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World Civilization 1 (Chapter 1) - Test Prep Flashcards

This is a quiz prep for World Civilization. We use The Essential World History Sixth Edition book for this course.

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204302562What was the name given to the area that contains Mesopotamia?"The Fertile Crescent"1
204302563What is Cuneiform?One of the earliest forms of writing, (probably) invented in Uruk, Mesopotamia around 3000 BC. The symbols are formed from wedge-shaped objects pressed into soft clay tablets which are then fired (accidentally or intentionally).2
204302564What is a Ziggurat?A temple built atop a massive stepped tower dedicated to the chief god or goddess of a city. Though ziggurats were temples for gods, they were not a place that citizens were allowed to worship at. They were thought of as the home of the god, and only priests were allowed in or on a ziggurat. One of the most famous ziggurats is that from the city of Ur.3
204302565List the seven causes of civilization.1. Urban focus. 2. New political and military structures. 3. New social structures based on economic power. 4. Specialized work force. 5. Religious structure. 6. Writing. 7. Artistic and intellectual activity.4
204302566What was the Epic of Gilgamesh?The Epic of Gilgamesh is, perhaps, the oldest written story on Earth. It comes to us from Ancient Sumeria, and was originally written on 12 clay tablets in cunieform script. It is about the adventures of the historical King of Uruk (somewhere between 2750 and 2500 BCE).5
204302567What was Gilgamesh searching for?In The Epic of Gilgamesh the main character, Gilgamesh, is searching for immortality.6
204302568Who was Hammurabi?Hammurabi was the first king of the Babylonian Empire (which included Mesopotamia). His idea was to divide and conquer his enemies with an army of foot soldiers who carried axes, spears, and daggers. He built temples, defensive walls, irrigation canals, encouraged trade, brought about an economic revival.7
204302569What did Hammurabi write?282 laws written in cuneiform called "The Code of Hammurabi".8
204302570What is Lex Talionis?The principle or law of retaliation that a punishment inflicted should correspond in degree and kind to the offense of the wrongdoer, as an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth; retributive justice.9
204302571Give an example of one of the Lex of Talionis laws.If a free man has destroyed the eye of a member of the aristocracy, they shall destroy his eye10
204302572What are the two reasons we discuss the Hebrews?1. They didn't follow the rules. 2. Their religious ideals have massive impact on world history.11
204302573Where is the Jewish homeland?Israel12
204302574Who is Abraham?A herder, trader, who lived in Ur (a Mesopotamian city). (The father of the Jews who was chosen by God to be the first Jewish person.)13
204302575Who is Moses?Moses is an Israelite leader whom the Torah credits with leading the Israelite from Egypt to Canaan (the promised land). Received the Ten Commandments.14
204302576Between Abraham and Moses who is given more attention?Moses15
204302577Discuss the actions of both David and Solomon.David extended the kingdom by war, made Jerusalem the capital, and drew up plans for Temple. Solomon asserted federal power over tribal power and preserved the kingdom through peace.16
204302578After Solomon's reign Israel splits. What are these two parts? Who is included? Where?Israel in the north (larger/wealthier) and Judah in the south (smaller/more united)17
204302579Discuss the three main groupings of modern Jews.1. Orthodox - believe law came from God and can not be changed 2. Conservative - believe the laws can change 3. Reformed - do not believe that the Torah was written by God18
204302580What is Olam Ha-Ba?Olam Ha-Ba is the world to come or the spiritual world that souls go to after death.19
204302581What does Kemet mean?black land20
204302582What is a Pharoah?A "king" who sat at the top of the social and political order, acted as commander-in-chief and controlled all military occupations. He/she was much more than just the head of state. He/she also helped maintain 'Maat' - the divine order in the world. Without the pharaoh, The Egyptians believed that the world would descend into chaos.21
204302583Name and discuss the three Kingdoms.1. The Old Kingdom - When Egypt was first unified under a Pharaoh from Upper Egypt (the south), the Pharaohs had great deal of power over their subjects, the capital was at Memphis. Pharaohs organized the first systematic irrigation from the Nile river, the Pyramids were built in this period as great tombs for the Pharaohs. 2. The Middle Kingdom - Was formed after wars between Upper Egypt (the South) and Lower Egypt (the North) ended. The rulers of Upper Egypt won, and reunified the country, with the capital first at Thebes in the south, and then at a new city just south of Memphis. The Pharaohs of this period are not as powerful. They show themselves as taking care of their people, instead of as god-kings. They are the shepherds of the people now. The nomarchs (local officials) are powerful. Jerusalem, Jericho and Syria first come under Egyptian influence. 3. The New Kingdom - The reunification of Egypt by the southerner Ahmose and the expulsion of the Hyksos. At this time there was a great deal of trade with Western Asia, and Egyptian armies even conquered much of Israel and Syria, though they were constantly fighting the Hittites and Assyrians to keep control of it. Great temples were built all over Egypt. The Egyptian queens were very powerful at this time.22
204302584Who was Akhenaten and what did he do? Why?Son of Pharaoh Amenhotep III that decreed that Aten was the only god, and later campaigned against all the other gods and religions. He claimed he was the only person able to converse with his god. He did this to take back control of religion and give back the power of being a king. Son was King Tut.23
204302585What are Hieroglyphics?Sacred characters used as picture signs that depicted objects and had a sacred value that was usually carved in stone.24
204302586Describe the three processes of mummification?1. Announcement of Death 2. Embalming the Body 3. Removal of Brain 4. Removal of Internal Organs 5. Drying Out Process 6. Wrapping of the Body 7. Final Procession - (opening the mouth and weighing the heart)25
204302587What is the role of death in Egyptian society?Ancient Egyptian culture had complex beliefs concerning death and the afterlife, which evolved over thousands of years. The Egyptians envisioned the afterlife as a continuation of one's earthly life; death was not a final state, but a transitional stage in the cycle of life from the world of the living to the world of the dead. Egyptian belief encompassed strict protocols for burials and funerary rituals to ensure the continued existence of the individual in the world beyond. "Ka" and "Ba". The passage to the afterlife was complex and dangerous. The deceased had to pass a series of difficult tests, aided by instructions from the Book of the Dead, protective amulets, and talismans. Final judgment took place before Osiris, the god of the dead. In the final judgment, the deceased's heart was weighed against the feather of truth. If the scale balanced, Osiris permitted the deceased to enter the Field of Reeds, a paradisiacal world of plenty. If the heart was heavy with sin, the crocodile-headed monster Ammit (Eater of the Dead) devoured the deceased and his/her afterlife ended in torment and shame.26
204302588Discuss the Horus Osiris cycle and what it meant for religion and politics in Egypt.If all pharaohs are kings - and all kings are gods then all kings are Horus (son of Osiris and Isis) - So when a living king dies his son becomes king or Horus and so on... Horus is to maintain Mo'at. Because of this death is embraced and people celebrate it because of the cycle.27
204302589If you were evil what happened to you in the afterlife?Final judgment took place before Osiris, the god of the dead. In the final judgment, the deceased's heart was weighed against the feather of truth. If the heart was heavy with sin, the crocodile-headed monster Ammit (Eater of the Dead) devoured the deceased and his/her afterlife ended in torment and shame.28
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World History, Human Experience Unit 1 Flashcards

from World History the Human Experience

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1051702783domesticateTames animals and adapt crops for the purpose of cultivation.1
1051702784deityA god or goddess2
1051702785neonew3
1051702786lithicmade of or pertaining to stone4
1051702787neolithic revolutionA period when humans first started to learn to plant crops and domesticate animals for their food, instead of hunting and gathering5
1051702788agricultural revolutionAlso known as the Neolithic Revolution, this is the transformation of human (and world) existence caused by the deliberate cultivation of particular plants and the deliberate taming and breeding of particular animals.6
1051702789Catal HuyukAgricultural village in turkey from 6000 BC. largest settlement found from neolithic era. doors on roofs. houses = 1 main room + 2 side rooms for storage.7
1051702790JerichoAn ancient and strategically vital city in Canaan, the first major city to be captured by the Israelites.8
10517027913 Eras of HumanityThe Stone Age, The Bronze Age, and the Iron Age9
1051702792civilizationA society with cities, a central government, job specialization, and social classes10
1051702793economyA system for producing and distributing goods, and services to fulfill people's wants11
1051702794artisanA skilled craftsperson12
1051702795cultural diffusionThe spread of cultural elements from one society to another13
1051702796mythA traditional story about gods, ancestors, or heroes, told to explain the natural world or the customs and beliefs of a society.14
1051702797SumerA group of ancient city-states in southern Mesopotamia; the earliest civilization in Mesopotamia.15
1051702798the SumeriansCreators of the first civilization in the Middle East. They lived by raising grain and dates and invented cuneiform, ziggurats, the wheel, sail, plow, accurate calender, geometry, and a counting system based on 60.16
1051702799monotheisticBelieving in one god.17
1051702800polytheisticBelieving in many gods18
1051702801Tigris RiverA river in southwestern Asia that flows through the eastern part of the Fertile Crescent19
1051702802Euphrates RiverA river in southwestern Asia that flows through the southern part of the Fertile Crescent.20
1051702803irrigation systemssystem of transporting water from one place to another; , In early times, people built these to carry water from rivers to crops.21
1051702804nomadic(of groups of people) tending to travel and change settlements frequently, wandering, moving about from place to place, adj. lacking stability of a home base22
1051702805city-stateAn independent state consisting of a city and the surrounding countryside and villages.23
1051702806ZigguratA rectangular tiered temple or terraced mound erected by the ancient Assyrians and Babylonians24
1051702807cuneiformAn ancient wedge-shaped script developed in Sumer used in Mesopotamia and Persia.25
1051702808Sargon 1Akkadian leader who overran the Sumerian city-states and established a dynastic empire.26
1051702809Hammurabi(ruled c. 1792-1750 BC) King of Babylonia; he was a brilliant military leader who brought all of Mesopotamia into the Babylonian Empire. He is known for his uniform code of 282 laws, the earliest known set of written laws.27
1051702810Hammurabi's CodeA set of 282 laws governing daily life in Babylon; the earliest known collection of written laws28
1051702811Gilgamesha legendary Sumerian king who was the hero of an epic collection of mythic stories29
1051702812Utnapishtim Flood Story7 days/ 6 nights; god promises immortality to Utnapishtim, people often compare this story to Noah's Ark30
1051702813Noah's Ark StoryNoah built an ark and took many animals while God destroyed the Earth with a flood. Rains fell for forty days and forty nights. The dove brought back an olive leaf indicating that the waters are subsiding.31
1051702814BabylonianAn ancient empire of Mesopotamia in the Euphrates River valley. It flourished under Hammurabi and Nebuchadnezzar II but declined after 562 b.c. and fell to the Persians in 539.32
1051702815Kathe spiritual part of an individual believed by ancient Egyptians to survive the body after death.33
1051702816priestA person whose office it is to perform religious rites, and especially to make sacrificial offerings.34
1051702817KemetEgyptian name for Egypt, means "the Black Lands"35
1051702818papyrusA reed that grows along the banks of the Nile River in Egypt. From it was produced a coarse, paperlike writing medium used by the Egyptians and many other peoples in the ancient Mediterranean and Middle East.36
1051702819monarchya government by a single person in which power is inherited37
1051702820patriarchThe male head of a family or tribe38
1051702821dynastya series of rulers from the same family39
1051702822pharaoha king of ancient Egypt, considered a god as well as a political and military leader40
1051702823theocracygovernment run by religious leaders41
1051702824bureaucracya system of managing government through departments run by appointed officials42
1051702825empireA group of states or territories controlled by one ruler43
1051702826deltaA landform made of sediment that is deposited where a river flows into an ocean or lake44
1051702827Fertile CrescentAn area of fertile land in the Middle East stretching in a broad semicircle from the Nile to the Tigris and Euphrates rivers.45
1051702828hieroglyphicsan ancient Egyptian writing system in which pictures were used to represent ideas and sounds46
1051702829priestess. a woman authorized to perform the sacred rites of religion, a female priest47
1051702830Indus River valleyA region in present-day Pakistan that was the birthplace of the Indus River valley (Harappan) civilization.48
1051702831subcontinentA large landmass that forms a distinct part of a continent.49
1051702832Hindu KushA mountain range along the northern border of India.50
1051702833HimalayasThe highest mountains in the world, which stretch along northern India, separating it from the rest of Asia.51
1051702834monsoonA strong wind that blows across East Asia at certain times of the year52
1051702835Harrapanthe people who settled on the Indian Subcontinent. They are known for their elaborate city planning and their sophisticated plumbing and sewage systems.53
1051702836foragingthe act of searching for food and provisions;, A style of life in which people gain food by gathering plant products, trapping or catching small animals and birds, and hunting larger prey.54
1051702837anthropogenicHuman-induced changes on the natural environment;55
1051702838natronChemical used in mummification; helps dry out the body for preservation56
1051702839mummificationa process of embalming and drying corpses to prevent them from decaying; practiced by the Egyptians who preserved the bodies in tombs so they could get the best of their afterlife57
1051702840longitudeDistance east or west of the prime meridian - vertical lines of the globe58
1051702841latitudeDistance north or south of the equator - horizontal lines on the globe59
1051702842paleopathologiststudy ancient diseases, trauma, and nutritious defiiencies (anything weird that can happen to a skeleton)60
1051702843revisionistThose who rewrite history for political or ideological purposes61
1051702844ProgressivistsBelieve moral authority is dynamic and subjective. Trust their own moral compass, decisions may change over time.62
1051702845slash and burnA farming method involving the cutting of trees, then burning them to provide ash-enriched soil for the planting of crops63
1051702846Nile River valleyRiver valley of rich black soil in Northeast Africa on which the Egyptian Empire rose.64
1051702847MesopotamiaThe land between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers; birthplace of the Sumerian and Babylonian Civilizations.65
1051702848Egyptian Class Structuregod-king at the top, an upper class of nobles and priests, followed by merchants, artisans, scribes, tax collectors and peasants66
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AP Psychology - Biological Basis of Behavior Flashcards

AP Psychology terms taken from the Princeton Review study book. Chapter 5 - Biological Basis of Behavior

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1392221518Physiological PsychologyThe study of behavior as influenced by biology.1
1392221519Electroencephalogram (EEG)Device that measures subtle changes in brain electrical activity through electrodes placed on the head. This has allowed psychologists to map brain activity during various cognitive states or tasks.2
1392221520Computerized Axial Tomography Scans (CAT Scans)Device that generates cross-sectional images of the brain using a series of X-ray pictures at different angles.3
1392221521Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)Device that uses powerful electromagnets and radio waves to get structural information from the brain. They capture "snapshots" of the brain, but can't observe the brain over time.4
1392221522Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)Device that rapidly sequences MRI scans to allow a view of the brain "in motion."5
1392221523Positron Emission Tomography (PET) ScansDevice that provides images via diffusion of radioactive glucose in the brain—areas in the brain with more glucose indicate a higher activity.6
1392221524NeuronsThe basic unit of the nervous system, also called nerve cells.7
1392221525Central Nervous SystemNervous system consisted of the brain and spinal cord.8
1392221526Peripheral Nervous SystemNervous system comprising all nerves in the body except for the brain and spinal cord.9
1392221527Afferent NeuronsNeurons which send sensory information to the brain.10
1392221528Efferent NeuronsNeurons which convey motor information from the brain to the PNS.11
1392221529ReflexA quick and involuntary response to environmental stimuli which is not controlled by the brain but transmits directly from afferent to efferent cells in the spinal cord.12
1392221530Somatic Nervous SystemThe part of the PNS which is responsible for voluntary movement of skeletal muscles.13
1392221531Autonomic Nervous SystemThe part of the PNS which controls the nonskeletal, involuntary, smooth muscles, like in the heart and digestive tract.14
1392221532Sympathetic Nervous SystemThe part of the ANS associated with energy-burning processes, mainly the heightened state of arousal from the fight-or-flight reaction.15
1392221533Fight-or-flight ReactionA reaction carried out by the sympathetic nervous system which is characterized by an increase in heart rate and respiration, with a decrease in digestion and salivation.16
1392221534Parasympathetic Nervous SystemThe part of the ANS which is responsible for conserving energy. After a fight-or-flight reaction, this system kicks in sends blood to the stomach for digestion, slows heart rate, and conserves energy, returning the body to homeostasis. "Rest and digest".17
1392221535HindbrainThe oldest region of the brain to develop, evolutionarily speaking. Composed of the cerebellum, medulla oblongata, reticular activating system (RAS), pons, and thalamus.18
1392221536CerebellumPart of the hindbrain which controls muscle tone and balance.19
1392221537Medulla OblongataPart of the hindbrain which controls involuntary, basic life functions. (E.g. breathing, digestion, heart rate, swallowing).20
1392221538Reticular Activating SystemPart of the hindbrain which controls arousal—wakefulness and alertness.21
1392221539PonsPart of the hindbrain which acts as a way station, passing neural messages from one brain region to another. "Bridge" in Latin.22
1392221540ThalamusPart of the hindbrain which relays sensory information; it receives and directs sensory information from visual and auditory systems.23
1392221541MidbrainThe region of the brain which has its major components as the tectum and tegmentum, which govern visual and auditory reflexes, such as orienting to a sight or sound.24
1392221542TectumPart of the midbrain which acts as the midbrain's roof.25
1392221543TegmentumPart of the midbrain which acts as the midbrain's floor.26
1392221544ForebrainRegion of the brain which contains the limbic system (hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus).27
1392221545HippocampusPart of the forebrain which is involved in processing and integrating memories. Forms memories which are then stored in the neocortex.28
1392221546AmygdalaPart of the forebrain which is involved in the expression of anger and frustration.29
1392221547HypothalamusPart of the forebrain which controls the temperature and water balance of the body, controls hunger and sex drives, and activates the sympathetic nervous system and endocrine system.30
1392221548Lateral HypothalamusThe "on switch" for eating. A lesion to this part of the hypothalamus will lead to decreased hunger drive.31
1392221549Ventromedial HypothalamusThe "off switch" for eating. A lesion to this part of the hypothalamus would cause obesity or even death from overeating.32
1392221550Limbic SystemThe emotional center of the brain. It resides in the forebrain and is composed of the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus.33
1392221551Cerebral CortexThe thin, wrinkled, gray outer layer of the brain, involved with higher cognitive functions like thinking, planning, language, and fine motor control.34
1392221552Cerebral HemispheresTwo symmetrical-like sides of the brain covered by the cortex.35
1392221553Left HemisphereThe hemisphere of the brain specialized for language processing.36
1392221554Right HemisphereThe hemisphere of the brain specialized for processing certain kinds of visual and spatial information.37
1392221555Corpus CallosumThe band of connective nerve fibers joining the two hemispheres.38
1392221556Broca's areaLocated in the left hemisphere, it controls speaking ability. Damage to this area results in expressive aphasia.39
1392221557Expressive AphasiaThe loss of the ability to speak.40
1392221558Wernicke's AreaAn area in the left temporal lobe which is involved in comprehending speech. Damage to this area results in receptive aphasia.41
1392221559Receptive AphasiaThe inability to comprehend speech.42
1392221560Contralateral ProcessingWhen stimuli is processed on the opposite side where it was detected: e.g. Information from the left half of the visual field is detected by the right half of each retina and is processed by the right hemisphere of the brain, and vice versa for left visual field.43
1392221561Roger SperryThe person who performed experiments on split-brain patients to demonstrate that the two hemispheres of the brain can operate independently.44
1392221562Frontal LobeThe lobe of the brain which is responsible for higher-level thought and reasoning, such as working memory, paying attention, solving problems, making plans, forming judgments, and performing movements.45
1392221563Parietal LobeThe lobe of the brain which handles somatosensory information (home to the primary somatosensory cortex). It receives information about temperature, pressure, texture, and pain.46
1392221564Temporal LobeLobe of the brain which handles auditory input and processes speech.47
1392221565Occipital LobeLobe of the brain which processes visual input, which goes from the eyes across the optic chiasma to this lobe.48
1392221566Association AreasAreas responsible for associating information in the sensory and motor cortices. Damage to these areas can lead to many dysfunctions.49
1392221567ApraxiaThe inability to organize movement.50
1392221568AgnosiaA difficulty in processing sensory input.51
1392221569AlexiaThe inability to read.52
1392221570SomaThe cell body of the neuron (fancy name).53
1392221571DendritesBranching out structures from the cell body of a neuron, they receive input from other neurons.54
1392221572AxonLong, tube-like structure that responds to input from the dendrites and soma and transmits neural signals to other cells.55
1392221573Myelin SheathFatty coating of some axons which insulates electrical impulses and makes them faster.56
1392221574Nodes of RanvierSmall gaps in a myelin sheath which help speed up impulse transmission.57
1392221575Terminal ButtonsEnding knobs of an axon, almost touch the next neuron (but separated by a synapse).58
1392221576NeurotransmittersSubstances released by terminal buttons which act as chemical messengers, sent across synapses, where they bind to receptors on dendrites.59
1392221577SynapseThe gap between the end of an axon and the dendrites of another neuron.60
1392221578ThresholdA certain level of stimulation that must be met in a cell for an action potential to occur.61
1392221579Action PotentialThe "nerve impulse" which occurs after threshold is met. A neuron "fires", causing the permeability of the cell membrane to change, letting ions of potassium and sodium to pass through.62
1392221580ExcitatoryMessages from neurotransmitters that serve to excite the cell or cause it to fire (and pass along an impulse).63
1392221581InhibitoryMessages from neurotransmitters that tend to stop cell firing, or decrease the chance for another action potential to occur.64
1392221582ReuptakeThe process of absorbing a released neurotransmitter after it has passed on the signal back into the cell that released it.65
1392221583AcetylcholineNeurotransmitter that affects memory function, and muscle contraction (especially in the heart).66
1392221584SerotoninNeurotransmitter related to arousal, sleep, pain sensitivity, and mood and hunger regulation.67
1392221585DopamineNeurotransmitter associated with movement, attention, and reward.68
1392221586GABAThe main inhibitory neurotransmitter.69
1392221587NorepinephrineNeurotransmitter which affects levels of alertness. A lack of this is connected to depression. Also known as noradrenaline, secreted by the adrenal glands.70
1392221588EndorphinsNeurotransmitters which are the body's natural painkillers.71
1392221589GlutamateAn excitatory neurotransmitter, the counterpart to GABA.72
1392221590Endocrine SystemSystem which provides another way for parts of our bodies to relay information to one another. It works through a system of glands, which release hormones.73
1392221591HormonesReleased by glands of the endocrine system; they are released throughout the body through the bloodstream and trigger wide ranger of responses for long periods of time, and affect cell growth and proliferation.74
1392221592Pituitary GlandKnown as the master gland. It releases hormones which control hormonal release by many other glands. In stressful situations, the pituitary gland releases adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).75
1392221593Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)Hormone released by the pituitary gland under stressful situations. It stimulates the adrenal glands, resulting in flight-or-flight reactions.76
1392221594Adrenal GlandsGlands that, when stimulated (by ACTH), carries out the fight-or-flight reaction. They secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine.77
1392221595EpinephrineThe hormone known more commonly as adrenaline.78
1392221596Thyroid GlandGland located at the front of the neck, produces thyroxine.79
1392221597ThyroxineHormone produced by the thyroid which regulates cell metabolism.80
1392221598TraitsDistinctive characteristics or behavior patterns that are determined by genetics.81
1392221599GenesThe basic biological elements responsible for carrying information about traits between successive generations. They reside on rod-shaped chromosomes, 46 in total in humans, with one set of 23 from each parent.82
1392221600GenotypeThe genetic makeup of an organism.83
1392221601PhenotypeThe set of observable traits.84
1392221602HeritabilityThe degree of variance among individuals that can be attributed to genetic variations.85
1392221603EnvironmentalityThe degree to which a trait's expression is caused by the surrounding environment.86
1392221604Down SyndromeDisease which occurs when there are three copies of the 21st chromosome, which causes some mental retardation.87
1392221605Huntington's ChoreaA disorder that results in muscle impairment that doesn't usually occur until after age 40. It is caused by degeneration of the basal ganglia, and it is fatal. It is often passed down to next generations before its symptoms are seen.88
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AP Biology Ch 52: Population Ecology Vocabulary Flashcards

AP Biology Chapter 52: Population Ecology Vocabulary

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94462412Population EcologyThe study of how members of a population interact with their environment, focusing on factors that influence population density and growth. P115194462412
94462413Populationa group of individuals of one species that live in a particular geographical area. p115194462413
94462414Densitynumber of individuals per unit area or volume. p115294462414
94462415Dispersionthe pattern of spacing among individuals within geographic population boundaries. p115294462415
94462416Mark-recapture methoda sampling technique used to estimate wildlife populations. p 115294462416
94462417Clumpeddescribing a dispersion pattern in which individuals are aggregate to patches. p115394462417
94462418Uniformdescribing a dispersion pattern in which individuals are evenly dispersed. p115394462418
94462419Randomdescribing a dispersion pattern in which individuals are spaced in a pattern less, unpredictable way. p115394462419
94462420Demographythe study of statistics relating to deaths and births in populations. p115494462420
94462421Life Tablea table of data summarizing mortality in a population. p115494462421
94462422Cohorta group of individuals of the same age, from birth until all are dead. p115494462422
94462423Survivorship curvea plot of the number of members of a cohort that are still alive at each age; one way to express age specific mortality. p115494462423
94462424Reproductive tablean age specific summary of the reproductive rates in a population. p115594462424
94462425Life historya series of events from birth through reproduction and death. p115694462425
94462426Big-bang reproductiona life history in which adults have but a single reproductive opportunity to produce large numbers of offspring, such as the life history of the Pacific Salmon. Also known as semelparity. p115694462426
94462427Semelparitya life history in which adults have but a single reproductive opportunity to produce large numbers of offspring, such as the life history of the Pacific salmon. Also known as "big-bang production." p115694462427
94462428Repeated reproductiona life history in which adults produce large numbers of offspring over many years. Also known as Interoparity. p115694462428
94462429Interoparitya life history in which adults produce large numbers of offspring over many years. Repeated reproduction. p115694462429
94462430Zero population growtha period of stability in population size when the per capita birth rates and death rates are equal. p115994462430
94462431Exponential population growththe geometric increase of a population as it grows in an ideal, unlimited environment. p116094462431
94462432Intrinsic rate increasethe difference between the number of births and the number of deaths, symbolized as r max; the maximum population growth rate. p116094462432
94462433Carrying capacitythe maximum population size that can be supported by the available resources, symbolized by K. p116094462433
94462434Logistic population growtha model describing population growth that levels off as population size approaches carrying capacity. p116194462434
94462435 k-selectionthe concept that in certain (k-selected) populations, life history is centered around producing relatively few offspring that have a good chance of survival. p116394462435
94462436r-selectionthe concept that in certain (r-selected) populations, a high reproductive rate is the chief determinant of life history. p116394462436
94462437Density dependantany characteristic that varies according to an increase in population density. p116494462437
94462438Negative feedbacka primary mechanism of homeostasis, whereby a change in a physiological variable that is being monitored triggers a response that counteracts the initial fluctuation. p116494462438
94462439Density independenta characteristic that does not vary in response to population density. p116494462439
94462440Demographic transitiona shift from zero population growth in which birth rates and death rates are high to zero population growth characterized instead by low birth and death rates. p116994462440
94462441Age structurethe relative age of individuals of each age in a population. p116994462441
94462442Ecological footprinta method to use multiple constraints to estimate the human carrying capacity of Earth by calculating the aggregate land and water area in various ecosystem categories that is appropriated by a nation to produce all the resources it consumes and to absorb all the waste it generates. p117094462442
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Chapter 6: The First Global Civilization- The Rise and Spread of Islam; Test Review Flashcards

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969342781What was the initial response of the Umayyads to Muhammad's new faith?They regarded him as a threat to their wealth and power as he questioned the traditional gods of the Ka'ba.1
969342782What was Muhammad's teaching with respect to the revelations of other monotheistic religions?Muhammad accepted the validity of earlier Christian and Judaic revelations and taught that his own revelations were a final refinement and reformulation of earlier ones.2
969342783The term for non-Arab Muslim converts isMawali.3
969342784Which regions were affected by Islam during its early history (prior to 750 C.E.)?North Africa, Sub-Saharan Africa, Asia, Europe.4
969342785What was the primary cultural contribution of the Muslims during the Abbasid period?The Muslims were able to recover and preserve the works of the ancient philosophers as well as transmit ideas and culture from one civilization to another.5
969342786Why did the Arab warriors not want to convert large numbers of people to Islam?They would have had to share their booty and would have lost tax revenues.6
969342787What are some statements concerning bedouin society?Bedouins were rarely found living in urban areas, Arabian society fostered strong dependence on loyalty and cooperation with kin, Bedouin herders lived in kin-related clan groups, Bedouins lived in highly mobile tent encampments.7
969342788What clan was responsible for the foundation of Mecca?Umayyad8
969342789What was the Umayyad attitude to other religions?The Umayyads displayed tolerance towards the religions of dhimmi peoples.9
969342790What are some statements concerning the ethical system of early Islam?A tax for charity was obligatory in the new faith, Islam stressed the dignity of all believers and their equality in the eyes of Allah, Islam stressed the responsibility of the wealthy and strong to care for the poor and weak, It recognized the truth of similar ethical ideas in Judaism and Christianity.10
969342791What was the nature of the economy of the Abbasid period?It was a period of general prosperity typified by urban growth and the restoration of the Afro-Eurasian trade axis.11
969342792A Baghdad mansion included all exceptfireplaces.12
969342793What was the nature of citizenship within the Umayyad Empire?Only Muslim Arabs were first-class citizens of this great empire.13
969342794The political and theological faction within Islam that recognized only Ali and the descendants of the family of Muhammad as rightful rulers was calledShi'a.14
969342795What developments did The Umayyads feel threatened byraids on their caravans, the development of Muhammad's religion, disputes between rival families.15
969342796Who were the ayan?A rural landholding elite16
969342797What are some statements concerning Muhammad's flight to Medina?He fled because of the threat of assassination in Mecca, Muhammad fled to Medina in the year 622, Once in Medina he attracted new followers to his faith, He fled because he was invited to mediate a dispute between the tribes of Medina.17
969342798What culture of the Arabian Peninsula was most significant the development of IslamBedouin18
969342799What happened after Muhammad's death in 632?Many of the Bedouin tribes renounced Islam.19
969342800What were some reason for the early expansion of Islam beyond Arabia?A means to release the energies of the Bedouin tribes against others than themselves, The desire for booty, The weakness of their adversaries, The sense of common cause and united strength.20
969342801he Abbasids moved the political center of their empire toBaghdad.21
969342802What was the clan into which Muhammad was born?Banu Hashim22
969342803Why was the caliph Uthman disliked by so many Arabs?He was the first caliph to be chosen from Muhammad's early enemies, the Umayyads.23
969342804What was the result of inter-clan rivalries?They tended to weaken the Bedouin in comparison to neighboring peoples and empires.24
969342805What was the Ka'ba?The religious shrine that was the focus of an annual truce25
969342806What represents a mounting pressure for change in pre-Islamic society?Greater Byzantine and Sasanian control over Arabic tribes of the peninsula and Arabic migration to Mesopotamia26
969342807What groups was responsible for the slaughter of the male descendents of the Umayyad Dynasty?Abbasids27
969342808What statement concerns inter-clan relationships in Bedouin society is most accurate?Inter-clan violence over control of water and pasturage was common.28
969342809Leaders of bedouin clans were calledshaykhs.29
969342810What was the nature of slavery within the Abbasid social system?Because most unskilled labor was left to the unfree, slaves could be found in both the towns and countryside of the Abbasid Empire.30
969342811What was the nature of pre-Islamic Bedouin religion?It was a blend of animism and polytheism.31
969342812Under the Umayyads, the political center of Islam shifted toDamascus.32
969342813What most accurately describes the status of women in Bedouin society prior to Islam?They enjoyed greater freedom and higher status then Byzantine and Sasanian women.33
969342814What are the five pillars of Islam?Charity, A confession of faith, Fasting during Ramadan, Hajj, Ritual Prayer.34
969342815What was the Umayyad response to Muhammad's migration to Medina and subsequent success there?War broke out between Mecca and Medina resulting in the eventual victory of Muhammad and the Medina clans.35
969342816What was the nature of the Abbasid government?The Abbasids outdid the Umayyads in establishing an absolutist government symbolized by the growing powers of the wazirs and the sinister presence of the executioner.36
969342817The wars to defeat rival prophets and restore the unity of Islam were calledRidda.37
969342818What was the result of the first civil war between Ali and the Umayyads?Despite early successes, Ali's faction disintegrated, leading to an Umayyad victory and Ali's assassination.38
969342819The Arabic camel nomads were referred to asbedouin39
969342820What areas of the Byzantine Empire were conquered by the Muslims by 650 C.E.?Asia Minor40
969342821What was the major difference between Medina and Mecca?Political dominance in Medina was contested between a number of Jewish and bedouin tribes.41
969342822The office of the political and religious successor of Muhammad was calledCaliph.42
969342823What was the status of artisans in Abbasid cities?Artisans were free men who owned their own tools and who formed guild-like organizations to negotiate wages.43
969342824When did Muhammad receive the first revelations that were eventually written down in the Quran?610 C.E44
969342825What was the most significant of the transformations brought about by the Abbasids' rise to power?It transcended old tribal boundaries and made possible political unity among Arab clans.45
969342826What was the nature of the material culture of Bedouin society?Except in the sedentary agricultural communities of the South, there was little art or architecture and the chief focus of cultural creativity was oral poetry.46
969342827What groups were a component of Bedouin society?Artisans47
969342828What was the date of Muhammad's flight to Medina from Mecca?622 C.E.48
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Chapter 6 - World Civilizations: The Global Experience Flashcards

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985690098BedouinNomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula; culture based on camel and goat nomadism; early converts to Islam1
985690099ShayksLeaders of tribes and clans within the bedouin; usually men with large hers, several wives and many children2
985690100MeccaCity located in mountainous region along Red Sea in Arabian peninsula; founded by Umayyad caln of Quraysh; site of Ka'ba; original home of Muhammad; location of chief religious pilgrimage point in Islam3
985690135UmayyadClan of Quraysh that dominated politics and commercial economy of Mecca4
985690101QurayshTribe of Bedouins that controlled Mecca in the 7th century CE5
985690102Ka'abaMot revered religious shrine in pre-Islamic Arabia; located in Mecca; focus of obligatory annual truce among Bedouin tribes; later incorporated as important shrine in Islam6
985690103MedinaAlso known as Yathrib; became refuge for Muhammad's flight from Mecca (hijra)7
985690104Muhammad570-632, prophet of Islam; born to Banu Hasim clan of Quraysh in Mecca; raised by father's family; received revelations from Allah in 610 CE; died in 6328
985690105Abu TalibPaternal Uncle of Muhammad; served as Muhammad's protector and supporter throughout much of his early life9
985690106KhadijahMuhammad's first wife; worked for her as a trader10
985690107Qur'anRevelations received by Muhammad; holy book of Islam11
985690108AliCousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; orthodox caliph that was focus for Shi'a12
985690109UmmaCommunity of the faithful within Islam; transcended old tribal boundaries to create degree of political unity13
985690110ZakatTax for charity; obligatory for all Muslims14
9856901115 PillarsThe required religious duties of all Muslims- confession of faith, prayer; fasting during Ramadan; zakat, and hajj15
985690112RamadanIslamic month of religious observance requiring fasting from dawn to sunset16
985690113HajjA Muslim's pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca to worship Allah at the Ka'aba17
985690114CaliphThe political and religious successor to Muhammad18
985690115Abu BakrOne of Muhammad's earliest converts; succeeded Muhammad as the first Caliph of Islamic community19
985690116Ridda WarsWars that followed Muhammad's death; resulted in defeat of rival prophets and some larger clans; restored unity of Islam20
988004807JihadStruggle; often used for wars in defense of the faith21
988004808CoptsChristian sect of Egypt; tended to support Islamic invasions of this area in preference to Byzantine rule22
985690118NestoriansA Christian sect found in Asia' tended to support Islamic invasions of this area in preference to Byzantine rule; cut off from Europe by Muslim invasions23
985690119Uthman3rd Caliph and member of Umayyad clan; murdered by mutinous warriors returning from Egypt; death set off civil war in Islam between followers of Ali and the Umayyad clan24
985690120Battle of SiffinFought between forces of Ali and Umayyads; settled by negotiation that led to fragmentation of Ali's party25
985690121Mu'awiyaLeader of Umayyad clan; first Umayyad caliph following civil war with Ali26
985690122SunnisPolitical and theological division with Islam; supported the Umayyads27
985690123KarbalaSite of defeat and death of Husayn, son of Ali; marked beginning of Shi'a resistance to Umayyad caliphate28
985690124DamascusSyrian city that was capital of Umayyad caliphate29
985690125MawaliNon-Arab converts to Islam30
985690127JizyaHead tax paid by all non-believers in Islamic territories31
985690126DhimmiApplied as inclusive term to Jews and Christians in Islamic territories; later extended to Zoroastrians and even Hindus32
985690128HadithsTraditions of the prophet33
985690129AbbasaidDynasty that succeeded that Umayyads as caliphs within Islam; came to power in 750 CE34
985690130Battle of the River ZabVictory of Abbasids over Umayyads; resulted in conquest of Syria and capture of Umayyad capital35
985690131BaghdadCapital of Abbasid dynasty located in Iraq near ancient Persian capital of Ctesiphon36
985690132WazirChief administrative official under the Abbasid caliphate; initially recruited from Persian provinces of empire37
985690133DhowsArab sailing vessels with triangular of lateen sails; strongly influenced European ship design38
985690134AyanThe wealthy landed elite that emerged in early decades of Abbasid rule39
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APUSH pple chapters 1-3 Flashcards

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83517183William BradfordPlymouth, pilgrims83517183
83517184John WinthropMassachusetts, Bay Colony selective83517184
83517185William PennPennsylvania, Quaker83517185
83517186John SmithJamestown83517186
83517187Roger WilliamsRhode Island83517187
83517188Duke of YorkNew York83517188
83517189James OglethorpeGeorgia83517189
83517190Lord BaltimoreMaryland83517190
83517191Henry Hudsonenglish, explored Delaware83517191
83517192Sir Edmung AndrosDominion of New England83517192
83517193South ColoniesCarolinas, Georgia, Virginia83517193
83517194Middle ColoniesPennsylvania, New York, New Jersey, Delaware83517194
83517195The New England ConfederationMass and Mouth and Nuts equal Haven - Massachusetts, Plymouth, Connecticut, New Haven83517195
83517196Vasco BalboaVast - Pacific Ocean83517196
83517197Ponce de LeonLion - fountain of youth83517197
83517198Francisco CoronadoOro - gold in Arizona, pueblo indians, grand canyon, bison83517198
83517199Hernando de SotoHernan - brutal treatment of Indians in Florida83517199
83517200Don Juan de OnateDonkey - cut off foot of survivors in New Mexico83517200
83517201Robert de LaSalleFrench claim Louisiana83517201
83517202John Rodriguez CabrilloCali - explored Californian coast83517202
83517203types of settlementsmissions, military camps, trading posts83517203
83517204Humphrey Gilbertattempted to colonize Newfoundland83517204
83517205Walter RaleighRoanoke colony83517205
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Geometry Flashcards

4.4-4.7

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105096165If two sides of a _________ are _________, then the ____________ opposite those sides are ____________.triangle; congruent; angles; congruent105096165
105096166An _______ triangle is also _________.equilateral; equiangular105096166
105096167An _____ triangle has three 60deg. angles.equilateral105096167
105096168The bisector of the vertex angle of an isosceles triangle is _______ to the the base at its _______.perpendicular; midpoint105096168
105096169If two ____ of a triangle are ______, the the sides opposite those angles are ________.angles;congruent; congruent105096169
105096170An _______ triangle is also equilateral.equiangular105096170
105096171AAS Theoremtwo angles and a non-included side of the ∇ are ≅ to the corresponding parts of another ∇, then the ∇s are ≅105096171
105096172HL TheoremThe hypotenuse of a leg and one right triangles are congruent to the corresponding parts of another right triangle, the the triangles are congruent.105096172
105096173If a point lies on the ________ bisector of a segment, then the point is _________ from the endpoints of the segment.⊥; equidistant105096173
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Campbell, "Biology", 10th Edition, Ch. 2-4 Flashcards

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1568249806ElectronegativityThe attraction of a particular atom for the electrons of a covalent bond.1
1568249807Nonpolar Covalent BondAn attraction that forms when the electrons are shared equally between atoms that have the same electronegativity.2
1568249808Polar Covalent BondAn attraction that forms between atoms with different electronegativities so that the electrons of the bond are not shared equally.3
1568249809Hydrogen BondThe attraction between a hydrogen and an electronegative atom.4
1568249810Van der Waals InteractionWeak attraction that occurs between molecules in close proximity to each other that have ever-changing regions of positive and negative charge.5
1568249811CohesionThe linking together of like molecules, often by hydrogen bonding.6
1568249812AdhesionThe clinging of one substance to another, often by hydrogen bonding.7
1568249813Specific HeatThe amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1 g of that substance to change its temperature by 1 degree Celsius.8
1568249814Heat of VaporizationThe quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1 g of it to be converted from the liquid to the gaseous state.9
1568249815Evaporative CoolingThe process in which the surface of an object becomes cooler during evaporation, a result of the molecules with the greatest kinetic energy changing from the liquid to the gaseous state.10
1568249816AcidA substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution.11
1568249817BaseA substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution.12
1568249818pHA figure expressing the acidity or alkalinity of a solution on a logarithmic scale13
1568249819BufferA substance that minimizes changes in the concentrations of hydrogen or hydroxide ions in a solution.14
1568249820Organic ChemistryThe study of compounds containing carbon.15
1568249821HydrocarbonsOrganic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen.16
1568249822Functional GroupsA specific configuration of atoms commonly attache to the carbon skeletons of organic molecules and involved in chemical reactions.17
1568249823HydroxylA functional group that commonly indicates the substance is an alcohol.18
1568249824CarbonylA functional group that commonly indicates the substances is a carbohydrate.19
1568249825CarboxylA functional group that commonly indicates the substance is an acid.20
1568249826AminoA functional group that commonly indicates the substance is a base.21
1568249827SulfhydrylA functional group that helps to stabilize protein structure.22
1568249828PhosphateA functional group that confers on a molecule the ability to react, releasing energy.23
1568249829MethylA functional group that commonly affects the expression of genes.24
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Wilson Chapter 3: Federalism Flashcards

Wilson, James Q. "Federalism." American Government. 12th ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2000. 50-75. Print.

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1100068068FederalismGovernment authority shared by national and local governments1
1100068069"Necessary and Proper" Clausesection of the Constitution allowing Congress to pass all laws "necessary and proper" to its duties, and which has permitted Congress to exercise powers not specifically given to it (enumerated) by the Constitution2
1100068070Nullificationthe doctrine that a state can declare null and void a federal law that, in the state's opinion, violates the Constitution3
1100068071Dual Federalismdoctrine holding that the national government is supreme in its sphere, the states are supreme in theirs, ad the two spheres should be kept separate4
1100068072Police Powerstate power to enact laws promoting health, safety, and morals5
1100068073McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)the Constitution's "necessary and proper" clause permits Congress to take actions (in this case, to create a national bank) when it is essential to a power that Congress has (in this case, managing the currency)6
1100068074Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)the Constitution's commerce clause gives the national government exclusive power to regulate interstate commerce7
1100068075Wabash, St. Louis and Pacific Railroad v. Illinois (1886)the states may not regulate interstate commerce8
1100068076United States v. Lopez (1995)the national government's power under the commerce clause does not permit it to regulate matters not directly related to interstate commerce (in this case, banning firearms in a school zone)9
1100068077Initiativeprocess that permits voters to put legislative measures directly on the ballot10
1100068078Referendumprocedure enabling voters to reject a measure passed by the legislature11
1100068079Recallprocedure whereby voters can remove an elected official from office12
1100068080Grants-In-Aidmoney given by the national government to the states13
1100068081Categorical Grantsfederal grants for specific purposes, such as building an airport14
1100068082Conditions of Aidterms set by the national government that states must meet if they are to receive certain federal funds15
1100068083Mandatesterms set by the national government that states must meet whether or not they accept federal grants16
1100068084Waivera decision by an administrative agency granting some other part permission to violate a law or rule that would otherwise apply to it17
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