation and cyclic reactions that form sugars and regenerate an organic compound that is the cycle's entry point. ATP from the first stage delivers energy that drives the reactions. NADPH from the first stage donates electrons and hydrogen building blocks. The carbon and nitrogen come from CO2.	20
1047036515	Noncyclic pathway	The light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis that produce both ATP and NADPH; its oxygen by-product is the basis of Earth's oxygen-rich atmosphere	21
1047036516	Photolysos	Reactions that split water molecules, which release electrons for the noncyclic pathway of photosynthesis; oxygen is a by-product.	22
1047036517	Photosynthesis	The process by which photoautotrophs capture sunlight energy and use it in the formation of ATP and NADPH, then in the formation of sugars from carbon dioxide and water. ATP gives up energy that drives the sugar-building reactions, and NADPH donates electrons and hydrogen building blocks.	23
1047036518	Photosystems	In photosynthetic cells, a cluster of membrane-bound pigments and other molecules; it converts light energy to chemical energy.	24
1047036519	Pigments	Any light-absorbing molecule.	25
1047036520	Reaction center	At a photosystem's center, a special pair of chlorophyll a molecules; the center loses electrons on absorption of photon energy, thereby initiating the lightdependent reactions of photosynthesis.	26
1047036521	Stomata	A gap between two plumped guard cells that lets water vapor and gases diffuse across the epidermis of a leaf or primary stem; diffusion stops when the cells lose water and collapse.	27
1047036522	Stroma	The semifluid matrix between the thylakoid membrane system and two outer membranes of a chloroplast were sucrose, starch, cellulose, and other end products of photosynthesis are built.	28
1047036523	Thylakoid membrane	A chloroplast's inner membrane system, often folded as flattened secs, that forms a continuous compartment in the stroma. In the first stage of photosynthesis, pigments and enzymes in the membrane function in the formation of ATP and NADPH	29
1047036524	Wavelength	The distance between the crests of two successive wavelike forms of energy in motion.	30
1047036525	Activation energy	Minimum amount of energy required to start a reaction; enzyme action lowers this energy barrier. Reactions differ in the amount required.	31
1047036526	Active sites	Chemically stable crevice in an enzyme where substrates bind and a reaction can be catalyzed repeatedly.	32
1047036527	ADP	Adenosine disphosphate. A nucleotide with in adenine bind and two phosphate groups.	33
1047036528	Antioxidants	Any enzyme or cofactor that helps neutralize free radicals before than damage tissues.	34
1047036529	ATP	Adenosine triphosphate. A type of nucleotide that functions as the main energy carrier between reaction sites in cells. Consists of the base adenine, the five-carbon sugar ribose, and three phosphate groups.	35
1047036530	ATP/ADP cycle	How a cell regenerates its ATP supply. ADP forms when ATP gives up a phosphate group, then ATP forms as ADP binds to inorganic phosphate or a phosphate group split from a molecule	36
1047036531	Binding energy	Energy released as weak bonds form between a substrate, enzyme, and any cofactor	37
1047036532	Bioluminescence	Fluorescent light formed when certain organisms convert chemical bond energy to photon energy.	38
1047036533	Biosynthetic pathway (anabolic)	Any metabolic pathway by which one or more organic compounds are synthesized	39
1047036534	Chemical energy	Potential energy in the bonds between atoms in molecules	40
1047036535	Chemical equilibrium	No net change in concentrations of reactants and products in a reversible chemical reaction.	41
1047036536	Coenzymes	An organic molecule that is a necessary participant in some enzymatic reactionsl helps catalysis by donating or accepting electrons or functional groups; e.g., a vitamin, ATP, NAD+	42
1047036537	Cofactors	A metal ion or a coenzyme that assists an enzyme in catalysis by accepting or donating electrons or functional groups.	43
1047036538	Degradative pathway (catabolic)	Any of the stepwise series of metabolic reactions that break down organic compounds.	44
1047036539	Endergonic reaction	A chemical reaction that requires a net energy input and converts more stale reactants into less stable products; not spontaneous.	45
1047036540	Entropy	Measure of how much and how far a concentrated form of energy has been dispersed after an energy change.	46
1047036541	Enzymes	A type of protein that catalyzes (speeds) a chemical reaction. Some RNAs also show catalytic activity.	47
1047036542	Exergonic reaction	Any chemical reaction with a net energy loss.	48
1047036543	FAD	Flavin adenine dinucleotide. A tyoe of nucleotide coenzyme; transfers electrons and H+ from one reaction site to another.	49
1047036544	Feedback inhibition	Mechanism by which a change that results from some cellular activity triggers responses that decrease or shut down the activity.	50
1047036545	First law of thermodynamics	Energy cannot be created or destroyed	51
1047036546	Free radicals	Any unbound molecular fragment with an unpaired electron.	52
1047036547	Induced-fit model	Explanation of how some enzymes work; their shape changes and fits a bound substrate more closely, and the tension destabilizes substrate bonds so that they can break.	53
1047036548	Intermediates	A substance formed between the started and end of a metabolic pathway.	54
1047036549	Kilocalorie	1,000 calories of heat energy; amount needed to raise the temperature of 1 kilogram of water by 1°C. Standard unit of measure for food's caloric content.	55
1047036550	Kinetic energy	Energy of morion	56
1047036551	Metabolic pathways	A stepwise sequence of enzyme-mediated reactions.	57
1047036552	Metabolism	All the controlled, enzyme-mediated chemical reactions by which cells acquire and use energy as they synthesize, store, degrade, and eliminate substances.	58
1047036553	NAD+	Nicotinamide adenine phosphate. A phosphorylated nucleotide coenzymel after it accepts electrons and H+, abbreviated as NADH	59
1047036554	NADP+	Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. A phosphorylated nucleotide coenzyme; after it accepts electrons and H+, abbreviated NADPH2.	60
1047036555	Oxidation-reduction reactions (redox)	Transfer of electrons between reactant molecules.	61
1047036556	Phosphorylation	Enzyme-mediated transfer of a phosphate group to an organic compound.	62
1047036557	Potential energy	An object's capacity to do work owing to its position in space or the arrangement of its parts.	63
1107543738	actin	Protein monomer of microfilaments that functions in contraction, cell division, and reinforcing or reconfiguring the shape of a cell or its contents.	64
1107543739	adhering junctions	Complex of adhesion proteins that anchors cells to each other and to extracellular matrixes.	65
1107543740	Archaea	Domain of prokaryotic species; one of two lineages that evolved shortly after life originated. Archaeans have many unique molecular and biochemical traits but also share some traits with bacteria and other traits with eukaryotic species.	66
1107543741	Bacteria	Domain of prokaryotic species; the first kinds of cells that formed after life originated. Collectively, bacteria are the most metabolically diverse organisms. Most kinds are chemoheterotrophs.	67
1107543742	basal body	An organelle that started out as a centriole, the source of a 9+2 array of microtubules in a cilium or flagellum. It remains below the finished array.	68
1107543743	cell	Smallest unit that still displays the properties of life; it has the capacity to survive and reproduce on its own.	69
1107543744	cell cortex	A dynamic mesh of crosslinked cytoskeletal elements just underneath the plasma membrane and attached to it.	70
1107543745	cell junctions	Of a tissue, any molecular structure that connects adjoining cells physically, chemically, or both at their plasma membranes.	71
1107543746	cell theory	All organisms consist of one or more cells, the cell is the smallest unit of organization still displaying the properties of life, and life's continuity arises directly from growth and division of single cells.	72
1107543747	cell wall	Of many cells (not animal cells), a semirigid but permeable structure that surrounds the plasma membrane; helps a cell retain its shape and resist rupturing.	73
1107543748	central vacuole	In many mature, living plant cells, an organelle that stores amino acids, sugars, and some wastes; when it enlarges during growth, it forces the cell to enlarge and increase its surface area.	74
1107543749	centriole	A barrel-shaped structure that arises from a centrosome and organizes newly forming microtubules into a 9+2 array inside a cilium or flagellum.	75
1107543750	chloroplasts	Organelle of photosynthesis in plants and algae. Two outer membranes enclose a semifluid interior, the stroma. A third membrane forms a compartment inside that functions in ATP and NADPH formation; sugars form in the stroma.	76
1107543751	chromatin	All of the DNA molecules and associated proteins in a nucleus.	77
1107543752	chromosomes	In eukaryotic cells, a linear DNA double helix with many histones and other proteins attached. See also Bacterial chromosome	78
1107543753	cilium, cilia	A motile structure with a 9+2 array of microtubules that projects from the plasma membrane of certain eukaryotic cells. Modified cilia, such as those of hair cells, have sensory functions.	79
1107543754	cyanobacteria	A type of single-celled photoautotroph; the first to use a noncyclic pathway of photosynthesis, which slowly enriched the early atmosphere with oxygen.	80
1107543755	cytoplasm	All cell parts, particles, and semifluid substances between the plasma membrane and the nucleus or nucleoid.	81
1107543756	cytoskeleton	In a eukaryotic cell, the dynamic framework of diverse protein filaments that structurally support, organize, and move the cell and internal structures. Prokaryotic cells have a few similar protein filaments.	82
1107543757	endomembrane system	Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, and transport vesicles concerned with modification of many new proteins, lipid assembly, and their transport within the cytoplasm or to the plasma membrane for export.	83
1107543758	endoplasmic reticulum	ER. Organelle that extends from the nuclear envelope through cytoplasm. Ribosomes coat the cytoplasmic side of rough ER, which modifes many new polypeptide chains in its lumen. Membrane lipids are assembled, fatty acids are broken down, and some toxins are inactivated in the lumen of smooth ER.	84
1107543759	endosymbiosis	An intimate, permanent ecological interaction in which one species lives and reproduces in the other's body to the benefit of one or both.	85
1107543760	flagellum, flagella	Of many eukaryotic cells, a long, whip-like motile structure with an inner 9+2 array of microtubules. Prokaryotic flagella do not have this array and are not whiplike; they rotate like a propeller.	86
1107543761	gap junctions	Cylindrical arrays of proteins in the plasma membrane of adjoining cells; they pair up as open channels for rapid flows of ions and small molecules.	87
1107543762	Golgi bodies	Organelle of endomembrane system; its enzymes modify many new polypeptide chains, assemble lipids, and package both inside vesicles for secretion or for use inside cell.	88
1107543763	intermediate filaments	Cytoskeletal element that mechanically strengthens some cells.	89
1107543764	lignin	Gluelike polymer deposited in secondary cell walls; makes some plant parts stronger, more waterproof, and less vulnerable to attacks.	90
1107543765	lipid bilayer	Structural basis of all cell membranes; mainly phospholipids arranged tail-to-tail in two layers, with hydrophilic heads of one dissolved in cytoplasmic fluid and heads of the other in extracellular fluid.	91
1107543766	lysosome	Vesicle filled with enzymes that functions in intracellular digestion.	92
1107543767	microfilaments	The thinnest cytoskeletal element; consists of actin subunits that function in cell contraction, movement, and structural support.	93
1107543768	microtubules	Largest cytoskeletal element; a filament of tubulin subunits. Contributes to cell shape, growth, and motion.	94
1107543769	motor proteins	A type of accessory protein that interacts with microfilaments or with microtubules to move cell structures or the whole cell; e.g., myosin.	95
1107543770	myosin	An ATP-energized motor protein that moves cell components on cytoskeletal tracks. Interacts with actin in sarcomeres to bring about contraction.	96
1107543771	nuclear envelope	A double membrane that is the outer boundary of the nucleus.	97
1107543772	nucleoid	The portion of a prokaryotic cell where DNA is physically organized but not enclosed in a membrane.	98
1107543773	nucleolus	In an interphase nucleus, a mass of material from which RNA and proteins are assembled into the subunits of ribosomes.	99
1107543774	nucleus	Large organelle with an outer envelope of two pore-ridden lipid bilayers that separates eukaryotic chromosomes from the cytoplasm.	100
1107543775	organelles	One of the membrane-bound compartments that carry out specialized metabolic functions in eukaryotic cells; e.g., a nucleus, mitochondria.	101
1107543776	peroxisomes	Enzyme-filled vesicle that breaks down amino acids, fatty acids, and toxic substances such as ethanol.	102
1107543777	phospholipid	A lipid with a phosphate group in its hydrophilic head. The main constituent of cell membranes.	103
1107543778	plasma membrane	Outer cell membrane; the structural and functional boundary between cytoplasm and extracellular fluid.	104
1107543779	plasmodesma, plasmodesmata	A plant cell junction that connects the cytoplasm of adjoining cells.	105
1107543780	primary wall	The first thin, pliable wall of young plant cells.	106
1107543781	prokaryotes	A single-celled organism, often walled, that does not have the organelles characteristic of eukaryotic cells. Only bacteria and archaeans are prokaryotic.	107
1107543782	pseudopods	A dynamic lobe of membrane enclosed cytoplasm; functions in motility and phagocytosis by amoebas, amoeboid cells, and many white blood cells.	108
1107543783	ribosomes	The site of polypeptide chain synthesis in all cells. An intact one has two subunits of rRNA and proteins.	109
1107543784	secondary wall	A rigid, permeable wall inside the primary wall of many plant cells; forms after the first growing season.	110
1107543785	stroma	The semifluid matrix between the thylakoid membrane system and two outer membranes of a chloroplast where sucrose, starch, cellulose, and other end products of photosynthesis are built.	111
1107543786	tight junctions	An array of many strands of fibrous proteins collectively joining the sides of cells that make up an epithelium; the array prevents solutes from leaking between the cells.	112
1107543787	vesicles	A small, membrane-bound sac in the cytoplasm; different sacs transport or store substances or hold enzymes that digest their contents.	113
1107543788	active transport	Pumping of a specific solute across a cell membrane against its concentration gradient, through the interior of a transport protein. Requires energy input, as from ATP.	114
1107543789	adhesion proteins	Of multicelled species, a plasma membrane protein that helps cells stick together in tissues and to extracellular matrixes such as basement membrane.	115
1107543790	biofilms	Large microbial populations that anchored themselves to epithelium, rocks, or other surfaces by their own secretions.	116
1107543791	bulk flow	The mass movement of one or more substances in the same direction, most often in response to pressure.	117
1107543792	calcium pump	Active transport protein; pumps calcium ions across a cell membrane against their concentration gradient.	118
1107543793	communication proteins	A membrane protein that helps form an open channel between the cytoplasm of adjoining cells.	119
1107543794	concentration gradient	Net movement of like ions or molecules from a region where they are most concentrated to an adjoining region where they are less concentrated; they move down their concentration gradient.	120
1107543795	electric gradient	A difference in electric charge between adjoining regions.	121
1107543796	endocytosis	Cell uptake of substances by forming vesicles from patches of plasma membrane. Three modes are receptor-mediated endocytosis, phagocytosis, and the bulk transport of extracellular fluid.	122
1107543797	exocytosis	Fusion of a cytoplasmic vesicle with the plasma membrane; as it becomes part of the membrane, its contents are released to extracellular fluid.	123
1107543798	fluid mosaic model	A cell membrane has a mixed composition (mosaic) of lipids and proteins, the interactions and motions of which impart fluidity to it.	124
1107543799	hydrostatic pressure	Pressure exerted by a volume of fluid against a cell wall, membrane, or some other structure that contains it; also called turgor pressure.	125
1107543800	hypertonic solution	Of two fluids, the one with the higher solute concentration.	126
1107543801	hypotonic solution	Of two fluids, the one with the lower solute concentration.	127
1107543802	isotonic solution	Any fluid having the same solute concentration as another fluid to which it is being compared.	128
1107543803	osmosis	Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane from a region where the water concentration is higher to a region where it is lower.	129
1107543804	osmotic pressure	The amount of pressure which, when applied to a hypertonic fluid, will stop osmosis from occurring across a semipermeable membrane.	130
1107543805	passive transport	Diffusion of a solute across a cell membrane, through the interior of a transport protein.	131
1107543806	phagocytosis	"Cell eating," a common endocytic pathway by which various cells engulf food bits, microbes, and cellular debris.	132
1107543807	pressure gradient	Difference in pressure between two adjoining regions.	133
1107543808	recognition proteins	One of a class of glycoproteins or glycolipids that project above the plasma membrane and that identify a cell as nonself (foreign) or self (belonging to one's own body tissue).	134
1107543809	selective permeability	Built-in capacity of a cell membrane to prevent or allow specific substances from crossing it at certain times, in certain amounts.	135
1107543810	sodium-potassium pump	Cotransporter that, when energized, actively transports sodium out of a cell and helps potassium passively diffuse into it at the same time.	136
1107543811	tonicity	Relative solute concentrations of two fluids.	137
1107543812	transport proteins	Membrane protein that passively or actively assists specific ions or molecules into or out of a cell. The solutes move through the protein's interior.	138

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AP Bio Unit 2 (Ch 4-7) Flashcards

Cell structure, organelles, membranes

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440978943	Carbon	Element that is essential for building proteins, DNA, carbohydrates, and other living molecules.	1
440978944	Organic chemistry	The study of compounds that contain carbon.	2
440978951	Carbohydrates	Sugars and their polymers; macromolecules used as energy	3
440978958	Lipids	Biological macromolecule that does not form polymers and has little or no affinity for water; ex. fats, phosopholipids, and steroids	4
440978959	Fats	Lipids made of glycerol and fatty acids; function as insulation, energy storage, and protection of organs	5
440978961	Saturated fats	Fats that have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible and no double bonds; also called saturated fats and solid at room temperature (animal fats)	6
440978962	Unsaturated fats	Fats that have one or more double bonds; also called unsaturated fats and liquid at room temperature (fish and plant fats)	7
440978965	Phospholipid	Two fatty acids and a phosphate group attached to a glycerol; assemble into a bilayer when in contact with water; the major component of most cell membranes	8
440978966	Steroids	Lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings	9
440978968	Proteins	A biologically functional molecule that consists of one or more polypeptides; function in support, storage, transport, cellular communications, movement, and defense	10
440978969	Enzymes	A type of protein that acts as a catalyst to speed up chemical reactions	11
440978973	Primary structure	Describes the sequence of amino acids that makes up a protein	12
440978974	Secondary structure	Describes the coils and folds in a polypeptide chain (b-pleated sheet and a-helix)	13
440978975	Tertiary structure	Describes the interactions between functional groups in a polypeptide chain (hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, van der Waals interactions)	14
440978976	Quaternary structure	Describes the structure formed when two or more polypeptide chains join to form one protein	15
440978981	Active transport	Moving substances across a membrane against their concentration gradient; requires energy	16
440978982	Cell wall	Structure found only in plant cells made of cellulose; functions to protect the plant cell, maintain its shape, and prevent excessive uptake of water	17
440978984	Chloroplasts	Organelles found in plants and algae that are the sites for photosynthesis; contain ribosomes and DNA	18
440978992	Cytoskeleton	A network of fibers that organizes structures and activities in the cell.	19
440978993	Diffusion	The tendency for molecules to spread out evenly into the available space; occurs down the concentration gradient without any energy expenditure	20
440978994	Dynamic equilibrium	When as many molecules cross the membrane in one direction as another	21
440978995	Endocytosis	When a cell takes in macromolecules, forming vesicles from the plasma membranes	22
440978996	Endosymbiont Theory	Idea of how the first eukaryotic cells formed; (1) An early ancestor or eukaryotic cells engulfed a prokaryotic cell, which formed an endosymbiotic relationship with its host cell. (2) The two cells merged into a single organism, a eukaryotic cell with a mitochondrion. (3) A photosynthetic prokaryote was also engulfed, creating the chloroplasts found in photosynthetic organisms.	23
440978997	Eukaryotic	Organisms that have cells that contain a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.	24
440978998	Exocytosis	When transport vesicles carry large molecules to the plasma membrane, fuse with it, and release their contents out of the cell	25
440978999	Facilitated diffusion	When transport proteins speed the passive movement of molecules across the plasma membrane	26
440979001	Golgi apparatus	Organelle that modifies proteins made by the RER, manufactures macromolecules, and sorts and packages materials into transport vesicles.	27
440979002	Hydrophobic	Describes polar molecules that are water-fearing and easily dissolve through the lipid bilayer.	28
440979003	Hypertonic solution	When the solute concentration is greater than that inside the cell; net water movment will be out of the cell	29
440979004	Hypotonic solution	When the solute concentration is less than that inside the cell;net water movement will be into the cell	30
440979005	Isotonic	When the solute concentration is the same inside and outside of a cell; no net water rmovement will occur	31
440979007	Lysosome	Organelle that contains hydrolytic enzymes that digest macromolecules	32
440979009	Mitochondria	Organelles that are the sites of cellular respiration, a process that uses oxygen to create ATP; contain ribosomes and DNA	33
440979011	Nuclear envelope	Double-layered membrane that encloses the nucleus in eukaryotic cells.	34
440979012	Nucleus	Central organelle of a eukaryotic cell that contains most of the cell╒s DNA.	35
440979013	Nucleolus	Location within the nucleus where rRNA synthesis occurs.	36
440979014	Osmosis	The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane	37
440979015	Passive transport	Type of biological transport that occurs without energy expenditure (ex. Diffusion, osmosis)	38
440979017	Phagocytosis	Cellular eating; the process of a cell engulfing material, forming a food vacuole	39
440979018	Pinocytosis	Cellular drinking; type of endocytosis that brings water into the cell	40
440979019	Plasma membrane	A selective barrier that allows sufficient passage of oxygen, nutrients, and waste into and out of each cell comprised of a phospholipid and protein mosiac	41
440979020	Prokaryotic	Organisms that have cells that do not contain a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles	42
440979022	Ribosomes	Organelle responsible for protein synthesis that can be found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells	43
440979023	Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum	Organelle that secretes glycoproteins, distributes transport vesicles, and is the membrane factory for the cell; contains ribosomes on its surface	44
440979024	Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum	Organelle that synthesizes various types of lipids, metabolizes carbohydrates, detoxifies drugs and poisons, and stores calcium ions; does not contain ribosomes.	45
440979025	Stroma	The internal fluid of a chloroplast	46
440979026	Thylakoids	Membranous sacs that are part of the chloroplast	47
441770496	Vacuole	cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates	48
441773991	Endomembrane system	a network of membranes inside and around a eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles (incl. golgi, ER, cell membrane, lysosomes, nuclear membrane. etc...)	49
441791158	Fluid Mosaic Model	The currently accepted model of cell membrane structure, which envisions the membrane as a mosaic of protein molecules drifting laterally in a fluid bilayer of phospholipids.	50
917622658	Dehydration reaction	Chemical reaction that creates polymers from monomers, extracting water in the process	51
917622660	Endomembrane system	Series of interconnected structures that transport materials throughout a eukaryotic cell (includes the ER, golgi, vessicles, etc...)	52
917622661	Hydrolysis	Chemical reaction that uses water to cut polymers into monomers	53
917622662	Monomer	Simple compound whose molecules can join together to form polymers	54
917622663	Nucleic acids	Polymers that carry and transmit genetic information (DNA and RNA)	55
917622665	Fluid mosaic model	Describes the structure of a cell membrane as being a collection of many different types of molecules that are constantly rearranging	56

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AP Bio Unit 1 (Ch 1-3) Flashcards

Introduction to Biology
Chemistry of Life
Properties of Water

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1626068741	Population	A localized group of organisms that belong to the same species	0
1626068742	Hydrogen bond	When the slight negative charge at one end of one water molecule is attracted to the slight positive charge of another water molecule	1
1626068743	Hydrophobic	Nonpolar substances like oils that repel water molecules	2
1626068744	Buffer	A solution that prevents sudden changes in pH	3
1626068745	Atomic mass	Number of protons plus neutrons for an element	4
1626068746	Atomic number	Number of protons or electrons an element contains	5
1626068747	Dalton	A unit of mass equivalent to one proton or one neutron, also known as atomic mass unit (amu)	6
1626068748	Isotopes	Atoms of the same element that contain different numbers of neutrons	7
1626068749	Covalent bond	Chemical bond formed when two atoms share valence electrons	8
1626068750	Nonpolar covalent bond	Chemical bond formed when two atoms that are equally electronegative share valence electrons	9
1626068751	Polar covalent bond	Chemical bond formed when two atoms that have different electronegativities share valence electrons	10
1626068752	Van der Waals interactions	Form when electrons are not equally distributed around a molecule	11
1626068753	Compound	A molecule consisting of two or more types of atoms in definite proportions (ex. H20)	12
1626068754	Trace elements	Elements that are necessary for life, but only in very small amounts	13
1626068755	Structural formula	The physical makeup of a biological component, A chemical formula that shows the number and types of atoms in a chemical compound molecule and how they are arranged	14
1626068756	Feedback regulation	A method of metabolic control	15
1626068758	Prokaryotic	A cell that does not have a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles	16
1626068759	Eukaryotic cell	A cell that has a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles	17
1626068763	Bacteria	Domain of prokaryotic organisms that are found everywhere on Earth	18
1626068764	Archaea	Domain of prokaryotic organisms that are often found in extreme environments on Earth	19
1626068765	Eukarya	Domain of organisms that have nuclei and membrane-bound organelles	20
1626068766	Natural selection	The idea that organisms living on Earth today are the modified descendants of common ancestors, Charles Darwin's theory that the features of an organism that help it survive and reproduce are more likely than other features to be passed on to subsequent generations.	21
1626068767	Biosphere	Anywhere on Earth where life exists	22
1626068768	Theory	An explanation that is broad in scope, generates new hypotheses, and is supported by a large body of evidence	23
1626068769	Model Organism	A scientific representation of a natural phenomenon, A particular species chosen for research into broad biological principles because it is representative of a larger group and usually easy to grow in a lab.	24
1626068770	Matter	Anything that takes up space and has mass	25
1626068771	Element	A substance that cannot be broken down to another substances by chemical reactions	26
1626068772	Atom	The smallest unit f matter that still retains the properties of an element	27
1626068773	Proton	Subatomic particle with a positive charge and a mass of 1 dalton	28
1626068774	Neutron	Subatomic particle with no charge and a mass of 1 dalton	29
1626068775	Electron	Subatomic particle with a negative charge and a mass of 1/2000 of a Dalton	30
1626068776	Valence	Electrons in the outermost energy level of an atom	31
1626068777	Cation	Positively charged ion	32
1626068778	Cohesion	The attract between two of the same molecules	33
1626068779	Adhesion	The attraction between two different molecules	34
1626068780	Specific heat	The amount of heat that must be absorbed for 1 g of that substance to change its temperature by 1 degree celcius	35
1626068781	Solution	A liquid that is homogeneous mixture of substances	36
1626068782	Solvent	The dissolving agent of a solution	37
1626068783	Solute	The substance that is dissolved in a solution	38
1626068784	Hydrophyllic	A substance that can be dissolved in water	39
1626068785	Anion	Negatively charged ion	40
1626068786	Ion	An atom with a positive or negative charge	41
1626068787	Energy	Capacity to do work	42
1626068793	Hypothesis	Tentative answer to a scientific question that must be testable and falsifiable	43
1626068794	Biology	The scientific study of life	44
1626068795	Potential energy	The energy that matter has because of its location or structure	45
1626068796	Chemical reaction	The making and breaking of chemical bonds	46
1626068797	Reactants	The starting molecules of a chemical reaction	47
1626068798	Products	The final molecules of a chemical reaction	48
1626068799	Chemical equilibrium	When the forward and reverse reaction rates are equal	49
1626068801	Molarity	The number of moles of a solute per liter of solution	50
1626068802	Acid	A substance that increases the H+ concentration of a solution and has a pH of less than 7	51
1626068803	Base	A substance that reduces the H+ concentration of a solution and has a pH of greater than 7	52
1627481165	Evoution	is defined as a change in allele frequencies in a population over time	53
1627481166	Emergent Properties	New properties that EMERGE with each step upward in the hierarchy of life, owing to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases.	54
1627481167	Reductionism	A fault of some researchers: a strict limitation (reduction) of the kinds of concepts to be considered relevant to the phenomenon under study.	55
1627481168	Systems biology	An approach to studying biology that aims to model the dynamic behavior of whole biological systems.	56
1627481169	Prokaryotic Cell	A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles; found only in the domains Bacteria and Archaea.	57
1627481170	DNA	A double-stranded, helical nucleic acid molecule capable of replicating and determining the inherited structure of a cell's proteins.	58
1627481171	Genes	Chemical factors that determine traits	59
1627481172	Gene Expressions	the process by which cell converts the genetic code into RNA and protein	60
1627481173	Genome	All the genetic information in an organism; all of an organism's chromosomes.	61
1627481174	Genomics	Study and comparison of genomes within a single species or among different species.	62
1627481175	Proteomics	Study of the structure and function of proteins in the human body	63
1627481176	Proteome	The DNA that codes for the complete set of all proteins that a person can make at a given time under certain conditions	64
1627481177	Bioinformatics	The use of computers, software, and mathematical models to process and integrate biological information from large data sets.	65
1627481178	Producers	Individuals and organizations that determine what products and services.	66
1627481179	Consumers	An organism that obtains energy and nutrients by feeding on other organisms or their remains.	67
1627481180	Science	An organized way of gathering and analyzing evidence about the natural world.	68
1627481181	Inquiry	A process of learning that starts with asking questions and proceeds by seeking the answers to the questions.	69
1627481182	Inductive Reasoning	A type of logic in which generalizations are based on a large number of specific observations.	70
1627481183	Deductive Reasoning	Reasoning in which a conclusion is reached by stating a general principle and then applying that principle to a specific case (The sun rises every morning; therefore, the sun will rise on Tuesday morning.)	71
1627481184	Experiment	A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process	72
1627481185	Variables	factors that can change in an experiment	73
1627481186	Independent Variable	The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.	74
1627481187	Dependent Variable	The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable.	75
1627481188	Controlled experiment	A test of the effect of a single variable by changing it while keeping all other variables the same	76
1627481189	Technology	Knowledge that people use to make a way of life in their surroundings	77
1627481190	Essential elements	A chemical element required for an organism to survive, grow, and reproduce.	78
1627481191	Atomic Nucleus	An atom's central core, containing protons and neutrons.	79
1627481192	Mass Number	the sum of the number of neutrons and protons in an atomic nucleus	80
1627481193	Radioactive Isotopes	Atoms that are unstable, meaning they decay, or break down, to form stable atoms of a different element	81
1627481194	Half-life	The time required for one half of the atoms of a radioisotope to emit radiation an decay products	82
1627481195	Radiometric Dating	the process of measuring the absolute age of geologic material by measuring the concentrations of radioactive isotopes and their decay products	83
1627481196	Electron shell	An energy level representing the distance of an electron from the nucleus of an atom.	84
1627481197	Valence Shell	Outer most electron shell; determines whether it gives up, accepts, or shares electrons	85
1627481198	Orbital	A region of space around the nucleus where an electron is likely to be found.	86
1627481199	Chemical Bonds	A union between the electron structures of two or more atoms	87
1627481200	Molecule	the simplest structural unit of an element or compound	88
1627481201	Covalent Bond	A bond formed when two atoms share a pair of electrons	89
1627481203	Molecular Formula	A chemical formula that shows the number and kinds of atoms in a molecule, but not the arrangement of the atoms.	90
1627481204	Electronegativity	the tendency of an atom or radical to attract electrons in the formation of an ionic bond	91
1627481205	Ioninc bond	a bond that is formed when one electron is transfered from one atom to another	92
1627481206	Ionic Compound	Composed of positive and negative ions that are combined so that the numbers of positive and negative charges are equal	93
1627481207	Salts	Another name for Ionic Compounds	94
1627481208	Surface tension	A measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid	95
1627481209	Kinetic Energy	Energy of motion	96
1627481210	Thermal Energy	Heat energy	97
1627481211	Heat	Energy in transit due to a temperature difference between the source from which the energy is coming and a sink toward which the energy is going.	98
1627481212	Calorie	Amount of energy needed to raise temperature 1 gram of water 1 degree C	99
1627481213	Kilocalorie	A unit of energy equal to 1,000 calories.	100
1627481214	Joule	Another unit of heat. 1 joule is equivalent to.239 calories.	101
1627481215	Heat of vaporization	The amount of energy required for the liquid at its boiling point to become a gas	102
1627481216	Evaporation cooling	is the process in which the surface of an object becomes cooler during evaporation, as a result of the molecules with the greatest kinetic energy changing from the liquid to the gaseous state	103
1627481217	Aqueous soultion	a soultion in which water is the solvent	104
1627481218	Hydration shell	The sphere of water molecules around each dissolved ion	105
1627481219	Molecular mass	The sum of the masses of all the atoms in a molecule; sometimes called molecular weight.	106
1627481220	Mole	the simplest structural unit of an element or compound (Think number)	107
1627481221	Hydrogen ion	a positively charged atom of hydrogen	108
1627481222	Hydroxide ion	A negatively charged ion made of oxygen and hydrogen.	109
1627481223	Hydronium ion	hydrogen ion combines with a water molecule to form a hydronium ion, H3O(+)	110
1627481224	pH	Plants that produce and convert energy from the sun, into chemical energy used for manufacturing food.	111
1627481225	Ocean acidification	Decreasing pH of ocean waters due to absorption of excess atmospheric CO2 from the burning of fossil fuels	112
1637610186	Law	A natural phenomenon that is observed the same way every time. (Chapter 1)	113
1637610187	Positive feedback	A physiological control mechanism in which a change in some variable triggers mechanisms that amplify the change.	114
1637610188	Negative feedback	A primary mechanism of homeostasis, whereby a change in a physiological variable that is being monitored triggers a response that counteracts the initial fluctuation.	115
1637610189	Homeostasis	The steady-state physiological condition of the body. (Chapter 1)	116
1637610190	Temperature	A measure of the intensity of heat in degrees, reflecting the average kinetic energy of the molecules.	117

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AP Bio Ch 1-7 Flashcards

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221283095	hydrolysis	disassemble polymers to monomers by adding water molecules	1
221283096	carbohydrates	sugars and polymers of sugars	2
221283097	asymmetric carbon	carbon attached to four different atoms or groups of atoms	3
221283098	glycosidic linkage	covalent bond formed between two monosac by dehydration reaction	4
221283099	starch	how plants stock glucose	5
221283100	where is glycogen mainly stored	liver and muscle cells	6
221283101	storage polysaccharides	glycogen and starch	7
221283102	structural polysac	cellulose	8
221283103	cellulose structure	the different glycosidic linkages in cellulose make it straight. it never branches	9
221283104	how is cellulose grouped in plant cell walls	tightly into units called microfibrils	10
221283105	one trait that all lipids share:	do not mix well with water	11
221283106	what explains lipids hydrophobic behaviour?	hydrocarbon regions. the nonpolar C-H bond	12
221283107	types of lipids	fats, phospholipids, steroids, waxes	13
221283108	what are fats made up of	glycerol and fatty acids	14
221283109	glycerol	alcohol with three carbons each bearing a hydroxyl group	15
221283110	fatty acid	long carbon skeleton	16
221283111	why do fats separate from water?	water molecules hydrogen bond to one another and exclude the fats	17
221283112	in making a fat, what is formed	ester linkage	18
221283113	what is ester linkage	bond between hydroxyl group and a carboxyl group	19
221283114	how do you make a fat	three fatty acids + 1 glycerol	20
221283115	triacylglycerol	3 fatty acids + 1 glycerol	21
221340321	unsaturated	cid double bond kinks. liquid at room temperature.	22
221340322	how does a phospholipid differ from a fat molecules	phospho has 2 fatty acids	23
221340323	steroids	lipids characerised by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings	24
221340324	type of steroid	cholesterol	25
221340325	cholesterol	common component of animal cell membranes	26
221340326	where is cholesterol synthesised	liver	27
221340327	what is synthesised from cholesterol	sex hormones	28
221340328	enzymatic proteins	selective acceleration of chemical reactions	29
221340329	structural proteins	support	30
221340330	storage protein	storage of amino acids	31
221340331	transport proteins	transport of other substances	32
221340332	hormonal proteins	coordination of organisms activities	33
221340333	receptor proteins	response of cell to chemical stimuli	34
221340334	contractile and motor proteins	movement	35
221340335	defensive proteins	protection against disease	36
221340336	what do enzymatic proteins do	regulate metabolism by acting as catalysts	37
221340337	polypeptides	polymers of amino acids	38
221340338	peptide bond	bond between two amino acids	39
221340339	function of a protein depends on	ability to recognise and bind to some other molecule	40
221679851	HDL	high density lipoprotein	41
221679852	what does HDL do	moves cholesterol from tissues to liver where it is then converted to bile salts to aid digestion of dietary fats than can be eliminated from liver	42
221679853	LDL	low density lipoprotein	43
221679854	what does LDL do	travels from liver to tissues, clogs the blood vessels	44
221725837	glycerophospholipid	diester that contains glycerol, 2 nonpolar fatty acids tails and polar head	45
221725838	is protein polar/nonpolar	nonpolar	46
223060461	brightfield unstained	passes light directly through specimen	47
223060462	fluorescent microscopy	shows locations of specific molecules in the cell	48
223060463	phase contrast	enhances contrast in unstained cells. useful for looking at living, unpigmented cells	49
223060464	differential interference contrast	exaggerate differences in density	50
223060465	confocal	lasers and special optics to image regions with narrow depth and focus. used with fluorescent specimens	51

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