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Wilson Chapter 1: The Study of American Government Flashcards

Wilson, James Q. "The Study of American Government." American Government. 12th ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2000. 2-17. Print.

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1100051787Powerthe ability of one person to get another person to act in accordance with the first person's intentions1
1100051788Authoritythe right to use power2
1100051789Legitimacypolitical authority conferred by law or by a state or national constitution3
1100051790Democracythe rule of the many4
1100051791Direct or Participatory Democracya government in which all or most citizens participate directly5
1100051792Representative Democracya government in which leaders make decisions by winning a competitive struggle for the popular vote6
1100051793Elitepersons who possess a disproportionate share of some valued resource, like money or power7
1100051794Class Viewview that the government is dominated by capitalists8
1100051795Power Elite Viewview that the government is dominated by a few top leaders, most of whom are outside of government9
1100051796Bureaucratic Viewview that the government is dominated by appointed officials10
1100051797Pluralist Viewthe belief that competition among all affected interests shapes public policy11
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American Government (Wilson) - Chapter 2 Flashcards

American Government, 10th ed. Wilson/Dilulio

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920255075unalienablea human right based on nature or God1
920255076Articles of ConfederationA weak Constitution that governed America during the Revolutionary War.2
920255077Constitutional ConventionMeeting in Philadelphia in 1787 that produced a new Constitution3
920255078Shay's RebellionA 1787 rebellion in which ex-Revolutionary War soldiers attempted to prevent foreclosures of farms as a result of high interest rates and taxes4
920255079Virginia PlanProposal to create a strong national government5
920255080New Jersey PlanProposal to create a weak national government6
920255081Great CompromisePlan to have a popularity elected House based on state population and a state selected Senate, with two members for each state7
920255082RepublicA government in which elected representatives make the decisions8
920255083Judicial ReviewThe power oft he courts to declare laws unconstitutional9
920255084FederalismGovernment authority shared by national and state governments10
920255085Checks and BalancesAuthority shared by three branches of government11
920255086Enumerated PowersPowers given to the national government alone12
920255087Reserved PowersPowers given to the state government alone13
920255088Concurrent PowersPowers shared by the national and state governments14
920255089Separation of PowersConstitutional authority is shared by three different branches of government15
920255090FactionA group of distinct political interest16
920255091FederalistsThose who favor a stronger national government17
920255092Anti-FederalistsThose who favor a weaker national government18
920255093CoalitionAn alliance of factions19
920255094Habeus CorpusAn order to produce an arrested person before a judge20
920255095Bill of AttainderA law that declares a person, without a trial, to be guilty of a crime21
920255096Ex Post Facto LawA law that makes an act criminal although the act was legal when it was committed22
920255097Bill of RightsFirst ten amendments to the Constitution23
920255098AmendmentA new provision in the Constitution that has been ratified by the states24
920255099Line-Item VetoAn executive's ability to block a particular provision in a bill passed by the legislature25
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Chapter 7 - The Road to Revolution Flashcards

Chapter 7 - The Road to Revolution (1763-1775)

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507255266Republicanismta just society in which all citizens willingly subordinated their private, selfish interests to the common good.0
507255267Radical Whigsa group of British political commentators, made attacks on the use of patronage and bribes by the king's ministers.1
507255268Georgiawas the only colony to be formed by Britain.2
507255269Navigation Law of 1650stated that all goods flowing to and from the colonies could only be transported in British vessels. It was aimed to hurt rival Dutch shippers.3
507255271Sugar Act of 1764the first law ever passed by Parliament to raise tax revenue in the colonies for England.4
507255272Quartering Act of 1765required certain colonies to provide food and quarters for British troops.5
507255273Stamp ActIn 1765, mandated the use of stamped paper or the affixing of stamps, certifying payment of tax.6
507255275Nonimportation agreementsagreements made to not import British goods were a stride toward unionism.7
507255276Sons of Liberty and Daughters of Libertytook the law into their own hands by enforcing the nonimportation agreements.8
507255277Stamp Act repealedwas repealed by Parliament in 1766.9
507255278Declaratory ActParliament passed the act, reaffirming its right to bind the colonies in all cases whatsoever.10
507255279Townshend ActsIn 1767, Parliament passed a light import tax on glass, white lead, paper, paint, and tea.11
507255280Boston MassacreBritish officials, faced with a breakdown of law and order, landed 2 regiments of troops in the colonies in 1768. On March 5, 1770, a crowd of 60 townspeople attacked 10 redcoats and the redcoats opened fired on the civilians, killing/wounding 11 of them.12
507255281The Seditious Committees of CorrespondenceLord North was forced to persuade Parliament to repeal the Townshend revenue duties.13
507255282Samuel Adamsmaster propagandist and engineer of rebellion; formed the first local committee of correspondence in Massachusetts in 1772 (Sons of Liberty).14
507255283Committees of Correspondancewere created by the American colonies in order to maintain communication with one another. They were organized in the decade before the Revolution when communication between the colonies became essential.15
507255284Virginia House of BurgessesIn March of 1773, proposed that each colonial legislature appoint a standing committee for intercolonial correspondance. Within just a year, nearly all of the colonies had joined.16
507255285Boston Tea PartyIn 1773, the British East India Company was overstocked with 17 million pounds of unsold tea. If the company collapsed, the London government would lose much money. Therefore, the London government gave the company a full monopoly of the tea sell in America. Fearing that it was trick to pay more taxes on tea, the Americans rejected the tea. When the ships arrived in the Boston harbor, the governor of Massachusetts, Thomas Hutchinson, forced the citizens to allow the ships to unload their tea. On December 16, 1773, a band of Bostonians, disguised as Indians, boarded the ships and dumped the tea into the sea.17
507255286Intolerable ActsIn 1774, Parliament punished the people of Massachusetts for their actions in the Boston Tea Party. Parliament passed laws which restricted colonists' rights. The laws made restrictions on town meetings, and stated that enforcing officials who killed colonists in the line of duty would be sent to Britain for trial (where it was assumed they would be acquitted of their charges).18
507255287Boston Port ActIt closed the Boston harbor until damages were paid and order could be ensured, part of the Intolerable Acts.19
507255288Quebec Actwas also passed in 1774, but was not apart of the Intolerable Acts. It gave Catholic French Canadians religious freedom and restored the French form of civil law; this law nullified many of the Western claims of the coast colonies by extending the boundaries of the province of Quebec to the Ohio River on the south and to the Mississippi River on the west.20
5072552891st Continental CongressIn 1774, met in Philadelphia in order to redress colonial grievances over the Intolerable Acts. The 13 colonies, excluding Georgia, sent 55 men to the convention.21
507255290The Associationwas the most important outcome of the Congress. It called for a complete boycott of British goods; nonimportation, nonexportation, and nonconsumption.22
507255291rebel ringleadersIn April 1775, the British commander in Boston sent a detachment of troops to Lexington. They were to seize provisions of colonial gunpowder and to capture, Samuel Adams and John Hancock.23
507255292Lexington Massacre8 Americans were shot and killed. When the British went on to Concord, they were met with American resistance and there were over 300 casualties and 70 deaths. Because of this, the British had a war, rather than a rebellion on their hands.24
507255294Marquis de LafayetteFrench who was made a major general in the colonial army at the age of 19; the "French Gamecock"; his services were invaluable in securing further aid from France.25
507255295Articles of Confederationwas adopted in 1781. It was the first written constitution adopted by colonists. Due to the lack of metallic money in America, Continental Congress was forced to print "Continental" paper money. Within a short time, this money depreciated significantly and individual states were forced to print their own paper money.26
507255296Valley Forge, PennsylvaniaAmerican men went without food for 3 days in the winter of 1777-1778.27
507255297Baron von SteubenGerman who helped to whip the America fighters into shape for fighting the British.28
507255298Lord Dunmoreroyal (British) governor of Virginia. In 1775, he issued a proclamation promising freedom for any enslaved black in Virginia who joined the British army.29
507378658Prime Minister George Grenvillethe main man that enforced the Navigation Laws30
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AP Biology - Ch. 8 Flashcards

AP Biology
Chapter 8
Becker

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210553076catabolicbreak-down pathways1
210553077cell respirationexample of catabolic pathways2
210553078anabolicpathways that consume energy3
210553079endergonic reactionstype of reactions for Anabolic4
210553080exergonic reactionstype of reactions for Catabolic5
210553081exergonic reactionsreactions that proceed with a net release of free energy6
210553082endergonic reactionsreactions that absorb free energy from its surroundings7
210553083kinetic energyenergy of motion8
210553084potential energystored energy9
210553085potential energyanimals store ~ in the form of chemical energy (ex. glucose)10
210553086glucoseexample of potential energy11
2105530871# Law of Thermodynamics: Energy cannot be created nor destroyed, only transferred.12
2105530882# Law of Thermodynamics: Entropy is constantly increasing in the universe.13
210553089ATPenergy currency of the cells used to power mechanical work, chemical work, and transport work.14
210553090ATPcomposed of adenine (nitrogenous base), ribose (sugar), and three phosphate groups15
210553091ATP16
210553092unstablethe last bond holding the 3rd phosphate to the ATP molecule is very _____ & holds a lot of energy17
210553093phosphorylatedThe phosphate is transferred to the item needing energy & that item has become "___."18
210553094ADPATP eventually becomes ___.19
210553095cell respirationATP is regenerated during the process of __ __.20
210553096enzymesclass of catalysts that are proteins21
210553097enzymes~ lower the amount of activation energy needed for a chemical reaction to occur.22
210553098enzymes~ are specific to the type of reaction and are not consumed during the reaction.23
210553099proteinall enzymes are composed of ___24
210554453photosynthesisexample of anabolic pathways....25
216404560endergonic26
216404561exergonic27
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AP Biology CH 2 Flashcards

AP Bio Chapter 2, The Chemical Context of Life

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464608996Matter consists of ________ ________ in pure form and combinations called _________.chemical elements, compounds1
464608997An element's properties depend on...the structure of it's atoms.2
464608998The formation and function of molecules depend on...chemical bonding between atoms.3
464608999Chemical reactions make and break...chemical bonds.4
464609000Matter is...anything that takes up space and has mass. *Don't confuse with weight.5
464609001An element is...a substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions.6
464609002A compound is...a substance containing two or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio.7
464609003Trace elements...are elements that are required by an organism but only in minute quantities.8
464609004There are __ natural elements that are known to be essential to life.259
464609005There are a total of __ natural elements.9210
464609006What are the three most common naturally occurring elements in the human body.Carbon, Oxygen and Hydrogen11
464609007An ____ is the smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element.Atom12
464609008Neutrons have a charge of __; a weight in Daltons of __; and are located in the ________.+-0; 1; Nucleus13
464609009Protons have a charge of __; a weight in Daltons of __; and are located in the ________.+1; 1; Nucleus14
464609010Electrons have a charge of __; a weight in Daltons of __; and are located in the ________.-1; 0; Electron cloud15
464609011The atomic number is the number of _______.Protons16
464609012The mass number is the sum of the number of ______ & ______ and is an ___________ mass of the atom.Protons, Neutrons, Approximate17
464609013The atomic mass is the sum of the weight of the ______ & ______ and is an ___________ mass of the atom.Protons, Neutrons, Total18
464609014An isotope is...an atom that has a different number of neutrons than the other atoms of the same element.19
464609015A radioactive isotope is...an isotope who's nucleus decays spontaneously, giving off particles and energy.20
464609016Why is a radioactive isotope useful?They can be used for medical purposes and be tracked. They also have a half-life that can be measured.21
464609017Energy is...The capacity to cause change.22
464609018Potential energy is...The energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure. Example: Roller coasters -- when they are at the top of the hill they posses a lot of potential energy due to their location.23
464609019Potential energy that electrons have in an atom is measured by...The energy level of the electron. Example: A ball bouncing down stairs. Each stair the ball bounces down represents an energy level lost therefore lost potential energy.24
464609020The energy levels are made by taking...The average distance of the electron from the nucleus.25
464609021Energy levels are represented by...Electron shells.26
464609022Valence electrons are the...Number of electrons in the outermost shell. (electrons in the furthest S and P orbitals)27
464609023The outermost shell can be called...The valence shell.28
464609024The 3D space where an electron can be found 90% of the time is called a(n)...Orbital.29
464609025Atoms form ________ _____ to fill their valence shell.chemical bonds30
464609026Chemical bonds can ____ the electrons or ________ them.Share; Transfer.31
464609027A covalent bond is...sharing the outermost electrons between two (or more) atoms.32
464609028Two or more atoms held together by a covalent bond is called a(n)...Molecule33
464609029An electron shell diagram is...the drawing of an atom showing it's layers of electrons and how it shares them.34
464609030A structural diagram is...Text based atoms showing how they share electrons using dashes and double dashes. Example: H-H or O=O35
464609031A space filling diagram is...a 3D representation of the molecules present.36
464609032A single bond is...sharing one pair of valence electrons.37
464609033A molecular formula is...writing out the components of a molecule. Example: H20 (pretend the 2 is a subscript.)38
464609034A double bond is...sharing two pairs of valence electrons.39
464609035An atoms bonding capacity is called its...valence. (usually the number of unpaired electrons in the valence shell -- the number needed to fill the valence shell with 8)40
464609036Covalent bonds cause molecules to form...electronegative charges.41
464609037An electronegative charge...is very weak. It gets stronger the further apart the number of valence electrons between the atoms in the molecule.42
464609038Equal tug for electronegativity causes...a nonpolar covalent bond. Example: O=O43
464609039Explain polar covalent bonds.Polar covalent bonds are caused by an unequal tug between the atoms in a molecule. Trick: Polar covalent bonds are generally symmetrical when you draw them out and cant be between two of the same atoms. Example: H2O. This gives the H's both a slightly positive charge because the Oxygen takes their electrons away -- this also gives the Oxygen a slightly negative charge.44
464609040Cationis a positively charged atom.45
464609041Anionis a negatively charged atom.46
464609042Ionis a charged atom.47
464609043Ionic bonds happen betweencations and anions because of their opposite charges. The atom with the charge closest to +- 1 gives up its electrons to the other atom allowing them both to have a full valence shell. This will result in a loss of potential energy from the one that loses its electron.48
464609044Compounds formed by ionic bonds are called _____ _________.ionic compounds49
464609045Ionic compounds can also be called...salts.50
464609046A hydrogen bond occurs between...two oppositely electronegative molecules -- hydrogen must be one of the contributors. H2O is king at hydrogen bonding! The positive H's attract the other negative O's -- these happen really fast and only for a short time.51
464609047Van der Waals interactionsoccur when molecules are extremely close together this allows molecules to stick together.52
464609048Molecular shape...determines the function of the molecule.53
464609049Chemical reactions arethe making and breaking of chemical bonds, leading to changes in the composition of matter.54
464609050In a chemical equation the parts of the equation are called: _________ --______--> _____________Reactants; Reaction; Products.55
464609051Most reactions are reversible/irreversible.Reversible.56
464609052Chemical equilibrium is when...forward and backwards reactions are balanced exactly.57
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AP Biology Ch 3 Water and Life Flashcards

key vocab from chapter 3 AP Campbell Biology (9th edition)

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879338414polar moleculeoverall charge of the molecule is unequally distributed0
879338415cohesionthe intermolecular force, due to hydrogen bonding, that holds together the molecules in liquid water1
879338416adhesionclinging of one substance to another due to hydrogen bonding2
879338417surface tensionmeasure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid3
879338418heattotal amount of kinetic energy due to the random motion of atoms or molecules in a body of matter4
879338419temperaturea measure of the intensity of heat in degrees, reflecting the average kinetic energy of the molecules5
879338420calorie (cal)unit of heat defined as the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree centigrade at atmospheric pressure (one cal equals 4.184 J)6
879338421kilocalorie (kcal)a unit of heat equal to the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one kilogram of water by one degree at one atmosphere pressure7
879338422joule (J)one J equals 0.239 cal8
879338423specific heatamount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1 g of that substance to change its temperature by 1 degree C9
879338424heat of vaporizationquantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1 g of it to be converted from the liquid to the gaseous state10
879338425evaporative coolingprocess in which the surface of an object becomes cooler during evaporation, a result of the molecules with the greatest kinetic energy changing from the liquid to the gaseous state11
879338426solutiona liquid that is a completely homogeneous mixture of two or more substances12
879338427solventa liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances13
879338428solutethe dissolved substance in a solution14
879338429aqueous solutiona solution in which water is the solvent15
879338430hydrophilichaving a strong affinity for water16
879338431colloida mixture with properties between those of a solution and fine suspension17
879338432hydrophobiclacking affinity for water18
879338433molarityconcentration measured by the number of moles of solute per liter of solvent19
879346071pH(chemistry) p(otential of) H(ydrogen)20
879346072buffersubstance that minimizes changes in the concentration of H+ and OH- in a solution21
879346073ocean acidificationwhen carbon dioxide dissolves in seawater, it reacts with water to form carbonic acid, which lowers ocean pH22
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AP Biology CH 4: CARBON AND THE MOLECULAR DIVERSITY OF LIFE Flashcards

AP Biology CHAPTER 4: CARBON AND THE MOLECULAR DIVERSITY OF LIFE

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94451646Organic Chemistrystudy of carbon compounds (organic compounds).94451646
94451647Hydrocarbonsan organic molecule made up of only carbon and hydrogen atoms.94451647
94451648Isomersorganic compounds with the same molecular formula but different structure and therefore different properties. The 3 types are structural isomers, geometric isomers and enantiomers.94451648
94451649Structural Isomerscompounds that have the same molecular formula but differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms.94451649
94451650Geometric Isomerscompounds that have the same molecular formula but differ in the spatial arrangements of their atoms.94451650
94451651Enantiomersmolecules that are mirror images of each other94451651
94451652Functional Groupscomponents (specific configuration of atoms commonly attached to the carbon skeleton) of organic molecules that are most commonly involved in chemical reactions94451652
94451653Hydroxyl Groupa functional group consisting of a hydrogen atom bonded to an oxygen atom by a polar covalent bond(—OH), which in turn is bonded to the carbon skeleton of a molecule. Molecules possessing this group are water soluble and called alcohols.94451653
94451654Alcoholsorganic compounds containing hydroxyl groups.94451654
94451655Carbonyl Groupa functional group present in aldehydes and ketones consisting of an oxygen atom double bonded to a carbon atom.94451655
94451656Aldehydesan organic molecule with a carbonyl group at the end (terminal) of the carbon skeleton.94451656
94451657KetonesName of carbonyl compound when it is within the C-skeleton94451657
94451658Carboxyl Groupa functional group present in organic acids consisting of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen and also bonded to a hydroxyl group.(—COOH)94451658
94451659Carboxylic acidorganic acids; compounds containing a carboxyl group.94451659
94451660Amino Group(—NH2) a functional group composed of nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms and to the carbon skeleton. Can act as a base in solution, accepting a hydrogen ion and acquiring a charge of +1.94451660
94451661Aminesorganic compounds with one or more amino groups.94451661
94451662Sulfhydryl Group(—SH) a functional group consisting of a sulfur atom bonded to a hydrogen atom.94451662
94451663Thiolsorganic compounds containing sulfahydryl groups.94451663
94451664Phosphate Groupa functional group consisting of a phosphorus atom covalently bonded to four oxygen atoms and is important in energy transfer.94451664
94451665Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)primary energy-transferring molecule in the cell.94451665
94451666alcoholOrganic compounds containing hydroxyl groups.94451666
94451667aldehydeAn organic molecule with a carbonyl group located at the end of the carbon skeleton.94451667
94451668amineAn organic compound with one or more amino groups.94451668
94451669amino groupA functional group that consists of a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms; can act as a base in solution, accepting a hydrogen ion and acquiring a charge of +1.94451669
94451670carbonyl groupA functional group present in aldehydes and ketones and consisting of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom.94451670
94451671carboxlyic acidAn organic compound containing a carboxyl group.94451671
94451672carboxyl groupA functional group present in organic acids and consisting of a single carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom and also bonded to a hydroxyl group.94451672
94451673enantiomersMolecules that are mirror images of each other.94451673
94451674functional groupA specific configuration of atoms commonly attached to the carbon skeletons of organic molecules and usually involved in chemical reactions.94451674
94451675geometric isomerCompounds that have the same molecular formula but differ in the spatial arrangements of their atoms.94451675
94451676hydrocarbonAn organic molecule consisting only of carbon and hydrogen.94451676
94451677hydroxyl groupA functional group consisting of a hydrogen atom joined to an oxygen atom by a polar covalent bond. Molecules possessing this group are soluble in water and are called alcohols.94451677
94451678isomerOne of several organic compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and therefore different properties. The three types of isomers are structural isomers, geometric isomers, and enantiomers.94451678
94451679ketoneAn organic compound with a carbonyl group of which the carbon atom is bonded to two other carbons.94451679
94451680organic chemistryThe study of carbon compounds (organic compounds).94451680
94451681phosphate groupA functional group important in energy transfer.94451681
94451682structural isomerCompounds that have the same molecular formula but differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms.94451682
94451683sulfhydryl groupA functional group consisting of a sulfur atom bonded to a hydrogen atom (—SH).94451683
94451684thiolOrganic compounds containing sulfhydryl groups.94451684
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AP Biology CH 5: THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF MACROMOLECULES Flashcards

AP BIOLOGY CHAPTER 5: THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF MACROMOLECULES

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94456156macromoleculeA giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules, usually by a condensation reaction. Polysaccharides, proteins, and nucleic acids are examples of this type of molecule.0
94456157polymerA long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together.1
94456158monomerThe subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer.2
94456159condensation reaction (dehydration reaction)A reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other through the loss of a small molecule, usually water, in which case it is also called a dehydration reaction.3
94456160enzymeA macromolecule serving as a catalyst, a chemical agent that changes the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction.4
94456161hydrolysisA chemical process that lyses, or splits, molecules by the addition of water, functioning in disassembly of polymers to monomers.5
94456162carbohydrateA sugar (monosaccharide) or one of its dimers (disaccharides) or polymers (polysaccharides).6
94456163monosaccharideThe simplest carbohydrate, active alone or serving as a monomer for disaccharides and polysaccharides. Also known as simple sugars, monosaccharides have molecular formulas that are generally some multiple of CHO.7
94456164dissacharideA double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage formed during dehydration synthesis.8
94456165glycosidic linkageA covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction.9
94456166polysaccharideA polymer of many monosaccharides, formed by dehydration reactions.10
94456167starchA storage polysaccharide in plants, consisting entirely of glucose monomers joined by glycosidic linkages.11
94456168glycogenAn extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch.12
94456169celluloseA structural polysaccharide of plant cell walls, consisting of glucose monomers joined by β glycosidic linkages.13
94456170chitinA structural polysaccharide, consisting of amino sugar monomers, found in many fungal cell walls and in the exoskeletons of all arthropods.14
94456171fatA lipid consisting of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule; also called a triacylglycerol or triglyceride.15
94456172triaglycerolThree fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule; also called a fat or a triglyceride.16
94456174unsaturated fatty acidA fatty acid possessing one or more double bonds between the carbons in the hydrocarbon tail. Such bonding reduces the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton.17
94456175saturated fatty acidA fatty acid in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds, thus maximizing the number of hydrogen atoms that are attached to the carbon skeleton.18
94456177trans fatAn unsaturated fat containing one or more trans double bonds.19
94456180phospholipidA lipid made up of glycerol joined to two fatty acids and a phosphate group. The hydrocarbon chains of the fatty acids act as nonpolar, hydrophobic tails, while the rest of the molecule acts as a polar, hydrophilic head. Phospholipids form bilayers that function as biological membranes.20
94456182steroidA type of lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four rings with various chemical groups attached.21
94456184cholesterolA steroid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes and acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other biologically important steroids, such as hormones.22
94456186catalystA chemical agent that increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction.23
94456189polypeptideA polymer (chain) of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.24
94456191proteinA functional biological molecule consisting of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into a specific three-dimensional structure.25
94456193amino acidAn organic molecule possessing both carboxyl and amino groups. Amino acids serve as the monomers of polypeptides.26
94456195polypeptideThe covalent bond between the carboxyl group on one amino acid and the amino group on another, formed by a dehydration reaction.27
94456198primary structureThe level of protein structure referring to the specific sequence of amino acids.28
94456200secondary structureThe localized, repetitive coiling or folding of the polypeptide backbone of a protein due to hydrogen bond formation between constituents of the backbone.29
94456202a helixA spiral shape constituting one form of the secondary structure of proteins, arising from a specific pattern of hydrogen bonding.30
94456204B pleated sheetOne form of the secondary structure of proteins in which the polypeptide chain folds back and forth. Two regions of the chain lie parallel to each other and are held together by hydrogen bonds.31
94456206tertiary structureIrregular contortions of a protein molecule due to interactions of side chains involved in hydrophobic interactions, ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, and disulfide bridges.32
94456207disulphide bridgesA strong covalent bond formed when the sulfur of one cysteine monomer bonds to the sulfur of another cysteine monomer.33
94456208quaternary structureThe particular shape of a complex, aggregate protein, defined by the characteristic three-dimensional arrangement of its constituent subunits, each a polypeptide.34
94456209denaturationIn proteins, a process in which a protein unravels and loses its native shape, thereby becoming biologically inactive; in DNA, the separation of the two strands of the double helix. Denaturation occurs under extreme (noncellular) conditions of pH, salt concentration, and temperature.35
94456210chaperoninA protein molecule that assists in the proper folding of other proteins.36
94456211X-ray crystallographyA technique that depends on the diffraction of an X-ray beam by the individual atoms of a crystallized molecule to study the three-dimensional structure of the molecule.37
94456212geneA discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA (or RNA, in some viruses).38
94456213nucleic acidA polymer (polynucleotide) consisting of many nucleotide monomers; serves as a blueprint for proteins and, through the actions of proteins, for all cellular activities. The two types are DNA and RNA.39
94456214deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)A double-stranded, helical nucleic acid molecule consisting of nucleotide monomers with a deoxyribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T); capable of replicating and determining the inherited structure of a cell's proteins.40
94456215ribonucleic acid (RNA)A type of nucleic acid consisting of nucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and uracil (U); usually single-stranded; functions in protein synthesis, gene regulation, and as the genome of some viruses.41
94456216polynucleotideA polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers in a chain; nucleotides can be those of DNA or RNA.42
94456217nucleotideThe building block of a nucleic acid, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group.43
94456218purineOne of two types of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides, characterized by a six-membered ring fused to a five-membered ring.44
94456219pyrimidineOne of two types of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides, characterized by a six-membered ring.45
94456220riboseThe sugar component of RNA nucleotides.46
94456221deoxyriboseThe sugar component of DNA nucleotides, having one fewer hydroxyl group than ribose, the sugar component of RNA nucleotides.47
94456222double helixThe form of native DNA, referring to its two adjacent antiparallel polynucleotide strands wound around an imaginary axis into a spiral shape.48
94456223antiparallelThe opposite arrangement of the sugar-phosphate backbones in a DNA double helix.49
944562242 purinesAdenine (A) and guanine (G).50
944562253 pyrimidinesCytosine (C), thymine (T), and uracil (U).51
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Campbell AP Biology Chapters 2-4 Vocab Flashcards

AP Biology Campbell Ninth Edition

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1625247146Elementa substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions0
1625247147Compounda substance consisting of two or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio; a combination of two or more different elements1
1625247148Essential Elementsan organism needs to live a healthy and productive life2
1625247149Trace Elementsrequired by an organism in only minute quantities3
1625247150Atomsmallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element4
1625247151Subatomic Particlestiny bits of matter composed of even smaller parts of an atom5
1625247152What are the three types of Subatomic ParticlesNeutrons (neutral charge), Protons (+charge), and Electrons (-charge)6
1625247153Atomic NucleusProtons and Neutrons packed together tightly in a dense core7
1625247154What keeps the electrons near the Nucleus?Since the protons are positive, the electrons are attracted because of opposite charge8
1625247155Daltonunit of measurement9
1625247156Atomic numbernumber of protons, which is unique to that element10
1625247157Mass Numberthe sum of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom (number of protons + number of neutrons)11
1625247158How do you solve the number of neutrons?mass number - the atomic number12
1625247159Atomic Massthe mass number is an approximation of the total mass of an atom13
1625247160Isotopesatoms have more neutrons than other atoms of the same element and therefore have greater mass14
1625247161Radioactive Isotopethe nucleus decays suddenly giving off particles and energy15
1625247162Energycapacity to cause change, example: doing work16
1625247163Potential Energythe energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure changes in the potential energy of electrons can only occur in steps of fixed amounts17
1625247164Electron Shellselectrons are found; electron's energy level is correlated with its average distance from the nucleus18
1625247165Valence ElectronsThe chemical behavior of an atom depends mostly on the number of electrons in its outermost shell19
1625247166Valence Shellthe outermost electron shell20
1625247167Orbital3-D space where an electron is found 90% of the time21
1625247168Covalent Bondsharing a pair of valence electrons by two atoms22
1625247169Moleculetwo or more atoms held together by covalent bond23
1625247170Single Bonda pair of sharing electrons24
1625247171Double BondExample: O=O; two oxygen atoms form a molecule by sharing two pairs of valence electrons25
1625247172Valenceusually equals the number of unpaired electrons required to complete the atom's outermost valence shell26
1625247173Electronegativityattraction of a particular atom for the electrons of a covalent bond27
1625247174Non-polar Covalent Bondtwo atoms of the same elements, the electrons are shared equally because the two atoms have the same electronegativity--the tug-a-war is at a standoff28
1625247175Polar Covalent BondOne atom is bonded to a more electronegative atom, the electron of the bond are not shared equally29
1625247176Iona charged atom (or molecule)30
1625247177Cationion that has a positive charge31
1625247178Anionion that has a negative charge32
1625247179Ionic BondCations and Anions attract together because of opposite charge33
1625247180Ionic Compoundscompounds formed by ionic bonds; also called salts34
1625247181Hydrogen Bondsnon-covalent attraction between a hydrogen and an electronegative atom35
1625247182Van Der Waals Interactionsfrequent changes of positive and negative regions, enable all atoms and molecules to stick to one another36
1625247183Reatantsstarting materials; ingredients37
1625247184Productending materials; result of ingredients38
1625247185Chemical Reactionsmaking or breaking of chemical bonds39
1625247186Chemical EquilibriumWhen the reactant and product concentration does not have any further tendency to change with time40
1625247187Polar Moleculeoverall change is unevenly distributed41
1625247188What holds water molecules together?hydrogen bonds42
1625247189Cohesionhydrogen bonds that hold the substance together43
1625247190Adhesionthe clinging of one substance to another; water and another element44
1625247191Surface Tensiona measure of how difficult it is to break or bend the surface of water45
1625247192Kinetic Energyanything that moves; the energy of motion46
1625247193Heatform of energy; the matter's total kinetic energy due to motion of its molecules47
1625247194Temperaturethe average kinetic energy of the molecules regardless of the volume48
1625247195Celsius Scaleto indicate temperature49
1625247196Calorie (cal)the amount of heat it takes to heat 1 gram of water50
1625247197Specific Heata substance is defined as the amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1 gram of what to change its temperature51
1625247198Heat of Vaporizationquantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1 gram of it to be converted from liquid to the gaseous state52
1625247199Evaporative Coolingthose with the greatest kinetic energy, are the most likely to leave as a gas53
1625247200SolutionA liquid that is a completely homogenous mixture of two or more substances54
1625247201Solventthe dissolving agent; water55
1625247202Soultesubstance that dissolves in Solvent56
1625247203Aqueous Solutionwater is solvent57
1625247204Hydration Shellthe sphere of water molecules around each dissolved ion58
1625247205Hydrophilicwater loving substance59
1625247206Hydrophobicnonionic and nonpolar actually seem to repel water; oils60
1625247207Colloidstable suspension of fine partials in liquid61
1625247208Molecular Massthe sum of the masses of all the atoms in a molecule62
1625247209Mole (mol)represents an exact number of objects 6.02 X 10 ^2363
1625247210Molaritythe number of moles of solute per liter of solution64
1625247211Hydrogen ion (H+)single proton with the charge of 1+65
1625247212Hydroxide ion (OH-)charge of 1-66
1625247213Hydronium ion (H3O+)proton binds to the other water molecule67
1625247214Acidsubstance that increases the hydrogen ion concentrations of a solution68
1625247215Basereduces the hydrogen ion concentrations of a solution69
1625247216pHa solution is defined as the negative log of the hydrogen ion concentration70
1625247217Bufferchemicals making the pH stable71
1625303748Ocean Acidificationwhen CO2 dissolved in sea water, it reacts with water to form carbonic acid, which lowers ocean pH levels72
1625303749Acid Precipitationweather that has a lower pH level73
1625303750Organic Chemistrystudy of carbon compounds74
1625303751Hydrocarbonsorganic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen75
1625303752Isomerscompounds that have the same number of atoms of the same elements but different structures and hence different properties76
1625303753Structural Isomerdiffer in the covalent arrangements of their atoms77
1625303754Cis-Trans Isomerscarbons have covalent bonds to the same atoms, but these atoms differ in their spatial arrangement due to the inflexibility of double bonds78
1625303755Enantiomersisomers that are mirror images of each other and that differ in shape due to the presence of an asymmetric carbon79
1625303756ATPtransports chemical energy within cells80
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1 - Intro: Themes in the Study of Life, Campbell 9e AP Flashcards

Campbell 9e AP - Chapter 1, Intro: Themes in the Study of Life

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450651272evolutionprocess of change that has transformed life on earth from its earliest beginnings to the diversity of organisms living today1
450651273biologyscientific study of life2
450651274properties of lifeorder, evolutionary adaptation, response to the environment, reproduction, growth and development, energy processing, and regulation3
450651275themesnew properties emerge at each level in biological hierarchy, organisms interact w/their environment - exchanging matter and energy, structure and function are related, cell is basic unit of life, DNA ensures continuity of life, feedback systems regulate life, EVOLUTION4
450651276levels of biological organizationbiosphere, ecosystems, communities, populations, organisms, organs/organ systems, tissues, cells, organelles, molecules5
450651277biosphereall life on Earth and everywhere it exists6
450651278ecosystemliving/nonliving things in a particular area7
450651279communityorganisms in an ecosystem8
450651280populationindividuals of a species in a specified area9
450651281organismindividual living thing10
450651282organ systems/organsteams of body parts that carry out function11
450651283tissuegroup of cells that work together to perform specialized function12
450651284celllife's unit of structure and function13
450651285organellefunctional component in a cell14
450651286moleculechemical structure of 2 or more atoms15
450669731New properties emerge at each level in biological hierarchyemergent properties, reductionism, systems biology16
450651287emergent propertiescome from arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases; thoughts/memories are emergent properties of network of nerve cells, photosynthesis is emergent property of molecules in chloroplasts, oxygen cycle is emergent property of network of organisms interacting w/each other/soil/water/air17
450669732reductionismreducing complex systems to simpler components that are easier to study; Watson and Crick studied molecular structure of DNA to understand how it is chemical basis of inheritance18
450669733systems biologymodel behavior of biological systems based on study of interactions among system's parts, balance reductionist strategy w/objective of understanding emergent properties19
450669734Organisms interact w/their environment - exchanging matter and energyglobal climate change, O2/CO2 cycle, energy flow (photosynthesis/cellular respiration)20
450669735Structure and function are relatedanalyzing structure shows function and vice versa; wing bones are strong and light21
450669736Cell is basic unit of lifeeukaryotic and prokaryotic cells22
450669737characteristics of all cellsenclosed by membrane that regulates passage of material, DNA for genetic info23
450669738prokaryotic cellno nucleus to separate DNA from rest of cell, also lack other organelles; bacteria and archaea24
450669739eukaryotic cellsubdivided by internal membranes into organelles, largest is nucleus (contains cell's DNA), others located in cytoplasm25
450669740DNA ensures continuity of lifeDNA, genomics, all life has same genetic code but arranged differently26
450669741DNAdeoxyribonucleic acid, cell's genetic material; makes genes (units of inheritance that transmit info to child)27
450669742chromosome1 long DNA molecule w/genes that encode info to build proteins (build/maintain cell and carry out activities)28
450669743proteinbuild/maintain cell and carry out activities; cell membrane, hormone that stimulates growth, antibodies, enzymes29
450669744cell division with DNAstart as 1 cell w/DNA from parents; DNA replicates as cell divides further and further30
450669745structure of DNA2 strands arranged in double helix, made up of 4 types of nucleotides (Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine) like letters in alphabet31
450669746gene expressionprocess in which gene info directs production of cellular product; RNA transcribes nucleotides along gene, which translates into specific protein32
450669747genomeentire "library" of genetic instructions, genes + noncoding nucleic acid sequences33
450697702genomicsstudy of whole sets of genes & interactions w/in species, + genome comparisons between species34
4506977033 research developments that make genomics possible"high-thoroughput" tech that analyze biological materials quickly and produce lots of data, bioinformatics - use computers to store/organize/analyze data, interdisciplinary research teams35
450697704Feedback mechanisms regulate biological systemsnegative/positive feedback36
450697705negative feedbackaccumulation of end product slows process; when too much ATP is made, excess ATP inhibits enzyme near beginning of pathway37
450697706positive feedbackend product speeds up its production; less common; blood vessel injured, platelets cluster at site, chemicals released by platelets attract more platelets, creates clot38
450697707Evolution accounts for unity/diversity in lifetoday's organisms are modified descendants of common ancestors, so unity bc common ancestor, diversity bc heritable changes have occurred39
450697708taxonomydomain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species40
4506977093 domainsbacteria - most diverse prokaryotes, archaea - prokaryotes in extreme environments, eukarya - all eukaryotes41
450697710bacteriaprokaryotes classified into multiple kingdoms42
450697711archaeaprokaryotes in extreme environments ie salty lakes, boiling hot springs, multiple kingdoms43
450697712plantaeterrestrial multicellular eukaryotes that carry out photosynthesis44
450697713fungieukaryotes that absorb nutrients from surroundings45
450697714animaliamulticellular eukaryotes that ingest other organisms46
450697715protistsmostly unicellular eukaryotes, not really a kingdom, some protists more related to multicellular eukaryotes than each other47
450697716The Origin of Species"descent with modification" and "natural selection"48
450697717descent with modificationmodern species descend from common ancestors; unity from common ancestors, diversity from modifications49
450697718natural selectionmechanism for descent w/modification; individuals w/inherited traits best suited to environment are more likely to survive/reproduce, which spreads trait in population leading to adaptation to environment50
450697719observations that led to natural selection1. individuals in population have varying heritable traits, 2. population produces more offspring than environment can support = competition, 3. species are adapted to their environment51
450697720tree of lifeancestral species split/evolve when isolated in dif environments52
4515353353 assumptions1. natural causality, not supernatural 2. natural laws don't change 3. common perception (rely on what you observe, not what you think)53
450697721scienceway of knowing; approach to understanding natural world54
450697722inquirysearch for info/explanation55
451535336scientific method1. ID problem (background research) 2. make hypothesis (if...then) 3. design and implement valid (controlled) experiment to test hypothesis 4. make conclusion56
450697723observationuse senses to gather info57
450697724datarecorded observations, info on which scientific inquiry is based58
450697725qualitativerecorded descriptions59
450697726quantitativenumerical measurements60
450697727inductive reasoningderive generalizations from many specific observations; "sun always rises in east"61
450697728hypothesistentative answer to well-framed question, explanation on trial, rational accounting for set of observations (based on data and guided by inductive reasoning), leads to testable predictions; must be testable and falsifiable62
450697729deductive reasoningmake predictions using generalizations; used after hypothesis has been developed63
450697730Can a hypothesis be proved w/out a doubt?no, bc it's impossible to test ALL alternative hypotheses; hypotheses gain credibility by surviving multiple attempts to prove wrong and alternative hypotheses are falsified by testing64
450697731Why can't science explain the supernatural?science requires natural explanations for natural phenomena65
450697732mimicry in snake populations experimenthypothesis: mimicry (look like poisonous species but are harmless) bc reduces risk of being eaten when predators mistake for poisonous species prediction: mimicry will protect nonvenomous kingsnakes only in regions where venomous coral snakes live experiment: control group - plain brown artifical snakes, experimental group - kingsnake-patterned snakes, placed in regions w/ and w/out coral snakes66
450697733controlled experimentcompare experimental group w/control group; ideally differing in only one factor; irl unwanted variables controlled by canceling out effects w/control groups, not eliminating them67
450697734repeatabilityobservations/experimental results must be repeatable to gain credibility68
450697735scientific theorybroader than hypothesis, can spin off more hypotheses, supported by greater body of evidence; can be modified or rejected69
450697736model organismspecies easy to grow in lab that suits question being investigated70
450697737science vs technologyunderstand nature vs apply knowledge for purpose, discovery vs invention, curiousity vs want/need71
450697738diversityresults in progress72
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