| CourseNotes

AP Biology Chapter 1 Flashcards

Vocabulary: evolution, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), emergent properties, biosphere, ecosystems, community, population, organism, organs and organ systems, tissues, organelles, cell, molecule, eukaryotic cell, prokaryotic cell, gene, genome, negative feedback, positive feedback, adaptation, inductive reasoning, data, hypothesis, deductive reasoning, controlled experiment, dependent variable, independent variable, theory
Objectives:
After attending lectures and studying the chapter, the student should be able to:
1. Define biology.
2. List and explain the characteristics of life.
a. Define metabolism.
b. Define adaptation.
3. Distinguish between types of organisms by describing the differences between and
give examples of:
a. unicellular and multicellular organisms; and,
b. prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms.
4. List and explain the levels of biological organization.
5. Relating to major concepts in biology, explain what is meant by:
a. "the cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all living things";
b. "the continuity of life depends on the inheritance of biological information";
c. "form fits function";
d. "the unity and diversity of life"; and,
e. "life forms change".
6. Explain why DNA is considered the molecule of inheritance in all organisms.
7. Define evolution.
a. Define population and give examples of characteristics of populations.
b. Explain evolution through natural selection.
c. Explain how adaptations come about through natural selection.
d. Explain why evolution is a central theme in biology.
8. Define science and explain why biology is a science.
9. Distinguish between inductive and deductive reasoning and explain how these
processes of logic are used in science.
10. List in order and explain the logical relationship between the steps of the
scientific method.
11. Explain the difference between hypothesis, theory, and law.
12. Explain the "if . . .

Terms : Hide Images

1639774689	Evolution	Evolution is the process of change that has transformed life on Earth	0
1639774745	DNA	Deoxyribonucleic acid: a long linear polymer found in the nucleus of a cell and formed from nucleotides and shaped like a double helix	1
1639774690	Biology	The scientific study of life	2
1639774691	Emergent properties	New properties that arise with each step upward in the hierarchy of life, owing to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases.	3
1639774692	Systems Biology	An approach to studying biology that aims to model the dynamic behavior of whole biological systems based on a study of the interactions among the system's parts.	4
1639774746	Eukaryotic Cell	A type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. Organisms with eukaryotic cells (protists, plants, fungi, and animals) are called eukaryotes.	5
1639774747	Prokaryotic Cell	A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. Organisms with prokaryotic cells (bacteria and archaea) are called prokaryotes.	6
1639774693	Gene	A discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA (or RNA, in some viruses).	7
1639774694	Gene expression	The process by which information encoded in DNA directs the synthesis of proteins or, in some cases, RNAs that are not translated into proteins and instead function as RNAs.	8
1639774695	Genome	The genetic material of an organism or virus; the complete complement of an organism's or virus's genes along with its noncoding nucleic acid sequences.	9
1639774696	Biosphere	The entire portion of Earth inhabited by life; the sum of all the planet's ecosystems.	10
1639774697	Ecosystems	All the organisms in a given area as well as the abiotic factors with which they interact; one or more communities and the physical environment around them	11
1639774698	Community	All the organisms that inhabit a particular area; an assemblage of populations of different species living close enough together for potential interaction.	12
1639774699	Population	A group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and interbreed, producing fertile offspring.	13
1639774700	Organism	a creature such as a plant, animal or a single-celled life form, or something that has interdependent parts and that is being compared to a living creature	14
1639774701	Organs	A specialized center of body function composed of several different types of tissues.	15
1639774702	Organ Systems	A group of organs that work together in performing vital body functions.	16
1639774703	Tissues	An integrated group of cells with a common structure, function, or both.	17
1639774704	Organelles	Any of several membrane-enclosed structures with specialized functions, suspended in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells.	18
1639774705	Cell	The part of a neuron that houses the nucleus and most other organelles.	19
1639774706	Molecule	Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds.	20
1639774707	Negative Feedback	A form of regulation in which accumulation of an end product of a process slows the process; in physiology, a primary mechanism of homeostasis, whereby a change in a variable triggers a response that counteracts the initial change.	21
1639774708	Positive Feedback	A form of regulation in which an end product of a process speeds up that process; in physiology, a control mechanism in which a change in a variable triggers a response that reinforces or amplifies the change.	22
1639774709	Adaptation	Inherited characteristic of an organism that enhances its survival and reproduction in a specific environment.	23
1639774710	Inductive Reasoning	Induction moves from a set of specific observations (humans require organic molecules, fish require organic molecules) to reach a general conclusion (all animals require organic molecules	24
1639774711	Data	Recorded observations.	25
1639774712	Hypothesis	A testable explanation for a set of observations based on the available data and guided by inductive reasoning. A hypothesis is narrower in scope than a theory.	26
1639774713	Deductive Reasoning	A type of logic in which specific results are predicted from a general premise.	27
1639774714	Controlled Experiment	An experiment in which an experimental group is compared with a control group that varies only in the factor being tested.	28
1639774715	Dependent Variable	It is something that depends on other factors.	29
1639774716	Independent Variable	It is a variable that stands alone and isn't changed by the other variables you are trying to measure.	30
1639774717	Theory	An explanation that is broader in scope than a hypothesis, generates new hypotheses, and is supported by a large body of evidence.	31
1639774748	What are the 7 Characteristics of Life?	1. Order 2. Regulation 3. Energy Processing 4. Evolutionary Adaptation 5. Response to the Environment 6. Reproduction 7. Growth and Development	32
1639774718	Metabolism	The totality of an organism's chemical reactions, consisting of catabolic and anabolic pathways, which manage the material and energy resources of the organism.	33
1639774719	Why is Biology a Science?	Biology is a science since it takes care to interpret the nature, according to the scientific method, which establishes the resolution of hypotheses raised by the researcher, by means of using different techniques for the creation of representative models of nature.	34
1639774720	Distinguish between Inductive and Deductive Reasoning	Inductive reasoning derives generalizations from specific cases and deductive reasoning predicts specific outcomes from general premises.	35
1639774721	What are the 7 steps of the Scientific Method?	1. Observe 2. Research 3. Form a hypothesis 4. Test the hypothesis 5. Analyze results and draw conclusions 6. Report your findings 7. Conduct more research	36
1639774722	What is the difference between hypothesis, theory and law?	The Difference between a Hypothesis a Theory and a Law there are very distinct. A hypothesis is a statement that can be tested. A theory is a statement that has not been tested. A Law is a statement that is relevant and is true.	37
1639774723	What is the difference between observational and experimental investigations?	Observational investigations do not manipulate data	38
1639774749	What is the difference between qualitative and quantitative data?	Quantitative data includes recorded measurements which can be organized into tables or graphs and qualitative data would include observations	39
1639774724	What is the relationship between the conclusion and the hypothesis?	The conclusion is a statement about the experiment's results. As a report of your data, it can't be considered wrong even if the results don't support your hypothesis. You have learned that your hypothesis does not answer your original research question.	40
1639774750	What are the three domains by which all living organisms are classified?	Domain Bacteria Domain Archaea Domain Eukarya	41
1639774725	What are the 4 kingdoms in the Domain Eukarya?	Plantae Animalia Fungi Protista	42
1639774726	What are Bacteria?	All unicellular prokaryotic (no nucleus) organisms with peptidoglycan in their cell walls	43
1639774727	What is the Theory of Natural Selection?	A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits.	44
1639774728	How do we distinguish between results(data) and conclusions?	Results are measurable data and a conclusion is a report about what you learned based on w the results	45
1639774729	Concept 1.2: Why is evolution considered the core theme of biology?	Evolution accounts for the unity and diversity of life and it explains the most fundamental aspects of all life on earth. It accounts for the common features shared by all forms of life due to the descent from a common ancestor.	46
1639774730	Concept 1.3: How could natural selection have led to the evolution of adaptations such as the thick, water conserving leaves of the mother of pearl plant?	Ancestors of this plant may have exhibited variation in how well their leaves conserved water. Because not much soil is present in the crevices where these plants are found, the variant plans that could conserve water may hav survived better and been able to produce more offspring.	47
1639774731	Define Biology? What is the definition of Biology	Biology is the scientific study of life	48
1639774732	What is the molecule that can account for both the unity and the diversity of life?	DNA	49
1639774733	What is the appropriate term for an interacting group of individuals of a single type occupying a defined area?	A Population	50
1639774751	How would you define a Eukaryotic cell?	A eukaryotic cell has membrane-enclosed organelles, the largest of which is usually the nucleus	51
1639774752	How would you define a prokaryotic cell?	A prokaryotic cell is simpler and usually smaller, and does not contain a nucleus or other membrane-enclosed organelles	52
1639774734	What is deductive reasoning?	Deductive reasoning uses general premises to make specific predictions	53
1639774753	What are the 7 Properties/Characteristics of Life	1. Order 2. Regulation 3. Energy Processing 4. Evolutionary Adaptation 5. Response to the Environment 6. Reproduction 7. Growth and Development	54
1639774735	What is reductionism?	The approach of reducing complex systems to simpler components that are more manageable to study.	55
1639774754	What are the 10 levels of Biological Organization?	1. Biosphere 2. Ecosystem 3. Communities 4. Populations 5. Organisms 6. Organs and Organ Systems 7. Tissues 8. Cells 9. Organelles 10. Molecules	56
1639774755	Cell	The lowest level of organization that can perform all activities required for life	57
1639774736	What is a theory?	A theory is a statement that has not been tested	58
1639774737	What is a law?	A Law is a statement that is relevant and is true.	59
1639774738	What is a hypothesis?	A hypothesis is a statement that can be tested	60
1639774739	What are data?	Data are recorded observations or items of information	61
1639774740	Of the three domains Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya, which one is prokayotic?	Archaea	62
1639774741	The energy used by most organisms for metabolism and growth ultimately comes from....	The sun	63
1639774742	Eukaryotic organisms that decompose dead organisms and absorb the nutrients are generally found in which kingdom?	Fungi	64
1639774743	All the organisms on a campus make up...	a community	65

Powered by Quizlet.com

Chapter 1 and Chapter 2: New World Beginnings and the planting of English America Flashcards

"The history of the new world and colonial America" This covers the important terms from the time period 1450 to 1733, which includes settlers coming to the New World and the exploration of undiscovered land.

Terms : Hide Images

391859465	Marco Polo	An Italian adventurer who, through his book, encouraged Europeans to explore.	1
391859466	Vasco da Gama	A Portuguese explorer who first discovered India.	2
391859467	Christopher Columbus	An Italian explorer who set out with three ships to look for a water route to the Indies and came across the Bahamas, which he mistook for the Indies.	3
391859468	Hispaniola	The land Columbus returned to with men and livestock/animals.	4
391859469	Old World diseases	Diseases such as small pox, yellow fever, and malaria that wiped out natives.	5
391859470	Treaty of Tordesillas	The treaty in which Spain secured its claim to Columbus's discovery.	6
391859471	conquistadores	Explorers on a mission for God and in search of gold and fame.	7
391859472	Vasco Nunez Balboa	Discovered the Pacific Ocean.	8
391859473	Ferdinand Magellan	Set out with five ships; he was killed by Philippinos on the journey, but his last ship made it home, thus being the first to sail around the globe.	9
391859474	Juan Ponce de Leon	Discovered Florida while searching for a fountain of youth.	10
391859475	Francisco Coronado	Discovered the Grande Canyon and bison while searching for the seven cities of gold.	11
391859476	Hernan Cortes	Overthrew the Aztec Empire in the search for gold and created Mexico.	12
391859477	Battle of Acoma	Spanish troops defeated the Pueblo Indians and New Mexico was established as a result.	13
391859478	Father Junipero Serra	Led a group of Spanish missionaries and expolred California while spreading Christianity.	14
391859479	Queen Elizabeth	Encouraged her troops to promote Protestantism and plunder by seizing and raiding the Spanish.	15
391859480	Virginia Company of London	A joint-stock company that received a charter from King James to settle in the New World.	16
391859481	Jamestown	A settlement in the New World that was very unhealthful and the site of many settler's death.	17
392750896	Lord De La Warr	Sent settlers back to Jamestown, established a military regime, and aggressively acted against the natives.	18
392750897	Anglo-Powhatan War	The ongoing tension and violence between the English and Powhatan.	19
392750898	John Rolfe	The husband of Pocahontas and father of the tobacco industry.	20
392750899	Lord Baltimore	Founder of Maryland; he supported religious freedom.	21
392750900	Barbados slave code	The slave code used by the English settlers from Barbados that inspired slave rules in the mainland.	22
392750901	Charles Town	Busiest sea port in the South that promoted religious tolerance.	23
394825036	mestizos	People with mixed European and Indian culture.	24
394825037	Pope's Rebellion	An Indian uprising in which Pueblo Indians destroyed churches and killed priests/missionaries in an effort to resist Catholicism.	25

Powered by Quizlet.com

APUSH: Chapter 01 - New World Beginnings, 33,000 B.C.-A.D. 1769 Flashcards

AP United States History
Chapter 01 - New World Beginnings, 33,000 B.C.-A.D. 1769

Terms : Hide Images

862109375	Aztecs	A Native American Empire who lived in Mexico. Their capital was Tenochtitlan. They worshipped everything around them especially the sun. Cortes conquered them in 1521.	1
862109376	Pueblo Indians	Lived in the Southwestern United States. They built extensive irrigation systems to water their primary crop, which was corn. Their houses were multi-storied buildings made of adobe.	2
862109377	Joint Stock Companies	These were developed to gather the savings from the middle class to support finance colonies. Ex. London Company and Plymouth Company.	3
862109378	Spanish Armada	"Invincible" group of ships sent by King Philip II of Spain to invade England in 1588; Defeated by smaller, more maneuverable English "sea dogs" in the Channel; marked the beginning of English naval dominance and fall of Spanish dominance.	4
862109379	Black Legend	The idea developed during North American colonial times that the Spanish utterly destroyed the Indians through slavery and disease while the English did not. It is a false assertion that the Spanish were more evil towards the Native Americans than the English were.	5
862109380	Conquistadores	Spanish explorers that invaded Central and South America for it's riches during the 1500's. In doing so they conquered the Incas, Aztecs, and other Native Americans of the area. Eventually they intermarried these tribes.	6
862109381	Renaissance	After the Middle Ages there was a rebirth of culture in Europe where art and science were developed. It was during this time of enrichment that America was discovered.	7
862109382	Canadian Shield	Geological shape of North America; 10 million years ago; held the northeast corner of North America in place; the first part of North America to come above sea level.	8
862109383	Mound Builders	The mound builders of the Ohio River Valley and the Mississippian culture of the lower Midwest did sustain some large settlements after the incorporation of corn planting into their way of life during the first millennium AD. The Mississippian settlement at Cohokia, near present-day East St. Louis, Ill., was perhaps home to 40,000 people in about AD 1100. But mysteriously, around the year 1300, both the Mound Builder and the Mississippian cultures had fallen to decline.	9
862109384	Montezuma	Aztec chieftan; encountered Cortes and the Spanish and saw that they rode horses; Montezuma assumed that the Soanush were gods. He welcomed them hospitably, but the explorers soon turned on the natives and ruled them for three centuries.	10
862109385	Christopher Columbus	An Italian navigator who was funded by the Spanish Government to find a passage to the Far East. He is given credit for discovering the "New World," even though at his death he believed he had made it to India. He made four voyages to the "New World." The first sighting of land was on October 12, 1492, and three other journies until the time of his death in 1503.	11
862109386	Hernan Cortes	He was a Spanish explorer who conquered the Native American civilization of the Aztecs in 1519 in what is now Mexico.	12
862109387	Francisco Coronado	A Spanish soldier and commander; in 1540, he led an expedition north from Mexico into Arizona; he was searching for the legendary Seven Cities of Gold, but only found Adobe pueblos.	13
862109388	Treaty of Tordesillas	In 1494 Spain and Portugal were disputing the lands of the new world, so the Spanish went to the Pope, and he divided the land of South America for them. Spain got the vast majority, the west, and Portugal got the east.	14
862109389	Mestizos	The race of people created when the Spanish intermarried with the surviving Indians in Mexico.	15
862109390	Marco Polo	Italian explorer; spent many years in China or near it; his return to Europe in 1295 sparked a European interest in finding a quicker route to Asia.	16
862109391	Francisco Pizarro	New World conqueror; Spanish conqueror who crushed the Inca civilization in Peru; took gold, silver and enslaved the Incas in 1532.	17
862109392	Juan Ponce de Leon	Spanish Explorer; in 1513 and in 1521, he explored Florida, thinking it was an island. Looking for gold and the "fountain of youth", he failed in his search for the fountain of youth but established Florida as territory for the Spanish, before being killed by a Native American arrow.	18
862109393	Hernando de Soto	Spanish Conquistador; explored in 1540's from Florida west to the Mississippi with six hundred men in search of gold; discovered the Mississippi, a vital North American river.	19

Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Psych David G. Myers Chapter 9 Vocab Flashcards

AP Psychology Chapter 9 Vocab David G. Myers

Terms : Hide Images

1237255165	memory	learning information over time	1
1237255166	flashbulb memory	a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event	2
1237255167	encoding	the processing of information into the memory system	3
1237255168	storage	The retention of encoded information over time.	4
1237255169	retrieval	the process of getting information out of memory storage	5
1237255170	sensory memory	the immediate, brief recording of sensory information in the memory system.	6
1237255171	short term memory	activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten	7
1237255172	long term memory	the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.	8
1237255173	working memory	a newer understanding of short-term memory that involves conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory	9
1237255174	automatic processing	unconscious encoding of incidental information	10
1237255175	effortful processing	encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.	11
1237255176	rehearsal	the conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage	12
1237255177	spacing effect	the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice	13
1237255178	serial position effect	our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list	14
1237255179	visual encoding	the encoding of picture images	15
1237255180	acoustic encoding	the encoding of sound, especially the sound of words	16
1237255181	semantic encoding	the encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words	17
1237255182	imagery	mental pictures	18
1237255183	mnemonics	memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices	19
1237255184	chunking	organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically	20
1237255185	iconic memory	a momentary sensory memory mental picture; lasting no more than a few tenths of a second	21
1237255186	echoic memory	a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds	22
1237255187	long term potentiation	an increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory	23
1237255188	amnesia	the loss of memory	24
1237255189	implicit memory	retention independent of conscious recollection. (Also called procedural memory)	25
1237255190	explicit memory	memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare." (Also called declarative memory)	26
1237255191	hippocampus	a neural center that is located in the limbic system and helps process explicit memories for storage	27
1237255192	recall	A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier	28
1237255193	recognition	a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test	29
1237255194	relearning	A memory measure that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time.	30
1237255195	priming	the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory	31
1237255196	deja vu	that eerie sense that "I've experienced this before." Cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience.	32
1237255197	mood congruent memory	the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood	33
1237255198	proactive interference	the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information	34
1237255199	retroactive interference	the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information	35
1237255200	repression	in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories	36
1237255201	misinformation effect	incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event.	37
1237255202	source amnesia	attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined. (Also called source misattribution.) Source amnesia, along with the misinformation effect, is at the heart of many false memories.	38

Powered by Quizlet.com

Early American Colonies- Vocab, Founders, etc. Flashcards

Learn about how America came to be! In this set you'll learn about the early settlements of distant countries and some important vocabulary to go along with that!

Terms : Hide Images

1168224211	James Ogelthorp	Started the colony of Georgia for people who were in prison because of debts.	1
1168224212	George Calvert or "Lord Baltimore"	Started the colony of Maryland for Catholics who were persecuted for their religious beliefs in England.	2
1168224213	Massasoit	The Native American chief of the Wampanoag tribe who helped the Pilgrims and celebrated the first Thanksgiving with them.	3
1168224214	Roger Williams	A Puritan minister who was banished from Boston for questioning the rules of the Puritan leaders. He started Rhode Island.	4
1168224215	Peter Stuyvetsant	The Dutch Governor of New Amsterdam who lost the colony to the English because he was hated and his people refused to fight for him.	5
1168224216	Pocahontas	A Native American Princess who helped Jamestown by saving John Smith's life.	6
1168224217	John Smith	Became the leader of Jamestown and saved the colony by making the members work harder.	7
1168224218	William Penn	Started the colony of Pennsylvania for Quakers when the King gave him the land to pay back a family debt.	8
1168224219	Thomas Hooker	A Puritan minister who took a congregation to Connecticut for better farming. He wrote the fundamental orders.	9
1168224220	John Winthop	The Puritan leader and governor of the Mass Bay Colony. He wanted his city to be like "A city on a hill".	10
1168224221	The Eight Proprietors	Friends of the King who were rewarded for their loyalty and were given the land that became the Carolinas.	11
1168224222	Sir Walter Raleigh	An Englishman who organized the expedition to Roanoke.	12
1168224223	Puritan	A group of people who wanted to purify the church of England.	13
1168224224	Quaker	A religious group persecuted in England who refused to bow to the King and support the church of England.	14
1168224225	Charter	Legal document proving a colony ways established with the King's authority.	15
1168224226	Disembark	To come ashore from a ship.	16
1168224227	Proprietor	The owner or manager of a business or area of land.	17
1168224228	Colony	An area controlled by a distant country and settled by people from that country.	18
1168224229	Plantation	A large place or farm that is planted and grows large amounts of crops to sell for profit.	19
1168224230	Pilgrims	A group of English Puritans who founded the colony of Plymouth	20
1168224231	Roanoke	The island off the coast of N. Carolina where the English first attempted to start a settlement.	21
1168224232	Agriculture	Having to do with farming or producing crops and raising livestock.	22
1168224233	The Quakers started what colony?	Pennsylvania	23
1168224234	In what colony did the first Thanksgiving take place?	Massachusetts	24
1168224235	Maryland was established for what religious group?	The Catholics	25
1168224236	What was the first successful colony?	Virginia	26
1168224237	Which colony had a written constitution?	Connecticut	27
1168224238	Which colony depended on the fishing and fur trade?	New Hampshire	28
1168224239	Log cabins were built in which colony?	Delaware	29
1168224240	Were the Puritans tolerant of other religions?	NO!	30
1168224241	New Amsterdam eventually became what colony?	New York	31
1168224242	Who governed North Carolina?	Eight businessmen who were known as the eight proprietors	32

Powered by Quizlet.com

Unit 5: The Government and the Economy, and the Global Economy Flashcards

California Prentice Hall Economics - Principles in Action Chapters 14, 17, 18

Terms : Hide Images

411167407	tax	a required payment to a local, state, or national government; the primary way in which a government collects money; gives the government the money it needs to operate	1
411167408	revenue	income received by a government from taxes and nontax sources; pays for government-provided goods and services such as education and national defense	2
411167409	tax base	income, property, good, or service that is subject to a tax	3
411167410	individual income tax	a tax on a person's good or service being sold	4
411167411	sales tax	a tax on the dollar value of a good or service being sold	5
411167412	property tax	a tax on the value of a property	6
411167413	corporate income tax	a tax on the value of a company's profits	7
411167414	proportional tax	a tax for which the percentage of income paid in taxes remains the same for all income levels; income tax is separate from fluctuating income	8
411167415	progressive tax	a tax on which the percentage of income paid in taxes increases as income increases; example: federal income tax in the United States	9
411167416	regressive tax	a tax for which the percentage of income paid in taxes decreases as income increases; example: sales tax	10
411167417	incidence of tax	the final burden of a tax	11
411167418	withholding	taking tax payments out of an employee's pay before he or she receives it	12
411167419	tax return	form used to file income tax; completed by an employer	13
411167420	taxable income	income on which tax must be paid	14
411167421	personal exemption	set amount that you subtract from your gross income for yourself, your spouse, and any dependents	15
411167422	FICA (Federal Insurance Contributions Act)	taxes that fund Social Security and Medicare	16
411167423	Social Security	old-age, survivors, and disability insurance; originally established to ease the hardships of the Great Depression	17
411167424	Medicare	a national health insurance program that helps pay for health care for people over the age of 65 or certain disabilities	18
411167425	estate tax	a tax on the estate, or total value of the money and property, of a person who has died	19
411167426	gift tax	a tax on money or property that one living person gives to another	20
411167427	tariff	a tax on imported goods; protects American farmers and industries from foreign competitors	21
411167428	tax incentive	the use of taxation to encourage or discourage behavior; example: sin tax discourages people from buying and using tobacco and alcohol	22
411167429	mandatory spending	spending on certain programs, such as Social Security and Medicare, that is mandated, or required, by existing law	23
411167430	discretionary spending	spending category about which government planners can make choices, such as defense and education	24
411167431	entitlements	social welfare program that people are "entitled to" if they meet certain eligibility requirements, such as being at a certain income level or age	25
411167432	Medicaid	entitlement program that benefits low-income families, some people with disabilities, and elderly people in nursing homes; largest source of funds for health-related services for US' poorest people	26
411167433	operating budget	budget for day-to-day expenses; example: salaries for state employees	27
411167434	capital budget	budget for major capital, or investment, expenditures; example: bridge or buildings	28
411167435	balancing budget	budget in which revenues are equal to spending	29
411167436	tax exempt	not subject to taxes	30
411167437	real property	physical property such as land and buildings	31
411167438	personal property	possessions such as jewelry, furniture, and boats	32
411167439	tax assessor	an official who determines the value of a property	33
411167440	absolute advantage	the ability to produce more of a given product using a given amount of resources	34
411167441	comparative advantage	the ability to produce a product most efficiently given all the other products that could be produced; the nation with the lower opportunity cost in producing a certain good should specialize in producing that good	35
411167442	law of comparative advantage	the idea that a nation is better off when it produces goods and services for which it has a competitive advantage	36
411167443	export	a good that is sent to another country for sale	37
411167444	import	a good that is brought in from another country for purchase	38
411167445	trade barrier	a means of preventing a foreign product or service from freely entering a nation's territory	39
411167446	import quota	a limit on the amount of a good that can be imported	40
411167447	voluntary export restraint	a self-imposed limitation on the number of products shipped to a particular country	41
411167448	customs duty	a tax on certain items purchased abroad	42
411167449	trade wars	a cycle of increasing trade restrictions	43
411167450	protectionism	the use of trade barriers to protect a nation's industries from foreign competition	44
411167451	infant industry	a new industry from the competition of mature rivals; "grows up" when it acquires the ability to produce goods efficiently and at a competitive price	45
411167452	international free trade agreement	agreement from cooperation between at least two countries to reduce trade barriers and tariffs and to trade with each other	46
411167453	World Trade Organization	a worldwide organization whose goal is freer global trade and lower tariffs	47
411167454	European Union	a regional trade organization made up of European nations	48
411167455	euro	a single currency that replaces individual currencies among members of the European Union	49
411167456	NAFTA	agreement that will eliminate all tariffs and other trade barriers between Canada, Mexico, and the US	50
411167457	exchange rate	the value of a foreign nation's currency in terms of the home nation's currency	51
411167458	appreciation	an increase in the value of a currency; currency becomes "stronger" and foreign products will be less expensive in the US to purchase imported goods	52
411167459	depreciation	a decrease in the value of a currency; currency becomes "weaker" and a nation's products become cheaper for other nations to purchase	53
411167460	foreign exchange rate	the banks and other financial institutions that facilitate the buying and selling of foreign currencies	54
411167461	fixed exchange-rate system	a currency system in which governments try to keep the values of their currencies constant against one another	55
411167462	flexible exchange-rate system	a currency system that allows the exchange rate to be determined by supply and demand	56
411167463	trade surplus	the result of a nation exporting more than it imports	57
411167464	trade deficit	the result of a nation importing more than it exports	58
411167465	balance of trade	the relationship between a nation's imports and its exports	59
411167466	development	the process by which the nation improves the economic, political, and social well-being of its people	60
411167467	developed nation	a nation with a higher average level of material well-being	61
411167468	less developed country	a nation with a low level of material well-being	62
411167469	per capita GDP	a nation's gross domestic product divided by its total population	63
411167470	industrialization	the extensive organization of an economy for the purpose of manufacture	64
411167471	subsistence agriculture	level of farming in which a person raises only enough food to feed his or her family	65
411167472	literacy rate	the proportion of the population over the age of 15 that can read and write	66
411167473	life expectancy	the average expected life span of an individual	67
411167474	infant mortality rate	the number of deaths that occur in the first year of life per 1,000 live births	68
411167475	infrastructure	the services and facilities necessary for an economy to function; a characteristic of a developed nation	69
411167476	newly industrialized countries	a less developed country that has shown significant improvement in the measures of development	70
411167477	population growth rate	the increase in a country's population in a given year, expressed as a percentage of a population figure at the start of the year	71
411167478	natural rate of population increase	the difference between the birth rate and the death rate	72
411167479	arable	suitable for producing crops; defines land	73
411167480	malnutrition	inadequate nutrition	74
411167481	internal financing	financing derived from the savings of a country's citizens	75
411167482	foreign investment	investment originating from other countries	76
411167483	foreign direct investment	the establishment of an enterprise by a foreigner	77
411167484	foreign portfolio investment	the entry of funds into a country when foreigners make purchases in the country's stock and bond markets	78
411167485	World Bank	the largest provider of development assistance	79
411167486	United Nations Development Program	United Nations' program dedicated to the elimination of poverty through development	80
411167487	International Monetary Fund (IMF)	organization formed to stabilize international exchange rates and facilitate development	81
411167488	debt rescheduling	lengthening the time of debt repayment and forgiving, or dismissing, part of the loan	82
411167489	stabilization program	an agreement between a debtor nation and the IMF in which the nation agrees to revise its economic policy	83
411167490	privatization	the sale or transfer of state-owned businesses to individuals	84
411167491	work ethic	system of values that gives central importance to work	85
411167492	glasnost	a policy of political "openness" introduced into the Soviet Union in the late 1980s	86
411167493	perestroika	Soviet leader Gorbachev's plan for economic restructuring	87
411167494	light industry	the production of small consumer goods	88
411167495	special economic zones	designated regions in China where foreign investment is encouraged, business can make most of their own investment and production decisions, and foreign companies are allowed to operate	89

Powered by Quizlet.com

APWH MCQ Unit 5: Industrialization and Global Integration Flashcards

1-50 World Civilizations,

Terms : Hide Images

1195225447	A	Which of the following statements is most accurate? (A) Western Europe experienced a huge population jump after about 1730. (B) Western Europe's population was devastated by a series of wars and epidemics at the beginning of the 18th century. (C) Poverty and poor nutrition led to a stagnation of the European population until 1840. (D) The most significant factor in the movement of population in the 18th century was the increased mortality among children leading to fewer survivors.	1
1195225448	D	Population upheaval and the spread of a property-less class working for money led to which of the following developments? (A) An increase in the authority of the male heads of households. (B) A general acceptance of authority, whether domestic or political. (C) A decline in the percentage of illegitimate births (D) The adoption of more urban styles of dress.	2
1248904287	D	In what year did the American colonies set up a new constitutional structure based on Enlightenment principles? (A) 1776 (B) 1781 (C) 1783 (D) 1789	3
1248904288	D	On July 14 in the first year of the French Revolution, the storming of what political prison provided a revolutionary symbol? (A) Tuileries (B) Place des Vosges (C) Montparnasse (D) Bastille	4
1248904289	C	Which of the following statements concerning the impact of the French Revolution on the rest of Europe is NOT accurate? (A) The French Revolution spread key revolutionary legislation throughout much of Western Europe. (B) The revolution encouraged popular nationalism outside of France. (C) The French Revolution and its subsequent empire created a general consensus after the defeat of France for a more liberal Europe. (D) The idea of equality under the law and attacks on privilege, whether aristocratic, guild, or ecclesiastical, spread throughout Europe.	5
1248904290	D	By 1900 what proportion of the Western population enjoyed conditions above the subsistence level? (A) One fifth (B) One third (C) One half (D) Two thirds	6
1248904291	C	Which of the following did NOT represent an expansion of government functions in the West? (A) Civil service examinations (B) Extension of regulatory apparatus (C) The establishment of mandatory national unions for laborers (D) Wider welfare measures	7
1248904292	B	Western expansion in the 19th century meant an extension of Western society itself, and not primarily a new cultural interchange. Which of the following regions was not an area of Western expansion? (A) Canada (B) Malaya (C) New Zealand (D) Australia	8
1248904293	D	Which of the following countries was NOT a member of either the Triple Alliance or the Triple Entente? (A) Britain (B) France (C) Russia (D) The United States	9
1248904294	C	Balkan nationalism in the 19th century initially exacerbated deteriorating relationships between what two powers with interests in the region? (A) Britain and France (B) Germany and Italy (C) Russia and Austria-Hungary (D) France and Russia	10
1248904295	D	Which of the following was NOT an aspect of European expansion in the preindustrial era? (A) The search for precious metals (B) The seizure of land for plantation production of commercial crops (C) The purchase of luxury products such as silks and spices (D) The establishment of European colonies in the interior of Africa	11
1248904296	D	Which of the following statements concerning the management of colonial enterprises by the Dutch and British East India companies in the 17th century is most accurate? (A) The directors of the companies were little interested in the acquisition of colonial territories. (B) The directors of the companies made precise plans for the expansion of company administrative control over the governments of indigenous peoples. (C) The companies were granted monopolies by governments with the clear expectation that they would conquer new territories for their respective nations. (D) The companies were mere figureheads for the active and direct intervention of European nations in the affairs of Asian peoples.	12
1249076613	C	Which tactic led to the Dutch control of the entire island of Java? (A) The Dutch won a series of naval battles over forces of the Sultan of Mataram. (B) The Dutch introduced African mercenaries into Java to secure a military victory. (C) The Dutch, using mercenary forces recruited from the people of Java, intervened in succession disputes in return for grants of land. (D) The Dutch used the process of conversion of masses of the Javanese people as well as the elite to gain a position of supremacy on Java.	13
1249076614	D	In what year did the British win the battle of Plassey? (A) 1754 (B) 1789 (C) 1832 (D) 1757	14
1249076615	C	All of the following were reasons why India became the pivot of the great British Empire EXCEPT (A) the size of the Indian land army (B) the utility of Indian ports in maintaining British sea power (C) the residence of more white settlers than any other British colony (D) the existence of raw materials useful to the British industries	15
1249076616	C	What English religious movement was critical to the social reform movement in the British Empire by the beginning of the 19th century? (A) Erastian (B) Calvinist (C) Evangelical (D) Separatist	16
1249076617	C	Which of the following nations did NOT enter the competitive race for colonial empire and industrial supremacy after 1870? (A) Germany (B) Belgium (C) Spain (D) The United States	17
1249076618	B	Which of the following descriptions most accurately defines the term "tropical dependencies?" (A) Imperial possessions in which the numbers of European settlers and indigenous peoples were approximately equal (B) Colonies in which small numbers of Europeans rules large numbers of non-Western peoples (C) Colonies with substantial majorities of white, European immigrants (D) Colonies that were largely unpopulated prior to the coming of the Europeans	18
1249076619	A	Which of the following statements most accurately defines the European strategy with respect to the government of tropical dependencies? (A) The Europeans exploited longstanding ethnic and cultural divisions between indigenous peoples. (B) European colonialism depended on wholesale conversions to Christianity. (C) In many cases, the Europeans utilized their military superiority to carry out genocide against African and Asian peoples. (D) Colonial rulers tended to favor Muslims at the expense of other minorities in African and Asian colonies because of the level of education of Muslim peoples.	19
1249147974	B	What was a critical factor in the growing tensions between the colonizers and the rising African and Asian middles classes? (A) The growing numbers of Christians among the African and Asian peoples. (B) The growing size of European communities in foreign nations and the increased number of women in European settlements (C) The decline in European militarism (D) The decline in the size of European communities in colonial settlements (E) The growing military power of native peoples	20
1249147976	D	In what century did most Latin American countries achieve their independence? (A) 16th (B) 17th (C) 18th (D) 19th	21
1249147978	B	Which of the following events was rejected by Creole elites as a model of revolution because of excessive radicalism? (A) American Revolution (B) French Revolution (C) Independence movement in Portugal (D) Napoleonic Wars	22
1249147980	A	What event in 19th-century Europe precipitated the movements for independence in Latin America? (A) The forced abdication of the royal family of Spain during the Napoleonic wars (B) The conquest of the Mughal empire by the Portuguese (C) Spain's loss of colonial territories to the British during the War of Jenkin's Ear (D) The Seven Years War and its aftermath	23
1249147982	D	The person responsible for the independence movements in Argentina and Chile was (A) Manuel de Rosas (B) Bernardino Rivadavia (C) Simon Bolivar (D) Jose de San Martin	24
1249814865	A	In what way was the government of independent Brazil different from those of the other newly created Latin American nations? (A) Brazil was a monarchy rather than a republic. (B) It was the only government that immediately abolished slavery. (C) It was ruled by the popular majority of former slaves and people of mixed race. (D) It was the only republican form of government established in Latin America.	25
1249814866	D	Which of the following statements concerning the political organization of Latin America to 1850 is most accurate? (A) Most of Latin America was divided up into consolidated unites that mirrored the colonial vice royalties. (B) The excellent colonial road system enabled the creation of larger states after independence. (C) Permanent consolidation and union was more typical of Central America and southern South America than elsewhere. (D) Most attempts at consolidation and union had failed.	26
1251099518	D	The United States expressed its attitude toward Latin American independence in 1823 with the issuance of the (A) Articles of Confederation (B) Southwest Ordinance (C) Canning Treaty (D) Monroe Doctrine	27
1251099519	B	Which of the following descriptions of the politicians who led Liberal governments in post-1860 Latin America is NOT accurate? (A) They represented a new generation of politicians who had matured after independence. (B) They favored expansion of the franchise to Indians and mestizos who represented the "ancient" aspects of Latin American civilization. (C) Their inspiration was England, France, and the United States. (D) They were firm believers in progress, education, and free competition within a secular society.	28
1251099520	A	Under Juan Manuel de Rosas, the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata (A) adopted the federalist program of a weak central government and local autonomy. (B) overthrew the dominance of Buenos Aires province. (C) undertook a program of education and economic training among the Indians. (D) introduced a democratic regime that recognized political diversity without violence.	29
1251099521	C	Which of the following beliefs is NOT associated with the concept of "modernization" or "Westernization?" (A) Development was a matter of increasing per capita production in any society. (B) The more industrialized and urbanized any society became, the more social change and improvement were possible as traditional patterns and attitudes were abandoned. (C) Change would take place through radical or revolutionary transitions rather than gradually. (D) As the process occurred, there would be a natural movement toward more democratic forms of government and popular participation.	30
1251099522	C	Which of the following was NOT a weakness associated with the Ottoman Empire in the 18th century? (A) Weak rulers (B) Competition within factions of the elite (C) Conversion of much of the population to Christianity (D) Deteriorating conditions for artisans as result of competition with the West.	31
1251099523	C	The first region to rebel successfully and independence from the Ottoman Empire was (A) the Crimea (B) Greece (C) Serbia (D) Palestine	32
1251099524	C	What was the result of the reforms of Sultan Selim III (1789-1807)? (A) Western-style education was introduced throughout the Empire. (B) The Janissary corps was eliminated as a political and military force. (C) The sultan was toppled from the throne by a Janissary revolt. (D) Railways were constructed connecting the empire with Europe.	33
1251226782	C	What group within the Ottoman Empire actually suffered as a result of the Tanzimat reforms? (A) Ayan (B) Ulama (C) Artisans (D) Merchants	34
1251226783	B	Which of the following reforms resulted from the coup in the Ottoman Empire of 1908? (A) The sultanate was abolished. (B) The constitution of 1876 was restored. (C) Janissaries were removed as a political and military force. (D) Restrictions against women in Muslim society were removed	35
1251226784	A	What nation's invasion of Egypt in 1798 signaled the beginning of European penetration of the Islamic heartland? (A) France (B) Britain (C) Russia (D) Austria-Hungary	36
1251226785	C	Which of the following reforms undertaken by Muhammad Ali failed? (A) Production of raw materials in demand in Europe (cotton, hemp, indigo) (B) Improvements of Egyptian harbors and irrigation works along the Nile. (C) Build-up of an Egyptian industrial sector (D) Modernization of the army	37
1251226786	.D	What was the result of the rebellion by Egyptian army officers in 1882? (A) The Khedival government was overthrown by an indigenous Egyptian government. (B) A new constitution was instituted, modeled on the Ottoman constitution of 1876. (C) The rebellion was crushed by the Turkish elements within the Egyptian army. (D) The Khedive called on the British to crush the rebellion, resulting in British overlordship of Egypt.	38
1251509252	C	Which of the following statements concerning the Manchu government is most accurate? (A) They destroyed the scholar-gentry in order to consolidate their grip on the government. (B) The civil service examination system was eliminated as a means of entering the government. (C) Though Manchus occupied a disproportionate number of the highest political positions, there were few limits on Chinese promotions within the imperial bureaucracy. (D) Chinese officials were eliminated at the local administrative levels in order to prevent the extreme regionalization that had led to the downfall of previous dynasties.	39
1251509253	A	The new groups of merchants that developed in China under the more relaxed commercial system of the Manchus were called (A) waiqin (B) pescadors (C) compradors (D) Boxers	40
1251509254	A	Of the following regions, which defied the common pattern of growing Western domination in the 19th century? (A) Russia and Japan (B) The Ottoman Empire (C) Latin America (D) West Africa	41
1251509255	C	What nations were linked together in the Holy Alliance that grouped conservative monarchies together in defense of religion and the status quo in 1815? (A) Britain, France, and Spain (B) Spain, Russia, and Poland (C) Russia, Prussia, and Austria (D) Austria, Japan, and Russia	42
1251509256	D	Which of the following statements concerning Russian territorial expansion is most accurate? (A) Russia's loss of Poland in the revolt of 1830 stimulated other attempts at territorial expansion. (B) Russia actively opposed nationalist movements in the Balkans in keeping with its conservative tradition. (C) Western powers actively aided Russia's pursuit of territories in the Ottoman Empire. (D) No massive acquisitions marked the early 19th century, but Russia continued to be an aggressive competitor for territorial expansion.	43
1251509257	C	What was in the mid-19th century demonstrated Russia's widening gap with the West? (A) Russo-Japanese War (B) Napoleon's invasion of Russia (C) Crimean War (D) Sepoy rebellion	44
1251509258	C	Which of the following statements concerning the emancipation of the serfs in Russia is most accurate? (A) The emancipation of the serfs destroyed the Russian aristocracy. (B) Emancipation of the serfs loosened the grip of the tsarist state. (C) In addition to personal freedom, the serfs were granted parcels of land subject to redemption payments. (D) Following emancipation, peasants were free to move about Russia as they pleased leading to massive movements of agricultural labor.	45
1251509259	C	Which of the following was present during the Russian program of industrialization? (A) Attitudinal change among workers similar to the West. (B) A large middle class (C) Rich natural resources (D) Small, but efficient factories	46
1251509260	C	Which of the following statements about Russia Marxist is most accurate? (A) Marxist insistence on careful revolutionary organization and a focus on the working class were rapidly assimilated by anarchists and peasant groups. (B) Marxist doctrines were not imported from the West, but originated among the Russian intelligentsia (C) Lenin introduced important innovations in Marxist theory, including the idea that a proletarian revolution could take place without going though a middle-class phase. (D) Lenin was dedicated to the mass electioneering typical of Western socialist parties.	47
1251509261	D	Which of the following statements concerning the Tokugawa Shogunate in the 19th century is most accurate? (A) The Shogunate bureaucracy had been opened to talented commoners, a reform that improved the standing of the government with the masses of the Japanese people. (B) By the 19th century, the Tokugawa were able to dispense with the feudal organization of earlier Japan. (C) Increasingly, the Shogunate depended on its long-standing alliances with Western powers to maintain its dominance. (D) The Shogunate continued to combine a central bureaucracy with semi-feudal alliances with regional daimyos and the samurai.	48
1251509262	A	Which of the following was NOT an advantage of Japan over China in the competition to assume leadership and the establish industrialization in Asia? (A) Japan's leadership was less secular and bureaucratic than that of China. (B) Japan already knew the benefits of imitation, which China never acknowledged. (C) Japan had allowed a more autonomous merchant tradition. (D) Feudal traditions limited the heavy hand of government controls while stimulating a sense of competitiveness.	49
1251509263	D	Which of the following statements concerning Japanese industrialization prior to World War I is correct? (A) Japan's work force was among the highest paid in the world. (B) Abundant natural resources made Japan virtually self-sufficient as an industrialized nation. (C) By 1914, Japan had reached the level of industrialization found in the West. (D) Japan needed exports to pay for machine and resource imports.	50

Powered by Quizlet.com

Unit 5: Global Conflict Flashcards

1.How did the geography of Europe contribute to the outbreak of World War I?
2. Explain the major causes of World War I and World War II.
3. Why did Adolf Hitler want to create a "master race", and what were the results of his plan to do so?
4. How did governments through the early 20th century use propaganda to try to influence public opinion, especially regarding their enemies in the world wars?

Terms : Hide Images

310537993	World War I (aka WWI, The Great War, the War to End All Wars)	1914-1918, in essence a European Civil War with global implications that was marked by massive casualties, new military technologies, and disillusionment with the idea of "progress"	1
310537994	Triple Alliance	alliance of Germany, Austria, and Italy	2
310537995	Triple Entente	alliance consisting of France, Russia, and Britain	3
310537996	Archduke Franz Ferdinand	heir to the Austrian throne whose assassination by a Serbian nationalist on June 28, 1914 was the spark that ignited World War I	4
310537997	Serbia	European nation-state that, before World War I began, wanted to create a Pan-Slavic state, but Austria messed that up when they announced that Bosnia was part of Austria	5
310537998	militarism	European policy and culture (ideology) of keeping a strong standing army with much support in preparation for war, goes hand in hand with nationalism	6
310537999	Ottoman Empire	Empire that had been a powerful Balkan state for centuries, but by the early 1900s was in decline, leaving the question of who would become powerful in the Balkans. It lost WWI (signed armistice in October 1918) and most of it became Turkey.	7
310538000	United States	joined World War I when its trade was interrupted, President Woodrow Wilson came up with the League of Nations but the country did not join it	8
310538001	trench warfare	new style of fighting wars that caused huge numbers of casualties in WWI, it was a result of industrial technology	9
310538002	total war	the entire population of the states involved in WWI participated in the war effort - government authority expanded, governments used propaganda to get citizens involved, women entered the workforce in large numbers.	10
310538003	Treaty of Versailles 1919	treaty that officially ended World War I; the immense penalties it placed on Germany are regarded as one of the causes of World War II	11
310538004	Armenian genocide	when the government of the Ottoman Empire killed 1 million Armenians in suspicion that they were working for Russia	12
310538005	League of Nations	international peacekeeping organization proposed by Woodrow Wilson at the close of WWI, but that ultimately failed in preventing another world war	13
311400389	optimistic	people felt optimistic at the turn of the century because there were many positive changes for them: technology like electricity, cars, and planes increase people's individual power and many used this power politically and socially in revolutions for workers rights, suffrage, representation in government, and fair treatment showed.	14
311400390	pessimistic	by 1914, some of that optimism was gone because of events like the sinking of the Titanic, which showed flaws in all the new technology, and the fact that many people who had come to America for a better life were working long, hard hours in factories. 1914 was when WWI began, although most people were excited for the war.	15
311400391	individual power	how much control a person has over their world. increased in the twentieth century because of technologies like electricity, airplanes, and cars. Another form this took was in people demanding more rights: women to vote, better working conditions.	16
313293749	Gavril Princip	serbian nationalist that assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand, one of 8 assassins that didn't like Austria's claim to the territory of Bosnia, which Serbia wanted to create a Pan-Slavic Empire	17
313293751	alliances	a major cause of WWI. two alliances formed in WWI: the Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria, Italy) and the Triple Entente (France, England, Russia) because France was against Germany and they both needed support. First France aligned with Russia, on the other side of Germany, so Germany aligned with German-speaking Austria. Both sides wanted Britain for their industrial economy, but Britain was afraid of Germany gaining power and so aligned with France.	18
313293752	imperialism	a major cause of WWI - because everywhere that could be an overseas colony was taken, newcomer Germany had to take colonies from other European nations if it wanted to expand for raw materials and a market. Thus, Germany threatened Britain's supremacy and created conflict.	19
313293753	nationalism	a major cause of WWI, it makes people support their nation - my state is the best. this encourages war because it is a chance to prove the superiority of your nation. civic nationalism says that somebody can become a member of the nation, while racial nationalism says that ethnicity and states go together.	20
313991222	The Schlieffen Plan	Germany's war plan to avoid fighting France and Russia at the same time: invade France and capture Paris in under 8 weeks (length to mobilize Russian troops), then move troops to fight Russia	21
313991223	Franco-Prussian War	1871 war between France and Germany over the formation of the German Second Reich, which resulted in German control over Alsace-Lorraine (traditionally French) - leading to France wanting it back and revenge. This France vs. Germany rivalry began the web of alliances	22
319127623	Lusitania	American/British ship that was sunk by a German submarine on May 7, 1915 because British military supplies were being transported on it	23
319127624	Zimmerman telegram	telegram that the German government sent to their ambassador in Mexico City in January 1917, intercepted and interpreted by British, saying that the Germans would sink every US ship but wanted to keep US neutral - asked Mexicans to attack US from their border	24
319127625	armistice	Agreement to stop fighting - not technically a surrender	25
319127626	11 am, November 11, 1918 (11a, 11-11-18)	Germany signs the armistice, war is over	26
319911959	Alsace-Lorraine	traditionally French territory taken by Germany in the Franco-Prussian War, making France and Germany enemies - this animosity was the basis for the alliances that became the Triple Alliance (Germany) and Triple Entente (France).	27
327755374	The Great Depression 1929-1940	worldwide economic depression that began in 1929 with the New York stock market crash and continued in many areas until the outbreak of World War II	28
327755375	consumerism	1920s ideology that encouraged people to buy newly available goods	29
327755376	materialism	ideology that was a result of prosperity and consumerism in the 1920s, many thought it conflicted with values of community and spirituality	30
327755377	Soviet Union (USSR)	a communist state that avoided unemployment and generated growth by having a state-controlled economy that equally distributed income, this success caused many Americans and Europeans to look towards communism and supported the democratic socialism in Europe	31
327755378	democratic socialism	ideology in which the government regulates the economy and equally distributes wealth peacefully and politically, this was what Britain, France, and Sweden did in the face of the Great Depression	32
327755379	The New Deal	a series of reforms enacted by the Franklin Roosevelt administration between 1933 and 1942 with the goal of ending the Great Depression, this marked a point where the government interfered in the economy (differing from traditional capitalism)	33
327755380	Franklin Roosevelt	American president who enacted a series of reforms he called the New Deal to end unemployment and restore pre-Depression prosperity	34
333187555	Axis Powers: Germany, Italy, Japan	states that hosted highly authoritarian, instensly nationalistic, territorially agressive, and ferociously anti-communist regimes and that were drawn together in a political alliance against the Soviet Union and communism. They tried to "establish and maintain a new order of things" and in doing started WWII	35
333187556	authoritarian states	States that typically restrict civil rights in key sectors of society such as political parties and the media but allow some independent activities in commerce and other areas. Fascist, Nazi, and socialist movements made Italy, Germany, and Japan this	36
333187557	fascism	political ideology that spread through Germany and Italy marked by its intense nationalism and authoritarianism. It said that the rights of the individual were not as important as the needs of the state/race (not social contract).	37
333187558	Benito Mussolini	leader of the Italian fascist party who came to power in 1922 as an opponent of communism and democracy and promising order	38
333187559	Adolf Hitler	leader of the German Nazi Party who gained great power of German society by supporting traditional values against Jews, ending the Great Depression in Germany, and glorifying Germans as superior race and culture that needed to be strengthened and purified.	39
333187560	Nazi (National Socialist) Party	Hitler's political party that advocated a strongly authoritarian and nationalist regime based on notions of racial superiority, used violence, was against communism and democracy, wanted to get out of the Treaty of Versailles, and was able to end the Great Depression in Germany. It came to power in Germany in 1933.	40
333187561	Nuremberg Laws 1935	series of laws passed by the Nazi-dominated German parliament that forbade sexual relations between Jews and other Germans and mandated that Jews identify themselves in public by wearing the Star of David	41
333187562	Kristallnacht Nov. 9, 1938	night when Nazi-led gangs smashed and looted Jewish shops throughout Germany	42
333187563	Peace Preservation Law 1925	Japanese law that promised long prison sentences or the death penalty to organizers against the imperial system of government or private property. This was aimed against the growing 'proletarian parties' trying to improve life for the working class and modernize Japan	43
333187564	Radical Nationalism	a movement in Japanese politics 1930-45 that was marked by extreme nationalism, a commitment to elite leadership focused around the emperor, and dedicated to foreign expansion, was against democracy, and arose in part from the Great Depression in Japan.	44
340349535	World War II	global conflict that began with Japanese wanting territory in Asia, which coincided with aggressive German and Italian fascism in Europe lasting from 1937-1945 (beginning in Asia). The Allied powers fought against the Axis powers.	45
340349536	Allies: Britian, Russia (Soviet Union), France, United States	nations which fought and won against the Axis powers in World War II	46
340349537	Manchuria	region in the mainland of Asia which Japan had acquired in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-5. Japan's sphere of influence there was being threatened by Chinese nationalism, so the Japanese military took over and established a puppet state called Manchukuo. This angered Western nations and made Japan withdraw from the League of Nations, which then allowed them to align more closely with Germany and Italy.	47
340349538	Pearl Harbor December 7, 1941	attack in the United States which prompted the US to join WWII. It was undertaken only after serious consideration by Japanese authorities and chose to start a war rather than have to avoid angering the unfriendly US.	48
340349539	blitzkrieg	German term meaning "lightning war," used to describe Germany's military tactics in WWII, which involved the rapid movement of infantry, tanks, and airpower over large areas	49
340349540	Rape of Nanjing 1937-8	the Japanese army's systematic killing, mutilation, and rape of the Chinese civilian population of Nanjing in 1938	50
340349541	Holocaust	the Nazi genocide of Jews and other "undesirables" in German society;	51
340349542	United Nations 1945	international peacekeeping organization and forum for international opinion, established in 1945	52
340349543	Axis Powers	Germany, Italy, and Japan fought and lost against the Allied Powers in WWII	53
344759891	poppies	became a symbol of the dead soldiers in WWI because they symbolized sleep, grew in disturbed ground like no-man's land, and were blood red	54
344759892	John McRae	Canadian Lieutenant Colonel who wrote "In Flanders Fields" and was killed in WWI	55
344759893	In Flanders Fields	poem by John McRae - if we do not keep fighting the dead will not sleep, linked dead soldiers to poppies	56
344759894	war bonds	like stock for the government to raise money for the war that they will pay back in a few years	57
344759895	propaganda	a concerted set of messages aimed at influencing the opinions or behavior of large numbers of people government advertising to convince you of something	58
346743008	social Darwinism	only the strong survive - war is good, weeds out the weak for evolution	59
349379181	Marshall Plan	huge U.S. government initiative to aid in post-WWII restoration of Europe, giving $12 billion, put into effect in 1947, intended to prevent another depression or communism and to create a market for U.S. goods.	60
349379182	European Economic Community (Common Market)	an alliance formed by Italy, France, West Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg in 1957 and dedicated to developing common trade policies and reduced tariffs; it gradually developed into the European Union	61
349379183	European Union	the final step in a series of operations to increase cooperation between the European states in the wake of WWII; formally established in 1994, twelve of its members adopted a common currency in 2002	62
349379184	North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)	a military and political alliance founded in 1949 that committed the United States to the defense of Europe in the event of communist Soviet aggression	63
350843839	Poland	First state Germany invaded in September 1939 that began WWII in Europe	64
351221561	poison gas	technology used in trench warfare (WWI) first by Germans, then British and French that caused burning in the eyes and throat and a slow death	65
351221562	empire	kind of state made up of many nations with one ruling ethnicity. these were largely ended in Europe and the Middle East by WWI and several nations became nation-states	66
351221563	capitalist democracy	economic policy of US government at the beginning of the Depression - cut spending, no safety net, thought economy would have a natural recovery (boom and bust of capitalism). when the Depression continued for years, Franklin Roosevelt changed this, but didn't go as far as democratic socialism, with the New Deal	67

Powered by Quizlet.com

world history, the human experience ch.5 Flashcards

The height of Greek civilization

Terms : Hide Images

690977067	sanctuaries	places of worship	1
690977068	classical	an artistic style, characterized by beautiful simplicity and graceful balance	2
690977069	amphora	a large vase for storing oil and other bulk supplies- with scenes from mythology	3
690977070	Myron	sculptor in the golden age- depicted idealized views of what people should look like rather than actual persons	4
690977071	Aeschylus	first writer of tragedies in the 400's BC; wrote Oresteia; wrote 90 plays	5
690977072	Olympia	where the Olympic games where held every 4 years	6
690977073	pentathon	Olympic event which combined: running, jumping, throwing the discus, wrestling and hurling the javelin	7
690977074	logic	the science of reasoning	8
690977075	Thucydides	wrote about the Peloponnesian War; was regarded as the first scientific historian because he rejected the idea that deities were part of human history	9
690977076	Pythagoras	developed the Pythagorean theorem; taught the world was round and revolved around a fixed point	10
690977077	Parthenon	A temple to Athena built on the summit of the Acropolis in Athens; built from 447-432 BC under the rule of Pericles.	11
690977078	Phidias	In charge of the Parthenon's sculptures; Carved the towering statue of Athena placed inside the Parthenon.	12
690977079	Dionysus	God of wine and fertility	13
690977080	Euripides	author of Greek tragedies including The Trojan Women; ;rarely wrote about the influence of the deities	14
690977081	Olympic Games	began in 776 B.C; religious festival held in honour of Zeus	15
690977082	philosophy	the seeking of wisdom	16
690977083	Sophists	Professional travelling teachers in ancient Greece; claimed they knew everything; didn't believe in absolute legal and moral standards	17
690977084	Socrates	(470-399 B.C) Philosopher who believed in an absolute right or wrong; asked students pointed questions to make them use their reason (Socratic method)	18
690977085	Plato	Student of Socrates; wrote "The Republic" about the perfectly governed society	19
690977086	Aristotle	Philosopher who wrote 200+ books; taught 'the golden mean' at his Athenian school, the Lyceum; stressed the value of knowledge gained through the senses	20
690977087	Herodotus	the first Greek historian; separated fact from legend; "the father of history"	21
690977088	"the father of medicine"	Hippocrates, the Greek physician	22
690977089	Phillip II	was an ancient Greek king of Macedon from 359 BC until his assassination in 336. He was the father of Alexander the Great.	23
690977090	founder of Stoicism	Zeno	24
690977091	Alexander the Great	son of Philip II; received military training in Macedonian army and was a student of Aristotle; great leader; conquered much land in Asia Minor, Syria, Egypt, and Mesopotamia; goal was to conquer the known world	25
690977092	Alexandria	City in Egypt founded by Alexander the Great, center of commerce and Hellenistic civilization	26
690977093	Hellenistic	A new culture formed with: Hellenic ways mixed with elements of Middle Eastern culture	27
690977094	Menander	Most renowned Hellenistic playwright; specialized in comedies about everyday life	28
690977095	Archimedes	invented the compound pulley and the cylinder screw; discovered principle of buoyancy and demonstrated the principle of the lever	29
690977096	Eratosthenes	estimated the earth's circumference to within 1% of the correct figure	30

Powered by Quizlet.com

Chapter 5 - World Civilizations: The Global Experience Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

985680538	Axum	Ethiopian highland kingdom; replaced Meroe in first century CE; recieved strong influence from Arabian peninsula; eventually; converted to Christianity	1
985680539	Ethiopia	Christian Kingdom; developed in highlands of Eastern Africa; under dynasty of King Laleibela; retained Christianity in face of Muslim expansion in elsewhere in Africa	2
985680540	Silk Road	Ran from Western Africa across the mountains and steppes of Central Asia to the civilized centers of Mesopotamia in the last millennium BCE, and to Rome, the Islamic heartlands, and western Europe in the first millennium and half CE	3
985680541	Sahara	Northern African desert; separates Mediterranean coast from southern Africa	4
985680542	Ghana	First great state in Western Africa; dense vegetation and the impact of African diseases on domesticated animals; agriculture spread only slowly upward	5
985680543	Shintoism	Religion of early Japanese culture; devotees worshiped numerous gods and spirits associated with the natural world; offerings of food and prayer were made to gods and nature spirits	6
985680544	Olmec Culture	Cultural tradition that arose at San Lorenzo and La Venta in Mexico; featured irrigated agriculture, urbanism, elaborate religion, beginnings of calendrical and writing systems	7
985680545	Teotihuacan	Site of classic culture in central Mexico; urban center with important religious functions; supported by intensive agriculture in surrounding regions; population as big as 200,000	8
985680546	Maya	Classic culture emerging in southern Mexico and Central America at the same time as Teotihuacan; extended over broad region; featured monumental architecture, written language, calendrical and mathematical systems; highly developed religion	9
985680547	Inca	Group of clans centered at Cuzco that were able to create empire incorporating various Andean cultures; term also used for leader of empire	10
985680548	Polynesian	Islands contained in a rough triangle whose points lie in Hawaii, New Zealand and Easter Island	11
985680549	Herding peoples of Central Asia	Contributed toward the end of classical period; gained new contacts with established civilizations like Ch which brought changes in political organization as well as some new goals for conquest; played vital role in trade routes between east Asia and Middle East, transporting goods like silk across long disntance	12
985680550	Yellow Turbans	Chinese Daoists who launched a revolt in 184 CE in China; promising golden age brought by divine magic	13
985680551	Sui	Dynasty that succeeded that Han in China; emerged from strong rulers in northern China; united all of northern China and reconquered southern China	14
985680552	Tang	Dynasty that succeeded the Sui in 618 CE; more stable than previous dynasty	15
985680553	Rajput	Regional princes in western India; emphasized military control of their regions	16
985680554	Devi	Mother goddess within Hinduism; widely spread following collapse of Guptas; encouraged new emotionalism in religious ritual	17
985680555	Islam	Major world religion having its origin in 610 CE in the Arabian peninsula; meaning literally submission; based on prophecy of Muhammad	18
985680556	Allah	Supreme God in strictly monotheistic Islam	19
985680557	Byzantine Empire	Eastern half of Roman Empire after West collapsed; retained Mediterranean culture, mostly Greek; later lost Palestine, Syria, and Egypt to Islam; capital at Constantinople	20
985680558	Justinian	Early Byzantine emperor responsible for major building in Constantinople and a codification of Roman law; his efforts to recapture some additional previously Roman territory ended in failure	21
985680559	Parthinian	Parthinian empire: centered in Tigris-Euphrates region but spreading into northwestern India and to the borders of Rome's holding along the Mediterrannean	22
985680560	Augustine (Saint)	Influential church father and theologian; born in Africa and ultimately bishop of Hippo in Africa; champion of Christina doctrine against various heresies and very important in the long term development of Christian thought on such issues as predestination	23
985680561	Coptic	Christian sect in Egypt; later tolerated after Islamic takeover	24
985680562	Bodhisattvas	Buddhist holy men; built up spiritual merits during their lifetimes; prayers even after death could aid people to achieve reflected holiness	25
985680563	Mahayana	Chinese version of Buddhism; placed considerable emphasis on Buddha as a God or savior; Also known as the Greater vehicle	26
985680564	Jesus of Nazareth	Prophet and teacher among Jews; believed by Christians to be Messiah; executed c. 30 CE	27
985680565	Paul	One of the first Christian missionaries; moved away from insistence that adherents of the new religion follow Jewish law; use of Greek as language of Church	28
985680566	Pope	Bishop of Rome; head of Christian church in western Europe	29
985680567	Benedict of Nursia	Founder of monasticism in what had been the western half of the Roman empire; established Benedictine Rule in the 6th century; paralleled development of Basil's rules in Byzantine Empire	30
985680568	Animism	A religious outlook that sees gods in many aspects of nature and propitiates them to help control and explain nature; typical of Mesopotamian regions	31

Class Notes

Social Science

Math

Science

Fine Arts

Test Prep

Textbook Notes

Members Only

Forum

Blogs

Textbook Request

AP Biology Chapter 1 Flashcards

Chapter 1 and Chapter 2: New World Beginnings and the planting of English America Flashcards

APUSH: Chapter 01 - New World Beginnings, 33,000 B.C.-A.D. 1769 Flashcards

AP Psych David G. Myers Chapter 9 Vocab Flashcards

Early American Colonies- Vocab, Founders, etc. Flashcards

Unit 5: The Government and the Economy, and the Global Economy Flashcards

APWH MCQ Unit 5: Industrialization and Global Integration Flashcards

Unit 5: Global Conflict Flashcards

world history, the human experience ch.5 Flashcards

Chapter 5 - World Civilizations: The Global Experience Flashcards

Pages

Need Help?

Need Notes?

About Course-Notes.Org

You are here

Pages

Need Help?

Need Notes?

About Course-Notes.Org