| CourseNotes

A Tour of the Cells ch6 Flashcards

HOW WE STUDY CELLS
-Microscopes provide windows to the world of the cell
-Cell biologists can isolate organelles to study their functions
A PANORAMIC VIEW OF THE CELL
-Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell differ in size and complexity
-Internal membranes compartmentalize the functions of a eukaryotic cell
THE NUCLEUS AND RIBOSOMES
-The nucleus contains a eukaryotic cell's genetic library
-Ribosomes build a cell's proteins
THE ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM
-The endoplasmic reticulum manufactures membranes and performs many other biosynthetic functions
-The Golgi apparatus finishes, sorts, and ships cell products
-Lysosomes are digestive compartments
-Vacuoles have diverse functions in cell maintanence
OTHER MEMBRANOUS ORGANELLES
-Mitochondria and chloroplasts are the main energy transformers of cells
-Peroxisomes generate and degrade H₂O₂ in performing various metabolic functions
THE CYTOSKELETON
-Providing structural support to the cell, the cytoskeleton also functions in cell motility and regulation
CELL SURFACES AND JUNCTIONS
-Plant cells are encased by cell walls
-The extracellular matrix (ECM) of animal cells functions in support, adhesion, movement, and regulation
-Intercellular junctions help integrate cells into higher levels of structure and function
-The cell is a living unit greater than the sum of its parts

Terms : Hide Images

1222011520	light microscope (LM)	an optical instrument with lenses that refract (bend) visible light to magnify images of specimens	1
1222011521	organelle	one of several formed bodies with specialized functions, suspended in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells	2
1222011522	electron microscope (EM)	a microscope that focuses an electron beam through a specimen, resulting in resolving power a thousandfold greater than that of a light microscope.	3
1222011523	transmission electron microscope (TEM)	a microscope that passes an electron beam through very thin sections, primarily used to study the internal ultra structure of cells	4
1222011524	scanning electron microscope (SEM)	a microscope that uses an electron beam to scan the surface of a sample to study details of its topography	5
1222011525	prokaryotic cell	a type of cell lacking a membrane enclosed nucleus and membrane enclosed organelles; found only in the domains Bacteria and Archaea	6
1222011526	nucleoid	a dense region of DNA in a prokaryotic cell	7
1222011527	cytoplasm	the entire contents of the cell, exclusive of the nucleus, and bounded by the plasma membrane	8
1222011528	plasma membrane	the membrane of the boundary of every cell that acts as a selective barrier, thereby regulating the cell's chemical composition	9
1222011529	nucleus	1)an atom's central core, containing protons and neutrons 2)the chromosome containing organelle of a eukaryotic cell 3)a cluster of neurons	10
1222011530	chromatin	the complex of DNA and proteins that make up a eukaryotic chromosome. When the cell is not dividing, it exsists as a mass of very long, thin fibers that are not visible with a light microscope	11
1222011531	chromosome	a threadlike, gene carrying structure found in the nucleus. Each consists of one very long DNA molecule and associated proteins	12
1222011532	nucleolus	a specialized structure in the nucleus, formed from various chromosomes and active in the synthesis of ribosomes	13
1222011533	ribosome	a cell organelle constructed in the nucleolus and functioning as the site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm; consists of rRNA and protein molecules, which make up two subunits	14
1222011534	endomembrane system	the collection of membranes inside and around a eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles	15
1222011535	vesicle	a sac made of membranes inside of cells	16
1222011536	endoplasmic reticulum (ER)	an extensive membranous network in eukaryotic cells, continuous with the outer nuclear membrane and composed of ribosome studded (rough) and ribosome free (smooth) regions	17
1222011537	smooth ER	the portion of the endoplasmic reticulum that is free of ribosomes	18
1222011538	rough ER	the portion of the endoplasmic reticulum that is studded with ribosomes	19
1222011539	transport vesicle	a tiny membranous sac in a cell's cytoplasm carrying molecules produced by the cell	20
1222011540	Golgi apparatus	an organelle in eukaryotic cells consisting of stacks of flat membranous sacs that modify, store, and route products of the endoplasmic reticulum	21
1222011541	lysosome	a membrane enclosed bag of hydrolytic enzymes found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cell	22
1222011542	mitochondrion	An organelle in eukaryotic cells where cellular respiration occurs. Enclosed by two concentric membranes	23
1222011543	chloroplast	an organelle found only in plants and photosynthetic protists that absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water	24
1222011544	crista	an infolding of the inner membrane of a mitochondrian that houses the electron transport chain and the enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of ATP	25
1222011545	cell theory	The theory that all living things are composed of cells and that all cells come from other cells.	26
1222011546	cell wall	A protective layer external to the plasma membrane in plant cells, bacteria, fungi, and some protists; protects the cell and helps maintain its shape.	27
1222011547	Cellular Metabolism	The chemical activities of cells.	28
1222011548	central vacuole	A membrane-enclosed sac occupying most of the interior of a mature plant cell, having diverse roles in reproduction, growth, and development.	29
1222011549	centriole	Cell organelle that aids in cell division in animal cells only	30
1222011550	cystoskeleton	A network of protein structures that extends throughout the cytoplasm	31
1222011551	electron microscope	microscope that forms an image by focusing beams of electrons onto a specimen	32
1222011552	endoplasmic reticulum	A system of membranes that is found in a cell's cytoplasm and that assists in the production, processing, and transport of proteins and in the production of lipids.	33
1222011553	endosymbiosis	A theorized process in which early eukaryotic cells were formed from simpler prokaryotes.	34
1222011554	eukaryoitic cell	A eukaryote (or) is an organism whose cells contain complex structures enclosed within membranes. The defining membrane-bound structure	35
1222011555	extracellular matrix	All tissues include this non-living portion, consisting of molecules that fill spaces between cells	36
1222011556	flagellum	A long, hairlike structure that grows out of a cell and enables the cell to move.	37
1222011557	glycoprotein	A protein with one or more covalently attached carbohydrates.	38
1222011558	granum	A stack of hollow disks formed of thylakoid membrane in a chloroplast. They are sites where light energy trapped by chlorophyll and converted to chemical energy during the light reactions of photosynthesis.	39
1222011559	intermediate filament	Threadlike proteins in the cell's cytoskeleton that are roughly twice as thick as microfilaments	40
1222011560	light microscope	An optical instrument with lenses that refract (bend) visible light to magnify images of specimens.	41
1222011561	microfilament	A cable composed of actin proteins in the cytoplasm of almost every eukaryotic cell, making up part of the cytoskeleton and acting alone or with myosin to cause cell contraction; also known as an actin filament.	42
1222011562	micrograph	Photograph of the view through a microscope	43
1222011563	microtuble	long strands such a spindle fibers that move chromosomes	44
1222011564	mitochondrial matrix	The compartment of the mitochondrion enclosed by the inner membrane and containing enzymes and substrates for the Krebs cycle.	45
1222011565	mitochondiron	cell organelle that breaks down food and releases energy.	46
1222011566	nuclear envelope	A double membrane that surrounds the nucleus in the cell	47
1222011567	peroxisome	Contain oxidase enzymes that detoxify alcohol, hydrogen peroxide, and other harmful chemicals	48
1222011568	plasmodesma	An open channel in the cell wall of plants through which strands of cytosol connect from adjacent cells	49
1222011569	scanning electron microscope	a microscope that produces an enlarged, three-dimensional image of an object by using a beam of electrons rather than light	50
1222011570	stroma	In plants, the solution that surrounds the thylakoids in a chloroplast.	51
1222011571	thylakoid	A flattened membrane sac inside the chloroplast, used to convert light energy into chemical energy.	52
1222011572	transmission electron microscope	a microscope that transmits a beam of electrons through a very thin slice of specimen and that can magnify up to 200,000 times	53
1222011573	vacuole	Cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates	54
1222011574	Integral Proteins	a protein that penetrates the hydrophobic core of cellular membranes	55
1222011575	osmosis	the movement of water from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration	56
1222011576	diffusion	the movement of a solute from an area of high solute concentration to low solute concentration	57
1222011577	concentration gradient	a range of concentration from high solute concentration to low solute concentration	58
1222011578	electrochemical gradient	a concentration gradient consisting of ions	59
1222011579	active transport	when a substance is transported across a membrane from low concentration to high concentration	60
1222011580	hypotonic environment	environment in which there is less solute outside the cell than inside the cell	61
1222011581	hypertonic environment	environment in which there is more solute outside the cell than inside the cell	62

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AP Art History Review Flashcards

AP Art History Review w/ pictures starting from Sumerian Art and going all the way to Renaissance (I'll add more as I get along in my class)es

Terms : Hide Images

1278610875	Tell Asmar Statues c. 2700 BCE Culture: Sumerian Employs hierarchal portrayal, figures represent mortals, placed in a temple and praying: votive figures		1
1278610876	Standard of Ur c. 2600 BCE Culture: Sumerian Has two sides: war side and peace side, uses register to tell a narrative. Employs hierarchal portrayal.		2
1278610877	Great Ziggurat of Ur c. 2100 BCE Culture: Sumerian The temple was on top of the tall pyramid like sculpture. Made of mud brick, not as strong as Egyptian pyramids. Used to be whitewashed to hide mud-like appearance. Four corners are oriented to compass. Dedicated to moon god Nanna		3
1278610878	Seated Statue of Gudea c. 2100 BCE Culture: Sumer The diorite used to show the wealth of the owner. Gudea was the ruler of Lagash.		4
1278610879	Stele of Hammurabi (Code of Hammurabi) c. 1780 BCE Culture: Babylon Has one of the earliest law codes. The sun god, Shamash, hands Hammurabi a rope, a ring, and a rod of kingship. The beard of Shamash is fuller than Hammurabi's to show the importance of Shamash over Hammurabi. God sitting shows he is higher up than Hammurabi, but they are eye to eye which shows the importance of Hammurabi.		5
1278610880	Ishtar Gate c. 575 BCE Culture: Babylon Glazed brick covers mud walls. Reconstructed in Berlin. Lions sacred to goddess Ishtar; dragons sacred to the gods Marduk and Nabu, bulls sacred to the god Adad.		6
1278610881	Lion Gate c. 1400 BCE Culture: Hittite Gates to the city, the lions were guardians.		7
1278610882	Lamassu (pronounced Llama-sue) c. 700 BCE Culture: Assyrian 5 legs: when seen from front seems to be standing at attention; when seen from side it looks like its walking. Meant to ward of enemies both visible and invisible.		8
1278610883	Palette of Narmer c. 3000-2920 BCE Culture: Egyptian;Early Dynastic Period A narrative, uses hierarchal portrayal. Things used to show power: bull knocking down city, hierarchal portrayal, beheaded enemies. Narmer, wears the cobra crown of lower Egypt, preceded by four standard bearers and a priest and followed by his foot washer. Hathor, a god as a cow with a woman's face. Used to hold eye makeup. Horus, hawk god, holds a rope around a man's head and a papyrus plant, symbols of lower Egypt.		9
1278610884	Stepped Pyramid of King Djoser c. 2630 BCE; Old Kingdom Artist: Imhotep Culture: Egypt First known artist in history. Just a bunch of mastabas stacked on top of each other. Part of a complex called a necropolis (city of the dead). Pyramid is completely solid, with burial underground. Located in Saqqara, Egypt.		10
1278610885	Great Pyramids c. 2500 BCE; Old kingdom Culture: Egypt Each side of the pyramid oriented toward a point on the compass. Used to be coated with limestone.		11
1278610886	Great Sphinx c. 2500 BCE; Old Kingdom Culture: Egypt Carved in situ from a huge rock, symbol of the sun god. Sphinx protects the pyramids behind it. Guards Khafre's pyramid (possibly a portrait of Khafre himself)		12
1278610887	Seated Statue of Khafre c. 2500 BCE; Old Kingdom Culture: Egypt Falcon god horus is behind Khafre's head. no negative space between arms and legs. Pharaoh is idealized. Symbol of a united Egypt in the interlocking of lotus and papyrus plants at the base. Strict adherence to Egyptian canon of proportions.		13
1278610888	Menkaure and His Queen c. 2490 BCE; Old Kingdom Culture: Egypt Menkaure is rigid = power,Wife is affectionate Take steps forward into the afterlife. Men and women the same height, indicating equality.		14
1278610889	Seated Scribe c. 2400 BCE; Old Kingdom Culture: Egypt Is a conventional image of a scribe. The simple features show that he is not a pharaoh. Not idealized		15
1278610890	Ti Watching the Hippopotamus Hunt c. 2400 BCE; Old kingdom Culture: Egypt Ti was a government official, this was a painted relief in his mastabas. Boat symbolized the journey to the afterlife. Uses hierarchical portrayal.		16
1278610891	Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut c. 1473 BCE; New Kingdom Culture: Egypt 3 colonnaded terraces and 2 ramps, matches visually its surroundings patterns of dark and light in the colonnade are repeated in the cliff. Terraces originally held gardens; built by Hatshepsut's lover. After her death her son had all of the eyes taken out of her statues (to curse her)		17
1278610892	Temple of Ramses II c. 1290 BCE; New Kingdom Culture: Egypt Sun god directly over entrance, four statues of Ramses flanking it. Royal family between the legs of the four statues. Sun enters the center door of the tomb on Ramses' birthday and ascension day, October 21 and February 21, lighting up three statues: Amen-Re, Re-Herakhte and Ramses, god of darkness never lit up. After it was moved the sun lights up the statues a day later: October 22 and February 22.		18
1278610893	Temple of Amen-Re c. 1290 BCE; New Kingdom Culture: Egypt Hypostyle halls, massive lintels bind the columns together, axial plan.		19
1278610894	Akhenaton c. 1353 BCE; Amarna period Culture: Egypt shows new, unidealised view of pharaoh. slack lips long face, thin arms known as amarna style.		20
1278610895	Nefertiti c. 1353; Amarna period Artist: Thutmose Culture: Egypt Nefertiti was the wife of Akhenaton, this was a demonstration model for copying. Long elegant neck, realistic face.		21
1278610896	Cycladic Female Figure c. 2500 BCE Culture: Cyclades Nude women arms folded, emphasizes fertility with triangle pelvis. Found in graves		22
1278610897	Toreador Fresco c. 1400 BCE Culture: Minoan As in Egyptian art, men have darker skin than women.		23
1278610898	Lion Gate c. 1300 BCE Culture: Mycenaean Post and lintel architecture, built for defensive purposes.		24
1278610899	Treasury of Atreus c. 1300 BCE Culture: Mycenaen Originally was a tomb, long entrance way, corbel vaulted interior. Precision cutting of stones, no mortar used.		25
1278610900	Kouros c. 600 BCE; Period: Archaic Greek Grave marker		26
1278610901	Peplos Kore c. 530 BCE; Period: Archaic Greek Broken hand used to carry offering to Athena, called the peplos because she is wearing something called a peplos.		27
1278610902	Kritios Boy c. 480 BCE; Period: Classical Greek first work with contrapposto, body standing naturally, attributed to the Greek sculptor Kritios.		28
1278610903	Diskbolos c. 450 BCE; Period: Classical Greek Artist: Myron Means The Discus Thrower, idealized heroic body, this is a roman copy original was bronze.		29
1278610904	Doryphoros c. 450 BCE; Period: Classical Greek Artist: Polykleitos Means the Spear bearer, Spartan ideal of body, hand once held a spear. He averts your gaze.		30
1278610905	Nike Adjusting her Sandal c. 410 BCE; Period: Classical Greek From the temple of Athena Nike, by the Parthenon, deeply incised drapery lines reveal the body, wet drapery.		31
1278610906	Hermes and the Infant Dionysos c. 340 BCE; Period: Classical Greek Artist: Praxiteles Roman copy of bronze original. Shallow S-shaped curve, Dionysus reaching for grapes that were once held by Hermes.		32
1278610907	Apoxyomenos c. 330 BCE; Period: Classical Greek Artist: Lysippos Means The Scraper, encourages the viewer to walk around the sculpture. Head is 1/8 of the body.		33
1278610908	Dying Gaul c. 230 BCE Period: Hellenistic Greek Artist: Epigonos Seen as a hero by Greeks, figure meant to be seen from different angles.		34
1278610909	Nike of Samothrace c. 190 BCE Period: Hellenistic Greek Built to commemorate a naval victory.		35
1278610910	Laocoon and His Sons First Century Artists: Rhodes Sculptors(Agesander, Athenodoros, Polydorus) Period: Hellenistic Greek Story from the Aeneid of the Trojan priest who tried to warn his people of the dangers lurking inside the Trojan horse. snakes were sent by the gods to prevent him. Heightened musculature accentuates pathos of the moment.		36
1278610911	Achilles and Ajax c. 540 BCE Artist: Exekias On an amphora vase, body curves mimics the curve of the vase.		37
1278610912	Tomb of the Leopards c. 480 BCE Culture: Etruscan		38
1278610913	Sarcophagus from Cerveteri c. 520 BCE Culture: Etruscan Most concentration is placed on upper body, very little placed on legs.		39
1278610914	Maison Carree c. 1 CE Culture: Romans		40
1278610915	Pont du Gard c. 16 BCE Culture: Roman		41
1278610916	Ara Pacis c. 13 BCE Culture: Roman		42
1278610917	Pantheon c. 118 CE Culture: Roman		43
1278610918	Hadrian's Villa C. 125 CE Partly designed by Emperor Hadrian Culture: Roman		44
1278610919	Arch of Constantine c. 312 CE Culture: Roman		45
1278610920	Augustus of Primaporta c. 20 CE Culture: Roman (High Imperial)		46
1278610921	Colum of Trajan c. 112 CE Culture: Roman		47
1278610922	Equestrian statue of Marcus Aurelius c. 175 CE Culture: Roman		48
1278610923	Constantine c. 315 CE Culture: Roman Originally part of an equestrian statue		49
1278610924	Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus c. 359 Period: Early Christian		50
1278610925	San Vitale c. 526 Culture: Byzantine		51
1278610926	Justinian and Attendants c. 547 Culture: Byzantine Mosaic		52
1278610927	Theodora and Attendants c. 547 Culture: Byzantine Mosaic		53
1278610928	Sant' Apollinare in Classe c. 549 Culture: Byzantine		54
1278610929	Dome of the Rock c. 687 Culture: Islamic		55
1278610930	Great Mosque at Cordoba c. 700 Culture: Islamic		56
1278610931	Court of the Lions c. 1354 Culture: Islamic		57
1278610932	Hagia Sophia c. 1568 Culture: Islamic Artist: Sianan		58
1278610933	Book of Kells c. 800 Period: Early Medieval		59
1278610934	Bishop Bernward Doors c. 1015 Period: Ottonian		60
1278610935	Gero crucifix c. 970 Period: Ottonian		61
1278610936	Pisa Cathedral c. 1063 Period: Romanesque		62
1278610937	Saint-Sernin c. 1070 Period: Romanesque		63
1278610938	Last Judgment c. 1120 Artist: Gislebertus Period: Romanesque		64
1278610939	Bayeux Tapestry c. 1070 Period: Romanesque		65
1278610940	Chartres Cathedral c. 1134 Period: Early Gothic		66
1278610941	Amiens Cathedral c. 1220 Period: High Gothic		67
1278610942	Salisbury Cathedral c. 1220 Period: High Gothic		68
1278610943	Madonna Enthroned c. 1280 Artist: Cimabue Period: Proto-Renaissance		69
1278610944	Madonna Enthroned c. 1310 Artist: Giotto Period: Proto-Renaissance		70
1278610945	Lamentation c. 1305 Artist: Giotto Period: Proto-Renaissance		71
1278610946	Maestá c. 1308 Artist: Duccio Period: Proto-Renaissance		72
1278610947	Annunciation c. 1333 Artist: Simone Martini Period: Proto-Renaissance		73
1278610948	Good Government in the City c. 1338 Artist: Lorenzetti Period: Proto-Renaissance		74
1278610949	The Pisa Pulpit c. 1259 Artist: Pisano Brothers Period: Proto-Renaissance		75
1278610950	The Merode Altarpiece c. 1425 Artist: Campin Period: Early Northern Renaissance		76
1278610951	The Ghent Altarpiece (Open) c. 1432 Artist: Jan Van Eyck Period: Early Northern Renaissance		77
1278610952	The Ghent Altarpiece (Closed) c. 1432 Artist: Jan Van Eyck Period: Early Northern Renaissance		78
1278610953	Arnolfini Wedding c. 1434 Artist: Jan van Eyck Period: Early Northern Renaissance		79
1278610954	Deposition c. 1435 Artist: Rogier van der Weyden Period: Early Northern Renaissance		80
1278610955	Portinari Altarpiece c. 1476 Artist: Hugo van der Goes Period: Early Northern Renaissance		81
1278610956	The Well of Moses c. 1395 Artist: Claus Sluter Period: Early Northern Renaissance		82
1278610957	Florence Cathedral c. 1420 Artist: Brunelleschi Period: Early Italian Renaissance		83
1278610958	Pazzi Chapel c. 1423 Artist: Brunelleschi Period: Early Italian Renaissance		84
1278610959	Holy Trinity c. 1427 Artist: Masaccio Period: Early Italian Renaissance		85
1278610960	Tribute Money c. 1425 Artist: Masaccio Period: Early Italian Renaissance		86
1278610961	Expulsion from the Garden of Eden c. 1425 Artist: Masaccio Period: Early Italian Renaissance		87
1278610962	Annunciation c. 1438 Artist: Fra Angelico Period: Early Italian Renaissance		88
1278610963	Room of the Newlyweds c. 1465 Artist: Mantegna Period: Early Italian Renaissance		89
1278610964	Delivering of the Keys c. 1482 Artist: Perugino Period: Early Italian Renaissance		90
1278610965	Birth of Venus c. 1485 Artist: Botticelli Period: Early Italian Renaissance		91
1278610966	Sacrifice of Isaac c. 1401 Artist: Ghiberti Period: Early Italian Renaissance		92
1278610967	Sacrifice of Isaac c. 1401 Artist: Brunelleschi Period: Early Italian Renaissance		93
1278610968	Gates of Paradise c. 1425 Artist: Ghiberti Period: Early Italian Renaissance		94
1278610969	David c. 1420 Artist: Donatello Period: Early Italian Renaissance		95
1278610970	Mary Magdalene c. 1430 Artist: Donatello Period: Early Italian Renaissance		96
1278610971	The Tempietto c. 1502 Artist: Bramante Period: High Renaissance		97
1278610972	Saint Peter's c. 1546 Artist: Michelangelo Period: High Renaissance		98
1278610973	The Last Supper c. 1495 Artist: Da Vinci Period: High Renaissance		99
1278610974	Mona Lisa c. 1503 Artist: Da Vinci Period: High Renaissance		100
1278610975	Sistine Chapel c. 1508 Artist: Michelangelo Period: High Renaissance		101
1278610976	Last Judgment c. 1534 Artist: Michelangelo Period: High Renaissance		102
1278610977	The School of Athens c. 1509 Artist: Raphael Period: High Renaissance		103
1278610978	Pietá c. 1498 Artist: Michelangelo Period: High Renaissance		104
1278610979	David c. 1501 Artist: Michelangelo Period: High Renaissance		105
1278610980	Capitoline Hill c. 1537 Artist: Michelangelo Period: High Renaissance A civic plaza in the center of Rome. Equestrian statue of Marcus Aurelius placed in the center.		106
1278610981	Moses c. 1513 Artist: Michelangelo Period: High Renaissance		107
1278610982	The Pastoral Concert c. 1508 Artist: Giorgione and Titian Period: High Renaissance		108
1278610983	The Tempest c. 1510 Artist: Giorgione Period: High Renaissance		109
1278610984	Palazzo del Te c. 1525 Artist: Romano Period: Mannerist		110
1278610985	Entombment c. 1525 Artist: Pontormo Period: Mannerist		111
1278610986	Madonna of the Long Neck c. 1535 Artist: Parmigianino Period: Mannerist		112
1278610987	The Last Supper c. 1594 Artist: Tintoretto Period: Mannerist		113
1278610988	Christ in the House of Levi c. 1573 Artist: Veronese Period: Mannerist Originally titled Last Supper but name was changed because it was deemed inappropriate. This is from the book Mark, in which Jesus has dinner in a house filled with sinners.		114
1278610989	Villa Rotunda c. 1566 Artist: Palladio		115
1278610990	Garden of Earthly Delights c. 1505 Artist: Bosch Period: Late Renaissance		116
1278610991	Isenheim altarpiece c. 1510 Artist: Grunewald Period: Late Renaissance		117
1278610992	Adam and Eve c. 1504 Artist: Durer Period: Late Renaissance		118
1278610993	The French Ambassadors c. 1533 Artist: Holbein the Younger Period: Late Renaissance		119
1278610994	Henry VIII c. 1540 Artist: Holbein the Younger Period: Late Renaissance		120
1278610995	Hunters in the Snow c. 1565 Artist: Breughel Period: Late Renaissance		121
1278610996	Ecstasy of Saint Theresa c. 1645 Artist: Bernini Period: Baroque Natural light thrown onto the art from a hidden window. There is a stage-like setting with the patrons, sitting in theatre boxes looking on.		122
1278610997	Calling of Saint Matthew c. 1597 Artist: Caravaggio Period: Baroque Christ's hand gesture similar to Adam's on the Sistine Chapel ceiling.		123
1278610998	Judith and Her maidservant with the head of Holofernes c. 1614 Artist: Gentileschi Period: Baroque Gentileschi specialized in painted images of women triumphing over men. She was one of the first women artists we study.		124
1278610999	Las Meninas c. 1656 Artist: Velazquez Period: Baroque		125
1278611000	Marie de' Medici c. 1622-1625 Artist: Rubens Period: Baroque Inspired by Titian and Caravaggio, big fat women are known as Rubenesque women. Part of twenty-one huge paintings telling the life of Marie de' Medici		126
1278611001	Charles I Dismounted c. 1635 Artist: Van Dyck Period: Baroque		127
1278611002	Self-Portrait c. 1660 Artist: Rembrandt Period: Baroque Rembrandt did many self portraits revealing the psychological tension.		128
1278611003	Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Tulp c. 1632 Artist: Rembrandt Period: Baroque		129
1278611004	Night Watch c. 1642 Artist: Rembrandt Period: Baroque Shows militia out on patrol,		130
1278611005	The Hundred Guilder Print c. 1649 Artist: Rembrandt Period: Baroque Known as The Hundred Guilder print because someone payed a 100 guilders for it.		131
1278611006	1700-1750. Rococo Art is much more domestic than Baroque art. Depicts the lifestyle of the aristocratic. Use of pastel colors and thick flowing brushstrokes.	Rococo Art	132
1278611007	The Return from Cythera c. 1717 Artist: Watteau Period: Rococo Light and dreamy atmospheric perspective, shows lovers leaving the island of Venus		133
1278611008	The Swing c. 1766 Artist: Fragonard Period: Rococo		134
1278611009	The Breakfast Scene from Marriage á la Mode c. 1745 Artist: Hogarth Period: English Rococo (Grand Manner) One of a series of six paintings that satirized the folly of the English aristocracy.		135
1278611010	1750-1815	Neoclassicism	136
1278611011	Chiswick House c. 1725 Artist: Richard Boyle and William Kent Period: Neoclassical High influence from Villa Rotund: Palladio's statue is placed at far left, Palladian motif of the decorated balls on the balustrade of the main floor; Palladian low dome; main floor raised over exposed basement level; pediments over windows and doors		137
1278611012	Monticello c. 1770 Artist: Thomas Jefferson Period: Neoclassical Means little mountain in Italian. Inspired by Greek and roman buildings.		138
1278611013	Death of General Wolfe c. 1771 Artist: Benjamin West Period: Neoclassical Depicts the Battle of Quebec, 1759		139
1278611014	Oath of the Horatii c. 1784 Artist: David Period: Neoclassical Roman story of Roman brothers fighting other Roman brothers to the death.		140
1278611015	Death of Marat c. 1793 Artist: David Period: neoclassical Marat was the leader of the French Revolution. Desk is like a tombstone, People shunned David for years because of this painting		141
1278611016	Pauline Borghese as Venus c. 1808 Artist: Canova Period: Neoclassical Napoleon's sister posed as Venus		142
1278611017	The Houses of Parliament c. 1836 Artists: Barry and Pugin Period: Romantic( Neo-Gothic)		143
1278611018	The sleep of Reason Produces Monsters c. 1799 Artist: Goya Period: Spanish Romantic Shows that monsters haunt even the most rational mind		144
1278611019	Family of Charles IV c. 1800 Artist: Goya Period: Spanish Romantic Some thought that Goya was mocking the royal family. Goya painted himself in background. Two great Velazquez paintings in background.		145
1278611020	Third of May c. 1814 Artist: Goya Period: Spanish Romantic Execution of Spanish Rebels after a failed uprising against the French. Central Spanish figures is Christ-like with stigmata and pure white clothes.		146
1278611021	Saturn devouring one of his children c. 1819 Artist: Goya Period: Spanish Romantic One of his black wall paintings. Symbolic of: human self-destruction, time destroys all its creations, a country eating its young in pointless wars.		147
1278611022	The Raft of Medusa c. 1818 Artist: Gericault Period: French Romantic Depicts the raft of the shipwrecked vessel Medusa. Fifteen people survived by eating one another.		148
1278611023	Liberty leading the people c. 1830 Artist: Delacroix Period: French Romantic July revolution of 183		149
1278611024	The Hay Wain c. 1821 Artist: John Constable Period: English Romantic Painting the English countryside as a reaction against the industrial revolution.		150
1278611025	The Oxbow c. 1836 Artist: Cole Period: American Romantic Founder of the Hudson River school. painted as a reply to a British book that alleged that Americans had destroyed a wilderness with industry.		151
1278611026	Artists Studio c. 1837 Artist: Daguerre Period: Photography Still life inspired by vanitas paintings.		152
1278611027	Realism( 1848-1860s) Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood (1848-1860) Impressionism(1872-1880s) Post-Impressionism(1880s-1890s) Symbolism(1890s) Art Nouveau(1890s-1914)	Late Nineteenth Century Art	153
1278611028	Burial at Ornans c. 1849 Artist: Courbet Period: Realism		154
1278611029	Rue Transnonain c. 1834 Artist: Daumier Period: Realism Worker unrest, suppresed by government troops. Three generations shown: middle aged man on top of child, old man in foreground. Lithograph used to mass produce image		155
1278611030	Third Class Carriage c. 1862 Artist: Daumier Period: Realism Poor huddled in the third-class compartment.		156
1278611031	The Gleaners c. 1857 Artist: Millet Period: Realism Millet was a member of the Barbizon school of painting, painted rural towns. shows the nobility of the poor, the nobility of hard work. Seen by the public as a socialist painting.		157
1278611032	Luncheon on the grass c. 1863 Artist: Manet Period: Realism Manet tried to enter the French salon with this painting, however it was allowed into the Salon des Refuses. Influenced by Giorgione's The Pastoral concert.		158
1278611033	Olympia c. 1863 Artist: Manet Period: Realism Inspired by Titian's Venus of Urbino, figures is cold and uninviting, no emotion.		159
1278611034	The Gross clinic c. 1875 Artist: Thomas Eakins Period: Realism Reminiscent of Anatomy lesson of Dr. Tulp by Rembrandt. Patients mother in background in tears. Painting celebrates the advance of medical science		160
1278611035	The Banjo lesson c. 1893 Artist: Henry Ossawa Tanner Period: Realism tanner was a student of Eakins. Shows exchange of values from one generation to the other		161
1278611036	Horse Jumping c. 1878 Artist: Eadward Muybridge Period: Realism Used a device called a zoopraxiscope to show that at some point in a horses gallop both of its feet are above the ground.		162
1278611037	Beata Beatrix c. 1863 Artist: Rosetti Period: Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood The pre-Raphaelite brotherhood was a tightly knit group of English artists who believed that Raphael caused the death of art history by introducing a dramatic form of chiaroscuro. Liked Fra Angelico and Jan van Eyck.		163
1278611038	Rouen Cathedral c.1894 Artist: Monet Period: Impressionism Monet painted a series of paintings of the same subject done at different times of day/days. Subtle gradations of light on surface.		164
1278611039	Le Moulin de la Galette c. 1876 Artist: Renoir Period: Impressionism People go about their business they do not pose.		165
1278611040	The Rehearsal on Stage c. 1874 Artist: Degas Period: Impressionism Degas mainly focused on ballerinas. Influence of Japanese prints in compositional elements.		166
1278611041	Mother and Child c. 1908 Artist: Cassatt Period: Impressionism Mother-and-child theme a specialty of Cassatt, no posing or acting, figures possess a natural charm. Decorative charm influenced by Japanese art.		167
1278611042	The Starry Night c. 1889 Artist: van Gogh Period: Post-Impressionism Thick short brushstrokes. Shows at one with the forces of nature. Tree looks like green flames reaching into the sky exploding with stars over a placid village. The cypress tree a traditional symbol of death and eternal life.		168
1278611043	Sunday afternoon on the Grand Jatte c. 1884 Artist: Seurat Period: Post-Impressionism Seurat used pointillist technique.		169
1278611044	A basket of Apples c. 1893 Artist: Cezanne Period: Post-Impressionism		170
1278611045	The Scream c. 1893 Artist: Edvard Munch Period: Symbolism Emaciated twisting stick figure with skull-like head.		171
1278611046	Casa Mila c. 1907 Artist: Gaudí Period: Art Nouveau Modern apartment building. Undulating twisting forms of hand-cut stone.		172
1278611047	The Eiffel Tower c. 1887 Artist: Eiffel Period: Late-nineteenth century architecture Eiffel helped in the construction of the statue of liberty, the panama canal. Triumph of wrought iron design. Cantilevered iron.		173
1278611048	Carson Pirie Scott (Chicago) c. 1899 Artist: Sullivan Period: Late Nineteenth-Century architecture Sullivan's motto is "Form follows function" influence of Art Nouveau in decorative touches. Maximum window areas to admit light.		174
1278611049	Burghers of Calais c. 1884 Artist: Rodin Period: Late Nineteenth Century architecture Six burghers offer their lives to the English king in return for saving their besieged city.		175

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13 Colonies Study Guide IP Flashcards

# 1.People/Founders
# 2.Signifigance
# 3. Why colonies were established
# 4.Reason for establishing 13 colonies,
# 5.Labor force in the colonies & how they got here
# 6.3 colonial regions- geography, climate and economy
# 7. Transatlantic Slave trade
# 8. Vocabulary

Terms : Hide Images

1019391291	John Winthrop (Puritan)	Based on the bible, believed people were educated by reading the Bible and educated people can govern themselves. Founded Massachusetts for Religious Freedom. A puritan minister. Felt only Puritans should have power. Very Authoritative and controlled all power.	1
1019391292	Roger Williams	A dissenter, Roger Williams clashed with Massachusetts Puritans over the issue of separation of church and state. After being banished from Massachusetts in 1636, he traveled south, where he founded the colony of Rhode Island, which granted full religious freedom to its inhabitants. Rhode Island founded for Religious and political opportunities.	2
1019391293	Thomas Hooker	F. O. C (Fundamental Orders of Connecticut) - all men who owened land could vote and non-church officials could vote. Have limits on the power of govenor. Founded Connecticut for Religious and political reasons.	3
1019391294	William Penn	Pennsylvania- believed in non-violence and religious tolerance for all. Founded for religious and political freedom for Quakers.	4
1019391295	Mayflower Compact	The first agreement for self-government in America. It was signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower and set up a government for the Plymouth colony	5
1019391296	Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (F. O. C)	1st written constitution (plan of government to follow don't have to be church official to have a vote, people should have a voice in govt	6
1019391297	Maryland Toleration Act	law that promoted religious tollerance, granted freedom of worship if you believed in Jesus Christ. Important step to freedom of religion	7
1019391298	Virginia House of Burgesses	1st law making body in Jamestown, representatives were elected- 2 from each district, 1st step to representative government in colonies	8
1019391299	Rhode Island	didn't agree with the Pilgrims	9
1019391300	Connecticut	didn't agree with the Puritans	10
1019391301	Pennsylvania	haven for the Quakers	11
1019391302	Maryland	haven for Catholics	12
1019391303	Georgia	place for debators/poor, also served as a buffer b/w English owned 13 and Spanish owned Florida	13
1019391304	Massachussetts	suffered religious persecutution by King for disagreeing with Church of England. Founded by Pilgrims and Puritans	14
1019391305	Indentured Servants	signed contract, agreed to work for 3-7 years in exchange for passage to North America	15
1019391306	Slaves	used in plantations to harvest cash crops, traded on the Transatlantic Slave Trade aka- Triangular Trade.	16
1019391307	New England Colonies	Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island & New Hampshire	17
1019391308	Middle Colonies	New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey & Delaware	18
1019391309	Southern Colonies	Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia	19
1019391310	Peter Minuit	Dutch colonist who bought Manhattan from the Native Americans for the equivalent of $24. Dutch colonists founded New York for religious freedom and Economic opportunity	20
1019391311	John Berkely	friend of Duke of York; was given New Jersey, shared with George Carteret	21
1019391312	George Carteret	Co-founded New Jersey with John Berkeley	22
1019391313	Swedish Swedish Settlers	founder of Delaware for Economic Opportunities	23
1019391314	Lord Baltimore	He was the founder of Maryland, a colony which offered religious freedom, and a refuge for the persecuted Roman Catholics.	24
1019391315	John Smith	introduced work ethic (no work, no food) to Jamestown colony, sanitation, diplomat to local Native American tribes; had fought Spanish and Turks. Known as founder of Virginia and founded for Economic Opportunities.	25
1019391316	Lord Proprietors	group of eight of Charles II's men who were given a charter by the king to settle new land in Carolinas for economic opportunities	26
1019391317	James Ogelthorpe	Founded colony of Georgia as a chance for poor immigrants who were in debt to have a second chance at a comfortable life. Founded for economic opportunities and as a defensive buffer between colonies and Spanish Florida	27
1019391318	Pilgrims	1st Protestant colonists, wanted a break with the Anglican church. Low social status compared to puritans	28
1019391319	charter	A document that gives the holder the right to organize settlements in an area.	29
1019391320	Puritan	A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay. More social status than Pilgrims	30
1019391321	Settlers	people who travel to a little known area and make a home	31
1019391322	Colonial Population	grew in the 18th century due to immigration and high birthrate among colonial families	32
1019391323	William Bradford	A Pilgrim, the second governor of the Plymouth colony, 1621-1657. He developed private land ownership and helped colonists get out of debt. He helped the colony survive droughts, crop failures, and Indian attacks. Believed in religious freedom of the Pilgrims	33
1019391324	Henry Hudson	An English explorer who explored for the Dutch. He claimed the Hudson River around present day New York and called it New Netherland. He also had the Hudson Bay named for him	34
1019391325	Peter Stuyvesant	A Dutch General; He led a small military expedition in 1664. He was known as "Father Wooden Leg". Lost the New Netherlands to the English. He was governor of New Netherlands	35
1019391326	Duke of York	1644 Charles II gave new york (Dutch occupied) to his brother, the Duke of York . British troops push Dutch out. New Amsterdam renamed New York.	36
1019391327	Quakers	A group of religious pacifists who were persecuted in Europe. William Penn established Pennsylvania as a safe haven for Quakers. They believed all people were equal and opposed war.	37
1019391328	Frame of Government of Pennsylvania	written by William Penn; government plan that gave citizens freedom of speech, religion & right to fair trial by jury; set up General Assembly = make laws for colony	38
1019391329	Why Europeans thought they were entitled to colonies	They believed they had a right to land, charter from King and Native Americans were not using it all. They took Bully position	39
1019391330	Why Native American thought they were entitled to land	They were there first and spent many generations there.	40
1019391331	Nathanial Bacon	Leader that took over when Berkley wouldn't attack the Indians; Was willing to lead not only against Indians but the governor too; This time was known as Bacon's Rebellion.	41
1019391332	Act of Toleration	a Maryland law that provided religious freedom for all Christians	42
1019391333	North Carolina colony	This colony lacked good coastal harbors and was populated mainly by small settlements of tobacco farmers with little government involvement.	43
1019391334	South Carolina colony	Planters became very rich very quickly. By late 1600s, it was just as wealthy as VA, and were worried that the Spanish were going to invade. Developed quickly and grew sugar and rice, They had slaves and had the biggest city in the southern colonies.	44
1019391335	English Debt Law	People who owed money are put in jail until the debt was repaid. Doesn't make sense as how can you work if your in jail. Why Georgia was founded so they could work off their debt	45

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World History Honors-French Revolution 2014 Flashcards

Absolutism: http://quizlet.com/23498636/world-history-exam-sg-absolutism-flash-cards/

Enlightenment & SR: http://quizlet.com/23527198/history-final-sg-enlightenment-sr-flash-cards/

French Revolution: http://quizlet.com/23527992/world-history-sg-french-revolution-flash-cards/

Nationalism: http://quizlet.com/23535639/world-history-exam-sg-nationalism-flash-cards/

Industrial Revolution: http://quizlet.com/23539246/world-history-exam-sg-industrial-revolution-flash-cards/

Imperialism: http://quizlet.com/23539322/would-history-exam-sg-imperialism-flash-cards/

Armenian Genocide: http://quizlet.com/23539459/world-history-exam-sg-armenian-genocide-flash-cards/

Terms : Hide Images

1541360102	3 Estates	Social Classes in France	1
1541360103	1st Estate	the clergy of the church; 1% of population; owned 10% of the land; paid no taxes	2
1541360104	2nd Estate	nobility; 2% of the population; paid little taxes; collected dues; land ownership when to the eldest son	3
1541360105	3rd Estate	everybody else; paid most of the taxes and had the least amount of property	4
1541360106	Louis XVI	king of France that was beheaded during the revolution	5
1541360107	Tennis Court Oath	never separate and to meet whenever possible to create a fair constitution	6
1541360108	Storming of the Bastille	800 protesters; demand guns and ammunition; troops open fire; prison is stormed	7
1541360109	July 14, 1789	Beginning of the French Revolution (date)	8
1541360110	Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen (DoRoMAC)	document that gave the French men their basic rights	9
1541360111	What was the slogan of the French Revolution?	liberty, equality, and fraternity	10
1541360112	March on Versailles	the event where a group of women demanded bread and kidnapped King Louis XIV	11
1541360113	Committee of Public Safety	12 man committee that was said that the only way liberty could be achieved was for men to lose their heads; led by Maximilien Robespierre	12
1541360114	Robespierre	leader of Committee of Public safety; executed in 1794; end of reign of terror	13
1541360115	Reign of Terror	period of time when many people died; supposed to be about liberty, but it's just bloodshed; ended with Maximilian's execution	14
1541360116	Napoleonic Code	Comprehensive laws that was his systems of laws that created fairness in France; men are equal	15
1541360117	Why was Great Britain able to resist France?	through their navy and the fact that they are an island; (Britain won the battle of Trafalgar, which was the most important battle. The British commander split the French fleet and captured and destroyed them. This had two major results. First, it ensured the supremacy of England navy and it forced Napoleon give up his plans of invading Britain.)	16
1541360118	Blockade	the action of blocking the allowance of goods from a certain place to come into your country; France said no one could trade with England (Continental System)	17
1541360119	guerilla warfare	the style of battle that consisted of hit and run; shoot and leave; no known enemy.	18
1541360120	Explain how Russia was able to defeat Napoleon.	Nearly all of the Napoleon's 400,000 troops sent on a campaign in Russia died, most from hunger and the cold of the Russian winter; Left with 100,000 troops	19
1541360121	Congress of Vienna	the meeting between the countries that defeated Napoleon; they wanted to restore the balance that existed before Revolution	20
1541360122	Goals of Congress of Vienna	to make sure France never got as powerful as it was with Napoleon as its leader and to restore all monarchies and the balance of power	21
1541360123	Great Terror	Last few months of the Reign of Terror	22
1541360124	Napoleon	Great military leader who eventually crowns himself emperor	23
1541360125	Louis XVIII	King of France placed on the throne by the Congress of Vienna.	24
1541360126	Significance of tearing down the Bastille	literally tearing down the past and getting rid of the old rulers and their ways.	25

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Early Discovery and Settlement/America and the British Empire Flashcards

things I have to review - to be continued soon - once I take Early Discovery Quiz 3 and the two America and the British Empire quizzes

Terms : Hide Images

587223773	Seventeenth-century New England and the West Indies	were interdependent because the sugar islands could not feed themselves or supply their own lumber, and New England relied on the Caribbean to purchase its surpluses.	1
587223774	Roger Williams is best known in American history as?	an early champion of religious freedom.	2
587756088	Which of the following was a major market for New England goods in the late 17c?	the West Indies	3
587756089	Most of the thirteen original colonies	started as proprietary colonies and became royal colonies by the 1750s.	4
587756090	The Wool Act of 1699, the Hat Act of 1732, and the Iron Act of 1750 were British attempts to?	limit American manufacturing	5
587756091	The long-range purpose of the Albany Congress in 1754 was to?	achieve colonial unity and common defense against the French threat.	6
590203196	P.S. Fred Dies at the End	Portugal, Spain, France, Dutch, England	7
590203197	Weasley Products Sell Candy So Quirrell Doesn't Try To Implode	Writs of Assistance, Proclamation Line of 1763, Sugar Act, Currency Act, Stamp Act, Quartering Act, Declaratory Acts, Townshend Acts, Tea Act, Intolerable Acts	8

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American Pageant Chapter 3 Vocab Flashcards

Key terms, people, and events from Chapter 3 of the 13th edition of the American Pageant.

Terms : Hide Images

1142221246	Proprietary Colony	Royal grant of land to Royal favorites (Maryland- Lord Baltimore)	1
1142221247	New England Confederation	Formed in 1643 to make a defense against the Indians, French, and Dutch. Early attempt at colonial unity	2
1142221248	Puritans	English religious reformers that wanted to purify English Christianity; believed they were "visible saints".	3
1142221249	Church of England	Established after Henry VIII (8th) broke with the Catholic Church. The King was both the spiritual and political leader of England.	4
1142221250	Massachusetts Bay Colony	Formed by a group of non- Separatist Puritans, formed the city of Boston.	5
1142221251	Plymouth Colony	Group of Separatists (we call Pilgrims) from Holland, landed incorrectly in New England in 1620.	6
1142221252	Roger Williams	Formed Providence, guaranteed freedom of religion to ALL (even Jews)	7
1142221253	Anne Hutchinson	Claimed to have direct revelations from God and challenged gender roles in Church. Banished to Rhode Island.	8
1142221254	William Penn	Established an asylum for Quakers through a land grant in 1681. Favored religious toleration and acceptance of Native Americans.	9
1142221255	Mayflower Compact	A simple agreement (not really a written constitution) to form a government and to submit to the will of the majority.	10
1142221256	Quakers	Officially called the Religious Society of Friends. They refused to take oaths and are advocates of passive resistance.	11
1142221257	John Winthrop	First governor of Massachusetts; believed the purpose of the colony was to "be a city upon a hill".	12
1142221258	Dutch East India Company	Laid claim to the Hudson River and New York Bay. They established New Netherland in 1624, which included Manhattan Island	13
1142221259	Navigation Laws	Colonists could only trade with countries/colonies ruled by England. Colonists were angered by the laws and started smuggling goods.	14
1142221260	Protestant Work Ethic	Involved a serious commitment to work and to engage in worldly pursuits. "Good things happen to people who work hard"	15

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People to Know - The New World Beginnings (1) Flashcards

People to know from chapter one, New World Beginnings, in the book, The American Pageant Vol 1 Edition 14.

Terms : Hide Images

1531499754	Ferdinand of Aragon	a Spain sovereign who married Isabella of Castille	0
1531499755	Isabella of Castille	a Spain sovereign who married Ferdinand of Aragon	1
1531499756	Christopher Columbus	the well-known Italian mariner discovered The New World on October 12, 1492 (discovering the Bahamas first and then continuing to discover Europe, Africa, North America, and South America)	2
1531499757	Francisco Coronado	discovered The Grand Canyon, Colorado River, and herds of buffalo/bison in 1540 - 1542	3
1531499758	Francisco Pizarro	crushed the Incas of Peru in South America and added to the Spanish collection of valuables in 1532	4
1531499759	Father Junipero Serra	led a group of Spanish missionaries along the coast of California in 1769 their mission was to Christianize the native Californians	5
1531499760	Malinche (Dona Marina)	a female Indian slave who was picked up by Hernan Cortes who knew both Mayan and Nahuatl languages Later, she learned English, changed her name to her Spanish name, and was baptized in the Spanish tradition	6
1531499761	Moctezuma	the Aztec chieftain who believed Hernan Cortes was the Quetzalcoatl god therefore, he allowed Cortes to invade his capital (Tenochtitlan) soon the grace wore off and he tried (but failed) to push the Spanish out leading to Noche Triste (1520)	7
1531499762	Giovanni Caboto (John Cabot)	sent by the English in 1497 and 1498 to explore the northeastern coast of North America	8
1531499763	Robert de La Salle	a French man sent on an expedition down the Mississippi River in the 1680's	9
1531499764	Bartolome de Las Casas	a Spanish missionary who disagreed with encomienda (a Spanish policy allowing slave trade but claiming it as a Christian act)	10
1531499765	Hernan Cortes	sailed to Mexico from Cuba in 1519 and along the way picked up two interpreters one of which being Malinche (Dona Marina) He invaded the Aztecs in Mexico and at first there was no resistance but eventually there was, leading to Noche Triste (1520). The Aztecs lost. The Aztec Empire became under Spanish rule for nearly three centuries.	11

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Key Terms - New World Beginnings (1) Flashcards

Key terms from chapter one, New World Beginnings, in the book, The American Pageant Vol 1 Edition 14.

Terms : Hide Images

1531444707	Canadian Shield	a zone secured by the Appalachian Mountains	0
1531444708	Incas	a civilization originating in Peru	1
1531444709	Aztecs	a civilization originating in Mexico highly worshiped their gods including human sacrifices	2
1531444710	Nation-States	dense concentrations of population	3
1531444711	Cahokia	Mississippian settlement in southwest Illinois	4
1531444712	Three-sister farming	three different plants working together to grow they all benefit each other Ex: beans, corn, and squash	5
1531444713	Middlemen	the role between a producer and a retailer/consumer Ex: Producers, Middlemen, Retailers/Consumers	6
1531444714	Caravel	a Portuguese ship that could sail windward more easily than past ships	7
1531444715	Plantation	a large farm maintained by slave labor	8
1531444716	Columbian Exchange	the exchange between the New World and the Old World Ex: Old World gave New World wheat, sugar, rice, and coffee New World gave Old World gold and silver	9
1531444717	Treaty of Tordesillas	signed by Spain and Portugal June 7, 1494 dividing up land between the two countries Spain: Mexico, Central America, Western and northeastern coast of South America, Ponce de Leon (Bahamas), Spain Portugal: eastern coast of Brazil, southwestern coast of Africa, and northern coast of Africa, Portugal	10
1531444718	Conquistadors	conquerors	11
1531444719	Capitalism	an economic system in which trade, industry, and the means of production are controlled by private owners with the goal of making profits	12
1531444720	Encomienda	Spanish government's policy to give Indians to certain colonists, in return the colonists would promise to Christianize them when in actuality it was just a slave trade	13
1531444721	Noche Triste (Sad Night)	June 30, 1520 the Aztecs tried to drive out the Spanish but they failed	14
1531444722	Mestizos	the mixture of European and Indian heritage	15
1531444723	Battle of Acoma	On January 22,1599 a battle was held in New Mexico between Spaniards and Acomas. The Spaniards won.	16
1531444724	Pope's Rebellion	In 1680 the Indians decided to rebel against the Roman Catholic regligion	17
1531444725	Black Legend	a false concept about the Spanish invaders including that they: tortured and butchered the Indians ("killing for Christ"), stole their gold, infected them with smallpox these things did happen but it gave the Spanish an awful reputation when in actuality they also did some miraculous, positive things	18

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Campbell Biology Chapter 3 Flashcards

Chapter 3 Campbell Biology vocabulary and questions

Terms : Hide Images

887519226	Organic Compounds	carbon based molecules	0
887519228	Hydrocarbons	compounds composed of only hydrogen and carbon	1
887519231	Carbon Skeleton	the chain of carbon molecules in a molecule	2
887519233	Isomers	element with different # of neutrons	3
887519235	Functional Groups	a group of atoms responsible for the characteristic reactions of a particular compound	4
887519236	Hydrophilic	water loving (soluble in water)	5
887519238	Hydroxyl Group	-OH	6
887519239	Carbonyl Group	>C=O	7
887519241	Carboxyl Group	-COOH	8
887519243	Amino Group	-NH2	9
887519244	Phosphate Group	-OPO3^-2	10
887519246	Methyl Group	-CH3	11
887519248	Macromolecules	carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids	12
887519249	Polymers	a large molecule consisting of many identical chains linked together	13
887519250	Monomers	one of the repeating parts of a polymer	14
887519251	Dehydration Reaction	a reaction that removes	15
887519253	Hydrolysis	a molecule of waterreaction with the breaking of bonds with water	16
887519255	Enzymes	specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions in cells	17
887519257	Carbohydrate	a class of molecules ranging from the small sugar molecules dissolved in soft drinks to large polysaccharides like starches	18
887519259	Monosaccharides	a carbohydrate monomer	19
887519260	Disaccharide	two monosaccharides linked together	20
887519262	Starch	a storage polysaccharide in plants	21
887519263	Glycogen	animal storage of glucose	22
887519265	Cellulose	polymer of glucose, able to form microfibrils in plants	23
887519267	Chitin	structural polysaccharide used by insects to build exoskeleton	24
887519269	Hydrophobic	water fearing	25
887519270	Fat	large lipid made from two kinds of smaller molecules: glycerol and fatty acids	26
887519272	Unsaturated Fatty Acid	fatty acid containing one or more double bonds	27
887519273	Saturated Fatty Acid	fatty acid containing only single bonds	28
887519274	Trans Fats	a form of fat that recent research associates with health risks	29
887519275	Phospholypids	contain a phosphate group and attach to 2 fatty acids rather than three	30
887519276	Steroids	lipids containing 4 fused rings	31
887519277	Cholesterol	component in cell membranes	32
887519279	Anabolic Steroids	synthetic variants of the male testosterone	33
887519280	Protein	a polymer made of 20 amino acids	34
887519282	Amino Acids	amino group w/ carboxyl group	35
887519283	Peptide Bond	covalent linkage between peptides to form a poly peptide	36
887519285	Polypeptide	a polymer made of peptides	37
887519287	DNA	genetic inheritance polymer	38
887519288	Gene	amino acid sequence program of inheritance	39
887519290	RNA	translates sequence of programming into proteins	40
887519291	double Helix	to polynucleotides wrap around eachother	41
887519292	_____ is formed when a Hydroxyl Group is added	alcohol	42
887519294	_____ is formed when a Carbonyl Group is added	aldehyde and keytone	43
887519295	_____ is formed when a Hydroxyl Group and a Carbonyl Group are added	sugar	44
887519297	_____ is formed when a Carboxyl Group is added	acid	45
887519299	____ is formed when an Amino Group is added	amine	46
887519300	_____ is formed when a Phosphate Group is added	organic phosphate-found in ATP	47
887519302	_____ is formed when a Methyl Group is added	methylated compound	48
887519304	_____ made up of only glucose monosacchrides used for storage in plants	starch	49
887519305	most carbohydrates are hydrophilic or hydrophobic	hydrophilic	50
887519307	fats and lipids are hydrophilic or hydrophibic	hydrophobic	51
887519309	Denaturation	polypeptides unravel, losing their specific shape, and changes its function	52
887519311	Protean Primary Structure	linear sequence of amino acids	53
887519312	Protein Secondary Structure	alpha helix and beta pleated sheet formed by hydrogen bonds between atoms of the polypeptide backbone	54
887519314	Protein Tertiary Structure	three-dimensional shape formed by interactions between R groups	55
887519315	Protein Quaternary Structure	association of multiple peptides	56
887519317	Nucleic Acids	gene polymers	57
887519319	Glucose	C6H12O6	58
887519321	Triose	3 carbon sugar	59
887519322	Pentose	5 carbon sugar	60
887519324	Hexose	6 carbon sugar	61
887519326	Sucrose	Glucose+Fructose	62

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APUSH Unit 1 Test Flashcards

Flashcards to APUSH Unit 1 Test

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898778776	Bering Straits	56 mile long frozen land bridge that connected North America and Russia	1
898778777	Nomads	Came across Bering Straits in search of food. Native Americans descended from them and nomads mastered fire	2
898778778	Eric the Red	Was a Norwegian viking who set up two colonies in Greenland	3
898778779	Lief Ericson	Was the son of Eric the Red who went further west to Vineland (North America) and also discovered Newfoundland. Left after 2 years b/c of cold weather.	4
898778780	Christopher Colombus	October 12, 1492- Wanted to find Asia Minor in order to get silks, carpets, drugs, spices, and dyes but miscalculated the distance and wound up in North America, sailed the Nina, Pinta, and Santa Maria	5
902322092	Isabella and Ferdinand	Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon. Supported the voyage of Colombus	6
902322093	Spices	Clove and Peppercorn were used as preservatives, also had cinnamon, nutmeg, and allspice to enhance flavors. VERY VALUABLE.	7
902322094	God, Gold, and Glory	These were the motivations to explore the new world	8
898778781	Reconquista	700 years of driving Muslims out of Spain (taking back Holy land)	9
898778782	Don Quixote	First Spanish satire written by Miguel de Cervantes	10
898778783	Conquistadors	"conquerors." expected outcome of cultures to be Spanish and Indian	11
898778784	Encomienda System	Native Americans were required to farm, ranch, or mine for Spanish profit and the Spaniards were supposed to see to their wellbeing.	12
898778785	Presidios	Spanish forts	13
898778786	Prince Henry the Navigator	Established a school of navigation in 1416--> made improvements in navigational technology	14
898778787	Bartholomew Diaz	1488- Founded Cape of Good Hope in South Africa	15
898778788	Vasca Da Gamma	1498- Sailed from Portugal to Calicut, India (called Asian Diaz route)	16
898778789	Pedro Cabral	1500- Blown off-course but discovered South America (Brazil) and made Portuguese claim.	17
898778790	Amerigo Vespucci	1499- took a voyage to coast of South America and said it wasn't Asia, but a "New World"	18
902322095	Waldseemuller	1507- Was a German cartographer who made the first map and named continent America after Amerigo Vespucci	19
902322096	Gerhardus Mercator	1538- Flemish cartographer who also called the new world America	20
902322097	Treaty of Tordesillas	1419- treaty between Spain and Portugal; they divided up all the new land that didn't belong to Christians	21
902322098	Pope Alexander	Pope who drew the line of demarcation giving Spain the west and Portugal Brazil and Africa	22
902322099	Vasco Nunez de Balboa	Discovered shortest way around new continent, the Isthmus of Panama, but was useless b/c tropical diseases & mosquitos.	23
902322100	Ferdinand Magellan	Founded the Straits of Magellan (around tip of S. America) but was useless as well. One of his vessels completed voyage around the world.	24
902322101	Juan Ponce de Leon	Searched FL for fountain of youth	25
902322102	Aztecs	a sophisticated society that dominated Mexico. Was farmed intensively and very wealthy (gold and silver); millions died due to diseases that the Europeans brought	26
902322103	Tenochtitlan	Capital city of Aztecs; present-day Mexico City	27
902322104	Montezuma	The emperor of Aztecs who mistook Cortez for deity named Quertzlcoatl	28
902322105	Hernando Cortez	Voyaged to Mexico where he first fought but later formed alliances with native tribes. Was mistaken for Aztec god but eventually destroyed Aztecs	29
902322106	Hernando de Soto	1539-1542 Explored the SE part of US for riches	30
902322107	Francisco Coronado	trekked SW (NM, AZ, TX) in search of Seven Cities of Cibola that was said to be made of gold	31
902322108	Incas	highly developed civilization with source of silver and gold w/ emperor called Inca	32
902322109	Francisco Pizarro	former farmer who led small expedition into Andes in S. America; held the Inca for ransom, murdered him after receiving money, and then est. his people as the aristocracy	33
902322110	Bartolome de Las Casas	a monk who tried to save the native Indians from extinction; in doing so, he advocated the importations of black slaves	34
902322111	Maize	Indian corn; cultivation spread quickly improving nutrition levels and causing the population to rapidly increase	35
902322112	Potato	became a major staple of food in Ireland & England through Russia & N. China; grows easily; flourished in warmer areas (Africa)	36
902322113	John Cabot	1497- Italian navigator who sailed to Newfoundland on behalf of King Henry VII	37
903320109	Giovanni Verrazan	Italian sailor sent by King Francis I who claimed much of eastern coast of US	38
903320110	Henry VIII	Became king of England after his brother's death; rejected pope's authority and divorced Catherine of Aragon, declared himself head of Church of England (anglican church) and remarried to Anne Boyleyn	39
903320111	Elizabeth I	Was the daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boyleyn; became queen at 25; her "flirting" with King Phillip II resulted in peace with Spain	40
903320112	Martin Luther	German monk who declared that certain doctrines of Roman Catholic Church were false; nailed his Ninety Five theses to church doors (attacked Catholic church)	41
903320113	Protestant Reformation	a major 16th century European movement aimed initially at reforming the beliefs and practices of the Roman Catholic Church.	42
903320114	Catherine of Aragon	The daughter of King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella; originally married to Henry VII but after death was married to Henry VIII; had daughter Mary Tudor with Henry VIII	43
903320115	Mary Tudor	Became heir after Edward VI died; married King Phillip II; Mary routed out Protestants and killed many earning nickname of "Bloody Mary"	44
903320116	Francis Drake	the most daring of Privateers (ambitious Spanish hating fraternity) who sailed around Straits of Magellan, looked Spanish ports, and went around world for 2nd time; was knighted by Elizabeth I	45
903320117	Ireland	England tried to assert power over Ireland; the Reformation caused divisions between Catholics and Protestants; In 1500's-1600's, Ireland became England's first overseas colony	46
903320118	Roanoke	First colony in new world, although failed; "the Lost Colony"; est. by Walter Raleigh	47
903320119	Martin Frosbisher	sent by Elizabeth to scout Newfoundland for a likely place to plant a colony	48
903320120	Humphrey Gilbert	explorer granted permission to establish an English settlement in any land "not in the actual possession of any Christian prince"; settled in Newfoundland but decided that climate was too harsh, was going back but shipwrecked and died	49
903715086	Sir Walter Raleigh	explorer granted permission to establish an English settlement in any land "not in the actual possession of any Christian prince"; 1584- sent an exploration party for Chesapeake Bay but miscalculated and ended up on Roanoke	50
903715087	Virginia	new country named by Raleigh after Elizabeth (the Virgin Queen)	51
903715088	CROATOAN	word carved into tree was last remains of the Lost Colony; was also an Indian island but colony was not found there	52
903715089	Virginia Dare	First baby born in the new colony	53
903715090	Spanish Armada	Armada consisting of 130 ships, 2400 guns, and 30,000 men, the largest fleet ever; was a result of English raids on Spanish gold ships and English support of rebels in Netherlands	54
903715091	Mercantilism	an economic system where the object was to minimize imports and maximize exports and the trade that brought money in (in order to gain more profit)	55
903715092	Thomas Mun	First systemized mercantilism by writing England's Treasure by Foreign Trade, 1644; caused very important changes	56
903715093	Enclosure Movement	Land owners used formerly cultivated common lands into sheep runs and wool was very profitable	57
903715094	Promoters	promoted the new land so people would want to go; over exaggerated and lied	58
903715095	The London Company	was granted land charter by James I; settlement between 34' and 41' north latitude; English joint stock company	59
903715096	The Plymouth Company	was granted land charter by James I; Settlement between 38' and 45' north latitude; English joint stock company	60
903715100	Captain Christopher Newport	The captain who brought people to the new world on his 3 ships to Chesapeake Bay; decided on settlement in Jamestown but many died due to Malaria	61
903715101	Jamestown	First successful colony located in Virginia and founded by Virginia Company	62
903715102	Starving Time	The winter of 1608-1609 where many died in the new settlement	63
903715103	Lorde de la Warr	1610- was governor of Virginia for a year; implemented a strict authoritarian rule where fields were cleared, better shelters were built, and settlements were expanded; his program saved Jamestown	64
903814575	Tobacco	Was originally considered "vile" but after colonies, it was acceptable; W Indian tobacco in colonies was huge success--easy to grow and cultivate; was savior of Virginia colonies	65
903814576	John Rolfe	developed the extremely successful tobacco that saved Jamestown; was known for his marriage to the Indian princess Pochahontas	66
903814577	Pocahontas	daughter of Chief Powhatan; married John Rolfe and est. a sort of alliance between Indians and whites	67
903814578	Head Right System	Each person or head of household who came to Virginia received fifty acres of land for himself and fifty for every other person whose passage he paid	68
903814579	Indentured Servitude	In return for their transportation to Virginia, people were bound by contract to labor for their master without pay for usually seven years.	69
903814580	Chief Powhatan	chief who didn't view Europeans as a threat; traded with them and when Pocahontas married John Rolfe, an alliance was formed	70
903814581	Opechancanough	Powhatan's brother who took over after Powahatan dies; views English a threat and kills almost 1/4 of Virginia's population	71
903814582	Yeardly	The first governor of Jamestown	72
903814583	Puritan	A reform Protestant sect of the Church of England which believed that people who were saved should separate from the mass of population; wanted to "purify" the church; calvanistic; "to live among sin invites God's wrath"	73
903833998	Anglican Church	The Church of England; Henry VIII's church	74
903833999	The "Elect"	The "Chosen" group that the Puritans believed to be saved.	75
903834000	Holland	Where the separatists (pilgrims) fled to in order to find religious toleration	76
903834001	Plymouth	Colony near Massachusetts Bay that was founded by pilgrims	77
903889327	Sir Edmond Sandys	an influential shareholder in the Plymouth company who assured the Puritans that James I wouldn't molest them if they went to New England	78
903889328	Speedwell and Mayflower	The ships that the Pilgrims were sailing on to go to Plymouth; Speedwell sprung a leak and went back but Mayflower made it	79
903889329	Mayflower Compact	compact agreement made before disembarking Mayflower; served as Plymouth's constitution for 70 years; 1. Just and Equal Laws 2. Majority Binding Vote- Laws approved by majority are binding 3. Popular Sovereignty- Political authority rest on the will of the people	80
903889330	Captain Miles Standish	The military officer of the Pilgrim's expedition	81
903889331	Town Meeting	Concept in which the citizens come together to work out solutions and discuss major issues facing the community	82
903889332	Governor William Bradford	Governor of Plymouth; abandoned communal living and distributed farmland among families	83
903889333	Massachusetts Bay	"A City Upon A Hill"; The planners had planned every detail before leaving England so supplies were abundant; came to escape from sin	84
903889334	Boston	A ready made city composed of a cross section of age, sex, social class and occupation	85
903889335	Calvinistic	disciples of Protestant theologian John Calvin who believed that everyone still carried the burden of original sin (Adam and Eve had sex, creating life)	86
903889336	John Winthrop	Leader of Massachusetts Bay; "God will bring some heavy affliction upon this land."	87
903889337	Blue Laws	Law books that were filled with laws created by Puritans; used the pilfery, public flogging (40 flogs=death sentence), and branding	88
903947452	Nathaniel Hawthorne	author of the book The Scarlet Letter who was inspired by Blue Laws (branding an adulterer)	89
903947453	Salem Witch Trials	14 women and 1 man hanged accused of witchcraft; 2 girls pretended to be afflicted by curses by them; trial by tribulation: hands & legs tied together w/ a stone and pushed off a river. If they drown, they are human, if they survive, they are witch & hanged	90
903947454	Rhode Island	1636- Founded by Roger Williams	91
903947455	Roger Williams	Brilliant, zealous, and cantankerous Puritan preacher; believed that English had no right to settle unless Indians gave permission; believed in religious toleration (no one had a right to determine whether a person was a saint or not)	92
903947456	Ann Hutchinson	Was a devoted follower of Reverend John Cotton; held bible study at her home criticizing corrupt pastors and challenged the Puritan's political control of MA; after moving to NY, she and her 12 children were killed by Indians	93
903947457	New Hampshire	Settlers were followers of Ann Huchinson who moved from MA w/ minister John Wheelright; was largely populated by orthodox Puritans who were looking for better land	94
903947458	Connecticut	1634- Established by Rev. Thomas Hooker who thought that MA wasn't religious enough	95
903947459	Fundamental Orders of Connecticut	The first constitution in America	96
903947460	Corporate Colonies	AKA Joint Stock colonies that were ruled by the people	97
903947461	Royal Colonies	Colonies that were ruled by the king	98
903947462	Proprietary Colonies	Colonies that were ruled by the king's appointee	99
903947463	Maryland: Catholics	1631- Founded by George and Cecilius Calvert (1st and 2nd lords of Baltimore) to be a refuge for their coreligionist, English Catholics	100
903947464	Acts of Toleration	1649- Passed by Cecilius Calvert in fear for future of Catholics in Maryland; basically freedom of religion	101
903947465	New Netherland	1624- established by a Dutch trading company; encouraged settlement by offering large tracts of land to anyone who settled 50 families in the colony.	102
904331339	Duke of York	Was a popular proprietor since he ratified the Dutch land grants and tolerated the Dutch reformed Church and Dutch language	103
904331340	William Penn	King Charles II owed Penn money so he gave him land inc. PA, DW, and pts. of NJ; was a Quaker	104
904331341	Quaker	rebels, they disrespected royals but were pacifists, non-violent, protested peacefully; were religiously tolerant	105
904331342	George Fox	Founder of Quakers who wandered around England preaching in village squares	106
904331343	Fundamental Constitution of the Carolinas	120 detailed articles written by John Locke but thought by Anthony Ashley Cooper; created a blueprint for a society that was even more rigidly structured than feudalism	107
904331344	Charleston	trading city founded on the coast of South Carolina	108
904331345	Rice	Extremely lucrative export crop, flourished in flooded lowlands of SC	109
904331346	Indigo	a plant that produced blue dye (coveted)	110
904331347	Georgia	1732- Last of 13 colonies founded; was created to be a military buffer state protecting SC against Spanish in FL	111
904331348	Colonel James Oglethorpe	experienced and successful soldier who founded GA	112
904331349	Navigation Acts	put mercantilism into legal form a. Colonial trade must be in English vessels w/ English crew b. All goods imported from Europe must be taken into England first in order to be taxed c. Colonial products called "enumerated articles" could ONLY be shipped to England	113
904331350	Tidewater Vs. Piedmont	Tidewater: home of elite wealthy aristocratic plants Piedmont: home to many frontier small farmers	114
904331351	Sir William Berkley	Political and social leader of tidewater aristocracy; sold goods in exchange for furs (lucrative) and found good relations w/ Indians	115
904331352	Bacon's Rebellion	Nathaniel Bacon led a force that attacked Oconeechee tribe, turned it on Jamestown and Bacon governed VA for 3 months before he died	116
904331353	Triangle Trade	NE gave rum to Africa, Africa gave slaves to South, and South gave molasses to NE which turned into rum	117
904331354	Yankees	smugglers in the North	118
904331355	Oliver Cromwell	absolute dictator from 1649-58; NE disregarded his rule	119
904331356	Pine Tree Shilling	own money that MA issued in 1652	120
904331357	Dominion of New England	a combo of NE including NY and NJ created by James II	121
904331358	Lords of Trade	sent by Charles II to find out what was going on in the New World	122
904331359	Taxation Without Representation	When Edmond Andros (governor) collected taxes w/o approval of King or Parliament	123
904331360	Increase Mathers	was sent to London to get colony charters revived and get Andros recalled	124
904331361	Glorious Revolution	overthrow of James II by William and Mary	125
904331362	Algonkians	controlled the coast from NE through Chesapeake bay, St. Lawrence basic, and pts. of NY and PA; tribes were hostile to each other (Mohicans, Abnaki, Lenni Lnape, Pequots, Chippewas, and Powhatans)	126
904331363	Iroquoian	Occupied territory from E Great Lakes through NY and into PA; not hostile with each other except for Hurons, Conestogas, Eries	127
904331364	Five Nations of the Iroquois Confederation	Cayugas, Mohawks, Oneidas, Onandagas, and Senecas; very civilized	128
904331365	Muskogeans	Agriculturally advanced and socially sophisticated tribes lived in FL, GA, AL, MS, and TN; Apalachee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, Natchez, and Seminoles	129
904331366	Peter Minuir	1626- purchased Manhattan Island, $24 in trinkets	130
904331367	Samuel de Champlain	est. a trading post on St. Lawrence River called Quebec	131
904331368	Coureurs du bois	"runners of the woods"; were French who lived like Indians	132
904331369	Louis Joliet & Jacques Marquette	1673- Jesuit priests who went from Mississippi to Arkansas River	133
904331370	Robert Cavalier	1699- sailed Sieur de La Salle to the Gulf of Mexico	134
904331371	Pierre Le Moyne	1699- sailed the Sieur d'Iberville and started settlements on Gulf of Mexico to New Orleans	135
904331372	John Elliot	"Apostle of the Indians"; devoted his life to preaching among tribes of upper Connecticut Valley	136
904331373	Dartmouth College	Originated as a school for Indians	137
904331374	Slave Trade	A sordid business in which African kings collaborated w/ European and American merchants; slaves came from Ivory Coast	138
904331375	Middle Passage	sea-crossing that was cruelest pt. of trade	139
904331376	Benjamin Franklin	internationally known scientist, writer of charm and wit, founded libraries, learned societies, hospitals, and fire department, est. first abolitionist society; signed Declaration of Independence and Constitution	140
904331377	Albany Plan of Union	1754- first plan to unite colonies economically and politically written by Benjamin Franklin	141
904331378	Germans	Were so numerous in PA that official language was almost German; were pacifists--well educated, non-violent	142
904331379	Scotch Irish	Came in larger numbers than Germans; were trouble--drank, fought, were uneducated	143
904331380	John Woolman & Anthony Benezet	Quakers who questioned the morality of holding blacks in slavery (first abolitionists)	144
904666997	Mason-Dixon line	dividing line between Pennsylvania and Maryland (divides N & S)	145
904666998	William of Orange	1689- Was King of England; believed in salutary neglect	146
904666999	King William's War	AKA War of the League of Augsburg; Winter 1689-90- French, Algonkians, and Huron struck 1st blow in series of raids on NY, NH, and ME	147
904667000	Peace of Ryswick 1697	1690- an expedition from MA captured Port Royal, sacrificed MANY; the king just returns it back to France, NE realizes their interest were subordinate to those of England	148
904667001	Queen Ann's War	1700- last Hapsburgs King of Spain dies w/o heir; Louis XIV wants to place nephew on throne but Hapsburgs in Austria combined w/ England to stop; NE bloody raids- Deerfield, MA wiped out by French and Indians	149
904667002	Peace of Utrecht 1713	NE capture Port Royal again but this time British keeps it and all of Arcadia (renamed Nova Scotia); British expel all French to Louisiana known as Cajuns	150
904667003	The Long Peace 1713-39	26 years America was peaceful; GA was founded and pop steadily grew, crops were lucrative	151
904667004	Salutary Neglect	If the colonies were content, bustling, and prosperous, thus enriching the English merchant class, then it was salutary not to disturb it; "If it isn't broken, don't fix it"	152
904667005	Robert Walpole	First Prime Minister; was lazy and easy going; believed in salutary neglect	153
904667006	Molasses Act of 1733	British West Indies sugar planters demanded that parliament put a tax on sugar and molasses imported into the mainland esp. from French sugar islands; implemented by Walpole but never enforced; kept both sides happy	154
904667007	Rev. Jonathan Edwards	Greatest figure in Great Awakening; preached to scare people into believing and opened church to everyone; collected "offering"	155
904667008	George Whitfield	Started Great Awakening; most successful minister; preached for 40 hrs/wk.	156
904667009	Enlightenment	Belief that human reason by itself could unlock the secrets of the universe and guide the improvement of humanity and science	157
904667010	Sir Isaac Newton	wrote Principia Mathematica (1687) and Opticks (1704); was a physicist and mathematician	158
904667011	Deism	God didn't intervene in the world of nature, but merely set the natural world in motion according to laws that human beings could discover and understand	159
904667012	War of Jenkins' Ear	Shipmaster Robert Jenkins arrived in London w/his ear in a box, savagely separated by Spanish custom officials; GA & SC took part in disastrous attack on Colombian port Cartagena; only 600/3500 returned	160
904667013	King George's War 1740-48	AKA War of Austrian Succession; French and Indians raided NE again	161
904667014	Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle	Port Royal was returned to France in exchange for Madras in India	162

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