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American Pageant 13th Edition Chapter 4 Flashcards

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1050133995The most popular colony in 1700Virginia1
1050133996In the 1600s, what was the ideal labor force in the Chesapeake region: ________. Where did these people come from?indentured servants; England2
1050133997What was the name of the system that managed the indentured servants? __________. How did it work?Headright System; aristocrats sponsored indentured servants passages to America for land3
1050133998The long-time govenor of VirginiaWilliam Berkely4
1050133999The geographical region of Africa most slaves came fromWest Africa5
1050134000Beginning in the 1660s, colonies established these __________ to limit the rights of slaves.Slave codes6
1050134001Were conditions for slaves in rice-growing South Carolina better or worse than the slave conditions for the tobacco-growing Chesapeake?worse7
1050134002The slave rebellion in _____ in this colony _______ was called _________.1739; South Carolina; Stono River Revolt8
1050134003In New England, towns of more than ____ families were required to provide _________.50; primary education9
1050134004In 1636 __________ was foundedHarvard10
1050134005Describe what happened in 1692girls from Salem were bewitched by older women. Witch hunt occured and 20 women and 2 dogs were killed11
1050134006Were white Americans generally better off than their European counterparts in the 1600s?Yes12
1050134007In ____ a rebellion led by ________ changed a lot in Virginia1676; Nathaniel Bacon13
1050134008What was Bacon's rebellion about and what is its significance?The rebellion was caused by a lack of protection from the Indians. Its significance is that the people involved were more resentful of landowners than anything14
1050134009List 2 events in England that helped change the labor force in the coloniesrebellion ended; poor became poorer and they became indentured servants15
1050134010The name associated with the journey from Africa to the New WorldThe Central Passage16
1050134011Identify two of the three main slave auction centers in the 13 coloniesCharleston and Savanah17
1050134012Describe the social herarchy of Colonial Southern SocietyLarge plantation owners; small land owners; men with no land; indentured servants; slaves18
1050134013Describe the difference in married women's property rights in NE and the SouthNE: Puritans thought women property rights would destroy the marriage South: men tended to die quicker so women had property rights and they had to support themselves19
1050134014Identify 2 problems in the Puritan church that led them to adopt the practice of jeremiads and the 1/2 Way Covenantpreachers were becoming soft and Puritan families were moving far distances away from churches and cities20

The American Pageant 13th ed. Chapter 4 Flashcards

Practice set for the Mr. Schaefer's APUSH class at Olympia High School on Chapter 4 of The American Pageant (13th ed), "American Life in the Seventeenth Century."

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187568927The wilderness of America was especially harsh and difficult in the......regionChesapeake Bay1
187568928True/False: Diseases were a large problemTrue: especially malaria, typhoid and dysentary2
187568929How many people lived to 40-50?Few3
187568930Ratio of men to women:6:14
187568931Most populous colony and population:Virginia, 590005
187568932Economy and export was based mainly on what cash crop?Tobacco in the Chesapeake region6
187568933Explain the headright system:An aristocrat earned the right to purchase 50 acres of land if they sponsored an indentured servant. All the land went to the rich.7
187568934Most laborers were:indentured servants8
187568935Conditions for indentured servants:SUCKED and it was very brutal9
187568936Towards the end of the 17th century an especially numerous, dangerous demograpic was:free, poor, landless, single, frustrated men10
187568937Who led Bacon's Rebellion and why:Nathaniel Bacon because he and his peers resented Virginia's governor, William Berkeley, and his policy towards Indians11
187568938Was Bacon's Rebellion successful?No, Bacon died in the middle of it and then Berkeley crushed it.12
187568939What was the legacy of Bacon's Rebellion?The poor and indentured got the idea of rebellion and there was unrest.13
187568940When did black slaves finally outnumber white servants?mid-168014
187568941When did the importation of black slaves really take off?after 1700. by 1750 black slaves accounted for almost half of Virginia's population.15
187568942Where were most of the slaves from?Western Africa: Senegal and Angola16
187568943What were the first "slave codes"?Slaves and their children would remail slaves for their entire lives unless voluntarily freed.17
187568944Economy in the deep South was based on:rice grown by slaves18
187568945Cultural contributions by blacks of the time:Many developed their own languages (english blended with their native tongue) and introduced banjos and bongo drums. Jazz also mainstreamed.19
187568946Revolts by slaves?In 1712 and 1739. Both failed.20
187568947What and who were the First Families of Virginia?Large, extremely wealthy families that dominated society in Virginia. They were the Fitzhughs, Lees and Washingtons.21
187568948What was the largest social group in the south?Farmers, many of whom had problems with drunkenness. There were very few cities in the south.22
187568949Describe life in New England:Less disease because of cooler temperatures, life expectancy of 70 years, family-oriented with lots of children, women had more rights than in other regions, severe and strict laws23
187568950There were more structured citied in New England than anywhere else, how were they organized?New towns were legally chartered, towns had meeting houses, towns of more than 50 families had primary education, towns of more than 100 families had secondary education24
187568951What was the first college and who was it established by?Harvard College was establish by the Puritans in 163625
187568952What were "jeremiads"?Sermons by Puritan preachers who feared that the younger generations wouldn't be as pious and scolded them for their sins26
187568953What did the"Halfway Covenant" do?It included everyone in the Puritan church, even if they weren't perfect Puritans27
187568954How many were convicted in the Salem witch-hunts?20 people and 2 dogs28
187568955How long did the Salem witch hysteria last?From 1690-169329
187568956What was the New England based on?Because of the climate and soil, New England was all about small, diverse farms, trade, and fishing30
187568957How was slavery in New England?It was not very widespread because it was unecessary with the economy being based on trade, fishing, and small farms.31
187568958What was the lifestyle of early settlers?They worked hard all day, did little at night, and lived humbly32
187568959What demographic in Europe were most settlers from?Lower middle class33

Matsuo Basho Flashcards

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1217765530SamuraiThe warrior aristocracy of japan1
1217765531AffinityAttraction; likeness2
1217765532AntithesisThe direct opposite; contrast3
1217765533PoetasterAn inferior poet; versifier4
1217765534ShogunOne of a line of a military governors ruling japan until the revolution of 1867-85
1217765535AustereSomber, grave, severe6
1217765536OeuvreA substantial body of work constituting the life work of a writer an artist or a composer7
1217765537LapidaryHaving the elegance and precision associated with inscriptions on monumental stone8
1217765538EpigramA short poem dealing concisely, pointedly and often ending with an ingenious turn of thought9
1217765539AphorismA concise statement of a principle10
1217765540WilyCrafty, sly11
1217765541ScuddingMoving or running swiftly, especially as if driven forward12
1217765542UrchinsPert or roguish youngsters13
1217765544JauntyLively14
1272240876PrefectureThe district governed by a prefect15
1272241528ShalingUrinating16

AP Psych - Ch1: Evolution of Psychology Flashcards

Evolution of Psychology

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109417077Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)A disorder in which the immune system is gradually weakened and eventually disabled by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).109417077
109417078Applied psychologyThe branch of psychology concerned with everyday, practical problems.109417078
109417079ArgumentOne or more premises used to provide support for a conclusion.109417079
109417080AttitudesOrientations that locate objects of thought on dimensions of judgment.109417080
109417081BehaviorAny overt (observable) response or activity by an organism.109417081
109417082Behavior modificationA systematic approach to changing behavior through the application of the principles of conditioning.109417082
109417083BehaviorismA theoretical orientation based on the premise that scientific psychology should study only observable behavior.109417083
109417084Clinical psychologistsPsychologists who specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and everyday behavioral problems.109417084
109417085Clinical psychologyThe branch of psychology concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of psychological problems and disorders.109417085
109417086CognitionThe mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge.109417086
109417087Critical thinkingThe use of cognitive skills and strategies that increase the probability of a desired outcome.109417087
109417088CultureThe widely shared customs, beliefs, values, norms, institutions, and other products of a community that are transmitted socially across generations.109417088
109417089Electrical stimulation of the brain (ESB)Sending a weak electric current into a brain structure to stimulate (activate) it.109417089
109417090EmpiricismThe premise that knowledge should be acquired through observation.109417090
109417091EthnocentrismThe tendency to view one's own group as superior to others and as the standard for judging the worth of foreign ways.109417091
109417092Evolutionary psychologyTheoretical perspective that examines behavioral processes in terms of their adaptive value for a species over the course of many generations.109417092
109417093FunctionalismA school of psychology based on the belief that psychology should investigate the function or purpose of consciousness, rather than its structure.109417093
109417094GenesDNA segments that serve as the key functional units in hereditary transmission.109417094
109417095Gestalt psychologyA theoretical orientation based on the idea that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts.109417095
109417096HumanismA theoretical orientation that emphasizes the unique qualities of humans, especially their freedom and their potential for personal growth.109417096
109417097Industrial and organizational (I/O) psychologyThe branch of psychology concerned with the application of psychological principles to the workplace.109417097
109417098IntrospectionCareful, systematic observation of one's own conscious experience.109417098
109417099Natural selectionPrinciple stating that heritable characteristics that provide a survival reproductive advantage are more likely than alternative characteristics to be passed on to subsequent generations and thus come to be "selected" over time.109417099
109417100Person perceptionThe process of forming impressions of others.109417100
109417101PsychiatristsPhysicians who specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders.109417101
109417102PsychiatryA branch of medicine concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of psychological problems and disorders.109417102
109417103PsychoanalysisAn insight therapy that emphasizes the recovery of unconscious conflicts, motives, and defenses through techniques such as free association and transference.109417103
109417104Psychoanalytic theoryA theory developed by Freud that attempts to explain personality, motivation, and mental disorders by focusing on unconscious determinants of behavior.109417104
109417105Psychological testA standardized measure of a sample of a person's behavior.109417105
109417106PsychologyThe science that studies behavior and the physiological and cognitive processes that underlie it, and the profession that applies the accumulated knowledge of this science to practical problems.109417106
109417107Self-conceptA collection of beliefs about one's own nature, unique qualities, and typical behavior.109417107
109417108Social psychologyThe branch of psychology concerned with the way individuals' thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by others.109417108
109417109SQ3RA study system designed to promote effective reading by means of five steps: survey, question, read, recite, and review.109417109
109417110StructuralismA school of psychology based on the notion that the task of psychology is to analyze consciousness into its basic elements and to investigate how these elements are related.109417110
109417111Subliminal perceptionThe registration of sensory input without conscious awareness.109417111
109417112TestwisenessThe ability to use the characteristics and format of a cognitive test to maximize one's score.109417112
109417113TheoryA system of interrelated ideas that is used to explain a set of observations.109417113

AP Psychology Chapter 2 Review Flashcards

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736204630Phrenologytheory that claimed bumps on the c=skull could reveal our mental abilities and our character traits1
736204631Action Potentiala neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon. (Potential for a neuron to fire again)2
736204632Sensory Neuronscarry messages from the body's tissues and sensory organs inward to the brain and spinal chord for processing. (Body to brain)3
736204633Motor neuronsCarry outgoing information from brain to spinal cord to the muscles and glands (brain to body)4
736204634Interneuronsinformation is processed by these in the brain between sensory and motor inputs/outputs5
736204635Dendrite Fibersreceive information and conduct it toward the cell body.6
736204636Myelin SheathInsulates the axons of some neurons and helps speed their impulses.7
736204637Neurontransmitterschemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons. They are like the grappling hooks thrown to scale a building.8
736204638Acetycholineneurotransmitters that function in motor movement and muscle control; plays a role in memory/learning. Lack of it can lead to Alzheimer's9
736204639DopamineFunctions in motor control and mental alertness (emotions)10
736204640SerotoninAffects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal. Lack of this leads to depression.11
736204641NorepinephrineHelps control alertness and arousal. Also link to depression.12
736204642GABAA major inhibitory neurotransmitters. Lack of is linked to seizures and insomnia.13
736204643GlutamateMajor excitatory neurotransmitter. Involved in memory, oversupply results in headaches.14
736204644EndorphinsFunctions in pain control; involved in serious addictions. (Released in physical activities such as running, biking, soccer, etc.)15
737035351AgonistSimilar enough to neurotransmitters to mimic effects.16
737035352Antagonistblocks a neurotransmitter's functions.17
737035353Sensory neuronsNeurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord. Ex. your nerves in your fingers tell you when you touch a hot stove.18
737035354Motor NeruonsNeurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands. Ex. your brain telling you to type.19
737035355InterneuronsNeurons within the brain and spinal cord that communicate internally and intervene between sensory and motor neurons. Almost as a mediator.20
737035356Somatic Nervous SystemDivision of the peripheral nervous system controls the body's skeletal muscles.21
737035357Autonomic Nervous SystemDivision of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs and the muscles of the internal organs (heart). Automatic control of body like a heartbeat or breathing in your sleep.22
737035358Neural NetworksCircuit of neurons making connections. These build when you learn something. They bond together and fire together.23
737035359LesionTissue destruction. Done to remove tumors.24
737035360EEGAn amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweeps across the brain surfaces. These waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp.25
737035361CAT ScanAllows composite of numerous "single x-ray" images. Displays structures but not activity, and exposes body to bad radiation.26
737035362PET Scancan see "activity" in the brain. Displays glucose levels like a weather map.27
737035363MRIuses magnetic fields to measure/display information of the brain (structure not functions) Better detailed than CAT scan, often with color.28
737035364MedullaThe base of the brainstem, controls heartbeat and breathing.29
737035365Reticular FormationA nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal (keeping us conscious).30
737035366ThalamusThe brains sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellu, and medulla. Receives sensory info, directs it to appropriate ares of the brian.31
740669930Cerebellumthe "little brain" at the rear of the brainstem; functions: coordination of movement output and balance.32
740669933Limbic SystemNeural system of amygdala and hypothalamus. Located between the cerebral hemispheres, associated with emotions and drives.33
740669935HypothalamusA neural structure below the thalamus; governs endocrine system (hunger and thirst influences sexual arousals and biorhythms)34
740669937Cerebral CortexUltimate control and information processing center. (Gray wrinkled mass).35
740669939Glial CellsProvide nutrients for neurons36
740669941Sensory CortexArea at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body and movement sensations.37
740669943Association AreasInvolved in higher mental functions rather than motor or sensory.38
740669945AphasiaImpairment of language, usually caused by left hemishpere damage to Broca's or Wernicke's area.39
740669947PlasticityBrain's ability to reorganize itself by building new pathways based on experience after damage.40
740669949Corpus CallosumBand of neural fibers that connect two hemispheres and relays messages.41
740669951Endocrine system"Slow" chemical communication system, secretes hormones into bloodstream.42
740669952Hormoneschemical messangers manufactured by endocrine gland.43
740669954Adrenal Glandssit above kidneys, secret hormons that arouse body during stress.44
740669956Pituitary GlandRegulates growth and controls other endocrine glands.45

Ancient Greece Flashcards

"Ancient Greece: Greek Mythology" (ReadWorks)
"Ancient Greece: The Cyclopes" (ReadWorks)
"Ancient Greece: The Ancient Greeks" (ReadWorks)
"Ancient Greece: Greek Drama" (ReadWorks)

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992368024mytha story that people made up a long time ago to explain how something in nature happens, because they didn't have the science to understand it e.g. why it rains, why the sun sets, why it snows1
992368025ancientvery, very old or a very long time ago2
992368026dis-a prefix that means "not"3
995316984e.g.means "for example"4
1001103273chaosno order; total confusion5
1001103274prefixa word part that goes in FRONT of a root word that totally changes its meaning e.g. misunderstand (mis- is the ______ and understand is the root word)6
1005341637genrea kind of writing like fiction, nonfiction, poetry, fantasy, fable, interview, or biography7
1005347692root worda word that can stand on its own, or it can have a prefix or suffix added to it in order to change its meaning e.g. beautiful (beauty is the ____ and -ful is the suffix)8
1005388229-ologya suffix that means "the study of"9
1005409465suffixa word part that goes at the END of a root word that totally changes its meaning e.g. prettier (pretty is the root word and -er is the ______)10
1086052165overthrowdefeat; get rid of11
1086052166Cyclopsfigures in Greek mythology with one huge eye who were trapped in the underworld because the rulers of the universe hated them; Zeus freed them and they gave him gifts of thunderbolts12
1086052167Zeusruler of the universe; freed the Cyclops from the underworld13

Ch.4 AP World History (Classic Civilization: Mediterranean and Middle East Flashcards

Under PART 2: The Classical Period 1000 BCE - 500 BCE (Chapters 2-5)
Ch.4 (Classic Civilization: Mediterranean and Middle East)

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477683155Pax RomanaMeans Roman peace,' Was a sense of stability and prosperity that Roman rule brought to the lands of the Roman Empire in the first two centuries C.E(lasting from about lasting from 27 B.C. to A.D. 180). The movement of people and trade goods along Roman roads and safe seas allowed for the spread of cuture/ideas. Ended with the death of Marcus Aurelius.1
477683156AcropolisAn "upper city"; a common feature of ancient Greek cities; an elevated site for religious observances, Was also almost completely destroyed by the Persians when they burned Athens to the ground.2
477683157XerxesA Persian king and Son of Darius, amassed an army that outnumbered the Greeks 2 to 1 in order to avenge the Persian loss at the battle of Marathon. Ended up razing and burning Athens to the ground. However his large navy was defeated in a narrow strait at Thermopylae and at the naval battle of Salamis, mainly because of Themistocles genius.3
477683158ThemistoclesAthenian leader in years after Marathon, the man who persuaded Athens to use its windfall silver-mine profit to purchase ships and develop a navy to face the inevitable return of the Persians. He master-minded the naval battle of Salamis4
477683159Battle of SalamisThe battle that effectively ended the Persian war. The Greek fleet, although vastly outnumbered, defeated the Persian fleet. This helped end the Persian war, freeing Greece.The Greeks largely won because the Persian ships were big and bulky and got congested and the Greek ships were agile and didn't. Persian navy destroyed.5
477683160Hellenistic CultureIt began from Philips conquest of Greece to the beginning of the Roman Empire. During this time the laws, calendar, money, and language of Greece was used by millions of people. Homes and public buildings were very elaborate. , Greek culture blended with Egyptian, Persian and Indian ideas, as a result of Alexander the Great's Empire.6
477683161PlatoGreek philosopher; believed that knowledge based on consideration of ideal forms outside the material world; proposed ideal form of government based on abstract principles in which philosophers ruled. Wrote "The Republic.7
477683162ZoroasterA prophet who said that there were not many deities as the Persians thought, but only Ahura Mazda (good) and Ahriman (darkness) and that someday Ahura Mazda would beat Ahriman. Also sometimes called Zarathustra8
477683163AristotleGreek philosopher. A pupil of Plato, the tutor of Alexander the Great, and the author of works on logic, metaphysics, ethics, natural sciences, politics, and poetics, he profoundly influenced Western thought. In his philosophical system, which led him to criticize what he saw as Plato's metaphysical excesses, theory follows empirical observation and logic, based on the syllogism, is the essential method of rational inquiry. (Greek Classical Era)9
477683164DariusPersian ruler who brought order to the Persian Empire. He also built roads; established a postal system; and standardized weights, measures, and coinage. However no wide participation in politics. He followed Cyrus the great. After he died Xerxes took over the persian empire.10
477683165CarthageCity located in present-day Tunisia, founded by Phoenicians ca. 800 B.C.E. It became a major commercial center and naval power in the western Mediterranean until being completely destroyed by Rome in the third century B.C.E. following the 3 Punic Wars.11
477683166Punic WarsA series of three wars between Rome and Carthage (264-146 B.C.); resulted in the destruction of Carthage and Rome's dominance over the western Mediterranean.12
477683167ZoroastrianismA religion originating in ancient Iran (classical era Peria) with the prophet Zoroaster. It centered on a single benevolent deity-Ahuramazda, Emphasizing truth-telling, purity, and reverence for nature, the religion demanded that humans choose sides between good and evil. Would influence other monthiestic religions. Faded in competition with Islam.13
477683168HerodotusGreek historian whose writings, chiefly concerning the Persian Wars, are the earliest known examples of narrative history, and is thus called the "father of history" Came from Anatolia( modern day Turkey), also researched in Egypt and gave them the name"Gift of the Nile". He also did a lot of other things but I'm getting really lazy. Wrote "The Histories" (which is actually split into 9 parts)14
477683169PericlesImportant leader and warrior in Athens during the Golden Age who strengthened democracy, made it possible for poor people to be in the government of Athens, and said there should be equal justice for all people. Was an aristocrat also. Died during the beginning of Pelopennesian War.15
477683170Pelopennesian WarA war lasting from 431 to 404 BC, was an ancient Greek war fought by Athens and its empire against the Peloponnesian League led by Sparta. Historians have traditionally divided the war into three phases. Lead to a Spartan Victory, but ultimately to the Greek downfall as Philip 2 of Macedon was able to conquer it.16
477683171Peloponnesian LeagueA League made to counter the Delian League. It was led by Sparta and other enemies of Athens formed the this League.17
477683172Delian LeagueA confederation of Greek city-states under the leadership of Athens. The name is used to designate two distinct periods of alliance, the first 478-404 B.C., the second 378-338 B.C. The first alliance was made between Athens and a number of Ionian states (chiefly maritime) for the purpose of prosecuting the war against Persia. The 2nd was used against the Peloponnesian League( Sparta and its allies) during the Pelopennesian War.18
477683173Julius CaesarRoman general, statesman, and historian who invaded Britain , crushed the army of his political enemy Pompey pursued other enemies to Egypt, where he installed Cleopatra as queen returned to Rome, and was given a mandate by the people to rule as dictator for life On March 15 of the following year he was murdered by a group of republicans led by Cassius and Brutus, who feared he intended to establish a monarchy ruled by himself. "Crossing the Rubicon"19
477683174ConstantineRoman emperor. After reuniting the Roman Empire, he moved the capital to Constantinople and made Christianity a favored religion. "By the sign, Conquer"20
477683175Polisa self-governing city-state; the basic political unit of the Greek world, comprised a city, with its acropolis and agora and the surrounding territory.21
477683176The OdysseyAn ancient Greek epic by Homer that recounts the adventures of Odysseus during his return from the war in Troy to his home in the Greek island of Ithaca.22
477683177PlebeiansThe poorer majority of the roman empire; the working class; couldnt be part of government; could vote but not hold office; couldnt be in army23
477683178PatricansThe great landowners and aristrocrats, they formed the ruling class in the Roman Republic24
477683179SenateIn ancient Rome, the supreme governing body, originally made up only of 300 aristocrats.25
477683180The 12 TablesRoman laws, written law code, patricians engraved on bronze tablets and put them in the Forum, became the basis for all future Roman laws, established the principle that all free citizens had a right to the law's protection26
477683181HadrianThe Roman Empire in AD 117-138. He ordered the construction of this wall. He traveled though his empire to strengthen it's frontiers and encourage learning and architecture. Was also born in Spain,built bridges, roads, and aqueducts, ruled during the height of the Pax Romana, adoptive son of Trajan27

Chapter 4- Classical Civilizations in the Mediterranean and Middle East Flashcards

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988959258corinthianAlong with Doric and Ionian, distinct style of Hellenistic architecture; the most ornate of the three styles.1
988959259solonAthenian reformer of the 6th century; established laws that eased the burden of debt on farmers, forbade enslavement for debt2
988959260sophoclesGreek writer of tragedies; author of Oedipus Rex3
988959261plato(430-347 BCE) Was a disciple of Socrates whose cornerstone of thought was his theory of Forms, in which there was another world of perfection.4
988959262persian warsConflicts between Greek city-states and the Persian Empire, ranging from the Ionian Revolt (499-494 B.C.E.) through Darius's punitive expedition that failed at Marathon. Chronicled by Herodotus. (131)5
988959263socrates(470-399 BCE) An Athenian philosopher who thought that human beings could lead honest lives and that honor was far more important than wealth, fame, or other superficial attributes.6
988959264stoicsAdherents of this Greek philosophy emphasized an inner moral independence cultivated by strict discipline and personal bravery.7
988959265Alexander the great(356 BCE-323 BCE) He conquered most of the ancient world from Asia Minor to Egypt and India, which began the Hellenistic culture which was a blending of Greek, Persian, Indian, and Egyptian influences.8
988959266cyrus the greatA remarkable leader who managed to reunite he Persian Empire in a powerful kingdom. Under Cyrus, Persia began building an empire larger than any yet seen in the world9
988959267Persian innovationsthey had the first postal service10
988959268zoroastrianismA religion originating in ancient Iran (classical era Persia) with the prophet Zoroaster. It centered on a single benevolent deity-Ahuramazda, Emphasizing truth-telling, purity, and reverence for nature, the religion demanded that humans choose sides between good and evil. Would influence other monotheistic religions. Faded in competition with Islam.11
988959269olympic gamesFestival and athletic contests held at Olympia in honor of Zeus in which all Greek city-states sent representatives.12
988959270pericles(495? BCE-429? BCE) Athenian statesman. He was the central ruler of Athens during its golden age. He was the central patron behind many of their achievements. He was also a very skilled speaker. Athens City-State of Ancient Greece and center of Greek golden age that occurred in the 5th century BCE.13
988959271peloponnesian wars431-404 BCE wars between Athens and Sparta for dominance in southern Greec14
988959272philip iiA king of Macedonia who ended Greek independence as a result of advanced military tactics. He organized his armies into phalanxes of 16 across and 16 deep, each one armed with an 18-foot pike. Used this heavy formation to break through enemy lines. Then he sent in fast-moving cavalry to finish the job. Even a combined force of two city-states, Athens and Thebes, could not stand a chance. After conquering Greece, he sought to invade Persia but never got the chance because he was stabbed at his daughter's wedding.15
988959273hellenistic period23-30 BC this period is usually reckoned from the death of Alexander. It was melodramatic, ornate and filled with dynamic energy16
988959274alexandria, egyptWhich Egyptian city was is the location of the Greco-Roman museum, the Roman theatre, Montazah Palace and the boardwalk?17
988959275punic warsA series of three wars between Rome and Carthage (264-146 B.C.); resulted in the destruction of Carthage and Rome's dominance over the western Mediterranean.18
988959276roman republicThe period from 507 to 31 B.C.E., during which Rome was largely governed by the aristocratic Roman Senate. (p. 148)19
988959277carthageCity located in present-day Tunisia, founded by Phoenicians ca. 800 B.C.E. It became a major commercial center and naval power in the western Mediterranean until defeated by Rome in the third century B.C.E. (p. 107)20
988959278hannibalCarthaginian military commander who, in the Second Punic War, attempted a surprise attack on Rome, crossing the Alps with a large group of soldiers, horses, and elephants.21
988959279julius caesar100-44 BC. Roman general who ended Roman Republic. Conquered Gaul with his powerful army. Made himself Roman dictator in 46 BC. Assassinated by Brutus and others in 44 BC because he was too powerful.22
988959280augustus caesarThe first empreror of Rome, the adopted son of Julius Caesar, help Rome come into Pax Romana, or the Age of Roman Peace23
988959281diocletian(245-313) Emperor of Rome who was responsible for dividing Rome into different provinces and districts. Eventually, the eastern portions of the Empire became known as the Byzantine Empire.24
988959282constantine(274 CE - 337 CE) Roman Emperor between 306 CE and 337 CE. He issued the Edict of Milan which outlawed the persecution of Christians. He also founded the city of Constantinople, the future capital of the Byzantine Empire.25
988959283polisA city-state in ancient Greece26
988959284direct democracyA system of government in which members of the polity meet to discuss all policy decisions and then agree to abide by majority rule.27
988959285senateassembly of roman aristrocrats28
988959286consulsTwo officials from the patrician class were appointed each year of the Roman Republic to supervise the government and command the armies29
988959287ciceroA Roman senator renowned for his oratorical skill. Cicero speaks at Caesar's triumphal parade. He later dies at the order of Antony, Octavius, and Lepidus.30
988959288aristotleA Greek Philosopher, taught Alexander the Great, started a famous school, studied with Plato31
988959289illiadHomer's poem narrates a dispute between Agamemnon the king and his warrior Achilles, whose honor is wounded and then avenged32
988959290odysseya Greek epic poem (attributed to Homer) describing the journey of Odysseus after the fall of Troy33
988959291doric,Ionian and CorinthianAlong with Ionian and Corinthian; distinct style of Hellenistic architecture; the least ornate of the three styles, a plain, sturdy column with a plain capital34
988959292aristophanesGreek writer and comtemporary of Sophocles and Euripides. Was the "Father of Comedy" - used satire and fantasy to challenge problematic situations. Most famous: The Archarnians and The Lysistrata35
988959293macedonActs 20:1 - After the uproar ceased, Paul sent for the disciples, and after encouraging them, he said farewell and departed for Macedonia.36
988959294helotsSlaves to the Spartans that revolted and nearly destroyed Sparta in 650 B.C.E.37
988959295ptolomiessuccessors of Alexander and the last pharoahs who led Egypt to become part of the Roman Empire38
988959296oracle at delphiPerson representing the god Apollo; allegedly received cryptic messages from the god that had predictive value if the seeker could correctly interpret the communication39
988959297pisastratusAthenian tyrant of the 6th century B.C.E.; gained popular support against traditional aristocratic councils of Athenian government.40
988959298antigonidsone of the regional dynasties that followed the death of Alexander the Great; founded in Macedonia and Greece41

Vocab of Classical Civilizations in the Mediterranian and Middle East Flashcards

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1052889536Cyrus the Greatking of Persia and founder of the Persian empire1
1052889537Persian Empirean empire in southern Asia created by Cyrus the Great and destroyed by Alexander the Great2
1052889538Royal RoadA road for the government use built by the ancient Persian ruler Darius which helped unite the empire3
1052889539BureaucracyA large, complex organization composed of appointed officials4
1052889540ZoroastrianismPersian religion founded by Zoroaster; taught that humans had the freedom to choose between right and wrong, and that goodness would triumph in the end5
1052889541ZoroasterPersian prophet who founded Zoroastrianism (circa 628-551 BC)6
1052889542Alexander the Greatking of Macedonia, conqueror of Greek city-states and of the Persian empire from Asia Minor and Egypt to India.7
1052889543XerxesKing of Persia; his armies invaded Greece but were eventually defeated by the Greeks.8
1052889544City-State (polis)a city with its own government and laws9
1052889545Arablecapable of being farmed productively10
1052889546HellenisticA cultural blend of Greek, Persian, Indian, and Egyptian.11
1052889547HellenicGreek culture12
1052889548DemocracyA political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them13
1052889549OligarchyA government ruled by a few powerful people14
1052889550MonarchyA government ruled by a king or queen15
1052889551TyrannyA form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator16
1052889552AcropolisA fortified hilltop in an ancient Greek city17
1052889553ParthenonA large temple dedicated to the goddess Athena on the Acropolis in Athens, Greece18
1052889554AthensA democratic Greek city-state who accomplished many cultural achievements, and who were constantly at war with Sparta.19
1052889555SpartaGreek city-state that was ruled by an oligarchy, focused on military, used slaves for agriculture, discouraged the arts20
1052889556Persian Warwars between the Persian empire and Greek city-states21
1052889557Peloponnesian WarThe war between Athens and Sparta that in which Sparta won22
1052889558AristotleA Greek Philosopher, taught Alexander the Great, started a famous school, studied with Plato23
1052889559SocratesAn Athenian philosopher who thought that human beings could lead honest lives and that honor was far more important than wealth, fame, or other superficial attributes.24
1052889560PlatoGreek philosopher and teacher that was a student of Socrates25
1052889561DracoCharacterized by very strict laws, rules, and punishments26
1052889562SolonGreek aristocrat who strengthened the economy through reforms27
1052889563Battle of Marathona battle in which the Athenians and their allies defeated the Persians28
1052889564Battle of SalamisThe battle that effectively ended the Persian war. The Greeks defeated the Persian fleet.29
1052889565Delian leagueAn alliance headed by Athens that says that all Greek city-states will come together and help fight the Persians30
1052889566Peloponnesian leagueLeague created and led by Sparta that consisted of Spartan and their allies31
1052889567PericlesAthenian statesman whose leadership contributed to Athen's political and cultural supremacy in Greece32
1052889568Golden age of Periclesa time of achievements in the arts, science, and philosophy in Athens during the reign of Pericles33
1052889569Herodotus(Father of History) stressed importance of research34
1052889570AeschylusGreek tragedian35
1052889571SophoclesGreek writer of tragedy Oedipus Rex36
1052889572ThucydidesGreek historian who wrote a critical history of the Peloponnesian War37
1052889573HomerA Greek poet who was the author of the Iliad and the Odyssey38
1052889574Iliad and OdysseyGreek epic poems written by Homer39
1052889575Ionicone of three orders of classical Greek architecture40
1052889576Doricoldest and simplest of the three orders of classical Greek architecture41
1052889577CorinthianA style of Hellenistic architecture. The most ornate (fancy) of the three styles.42
1052889578ArchimedesGreek mathematician and inventor. He wrote works on plane and solid geometry, arithmetic, and mechanics. He is best known for the lever and pulley.43
1052889579Hippocrates"Father of Medicine"44
1052889580EuclidGreek Mathematician (Father of Geometry)45
1052889581PythagorasGreek philosopher and mathematician who proved the Pythagorean theorem46
1052889582Phillip IIThe father of Alexander the Great and the king of Macedonia.47
1052889583MacedoniaAn ancient kingdom north of Greece, whose ruler Philip II conquered Greece in 338 B.C.48
1052889584Greek Mythologythe mythology of the ancient Greeks49

APUSH Chapter 2 Flashcards

APUSH American Pageant Chapter 2

Terms : Hide Images
1162410686Henry VIIIHis first divorce, from Catherine of Aragon, was opposed by the pope, leading to England's break with the Roman Catholic Church in the 1530's launching the English Protestant Reformation.1
1162410687Queen Elizabeth1533-1603 Protestant Queen of England, made Protestism dominant in England. As a result, she intensified the Rivalry England had with Catholic Spain. Her traps crushed Irish uprising and confiscated their land, planing Protestant land lords, creating domestic issues that festered until the present day.2
1162410688Catholic IrelandIreland, which nominally had been under English rule since the twelfth century, became an early scene of that rivalry. The Catholic Irish sought help from Catholic Spain to throw off the yoke of the new Protestant English queen. But Spanish aid never amounted to much; in the 1570s and 1580s, Elizabeth's troops crushed the Irish uprising with terrible ferocity, inflicting unspeakable atrocities upon the native Irish people. The English crown confiscated Catholic Irish lands and "planted" them with new Protestant landlords from Scotland and England. This policy also planted the seeds of the centuries-old religious conflicts that persist in Ireland to the present day. Many English soldiers developed in Ireland a sneering contempt for the "savage" natives, an attitude that they brought with them to the New World.3
1162410689Francis DrakeEncouraged by the ambitious Queen Elizabeth, hardy English buccaneers now swarmed out upon the shipping lanes. They sought to promote the twin goals of Protestantism and plunder by seizing Spanish treasure ships and raiding Spanish settlements, even though England and Spain were technically at peace. The most famous of these semipiratical "sea dogs" was the courtly Francis Drake. He plundered his way around the planet, returning in 1580 with his ship heavily ballasted with Spanish booty. The venture netted profits of about 4,600 percent to his financial backers, among whom, in secret, was Queen Elizabeth. Defying Spanish protest, she brazenly knighted Drake on the deck of his barnacled ship.4
1162410690Sir Walter Raleigh/VirginiaThe bleak coast of Newfoundland was the scene of the first English attempt at colonization. This effort collapsed when its promoter, Sir Humphrey Gilbert, lost his life at sea in 1583. Gilbert's ill-starred dream inspired his gallant half-brother Sir Walter Raleigh to try again in warmer climes. Raleigh organized an expedition that first landed in 1585 on North Carolina's Roanoke Island, off the coast of Virginia—a vaguely defined region named in honor of Elizabeth, the "Virgin Queen." After several false starts, the hapless Roanoke colony mysteriously vanished, swallowed up by the wilderness.5
1162410691Spanish ArmadaPhilip II of Spain, self-anointed foe of the Protestant Reformation, used part of his imperial gains to amass an "Invincible Armada" of ships for an invasion of England. The showdown came in 1588, when the lumbering Spanish flotilla,130 strong, hove into the English Channel. The English sea dogs fought back. Using craft that were swifter, more maneuverable, and more ably manned, they inflicted heavy damage on the cumbersome, overladen Spanish ships. Then a devastating storm arose (the "Protestant wind"), scattering the crippled Spanish fleet. The rout of the Spanish Armada marked the beginning of the end of Spanish imperial dreams. England's victory over the Spanish Armada also marked a red-letter day in American history. It dampened Spain's fighting spirit and helped ensure England's naval dominance in the North Atlantic. It started England on its way to becoming master of the world oceans—a fact of enormous importance. England's American colonies. The English were seized with restlessness, with thirst for adventure, and with curiosity about the unknown. Everywhere there blossomed a new spirit of self-confidence, of vibrant patriotism, and of boundless faith in the future of the English nation.6
1162410692Enclosure MovementSeventeenth century opened. Its population was mushrooming, from some 3 million people in 1550 to about 4 million in 1600. In the ever-green English countryside, landlords were "enclosing" croplands for sheep grazing, forcing many small farmers into precarious tenancy or off the land altogether. This caused farmers to look for land elsewhere in the New World.7
1162410693PrimogenitureLaw that decreed only the eldest son was eligible to inherit all the father's land/estate. This forced younger sons of the rich to try their fortune elsewhere, like America. (Gilbert, Raleigh, and Drake)8
1162410694Joint Stock CompanyForerunner of the modern corporation. It's perfection allowed considerable amount of investors to pool their capital together. These companies were the financial backers behind the colonies.9
1162410695The Virginia Company of London(Joint-stock company. Primary goal was to make a profit. Religious motivation not as important as in the founding of Maryland, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Massachusetts.) In 1606 it received a charter from King James I to make a settlement in the New World. This was a joint stock company that sent an expedition to start a colony. The charter guaranteed overseas settlers the same rights as Englishman. The result was the Jamestown settlement. The main attraction was the promise of gold, combined with a strong desire to find a passage through America to the Indies. Like most joint-stock companies of the day, the Virginia Company was intended to endure for only a few years, after which its stockholders hoped to liquidate it for a profit. This arrangement put severe pressure on the luckless colonists, who were threatened with abandonment in the wilderness if they did not quickly strike it rich on the company's behalf. Few of the investors thought in terms of long-term colonization.10
1162410696JamestownSetting sail in late 1606, the Virginia Company's three ships landed near the mouth of Chesapeake Bay, where Indians attacked them. Pushing on up the bay, the tiny band of colonists eventually chose a location on the wooded and malarial banks of the James River, named in honor of King James I. The site was easy to defend, but it was mosquito infested and devastatingly unhealthful. There, on May 24, 1607, about a hundred English settlers, all of them men, disembarked. They called the place Jamestown. The early years of Jamestown proved a nightmare for all concerned—except the buzzards. Forty would-be colonists perished during the initial voyage in 1606-1607. Another expedition in 1609 lost its leaders and many of its precious supplies in a shipwreck off Bermuda.11
1162410697John Smith/Powhatan/PocahontasVirginia was saved from utter collapse at the start largely by the leadership and resourcefulness of an intrepid young adventurer, Captain John Smith. Taking over in 1608, he whipped the gold hungry colonists into line with the rule, "He who shall not work shall not eat." He had been kidnapped in December 1607 and subjected to a mock execution by the Indian chieftain Powhatan, whose daughter Pocahontas had "saved" Smith by dramatically interposing her head between his and the war clubs of his captors. The symbolism of this ritual was apparently intended to impress Smith with Powhatan's power and with the Indians' desire for peaceful relations with the Virginians. Pocahontas became an intermediary between the Indians and the settlers, helping to preserve a shaky peace and to provide needed foodstuffs.12
1162410698Starving Time- The colonists died in droves, and living skeletons were driven to desperate acts. They were reduced to eating "dogges, Catts, Ratts, and Myce" and even to digging up corpses for food. One hungry man killed, salted, and ate his wife, for which misbehavior he was executed. Of the four hundred settlers who managed to make it to Virginia by 1609, only sixty survived the "starving time" winter of 1609-1610.13
1162410699Lord De La WarrDiseased and despairing, the remaining colonists dragged themselves aboard homeward bound ships in the spring of 1610, only to be met at the mouth of the James River by a long-awaited relief party headed by a new governor, Lord De La Warr. He ordered the settlers back to Jamestown,imposed a harsh military regime on the colony, and soon undertook aggressive military action against the Indians.14
1162410700Powhatan's ConfederacyWhen the English landed in 1607, the chieftain Powhatan dominated the native peoples living in the James River area. He had asserted supremacy over a few dozen small tribes, loosely affiliated in what somewhat grandly came to be called Powhatan's Confederacy. The English colonists dubbed all the local Indians, somewhat inaccurately, the Powhatans. The Powhatans lacked the unity to make an effective opposition against the English. They served no economic function to the whites who provided no reliable labor source or commodities after the whites learned to farm. Indian presence got in the way of their desire for land.15
1162410701Anglo-Powhatan WarsThe atmosphere grew even more strained after Lord De La Warr arrived in 1610. He carried orders from the Virginia Company that amounted to a declaration of war against the Indians in the Jamestown region. A veteran of the vicious campaigns against the Irish, De La Warr now introduced "Irish tactics" against the Indians. His troops raided Indian villages, burned houses, confiscated provisions, and torched cornfields. A peace settlement ended this First Anglo-Powhatan War in 1614, sealed by the marriage of Pocahontas to the colonist John Rolfe—the first known interracial union in Virginia. A fragile respite followed, which endured eight years. But the Indians, pressed by the land-hungry whites and ravaged by European diseases, struck back in 1622. A series of Indian attacks left 347 settlers dead, including John Rolfe. In response the Virginia Company issued new orders calling for "a perpetual war without peace or truce," one that would prevent the Indians "from being any longer a people." Periodic punitive raids systematically reduced the native population and drove the survivors ever farther westward. In the Second Anglo-Powhatan War in 1644, the Indians made one last effort to dislodge the Virginians. They were again defeated. The peace treaty of 1646 repudiated any hope of assimilating the native peoples into Virginian society or of peacefully coexisting with them. Instead it effectively banished the Chesapeake Indians from their ancestral lands and formally separated Indian from white areas of settlement—the origins of the later reservation system.16
1162410702John RolfeJohn Rolfe, the husband of Pocahontas, became the father of the tobacco industry and an economic savior of the Virginia colony. By 1612 he had perfected methods of raising and curing the pungent weed, eliminating much of the bitter tang. Soon the European demand for tobacco was nearly insatiable.17
1162410703Tobacco(The introduction of tobacco cultivation made the British colonies in the Chesapeake region economically viable. By the mid-1700s, tobacco was the most valued cash crop produced in the Southern states.) A tobacco rush swept over Virginia, as crops were planted in the streets of Jamestown and even between the numerous graves. So exclusively did the colonists concentrate on planting the yellow leaf that at first they had to import some of their foodstuffs. Colonists who had once hungered for food now hungered for land, ever more land on which to plant ever more tobacco. Relentlessly, they pressed the frontier of settlement up the river valleys to the west, abrasively edging against the Indians. Virginia's prosperity was finally built on tobacco smoke. This "bewitching weed" played a vital role in putting the colony on firm economic foundations. But tobacco—King Nicotine—was something of a tyrant. It was ruinous to the soil when greedily planted in successive years, and it enchained the fortunes of Virginia to the fluctuating price of a single crop. Fatefully, tobacco also promoted the broad-acred plantation system and with it a brisk demand for fresh labor.18
1162410704AfricansIn 1619, the year before the Plymouth Pilgrims landed in New England, what was described as a Dutch warship appeared off Jamestown and sold some twenty Africans. The scanty record does not reveal whether they were purchased as lifelong slaves or as servants committed to limited years of servitude. However it transpired, this simple commercial transaction planted the seeds of the North American slave system. Yet blacks were too costly for most of the hard-pinched white colonists to acquire, and for decades few were brought to Virginia. In 1650 Virginia counted but three hundred blacks, although by the end of the century blacks, most of them enslaved, made up approximately 14 percent of the colony's population.19
1162410705House of BurgessesRepresentative self-government was also born in primitive Virginia, in the same cradle with slavery and in the same year—1619. The London Company authorized the settlers to summon an assembly, known as the House of Burgesses. A momentous precedent was thus feebly established, for this assemblage was the first of many miniature parliaments to flourish in the soil of America. As time passed, James I grew increasingly hostile to Virginia. He detested tobacco, and he distrusted the representative House of Burgesses, which he branded a "seminary of sedition." In 1624 he revoked the charter of the bankrupt and beleaguered Virginia Company, thus making Virginia a royal colony directly under his control.20
1162410706Lord BaltimoreFounded Maryland in 1634 as Catholic Haven. Second plantation colony to be formed. Gave huge estates to his Catholic relatives, but the poor who settled in MD were Protestant creating friction.21
1162410707Indentured Servants(Indentured servants played a key role in the growth of the tobacco plantation system in Virginia and Maryland. They were the chief source of agricultural labor in both of these colonies before 1675. Planters in Virginia and Maryland used the headright system.) Also like Virginia, Maryland depended for labor in its early years mainly on white indentured servants—penniless persons who bound themselves to work for a number of years to pay their passage. In both colonies it was only in the later years of the seventeenth century that black slaves began to be imported in large numbers.22
1162410708Maryland Toleration ActLord Baltimore, a canny soul, permitted unusual freedom of worship at the outset. He hoped that he would thus purchase toleration for his own fellow worshipers. But the heavy tide of Protestants threatened to submerge the Catholics and place severe restrictions on them, as in England. Faced with disaster, the Catholics of Maryland threw their support behind the famed Act of Toleration, which was passed in 1649 by the local representative assembly. Maryland's new religious statute guaranteed toleration to all Christians. But, less liberally, it decreed the death penalty for those, like Jews and atheists, who denied the divinity of Jesus. The law thus sanctioned less toleration than had previously existed in the settlement, but it did extend a temporary cloak of protection to the uneasy Catholic minority. One result was that when the colonial era ended, Maryland probably sheltered more Roman Catholics than any other English-speaking colony in the New World.23
1162410709West IndiesWhile the English were planting the first frail colonial shoots in the Chesapeake, they also were busily colonizing the West Indies. Spain, weakened by military overextension and distracted by its rebellious Dutch provinces, relaxed its grip on much of the Caribbean in the early 1600s. By the mid-seventeenth century, England had secured its claim to several West Indian islands, including the large prize of Jamaica in 1655. . . . Just as the West Indies had been a testing ground for the encomienda system that the Spanish had brought to Mexico and South America, so the Caribbean islands now served as a staging area for the slave system that would take root elsewhere in English North America.24
1162410710SugarSugar formed the foundation of the West Indian economy. What tobacco was to the Chesapeake, sugar cane was to the Caribbean—with one crucial difference. Tobacco was a poor man's crop. It could be planted easily, it produced commercially marketable leaves within a year, and it required only simple processing. Sugar cane, in contrast, was a rich man's crop. It had to be planted extensively to yield commercially viable quantities of sugar. Extensive planting, in turn, required extensive and arduous land clearing. And the cane stalks yielded their sugar only after an elaborate process of refining in a sugar mill. The need for land and for the labor to clear it and to run the mills made sugar cultivation a capital intensive business. Only wealthy growers with abundant capital to invest could succeed in sugar.25
1162410711Barbados Slave CodeThe sugar lords extended their dominion over the West Indies in the seventeenth century. To work their sprawling plantations, they imported enormous numbers of African slaves. To control this large and potentially restive population of slaves, English authorities devised formal "codes" that defined the slaves' legal status and masters' prerogatives. The notorious Barbados slave code of 1661 denied even the most fundamental rights to slaves and gave masters virtually complete control over their laborers, including the right to inflict vicious punishments for even slight infractions. A group of displaced English settlers from Barbados arrived in Carolina in 1670. They brought with them a few African slaves, as well as the model of the Barbados slave code, which eventually inspired statutes governing slavery throughout the mainland colonies. Carolina officially adopted a version of the Barbados slave code in 1696.26
1162410712Oliver CromwellCivil war convulsed England in the 1640s. King Charles I had dismissed Parliament in 1629, and when he eventually recalled it in 1640, the members were mutinous. Finding their great champion in the Puritan-soldier Oliver Cromwell, they ultimately beheaded Charles in 1649, and Cromwell ruled England for nearly a decade.27
1162410713Charles IIFinally, Charles II, son of the decapitated king, was restored to the throne in 1660. Colonization had been interrupted during this period of bloody unrest. Now, in the so-called Restoration period, empire building resumed with even greater intensity—and royal involvement. Carolina, named for Charles II, was formally created in 1670, after the king granted to eight of his court favorites, the Lords Proprietors, an expanse of wilderness ribboning across the continent to the Pacific. These aristocratic founders hoped to grow foodstuffs to provision the sugar plantations in Barbados and to export non-English products like wine, silk, and olive oil.28
1162410714Rice(Rice was the most important crop grown in South Carolina during the mid eighteenth century.) After much experimentation, rice emerged as the principal export crop in Carolina. Rice was then an exotic food in England; no rice seeds were sent out from London in the first supply ships to Carolina. But rice was grown in Africa, and the Carolinians were soon paying premium prices for West African slaves experienced in rice cultivation. The Africans' agricultural skill and their relative immunity to malaria (thanks to a genetic trait that also, unfortunately, made them and their descendants susceptible to sickle-cell anemia) made them ideal laborers on the hot and swampy rice plantations. By 1710 they constituted a majority of Carolinians.29
1162410715Indian Slave TradeThey also established a vigorous slave trade in Carolina itself. Enlisting the aid of the coastal Savannah Indians, they forayed into the interior in search of captives. The Lords Proprietors in London protested against Indian slave trading in their colony, but to no avail. Manacled Indians soon were among the young colony's major exports. As many as ten thousand Indians were dispatched to lifelong labor in the West Indian cane fields and sugar mills. Others were sent to New England. One Rhode Island town in 1730 counted more than two hundred Indian slaves from Carolina in its midst. In 1707 the Savannah Indians decided to end their alliance with the Carolinians and to migrate to the backcountry of Maryland and Pennsylvania, where a new colony founded by Quakers under William Penn promised better relations between whites and Indians. But the Carolinians determined to "thin" the Savannahs before they could depart. A series of bloody raids all but annihilated the Indian tribes of coastal Carolina by 1710.30
1162410716TuscaroraAlthough northern Carolina, unlike the colony's southern reaches, did not at first import large numbers of African slaves, both regions shared in the ongoing tragedy of bloody relations between Indians and Europeans. Tuscarora Indians fell upon the fledgling settlement at Newbern in 1711. The North Carolinians, aided by their heavily armed brothers from the south, retaliated by crushing the Tuscaroras in battle, selling hundreds of them into slavery and leaving the survivors to wander northward to seek the protection of the Iroquois. The Tuscaroras eventually became the Sixth Nation of the Iroquois Confederacy.31
1162410717James OglethorpeNamed in honor of King George II of England, Georgia was launched by a high-minded group of philanthropists. In addition to protecting their neighboring northern colonies and producing silk and wine, they were determined to carve out a haven for wretched souls imprisoned for debt. They were also determined, at least at first, to keep slavery out of Georgia. The ablest of the founders was the dynamic soldier-statesman James Oglethorpe, who became keenly interested in prison reform after one of his friends died in a debtors' jail. As an able military leader, Oglethorpe repelled Spanish attacks. As an imperialist and a philanthropist, he saved "the Charity Colony" by his energetic leadership and by heavily mortgaging his own personal fortune.32
1162410718Plantation ColoniesCertain distinctive features were shared by England's southern mainland colonies: Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. Broad-acred, these outposts of empire were all in some degree devoted to exporting commercial agricultural products. Profitable staple crops were the rule, notably tobacco and rice, though to a lesser extent in small-farm North Carolina. Slavery was found in all the plantation colonies, though only after 1750 in reform-minded Georgia. Immense acreage in the hands of a favored few fostered a strong aristocratic atmosphere, except in North Carolina and to some extent in debtor-tinged Georgia. The wide scattering of plantations and farms, often along stately rivers, retarded the growth of cities and made the establishment of churches and schools both difficult and expensive. In 1671 the governor of Virginia thanked God that no free schools or printing presses existed in his colony. All the plantation colonies permitted some religious toleration. The tax-supported Church of England became the dominant faith, though weakest of all in nonconformist North Carolina.33
1162410719William PennFounded Pennsylvania for the quakers. Pennsylvania promised better relations between the whites and indians.34
1162410720Slave codesFormal codes that defined the slaves legal status and master's prerogatives. The barbados' Slave code of 1661 denied the most fundamental rights to slaves and gave masters virtually complete control over laborers, including punishment rights for even slight infractions.35
1162410721Lord Proprietors8 supporters to whom the king Charles 2 of England gave a grant to establish a colony that included land, which later became south carolina.36
1162410722Iroquois ConfederacyAlso called the Iroquois league. Confederation of five(later 6) Indian tribes across upper New York State during the 17th and 18th centuries played a strategic role in the struggle between the French and British for mastery of North Carolina.37
1162410723Sea DogsEnglish Pirates at the time of Elizabeth 1 of England. Active from 1560 to 1605. Engaged in attacks on spanish shipping in the Caribbean.38
1162410724Royal CharterLegal documents approved by the king of England giving the rights to a person, group or company to colonize and start a settlement.39
1162410725Nation StateThe form of political society that combines centralized government with a high degree of Ethnic and cultural unity.40

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