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French And Indian War (the seven years war) Flashcards

1173697113	What was interesting about the French and Indian War and how it spread from country to country?	it spread from the colonies to europe instead of vice versa	1
1173697114	what was different about the french and indian war in terms of military and britain and frances involvement? (hint: they got more involved)	they sent troops to america	2
1173697115	what were the two sides that were against each other in the french and indian war?	britain and france	3
1173697116	who won the french and indian war	britain	4
1173697117	what were the british and french fighting over in the french and indian war	rights to colonial land in america	5
1173697118	what did the french do in the ohio river valley that made british mad and caused the war to begin?	the french built forts in the ohio river valley to stop british westward expansion	6
1173697119	what was the albany plan of union in 1754	way to figure out organized colonial defense created central government and system for collecting taxes	7
1173697120	did the albany plan of union have success?	no	8
1173697121	why was the albany plan of union unsuccessful?	each colony to jealous of it's own taxation powers	9
1173697122	what was the french and indian wars effect on british/colonial relationship (hint: bad)	they saw it differently so it caused a sort of separation	10
1173697123	how did the british see the americans at the end of the french and indian war?	lame and incapable	11
1173697124	how did the americans feel about themselves and then about the british after the french and indian war?	they were proud and confident and thought british military was badly suited to north america	12
1183994912	what was the treaty called that ended this war?	the treaty of paris	13
1187445153	which famous person was involved in figuring this plan out?	benjamin franklin	14
1187445154	what system did benjamin franklin model the albany plan after?	the iroquois	15

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US History Chapter 1 Test Flashcards

US History Chapter 1 Test

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1158408693	During the 16th century, which country dominated exploration of the New World?	Spain	1
1158408694	1st European nation to discover sea route to Asia	Portugal	2
1158408695	What event encouraged people to escape Catholic persecution and settle in the New World?	Protestant Reformation	3
1158408696	What event's most important legacy was: change of view on salvation and the authority and outlook of the Bible	Protestant Reformation	4
1158408697	invention that helped Luther's ideas spread	printing press	5
1158408698	Who discovered Newfoundland and provided a basis for England's claim and colonization in the New World?	John Cabot	6
1158408699	Who sponsored Christopher Columbus's journey?	King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain	7
1158408700	captain whose discipline helped Jamestown survive	John Smith	8
1158408701	powerful Spanish ruler	Philip II	9
1158408702	1st European to sail to India	Vasco de Gama	10
1158408703	1st to round the souther cape of Africa	Bartolomeu Dias	11
1158408704	Whom is attributed with circumnavigation of the world?	Ferdinand Magellan	12
1158408705	journeyed to China during rule of Kublai Khan	Marco Polo	13
1158408706	1st modern European to reach the Western Hemisphere, sailed west to reach the East	Christopher Columbus	14
1158408707	queen who sponsored colonization in North America	Queen Elizabeth I	15
1158408708	realized the discovery of a new continent	Amerigo Vespucci	16
1158408709	Indian chief who threatened Jamestown	Powhatan	17
1158408710	sea dog who attacked Spanish ships	Sir Francis Drake	18
1158408711	sponsored 2 vain attempts to establish colonies in Roanoke, the "Lost Colony" , Croatan written on the tree	Sir Walter Raleigh	19
1158408712	Indian princess who brought peace to Jamestown	Pocahontas	20
1158408713	Aztec emperor who was defeated by Hernando Cortes	Montezuma	21
1158408714	had a vain search for the 7 Cities of Cibola	Francisco de Coronado	22
1158408715	name of the French colony in the New World	New France	23
1158408716	What early English colony was assisted by Pocahontas?	Jamestown	24
1158408717	In what type of company did investors share profits from colonies without sharing liabilities?	joint-stock companies	25
1158408718	a combination of explorer and soldier of fortune	conquistador	26
1158408719	What event gave a new belief of religion?	Protestant Reformation	27
1158408720	book that taught believers new ideas	Priesthood of the Believer	28
1158408721	1st permanent English settlement in the New World	Jamestown	29
1158408722	Sir Francis Drake attacked ships and outposts of what country?	Spain	30
1158408723	Diseases of the white men caused the __________ population to drop dramatically.	Indian	31
1158408724	Aztecs were a highly civilized tribe from ___________	Mexico	32
1158408725	Who discovered the Mississippi River?	Hernando de Soto	33
1158408726	Who wrote about the adventures of a famous explorer with whom he shared a prison cell?	Rustichello	34
1158408727	Who set sail from Spain with 300 men and 5 boats and had a crew of 18 circumnavigate the world?	Ferdinand Magellan	35
1158408728	Who disobeyed the governor of Cuba and conquered the richest Indian tribe in Mexico?	Hernando Cortes	36
1158408729	Who told of his adventures in China and of a land called Cipango, which was reportedly paved with gold?	Marco Polo	37
1158408730	Who had a nickname of "Giovanni", reached Newfoundland while in search for China, and was known by a different name to the English?	John Cabot	38
1158408731	Who thought he could sail 3,000 miles west to reach China, but had faulty calculations?	Christopher Columbus	39
1158408732	Who had a ship called the "Golden Hind" and fought the Catholic threat on the high seas?	Sir Francis Drake	40
1158408733	Who attempted to settle the southeastern United States for the Spanish and was the first to explore the Florida peninsula?	Juan Ponce de Leon	41
1158408734	Who was America named after?	Amerigo Vespucci	42
1158408735	Who searched for the 7 Cities of Cibola and found the Grand Canyon?	Francisco de Coronado	43
1158408736	Who returned from India with a cargo of spices worth 60x the cost of his expedition?	Vasco de Gama	44
1158408737	Who financed 2 attempts to colonize the New World in an area that he called Virginia?	Sir Walter Raleigh	45
1158408738	Who landed at Tampa Bay, traveled to North Carolina, and eventually discovered the Mississippi River?	Hernando de Soto	46
1158408739	Who went to England for supplies but returned to America to find the town of Raleigh empty?	John White	47
1158408740	Who was the first to round the southern cape of Africa?	Bartolomeu Dias	48
1158408741	country that Cabot explored for	England	49
1158408742	country that Columbus explored for	Spain	50
1158408743	country that Coronado explored for	Spain	51
1158408744	country that Cortes explored for	Spain	52
1158408745	country that de Soto explored for	Spain	53
1158408746	country that Drake explored for	England	54
1158408747	country that Magellan explored for	Spain	55
1158408748	invention that helped Europeans discover the New World and help tell sailors which direction they were heading	compass	56
1158408749	invention that helped Europeans discover the New World and helped sailors determine their latitude	astrolabe	57
1158408750	invention that helped Europeans discover the New World and was a Portuguese ship that had multiple triangular sails that made it easily maneuverable	caravel	58
1158408751	an economic system that was designed to enhance the wealth and power of a nation, believed that a nation's wealth consisted of precious metals, especially gold, the value of a product was determined by how much gold people were willing to exchange for it, nationalists who believed that a nation could increase its wealth by increasing its amount of gold, wanted a "favorable balance of trade", export more than import so you keep more gold	mercantilism	59
1158408752	Geneva's most influential leaders that was a reformist like Luther, thought solid education was the way to produce effective leaders for church and society	John Calvin	60
1158408753	similarities between Indians and Europeans	great interest in religion, farmed, lived in villages, traded with others, had social organizations, fought in wars	61
1158408754	similarities among Indian groups	dark skin, hair, and eyes, no alphabet or written language, storytelling skills were important to pass down history and custom, faith in the supernatural, belief in afterlife, land belonged to everyone	62
1158408755	differences between Indians and Europeans	Indians had a primitive culture, minimal technology, did not use iron, Europeans had well-developed spoken and written language, building styles and materials were different, Indians weren't as united	63
1158408756	differences among Indian groups	2,200 different languages in North America, different houses in different environments, some were peaceful, some were war tribes	64
1158408757	Which Indian group lived in the Southwest?	the Pueblos	65
1158408758	Which Indian group lived in the Midwest?	the Mound Builders	66
1158408759	Which Indian group lived in the Southeast and along the Atlantic coast in the Northeast?	the Eastern Woodlands Indians	67
1158408760	What were the Five Civilized Tribes?	Cherokees, Chickasaws, Choctaws, Creeks, and Seminoles	68
1158408761	settlement in Florida named after Saint's Day	St. Augustine	69
1158408762	elite fleet of 130 ships and 30,000 men that was destroyed by the Sea Dogs and the "Protestant Wind"	Spanish Armada	70
1158408763	Who claimed the New York area for the Dutch?	Henry Hudson	71
1158408764	What was the name of the Dutch settlement in the New World?	New Netherland	72
1158408765	Who was the most famous governor of New Netherland who was also one legged and hated Quakers?	Peter Stuyvesant	73
1158408766	What was the name of the colony along the Delaware River claimed by Sweden?	New Sweden	74
1158408767	Who was New Netherland's former governor who became New Sweden's governor that created peace treaties between the Europeans and the Indians allowing the white men to claim the land that is now Philadelphia?	Peter Minuit	75

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Chapter 01 - New World Beginnings, 33,000 B.C.-A.D. 1769 Flashcards

The American Pageant 14th Edition

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549925821	Bering Strait	narrow body of water that separates Asia from North America; believed to be a land bridge that people crossed when migrating to the Americas	1
549925822	Pueblo Indians	1st American corn growers; lived in adobe houses (dried mud) and pueblos ("villages" in Spanish); had elaborate irrigation systems to draw water away from rivers to grown corn	2
549925823	Mound Builders	Native American civilizations of the Eastern region of North America that created distinctive earthen works that served as elaborate burial places	3
549925824	"Five Civilized Tribes"	made up of the Creeks, Choctaw, Cherokee, Chickasaw, and Seminole Indian tribes; located in the Southeast of America	4
549925825	"three sisters" planting	the Eastern Indians grew corn, beans, and squash; corn grew in a stalk providing a trellis for beans, beans grew up the stalk, squash's broad leaves kept the sun off the ground and thus kept the moisture in the soil	5
549925826	Pueblos	villages of cubicle shaped adobe houses, stacked one on top the other and often beneath cliffs	6
549925827	Iroquois Confederation	a group of 5 tribes in New York state; they were matrilineal as authority and possessions passed down through the female line; each tribe kept their independence, but met occasionally to discuss matters of common interest, like war/defense	7
549925828	Matrilineal Culture	elder female is head of household; family takes mothers name	8
549925829	Vasco da Gama	Portuguese explorer; led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route	9
549925830	Ferdinand and Isabella	the king and queen of Spain who gave Columbus the funds that he needed to find a route to Asia	10
549925831	Incas	a Native American people who built a notable civilization in western South America in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries; center of their empire was in present-day Peru; Francisco Pizarro of Spain conquered the empire	11
549925832	Mayans	Mesoamerican civilization of Central America and southern Mexico; achievements include mathematics, architecture, and a 365 day a year calendar	12
549925833	Aztecs	Native American Empire who lived in Mexico; their capital was Tenochtitlan; worshipped everything around them especially the sun; Cortes conquered them in 1521	13
549925834	Christopher Columbus	Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China	14
549925835	conquistadors	Spanish soldiers and explorers who led military expeditions in the Americas and captured land for Spain	15
549925836	Vasco Nunez Balboa	a Spanish explorer who led an expedition across Panama and discovered the Pacific Ocean	16
549925837	Ferdinand Magellan	Portuguese navigator who led the Spanish expedition of 1519-1522 that was the first to sail around the world	17
549925838	Juan Ponce de Leon	Spanish Explorer who discovered and named Florida while searching for the "Fountian of Youth"	18
549925839	Francisco Coronado	Spanish soldier and commander who led an expedition north from Mexico into Arizona; was searching for the legendary Seven Cities of Gold, but only found Adobe pueblos	19
549925840	Hernando de Soto	Spanish explorer who discovered and claimed the Mississippi River for Spain	20
549925841	Hernando Cortes	Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico	21
549925842	Francisco Pizarro	Spanish explorer who conquered the Incas and founded the city of Lima	22
549925843	encomienda	a grant of land made by Spain to a settler in the Americas; included the right to use Native Americans as laborers on it	23
549925844	mestizos	a person of mixed Native American and European ancestry	24
549925845	John Cabot	Italian explorer who led the English expedition in 1497 that discovered the mainland of North America and explored the coast from Nova Scotia to Newfoundland	25
549925846	Giovanni de Verrazano	Italian navigator, who was commissioned by France to find a Northwest Passage leading through the Americas to Asia; explored part of North America's eastern coast	26
549925847	Jacques Cartier	French explorer who explored the St. Lawrence river and laid claim to the region for France	27
549925848	St. Augustine	first spanish settlement in the New World; in Florida 1565	28
549925849	Pope's Rebellion	Indian uprising in 1680 where Pueblo Rebels in an attempt to resist Catholicism and Europeans; destroyed every Catholic Church in the province and killed scores of priests and hundreds of Spanish settlers	29
549925850	Robert LaSalle	French explorer who sailed down the Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico; claimed areas such as the Mississippi, St. Lawrence, and Ohio Rivers; also explored the Great Lakes	30
549925851	Spanish mission system	this helped colonize the southwest; Catholic priests educated and converted Native Americans; the Natives farmed, built churches and learn crafts	31
549925852	Juan Rodriquez Cabrillo	Spanish conquistador who explored the California coast in 1542, but he failed to find San Francisco Bay or anything else of much interest	32
549925853	Father Junipero Serra	major Canadian Franciscan friar that founded the mission chain in California; was a great promoter of the spread of Christianity because of his missions	33
549925854	"Black Legend"	idea developed during North American colonial times that the Spanish utterly destroyed the Indians through slavery and disease while the English did not; a false assertion that the Spanish were more evil towards the Native Americans than the English were	34

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AP Physics Vocab Chapter 1 Flashcards

AP Physics Vocabulary Chapter 2
Physics: Principles with Applications
Sixth Edition - Updated
Douglas C. Giancoli

Terms : Hide Images

82061504	observation	use of one or more of the senses to gather information	82061504
82061505	theory	a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world	82061505
82061506	test	trying something to find out about it	82061506
82061507	model	a kind of analogy or mental image of the phenomena in terms of something else we are already familiar with	82061507
82061508	law	statement about how things work in nature that seems to be true consistently	82061508
82061509	principle	like a law, but less general	82061509
82061510	precision	refers to the repeatability of the measurement using a given instrument	82061510
82061511	accuracy	refers to how close a measurement is to the true value	82061511
82061512	estimated uncertainty	plus or minus 0.1 cm is an example	82061512
82061513	percent uncertainty	the ratio of the uncertainty to the measured value, multiplied by 100	82061513
82061514	significant figures	the number of reliably known digits in a number	82061514
82061515	unit	amount used to measure something	82061515
82061516	standard	an exact quantity that people agree to use for comparison	82061516
82061517	meter	standard of length	82061517
82061518	second	standard of time	82061518
82061519	kilogram	standard of mass	82061519
82061520	unified atomic mass unit	used when dealing with atoms and molecules; (u)	82061520
82061521	SI units	Most important set of units in the science world	82061521
82061522	cgs system	set of units that uses centimeter, gram, and second	82061522
82061523	British engineering system	set of units that uses the foot, the pound, and the second	82061523
82061524	base quantity	defined in terms of standards	82061524
82061525	operational definition	rule of procedure for to define any quantity	82061525
82061526	conversion factor	what we use to change the units of a quantity	82061526
82061527	order-of-magnitude estimate	a rough estimate made by rounding off all numbers to one significant figure and its power of 10, and after the calculation is made, again only one significant figure	82061527
82061528	dimensions	these refer to the type of units or base quantities that make up a quantity	82061528
82061529	dimensional analysis	the process of using dimensions to work relationships	82061529

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AP US History Unit 1 Flashcards

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209778787	Land bridge	temporary bridge due to the Ice Age that united Asia and the Americas over land; probably what first populated the Americas	1
209778788	Cahokia	Mississippian native settlement- large settlement that was sustained by corn- about 25,000 people	2
209778789	maize	corn; very important in development and sustainment of early American peoples such as the Aztecs and the Incas	3
209778790	"three-sister" farming	refers to maize, beans, and squash; southeastern Atlantic seaboard region; grew all three in strategic locations in the environment; yielded highest population densities (Cherokee, Creek, Choctaw)	4
209778791	matrilineal cultures	many native American peoples (Iroquois) had these; power and possessions past down the female side of family; because settlements sent men out to do the work while women tended the crops and stayed home; women had authority	5
209778792	Norse discovery of the Americas	Scandinavians who happened to discover the Americas; no nation-state took on the task of occupying it and it was abandoned	6
209778793	plantation system	founded by Portuguese in Africa; large scale commercial agriculture and wholesale exploitation of slave labor	7
209778794	sugar revolution	Sugar cane did well in the Caribbean climate and Europeans were demanding it,so force migration of millions of Africans to work in the sugar industry in the America's soon followed	8
209778795	Taino	natives of Hispaniola; population change from 1 million to 200 after the Spanish arrival, mostly due to disease	9
209778796	Colombian Exchange	forced mixture of European and American culture and ecosystem-- germs, food, animals, etc---- changed entire ways of life for both civilizations	10
209778797	Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)	Spain and Portugal divided lands in New World-- Spain got most of it, but Portugal got Brazil, and territories in Africa and Asia	11
209778798	conquistadores	Spanish conquerors who spread out across the Caribbean and mainland America for God, gold, and glory	12
209778799	Potosi	mines in Bolivia which provided Spain with huge amounts of silver-- helped the surge that was the price revolution in Europe which may have started capitalism and modern banking-- also helped change international trade (Asia actually wanted silver)	13
209778800	ecomiendas	gave Native Americans as slaves to certain colonists in name to try to Christainize them	14
209778801	mestizos	mixed people with both Spanish and Native American blood-- began by intermingling of natives and Spanish after Cortes won the war against the Aztecs	15
209778802	Quetzalcoatl	Aztec god who was supposed to come out of the eastern seas-- Moctezuma (Aztec leader) thought that Cortes was this	16
209778803	St. Augustine	oldest continually inhabited European settlement in United States-- fortress in Florida erected in 1565 which was able to protect the Caribbean and block the French-- made by the Spanish	17
209778804	Bartolome de Las Casas	Spanish missionary who was against ecomiendas	18
209778805	Pope's Rebellion (1680)	Natives of New Mexico rose up against Spanish missionaries who were trying to convert them to Christianity and were suppressing their culture-- burned churches and killed religious people	19
209778806	Father Junipero Serra	led missionaries into California in 1769 ( first in San Diego-- established 21 missions)-- Christianized the natives, but wiped out their culture and killed many of them with disease	20
209778807	"Black Legend"	false concept that the Spanish conquerors merely tortured and killed Native Americans--they also did good stuff like established a massive empire that set the stage for a ton of Spanish- speaking modern countries found in the Americas	21
209778808	Sir Francis Drake	he led a ship which wanted to promote Protestantism and bring down Spain (like many others in the time period) -- and he stole a lot of Spanish treasure -- a favorite of Queen Elizabeth's	22
209778809	Newfoundland	site of first English attempt at colonization- stopped when Sir Humphrey Gilbert died and wasn't able to sustain it Demographic Changes	23
209778810	Roanoke Island	Gilbert's brother, Sir Walter Raleigh tried again to establish a colony in this island- mysteriously vanished	24
209778811	"Protestant wind"	storm which was able to end the battle between the huge Spanish Armada and the smaller English vessels	25
209778812	"enclosed"	croplands were "enclosed' for sheep grazing which forced a lot of small farmers off of their lands-- made for wandering poor population in English cities-- population change-- helped to spur colonization	26
209778813	primogeniture	laws of primogeniture stated that only eldest sons were eligible to inherit landed estates-- forced younger sons to gain fortune else where	27
209778814	joint-stock company	kind of like the modern corporation which let many investors (adventurers) to pool their capital-- leads to settlement of Jamestown	28
209778815	charter of the virginia company	guaranteed the settlers the same rights of Englishmen that they would have enjoyed if they had stayed home-- it was supposed to be extended to all of the colonies-- helped create a sense of security to all colonists that they were still under England's watchful eye	29
209778816	Jamestown	named in honor of King James-- by the James River-- a location which had a lot of mosquitos (malaria) and killed a lot of people	30
209778817	Captain John Smith	basically this guy saved Virginia. "He who shall not work, shall not eat"-- he had been kidnapped by the Indians (Pocahontas)-- she helped to preserve peace and food	31
209778818	"starving time"	winter of 1609-1610 in which few survived in Virginia	32
209778819	First Anglo-Powhatan War	ended in 1614-- began because Lord De La Warr arrived in 1610 and basically declared war against the Native Americans-- he burned houses, raided villages, took food and supplies, and burned crops-- ended by marriage of Pocahontas to John Rolfe	33
209778820	Second Powhatan War	began 8 years after the First one ended-- started by the Indians because the white people were treating them badly and diseases were badly hurting their people-- the end of which resulted in complete separation-- modern reservations system	34
209778821	Lakotas (Sioux)	were hugely affected by the English-- they were forest dwellers and they used horses to move into the plains-- they thrived their and adapted into a whole new way of life as hunters	35
209778822	John Rolfe	the husband of Pocahontas-- associated with tobacco industry which is said to have saved Virginia--perfected methods of producing tobacco--Europe wanted and needed tobacco from Virginia	36
209778823	King Nicotine	tobacco-- Virginia became prosperous through this-- however ruined soil and made the economy of Virginia hold to the price fluctuations of only that crop-- also produced plantation system and a need for labor	37
209778824	House of Burgesses	first representative assembly-- started in 1619 in Virginia	38
209778825	Lord Baltimore	founded Maryland on Catholic principles and gave huge estates to all of his Catholic relatives	39
209778826	indentured servants	white people who sold themselves passages to America in exchange for years of servitude-- were used for work on plantations	40
209778827	Act of Toleration (1649)	Lord Baltimore actually really liked freedom of worship--Catholics really supported this law so that they wouldn't fall under the Protestants as they had in England--only toleration to all Christians-- Jews and atheists could suffer the death penalty	41
209778828	African diaspora	the scattered of African peoples throughout the Americas-- a huge number of them in the West Indies	42
209778829	Barbados slave code (1661)	one of the codes designed to control the vast slave population-- denied fundamental rights, gave owners complete control, harsh punishments	43
209778830	Carolina	formed in 1670, named after Charles II, was able to provide foodstuffs to Barbados	44
209778831	Charles Town	named for the king-- became busiest seaport-- lots of younger sons came and gave aristocratic spirit--became really diverse-- had French and Jews etc	45
209778832	Yamasees	defeated by South Carolinians by 1720-- last of the coastal Indian tribes in the southern colonies	46
209778833	James Oglethorpe	interested in prison reform, able military leader, repelled Spanish attacks-- saved Georgia with his leadership	47
209778834	League of the Iroquois	5 Indian tribes-- Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas, Senecas-- found by Deganawidah and Hiawatha in 1500s-- fought for control of fur trade against Europeans and other Indians	48
209778835	Tuscaroras	Indians from the Carolinas that were peacfully absorbed into Iroquois	49
209778836	John Wesley	missionary who eventually founded Methodist Church in England	50
209786442	Predestination	idea formed by John Calvin-part of Calvinism-- God is all knowing and he knows who is going to heaven and who is going to hell-- no matter how much good you do, some souls are predestined for heaven and for hell	51
209786443	Conversion	part of Calvinism-- "the receipt of God's free gift of saving grace" -- personal experience when God told them what their destiny was and then they had to lead holy lives because they were "visible saints"	52
209786444	Puritans	English Protestant reformers who sought to purify the Church of England of Catholic rutuals and creeds. Some of the most devout Puritans believed that only "visible saints" should be admitted to church membership	53
209786445	Separatists	Puritans who believed that only "visible saints" should be admitted to church membership-- vowed to break away from the Church of England	54
209786446	Mayflower Compact	formed by the inhabitants of the Mayflower before they left the ship to settle on land--not a constitution-an agreement to form a government and to submit to the will of the majority--signed by 41 men-- used town meetings	55
209786447	William Bradford	self taught scholar who could read Hebrew, Greek, Latin, French, and Dutch--chosen governor 30 times in annual elections-- afraid that non-Puritan settlers would ruin everything	56
209786448	Massachusetts Bay Company	moderate, non Separatist Puritans formed this in order to try to preserve their faith after they were frightened by the occurrences in England when Charles I dismissed Parliament	57
209786449	"Great Migration"	happened because of turmoil in England, many Puritans and other English wanted to escape-- about 70,000 people came to the Americans (only about 20,000 to Massachusetts) --many to the Caribbean	58
209786450	John Winthrop	educated, prosperous man-- pillar of English society-- became Massachusetts first governor-- successful attorney and manor lord in England-- believed he had a calling from God to lead a religious experiment-- served in government for 19 years-- resources of him and people like him helped Massachusetts flourish economically	59
209786451	"city upon a hill"	-- said by Governor Winthrop-- Puritan Colonists thought that they had a covenant with God-- agreement to build a holy society that would be a model for humankind	60
209786452	Congregational Church	made up of all "freemen"-- adult males who belonged to the Puritan congregations	61
209786453	Bible Commonwealth	Massachusetts term referring to the government in which religious leaders had a lot of power--influenced church admission by holding public interrogations about conversion	62
209786454	"blue law state"	Connecticut-- repressive "sumptuary" laws (no kissing in public) was printed on blue paper	63
209786455	Anne Hutchinson	intelligent, strong willed woman- mother- got banished because she used the logic of predestination to say that leading a holy life wouldn't get you saved and doing bad things wouldn't hinder your chance at salvation- antinomianism	64
209786456	Antinomianism	holy life was no sure sign of salvation and the truly saved need not bother to obey the law of either God or man	65
209786457	Roger Williams	an extreme Separatist-- wanted to break with church of England-- challenged legality of Bay Colony's charter (they took land from Indians without fair compensation)-- denied authority of civil government to regulate religious behavior-- 1635 Williams was banished-- he went to Rhode Island and established complete freedom of religion	66
209786458	Rogue's Island	nickname for Rhode Island because the people in Rhode Island were mismatched and outcast (a lot by religion)	67
209786459	Reverend Thomas Hooker	led a group of Boston Puritans into Hartford area	68
209786460	Fundamental Orders	drafted in an open meeting--basically a constitution--established government democratically controlled by citizens -borrowed for Connecticut's colonial charter and state constitution	69
209786461	Massasoit	the Wampanoag chieftain who signed a treaty with Plymouth Pilgrims in 1621 and helped with the first Thanksgiving	70
209786462	Pequot War	series of clashes between English settlers and Pequot Indians in the Connecticut River valley-- ended by slaughter of them by Puritans and Narragansett Indian allies	71
209786463	King Phillip's War	Metacom, Massasoit's son (he didn't like forced Christianity) formed alliances between the Indians and attacked the English-- results were: English were pushed back and hindered from expanding westward and Indians were reduced drastically in numbers and demoralized	72
209786464	New England Confederation	1643-- 4 colonies banded together to form it--English Civil War was distracting-- colonists needed protection against Indians, French, Dutch--intercolonial problems--each colony had 2 votes--Puritan club-- Bay Colony, Plymouth, New Haven, Connecticut valley settlements-- shunned Rhode Island and Maine-- first seeds of colonial unity	73
209786465	Dominion of New England	imposed by royal authority--humiliated Massachusetts Bay-- all of New England plus New York and East and West Jersey--promoted Navigation Laws which the colonists didn't like, so they started smuggling	74
209786466	English Navigation Laws	Series of laws passed (1651) to regulate colonial shipping-- only English ships would be allowed to trade in English and colonial ports-- all goods for the colonies had to pass through England-- bred smugglers and dissatisfied colonists	75
209786467	Sir Edmund Andros	was head of Dominion-- English militiary man--no one liked him because he was strongly tied to church of England and he was in Puritan Boston--soldiers went against their religious customs-- basically he took away all of their democracy (town meetings, land titles, new laws)-- taxation without representation-- enforced Navigation Laws--no one liked him	76
209786468	Glorious Revolution	people in England dethroned Catholic James II and enthroned Protestant rulers of Netherlands-- William III and James II's daughter Mary II	77
209786469	salutary neglect	relaxation of royal grip on colonial trade--Navigation Laws weakly enforced	78
209786470	New Netherland	discovered by Henry Hudson in the Hudson River area-- began in 1623-- Established by the Dutch West India company for fur trade-- bought Manhattan for pennies per acre--New Amsterdam (NYC) company town-- aristocratic-- became diverse	79
209786471	patroonship	fuedal estates fronting the Hudson River-- aristocratic-- one was bigger than Rhode Island	80
209786472	Peter Stuyvesant	leader of a small Dutch military expedition in 1655 against the Swedes who had settled in Delaware--had a lost leg-- Swedish rule fell after siege-- absorbed by New Netherland-- was forced to surrender to English who wayyyy outnumbered him (so it was renamed NY after the Duke of York)	81
209786473	Quakers	"Religious Society of Friends" -- dissenters which arose in 1600 England-- they quaked when under deep religious emotion-- refused to support Church of England with taxes-- had simple meetings without paid clergy-- spoke up when moved--would take no oaths-- refused military service-- passive resistance	82
209786474	"bread colonies"	Pennsylvania, New York, New Jersey-- lots of exports of grain	83
209786475	mercantilism	nationalist economy-- in order to build up your gold and silver, you have to get it from someone else-- It helps with trade and things to get more stuff in your countries favor	84
209786476	"freedom dues"	what white indentured servants gained after their servitude was over: an ax, a hoe, a few barrels of corn, a suit of clothes, a small parcel of land	85
209786477	headright system	encouraged the importation of servant workers in Virginia and Maryland-- whoever imported one got 50 acres of land	86
209786478	Bacon's Rebellion	led by Nathan Bacon-- about a thousand Virginians broke out of control in 1676-- resented Governor Wiliam Berkeley's policy towards the Indians and his monopolization of the fur trade-- they were poor frontiersmen-- they attacked many Indian settlements, chased Berkeley out of town, and burned the capital-- but Bacon died! so then Berkeley punished a bunch of people and the rebellion ended-- but the tensions of the indentured servants remained	87
209786479	Royal African Company	previous to 1698 had held a monopoly on carrying slaves to the colonies-- so more people became invested in it	88
209786480	middle passage	passage between Africa and the Americas in which the death rates were about 20 percent	89
209786481	chattels	the slave "property" of white slave owners-- included the blacks and their children for life	90
209786482	ringshout	a West African religious dance performed by shuffling in a circle while answering a preacher's shouts was brought to colonial America by slaves and contributed to jazz eventually	91
209786483	1712 slave revolt- New York	caused by the desire for freedom of the slaves-- 9 whites died and 21 blacks (some burned at the stake)	92
209786484	Stono Rebellion	50 blacks tried to march to Spanish Florida	93
209786485	"first families of Virginia"	families established in Virginia before 1690-- the Fitzhughs, the Lees, and the Washingtons--composed of 70 percent of Virginia's legislature	94
209786486	Mother Phips	she bore 27 children- including William Phips (governor of MA) -- she was a testament to the huge reproductive power of New England	95
209786487	proprietors	town fathers who were entrusted the distribution of land in new towns-- laid out a town with a meeting house, houses, village green, and land	96
209786488	Harvard	college founded in 1636 by Puritans to train local boys for the ministry	97
209786489	William and Mary	college founded in 1693-- first southern college	98
209786490	jeremiada	new form of sermon said about the middle of the 17th century to Puritans--came from prophet Jeremiash who was a dooms sayer--they scolded their parishoners-- decline in conversions	99
209786491	Half-way Covenant	new formula for church membership-- allowed baptism to the children of the baptized but not yet converted members-- weakened the distinction between the elect and others	100
209786492	The Massachusetts School Law	established the standards that any town which has 50 or more households must have a school so that the inhabitants could read Scripture (1647)	101
209786493	Salem "witch" hunt	series of witchcraft trials launched after a group of adolescent girls in Salem claimed to have been bewitched by an older women. 20 people were put to death before the trials were stopped by the Governor-- done because of clashes between social classes	102
209786494	"gold mines of New England"	the codfish abundance off of the coast of Newfoundland which yielded ultimately more wealth thatn all of the Aztec treasures	103
209786495	Leisler's Rebellion	rebellion in NYC between 1689-1691 that started because of class differences--- revolutionary spirit	104

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AP US History Unit 1 Test Flashcards

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892180246	transoceanic migration	a population migration across oceans	1
892180247	Beringia	a subcontinent bridging Asia and N. America, named after the Beringia Straits	2
892180248	Athapascan	a people that began to settle the forests in the northwestern area of N. America around 5000 BC	3
892180249	clans	groups of allied families	4
892180250	Mesoamerica	the region stretching from central Mexico to Central America	5
892180251	Virginia Company	a group of London investors who sent to Chesapeake Bay in 1607	6
892180252	House of Burgesses	the legislature of the colonial Virginia, 1st organized in 1619, it was the 1st institution of representative government in the English colonies	7
892180253	indentured servants	individuals who contracted to serve a master for a period of four to seven years in return for payment of the servant's passage to America	8
892180254	Puritans	individuals who believed the Queen Elizabeth's reforms of the Church of England had not gone far enough in improving the Church	9
892180255	Puritans	led the settlement of Massachusetts Bay Coloy	10
892180256	pilgrim	settler of Plymouth colony	11
892180257	pilgrim	settler of Plymouth colony, who viewed themselves as a spiritual wanderer	12
892180258	separatist	members of an off shot branch of Puritanism	13
892180259	separatist	believed that the Church of England was too corrupt to be reformed and hence were convinced they must remove themselves from it to save their soul	14
892180260	Mayflower Compact	the first document of self-government in N. America	15
892180261	Massachusetts Bay Company	a group of wealthy Puritans who were granted a royal charter in 1679 to settle in Massachusetts Bay	16
892180262	Great Migration	Puritan emigration to N. America between 1629 and 1643	17
892180263	mercantilism	economic system whereby the government intervenes in economy for the purpose of increasing national wealth	18
892180264	Enlightenment	intellectual movement stressing the importance of reason and the existence of discoverable natural laws	19
892180265	almanac	a combination of calendar, astrological guide and source book of medical advice and farming tips	20
892180266	Half-Way Covenant	Plan adopted in 1662 by New England clergy to deal w/ the problem of declining church membership	21
892180267	Half-Way Covenant	Plan adopted in 1662 by New England clergy which allowed children of baptized parents to be baptized whether or not their parents had experienced conversion	22
892180268	Congregationalist	member of the Puritan church governed by congregations	23
892180269	predestination	Calvinist theory that God had predestined certain individuals to be saved and others to be damned	24
892180270	Great Awakening	N. American religious revival in the middle to the 18th century	25
892180271	New Lights	People who experienced conversion during the revivals of the Great Awakening	26
892180272	Old Lights	religious faction that condemned emotional enthusiasm as part of the heresy of believing in personal and direct relationship with God outside of the Church	27
892180282	Cartier	French man commissioned to locate "Northwest Passage"	28
892180283	Cartier	established France's claim to lands of Canada	29
892180284	John Hawkins	Which Englishman violated Spanish laws by transporting African slaves to the Caribbean?	30
892180285	Frobisher	Englishman who conducted 3 voyages of exploration during the 1570s	31
892180286	Gilbert	sailed from Plymouth and landed at St. John's Bay, Newfoundland (1583) and claimed territory for the queen before being lost at sea	32
892180287	Raleigh	decided to establish a colony southward, which would eventually become the infamous lost colony of Roanoke	33
892180288	Thomas Harriot	_____ _____ and John White mapped the area of Newfoundland, surveyed the commercial potential and studied the Indians.	34
892180289	John White	_____ _____ and Thomas Harriot mapped the area of Newfoundland, surveyed the commercial potential and studied the Indians.	35
892180290	John White	governor of Roanoke Island	36
892180291	John White	gov. of Roanoke who left, returned 3 years later to find the colony abandoned and his family gone	37
892180292	Virginia Dare	first English born in America	38
892180293	Croatoan	What was carved into a tree when the colony of Roanoke disappeared?	39
892180294	Roanoke	the Lost Colony	40
892180295	Wingina	the chief of the Algonquian people near Roanoke who initially welcomed the settlers	41
892180296	Manteo	Indian emissary who told Wingina the English's technology would make them a powerful ally	42
892180297	Wanchese	Indian emissary who told Wingina the unequal English society and their brutality could lead to problems	43
892180298	serfs	Raleigh planned to use the neighboring Indian tribe as _____.	44
892180299	Wanchese	successor of Wingina	45
892180300	2000	The Indians had over ______ separate cultures.	46
892180301	Asians	Indians are most closely related to ______.	47
892180302	30,000	Migration from Asia began ______ years ago.	48
892180303	huntergatherers	Those that migrated from Asia were ____-_____.	49
892180304	Athapascan	Around 5000 BCE, the ________ people moved across Beringia and to the northwest forests.	50
892180305	boats	The final migration completed around 3000 BCE was completed by traveling to North America in _____.	51
892180306	maize	Mexico's main crop was _____.	52
892180307	hunters	In early hunter-gatherers communities, men were _____.	53
892180308	gatherers	In early hunting-gatherers communities, women were _____.	54
892180309	hunters	In early farming communities, men were ____.	55
892180310	farmers	In early farming communities, women were _____.	56
892180311	T	T/F Indians believed women had control of their bodies	57
892180312	F	T/F For the Indians, getting a divorce was very difficult.	58
892180313	F	T/F When a divorce for the Indians took place, the children remained with the father's family.	59
892180314	Cahokia	the largest site of the Mississippian Indian society w/ temples, neighborhoods, and farmlands	60
892180315	Great Serpent Mound	largest effigy earthwork in the world; built by the Mississippian Indian Society	61
892180316	T	T/F Bows and arrows originated in the Mississippian Society.	62
892180317	T	T/F Mississippi was one of the first political societies.	63
892180318	France	Which country established a system of commerce with the Indians in the Northern woodlands?	64
892180319	disease	What the most devastating factor for the Indians when the settlers arrived?	65
892180320	fur	For the French, what was the most important trade during the 16th century?	66
892180321	Virginia Company	founded Jamestown in 1607	67
892180322	Jamestown	the first permanent English settlement in North America	68
892180323	John Smith	Jamestown's military leader	69
892180324	Powhatan Confederacy	group of Indian tribes brought together under a leader, "King Powhatan", in order to meet the needs of all of the tribes	70
892180325	F	T/F The Indians near Jamestown, led by Powhatan, were very primitive and didn't have much politics.	71
892180326	T	T/F The Indians near Jamestown, led by Powhatan, held a very complex political "contract" known as the Powhatan Confederacy	72
892180327	John Rolfe	To settle a peace between Powhatan Indians and the English, Pocahontas was married to _____ _____.	73
892180328	Pocahontas	_______ was kidnapped and used as a bargaining tool to get Powhatan to accept a peace treaty.	74
892180329	T	T/F John Rolfe, Pocahontas (his Indian wife), and their mixed child were welcomed to England like royalty.	75
892180330	Francis Drake	Who introduced tobacco?	76
892180331	tobacco	the "merchantable commodity"	77
892180332	John Rolfe	Who developed a mild hybrid of the tobacco plant for wide-spread production?	78
892180333	headright grants	awards from the state to large plantations on condition they transport their own workers from England	79
892180334	Virginia	"fronteir of exclusion"	80
892180335	Spain	_____ used their colonies in America mainly for male settlers.	81
892180336	France	_____ used their colonies, not for settlers, but for trade.	82
892180337	England	_____ used their colonies for families settling the land.	83
892180338	Calverts	What family was the original owner of Maryland?	84
892180339	proprietary	Virginia was a ______ colony.	85
892180340	F	T/F 3/4 of indentured servants were women.	86
892180341	T	T/F 3/4 of indentured servants were unskilled, young men.	87
892180342	freedom dues	Those who survived indentured servitude were given ______ _____.	88
892180343	freedom dues	included clothing, tools, gun, spinning wheel or land, and help getting started for free indentured servants	89
892180344	T	T/F Many indentured servants were convicts that had been bought of jail to serve the rest of their sentences working.	90
892180345	Men	____ suffered higher mortality rates in the Chesapeake.	91
892180346	"matriarchy"	Early Virginia in the Chesapeake was referred to as an early ______.	92
892180347	England	Before 1650, _____ was one of the few countries with colonies still dependent on them.	93
892180348	Calvinist	Puritans emphasized _____ beliefs.	94
892180349	John Smith	Who dubbed the eastern coastline New England after exploring it?	95
892180350	T	T/F The French and Dutch could no longer trade with Indians because most had died off from disease.	96
892180351	William Bradford	leader of the Separatists/pilgrims	97
892180352	separatists	aka pilgrims	98
892180353	pilgrims	aka separatists	99
892180354	Mayflower Compact	written to agree the male members of the community did "covenant and combine together into a civil body politic"	100
892180355	Massasoit	The pilgrims at Plymouth were saved by ______, leader of the local Indians.	101
892180356	William Bradford	_____ ______ was elected as governor of Plymouth 30 consecutive times.	102
892180357	Great Migration	the relocation of 20,000 people to Massachusetts	103
892180358	John Winthrop	leader of the Massachusetts Bay Colony	104
892180359	John Winthrop	1st governor of the Massachusetts Bay colony	105
892180360	John Winthrop	envisioned the Massachusetts Bay Colony as a "city on a hill"	106
892180361	Massachusetts	the settlement for the Puritans	107
892180362	General Court	The Massachusetts Bay Colony had a _____ _____ which was made up of governors, deputy, board of advisers (magistrates), and members of corporation (freemen)	108
892180363	freemen	(1632) In the Massachusetts Bay Colony, ______ were described as all male heads of households.	109
892180364	General Court	the origins of democratic suffrage = the Massachusetts Bay Colony's ______ ______	110
892180365	50	A Puritan town with ____ families was required to have a public school.	111
892180366	100	A Puritan town with ____ families was required to have a grammar school that taught Latin.	112
892180367	T	T/F Literacy was highest in New England than anywhere else in North America.	113
892180368	F	T/F Literacy was highest in the Chesapeake than anywhere else in Norther America.	114
892180369	Bay Psalm Book	the 1st American English publication	115
892180370	Puritans	The ______ felt a strong responsibility to God, their families, and their communities.	116
892180371	Puritans	The ______ rejected/persecuted any outsiders in their community... ie. witchcraft trials	117
892180372	loose	While the Puritans had strong family ties, their marriages were considered "______" in that they could have sexual relations with others.	118
892180373	T	T/F Women could not make contracts, own property, vote or hold office in Puritan communities.	119
892180374	F	T/F Women had the same rights that men did in the Puritan communities.	120
892180375	Thomas Hooker	disagreed with the policy of restricting suffrage to male church members only	121
892180376	Thomas Hooker	founded Hartsford on the Conneticut River.	122
892180377	Roger Williams	fought for religious tolerance and the separation of church and state	123
892180378	Roger Williams	was banished for his beliefs and founded Providence which would eventually become Rhode Island	124
892180379	Anne Hutchinson	held religious discussions and criticized Boston ministers	125
892180380	Anne Hutchinson	was excommunicated and banished; moved to Providence, RI with her family and followers	126
892180381	Nathaniel Bacon	a wealth "backcountry" man who led violent raids with indentured servants in protest of not receiving the land they'd been promised	127
892180382	William Berkely	governor of the colony of Jamestown during Bacon's Rebellion	128
892180383	F	T/F Bacon's Rebellion fell apart because the Indians overwhelmed the colonists.	129
892180384	T	T/F Bacon's Rebellion fell apart because Bacon died and there was no one to lead it.	130
892180385	Culpeppers Rebellion	the overthrow of the established government in the Albermarle region of N. Carolina by backcountry men in 1677	131
892180386	Bacons Rebellion	violent conflict in Virginia, beginning w/ settler attacks on Indians but culminating in a rebellion led by Nathaniel Bacon against Virginia's government	132
893781968	sugar	African slaves came to the Americas with the introduction of the _____ plantations.	133
893781969	John Rolfe	The first Africans in America "belonged" to ____ ____.	134
893781970	John Caster	a slave who took his master to court saying that he'd been kept longer than promised	135
893781971	Anthony Johnson	an example given by the book of a former slave who bought his freedom and then went on to own his own plantation and slaves	136
893781972	mullatoes	free people with mixed ancestry	137
893781973	English Royal African Company	the first company who began importing slaves directly to North America in the 1670s	138
893781974	F	T/F As of the 1700s, death as a punishment for a slave was considered a felony	139
893781975	T	T/F As of the 1700s, death as a punishment for a slave was not considered a felony	140
893781976	tobacco	What was the most important commodity produced in 18th century North America?	141
893781977	T	T/F Virginia had more concern for their slaves than the Caribbean and Brazil.	142
893781978	F	T/F The Caribbean and Brazil had more concern for their slaves than Virginia.	143
893781979	80	By the 1750s, ___% of Chesapeake slaves were "country born"	144
893781980	Indian	In South Carolina (1730s), the ____ slave trade was a valuable part of early Carolina economy.	145
893781981	Elizabeth Pinckney	Who produced an adapted form of Indian indigo?	146
893781982	James Oglethorpe	leader of Georgia	147
893781983	Georgia	_____ was founded for the establishing of a blockade from Spanish invasion from Florida.	148
893781984	Georgia	_____ originally prohibited slavery.	149
893781985	Quakers	_____ of Pennsylvania and New Jersey were the 1st to voice antislavery sentiment.	150
893781986	John Woolman	wrote Considerations on the Keeping of Negroes	151
893781987	John Hepburn	published first North American critique of slavery	152
893781988	food	Africanization occurred in ____, dance, medicine, and dialect.	153
893781989	Philadelphia Friends Meeting	(1758) group that voted to condemn slavery and urged masters to voluntarily free their slaves	154
893781990	dance	Africanization occurred in food, ____, medicine, and dialect.	155
893781991	medicine	Africanization occurred in food, dance, _____, and dialect.	156
893781992	dialect	Africanization occurred in food, dance, medicine, and _____.	157
893781993	George Washington	_____ _____ did not wish to be harsh to his slaves, but still punished workers with regular whippings.	158
893781994	Robert "King" Carter	Who was an example in the book as a master who instructed his overseers to make slaves stand in fear?	159
893781995	David George	former slave who wrote of the horrors of beatings	160
893781996	maroons	communities specifically for runaway slaves	161
893781997	seminoles	descendants of Indians and African Americans	162
893781998	Mercantilist	_____ saw economy as a "zero-sum" game in which total economic gains were equal to losses.	163
893781999	slave	Which trade was the "foundation" for British economy?	164
893782000	John Locke	stated that the state exists to provide for the happiness and security of individuals who were endowed with inalienable rights to life, liberty, and property	165
893782001	T	T/F Enlightenment thinking appealed most to those whose ordered lives had improved their lot.	166
893782002	Cotton Mather	wrote a book supporting the existence of witches	167
893782003	Cotton Mather	was a member of the Royal Society and a defender of the Copernican sun-centered model of the universe	168
893782004	T	T/F During the Enlightenment, 1/2 of adult men and 1/4 of adult women were literate in the British Colonies.	169
893782005	Benjamin Harris	the Boston publisher of the New England Primer	170
893782006	Boston Newsletter	the first continuously published newspaper in North America	171
893782007	Poor Richard's Almanac	published by Benjamin Franklin	172
893782008	Benjamin Franklin	person who published Poor Richard's Almanac	173
893782009	Bible	The best selling book during the Enlightenment was the _____.	174
893782010	T	T/F The second best selling book during the Enlightenment was The Sovereignty and Goodness of God.	175
893782011	Mary Rowlandson	wrote a story about her captivity among the Indians during King Philip's War	176
893782012	Mary Rowlandson	was one of the first to write in a style called "captivity narrative"	177
893782013	arminianism	term that says people choose salvation by doing good works	178
893782014	John Edwards	reverend during the Great Awakening who made young people his concern because he preached for his emotions	179
893782015	George Whitefield	evangelical Anglican minister from England who toured the colonies during the Great Awakening	180
893782016	William Tennent	evangelical preacher who traveled with George Whitefield	181
893782017	Gilbert Tennent	William Tennet's son who helped him in his religious endeavors.	182
893782018	New Lights	New or Old Lights? against Arminianism	183
893782019	New Lights	New or Old Lights? called revival of Calvinism	184
893782020	Old Lights	New or Old Lights? condemned emotional enthusiasm	185
893782021	T	T/F After the Great Awakening, youth flocked to their churches.	186
893782022	Revivalism	____ offered the 1st opportunity to participate actively in public debate and public action.	187

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Geometry Chapter 1 Essentials of Geometry Flashcards

These are vocabulary notecards for basic geometry terms in McDougal Littel Geometry book Chapter 1.

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835497816	point	A location. It is a point with no length, width, and thickness.	1
835497817	line	infinite set of points that extends in two directions. It has length but no width or thickness.	2
835497818	plane	infinite set of points that creates a flat surface that extends without ending. A plane has length and width but no thickness.	3
835497819	space	the set of all points	4
835497820	collinear	points on the same line	5
835497821	non collinear	points not on the same lone	6
835497822	coplanar	points in the same plane	7
835497823	non coplanar	points not in the same plane	8
835497824	equidistant	an equal distance from	9
835497825	oblique plane	A plane that is not horizontal and not vertical	10
835497826	segment	Two points on the line and all points between them. The two points are called the endpoints of the segment.	11
835497827	length	A positive distance between two points.	12
835497828	"XZ"	A representation of a number, showing length between two points.	13
835497829	XZ (with line over)	A line segment between imaginary points X and Z.	14
835497830	between	All points between a designated start and end point on the same line.	15
835497831	opposite rays	Given three collinear points R, S, T: If S is between R and T, then ray SR and ray ST are opposite rays.	16
835497832	postulate	A statement that is accepted without proof.	17
835497833	congruent	Two objects that have the same size and shape.	18
835497834	congruent segments	Segments that have equal lengths.	19
835497835	midpoint of a segment	The point that divides the segment into two congruent segments.	20
835497836	bisector of a segment	A lime, segment, ray, or plane that intersects the segment at its mid point.	21
835497837	ray	Part of a line that consists of an endpoint and all points on the line that extend in one direction	22
835497838	sides	two rays of angle	23
835497839	vertex	common endpoint of sides of angle	24
835497840	Acute angle	A triangle with three acute angles	25
835497841	Right angle	An angle with measure 90.	26
835497842	Obtuse angle	A triangle with one obtuse angle	27
835497843	Straight angle	An angle with measure 180	28
835497844	Congruent angles	Angles that have equal measures.	29
835497845	Adjacent angles	Two angles in a plane that have a common vertex and a common side but no common interior points.	30
835497846	Bisector of an angle	The ray that divides the angle into two congruent adjacent angles.	31
835497847	theorems	Statements that can be proved.	32
835497848	exists	there is at least one	33
835497849	unique	there is no more than one	34
835497850	one and only one	exactly one	35
835497851	determine	to define or specify	36
835497852	"undefined" terms	intuitive ideas and are not defined	37
835497853	intersection of two figures	set of points that are in both figures	38
835497854	"two points"	different points	39
835497855	"three lines"	different lines	40
835497856	horizontal plane	a plane represented by a figure with two sides horizontal and no sides vertical	41
835497857	vertical plane	a plane represented by a figure in which two sides are vertical	42
835497858	coordinate of a point on a number line	On a number line every point is paired with a number and every number is paired with a point.	43
835497859	angle	A figure formed by two rays that have the same endpoint. The two rays are called the sides of the angle. Their common endpoint is the vertex.	44
835497860	linear pair	2 angles form a linear pair if and only if: 1) they are adjacent angles and 2) their non-common sides are opposite rays. Note that the sum of the measures of two angles in a linear pair is 180.	45
835497861	exists	There is at least one corresponding to condition specified.	46
835497862	exactly one	one and only one	47

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Hepatophyta Flashcards

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141947099	Taxonomy	Hepatophyta- Marchantia Anthocerotophyta- Anthoceros	1
141947100	Common Names	Hepatophyta - Liverworts Anthocerotophyta - Hornworts Musci = Bryophyta sensu stricto - Mosses	2
141947101	Bryophytes are Seperated from Less Plants By: (4)	1) Heteromorphic alternation of generations 2) Multicellular gametangia (antheridia & archegonia) 3) Multicellular embryos 4) Air-dispersed spores (sporopollenin)	3
141947102	Thalloid	Cell differentiation is minimal	4
141947103	ephemeral	seasonal	5
141947104	Bryophytes General Features	1) Thalloid organization 2) Nonvascular 3) Heteromorphic alternation of generations 4) Dominant gametophyte 5) Sporophytes relatively small, 6) Ephemeral 7) Multicellular gametangia 8) Syngamy	6
141947105	Sporopollenin	protective layer of Bryophyte spores made of carotenoids that is highly inert	7
141947107	Monostromatic	Having only one layer ofcoils	8
141947108	Marchantia epidermis has	-Thin cuticle -polygonal pattern -air pores	9
141947106	Amphigastreal leaves	Belly, undeside. leaves on this part	10
141947109	Psuedoperianth	Veil-like sheaths that hang around the archegonias on the underside of the archegoniophores	11
141947110	Apoptosis	Cell death not due to external influence	12
152450849	Ostiole	Hole i n a fruiting body through which sperm are released	13
152450850	Venter	Swollen lower portio no f an archegonium containing an egg	14
152450851	Calyptra	Former archengonium (n) that now encloses the young sporophyts	15
152450852	Amphithecium	cellular outerlayer of of sporangial tissue. sterile and at surface of sporophyte	16
152450853	Endothecium	internal mass of spore forming ells (Spore Mathe Cells)	17
152450854	Hygroscopic	Absorbing or attracting moisture from the air	18
152450855	Elators	Hygroscopic structures that distort with water and help disperse mother cells	19
152450856	aerenchymatous	A spongy tissue with large air spaces found between the cells of the stems and leaves of aquatic plants	20
153467005	Gemmae Cups	Asexual reproduction facilitated w/ rain water	21
153467006	Tuberculate	Covered in small warty outgrowths	22
153467007	Chlorenchyma	...	23
153488102	Collumella	Invagination in sporangia	24
153488103	involcure	A whorl of "Tissue" surrounding inflorescence	25

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APUSH Chapter 36-39 Review Flashcards

John Heller
Chapter 36-39
APUSH
Mr. Burns

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1404276219	Economic Problems - 70s	1: The United States had a burst of inflation in the 1970s because until the 1980s no influential policy makers until Paul Volcker became Chairman of the Federal Reserve who placed a sufficiently high priority on stopping inflation. 2: The policies of the 1960s left economic policy makers of the 1970s with painful dilemmas. They were "Dealt with bad cards" These "bad cards" mixed with bad luck led to high inflation. 3: The last cause was that the great depression made it hard to believe that the business cycle was a fluctuation around rather than a shortfall below potential output and potential employment.	1
1404276220	The women's movement	This was also known as the Feminist movement which supported reproductive rights, domestic violence, maternity leave, equal pay, women's suffrage, sexual harassment, and sexual violence.	2
1404276221	Watergate Scandal	A break-in at the Democratic National Committee offices in the Watergate complex in Washington was carried out under the direction of White House employees. Disclosure of the White House involvement in the break-in and subsequent cover-up forced President Nixon to resign in 1974 to avoid impeachment.	3
1404276222	Desegregation of the South	In 1948 President Truman ordered desegregation of the military. it didn't really happen until the need for manpower in the Korean War forced them to integrate the blacks alongside the whites.	4
1404276223	The Fair Deal	Truman's Fair Deal sought to continue and extend FDR's New Deal. Truman managed to win a minimum wage increase, a public housing bill, and an extension of Social Security to more beneficiaries. He was unsuccessful in his call for national health insurance, aid to education, civil rights legislation, and the repeal of Taft-Hartley.	5
1404276224	Desegregation of the Military	in 1948 President Truman ordered desegregation of the military. it didn't really happen until the need for manpower in the Korean War forced them to integrate the blacks alongside the whites.	6
1404276225	American strategy in Vietnam	American military strategy in the Pacific was called "Island Hopping or leapfrogging". The American Navy attacked islands held by the Japanese in the Pacific Ocean. The capture of each successive island from the Japanese brought the American Navy closer to an invasion of the mainland of Japan.	7
1404276226	Plumbers	Ordered to stop leaks (such as the Pentagon Papers) and carry out a variety of illegal actions in the name of "national security"	8
1404276227	Nixon's "Dirty Tricks"	The Watergate Scandal was also referred to as one of Nixon's "Dirty Tricks"	9
1404276228	Pentagon Papers	A classified study of the Vietnam War that was carried out by the Department of Defense. An official of the department, Daniel Ellsberg, gave copies of the study in 1971 to the New York Times and Washington Post. The Supreme Court upheld the right of the newspapers to publish the documents. In response, President Richard Nixon ordered some members of his staff, afterward called the "plumbers," to stop such "leaks" of information. The "plumbers," among other activities, broke into the office of Ellsberg's psychiatrist, looking for damaging information on him. Defense Secretary Robert McNamara , revealed among other things that the government had drawn up plans for entering the war even as President Johnson promised that he would not send American troops to Viet.	10
1404276229	Berlin Blockade	The blockade was a Soviet attempt to starve out the allies in Berlin in order to gain supremacy. The blockade was a high point in the Cold War, and it led to the Berlin Airlift.	11
1404276230	Economy of the 50's	During the Eisenhower era, Americans achieved a level of prosperity they had never known before. While other parts of the world struggled to rebuild from the devastation of World War II, citizens of the United States saw their standard of living surpass what previous generations had only dreamed about. Eisenhower himself deserves a good deal of credit for this economic growth. He found the right combination of low taxes, balanced budgets, and public spending that allowed the economy to hum along at a steady clip. He also benefitted from steady growth in spending on new homes and consumer goods as citizens turned away from older notions of thrift and began to buy on credit. It was a decade of prosperity following the war.	12
1404276231	Kent State	an Ohio University where National Guardsmen opened fire on students protesting the Vietnam War on May 4,1970, wounding nine and killing four	13
1404276232	Marshall Plan	A plan that the US came up with to revive war-torn economies of Europe. This plan offered $13 billion in aid to western and Southern Europe.	14
1404276233	Cuban Missile Crisis	1962 crisis that arose between the United States and the Soviet Union over a Soviet attempt to deploy nuclear missiles in Cuba.	15
1404276234	Cold War Soviet Leaders	The Cold War lasted from 1947 - 1991. Stalin (1928 - 1953) - Most severe of all communist leaders. Collective Leadership (1953 - 1956) - Various members, notably Malenkov, Beria and Khrushchev. Khrushchev (1956 - 1964) - Most liberal of all communist leaders, until Gorbachev. Collective Leadership (1964 - 1971) - Various members, notably Brezhnev and Kosygin Brezhnev (1971 - 1982) - A return to some aspects of Stalin's rule - but not as murderous. Andropov (1982 - 1984) - Attempted some reforms, but died before achieving much. Cherenkov (1984 - 1985) - Attempted some reforms, but died before achieving much. Gorbachev (1985 - 1991) - Reformed much about the USSR, eventually leading to the country's collapse.	16
1404276235	Iron Curtain	A political barrier that isolated the peoples of Eastern Europe after WWII, restricting their ability to travel outside the region	17
1404276236	Sun Belt	U.S. region, mostly comprised of southeastern and southwestern states, which has grown most dramatically since World War II.	18
1404276237	Suburbanization	The process of population movement from within towns and cities to the rural-urban fringe.	19
1404276238	Conformity	Adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard. Suburbanization is a form of conformity.	20
1404276239	Civil Rights Act of 1964	1964; banned discrimination in public accommodations, prohibited discrimination in any federally assisted program, outlawed discrimination in most employment; enlarged federal powers to protect voting rights and to speed school desegregation; this and the voting rights act helped to give African-Americans equality on paper, and more federally-protected power so that social equality was a more realistic goal	21
1404276240	Civil Rights Act of 1968	This act made racial, religious, and sex discrimination by employers illegal and gave the government the power to enforce all laws governing civil rights, including desegregation of schools and public places.	22
1404276241	Voting Rights Act of 1965	Invalidated the use of any test or device to deny the vote and authorized federal examiners to register voters in states that had disenfranchised blacks; as more blacks became politically active and elected black representatives, it brought jobs, contracts, and facilities and services for the black community, encouraging greater social equality and decreasing the wealth and education gap.	23
1404276242	Election of 1976	Ford vs Carter, Carter wins. Important because he was the first president from the south for a while and people thought he would bring fresh ideas.	24
1404276243	Election of 1972	With the McGovern campaign in shambles and the Watergate scandal contained, Nixon won overwhelmingly (61% and 520 electoral votes). McGovern, supported only by minorities and low-income voters, carried only MA and Washington DC.	25
1404276244	Election of 1960	Brought about the era of political television. Between Kennedy and Nixon. Issues centered around the Cold War and economy. Kennedy argued that the nation faces serious threats from the soviets. Nixon countered that the US was on the right track under the current administration. Kennedy won by a narrow margin.	26
1404276245	Election of 1968	1968; McCarthy challenged Lyndon B Johnson as politically wounded by the Tet Offensive and the Vietnam War; LBJ stepped down from the running, and Kennedy and McCarthy were left on the Democratic ballot; but Americans turned to Republican Nixon to restore social harmony and end the war	27
1404276246	Arab Oil Boycott	1973, OPEC proclaimed boycott on US in response to the US support of Israel in the 6 day war. Gas prices spiked in the United States.	28
1404276247	Alger Hiss	A former State Department official who was accused of being a Communist spy and was convicted of perjury. The case was prosecuted by Richard Nixon.	29
1404276248	Rosenbergs	Couple executed for giving military secrets to the Soviets in the 1950's	30
1404276249	McCarthyism	The term associated with Senator Joseph McCarthy who led the search for communists in America during the early 1950s through his leadership in the House Un-American Activities Committee.	31
1404276250	Tet Offensive	1968; National Liberation Front and North Vietnamese forces launched a huge attack on the Vietnamese New Year (Tet Offensive) defeated after a month of fighting and many thousands of casualties; major defeat for communism, but Americans reacted sharply, with declining approval of LBJ and more anti-war sentiment	32
1404276251	Detente	A policy of reducing Cold War tensions that was adopted by the United States during the presidency of Richard Nixon.	33
1404276252	Brown vs Board of Education	1954- court decision that declared state laws segregating schools to be unconstitutional. Overturned Plessey v. Ferguson (1896)	34
1404276253	Little Rock Crisis	1957 - Governor Faubus sent the Arkansas National Guard to prevent nine Black students from entering Little Rock Central High School. Eisenhower sent in U.S. paratroopers to ensure the students could attend class.	35
1404276254	NATO	North Atlantic Treaty Organization; an alliance made to defend one another if they were attacked by any other country; US, England, France, Canada, Western European countries	36
1404276255	Relations with China 1970's	cooperated with Russia in economy and arms race but still had disagreement about foreign affairs; increased trading rights with China.	37
1404276256	U2 Spy Plane	built in the 1950s to help watch the soviet union as a surveillance plane only; shot down and causes controversy because Khruschev thinks it cowardly of Eisenhower.	38
1404276257	Bay of Pigs	In April 1961, a group of Cuban exiles organized and supported by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency landed on the southern coast of Cuba in an effort to overthrow Fidel Castro. When the invasion ended in disaster, President Kennedy took full responsibility for the failure.	39
1404276258	Peace Corps	(JFK) volunteers who help third world nations and prevent the spread of communism by getting rid of poverty, Africa, Asia, and Latin America	40
1404276259	CREEP	Richard Nixon's committee for re-electing the president. Found to have been engaged in a "dirty tricks" campaign against the democrats in 1972. They raised tens of millions of dollars in campaign funds using unethical means. They were involved in the infamous Watergate cover-up.	41
1404276260	Spiro Agnew	Nixon's vice-president resigned and pleaded "no contest" to charges of tax evasion on payments made to him when he was governor of Maryland. He was replaced by Gerald R. Ford.	42
1404276261	Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.	An African-American Civil Right's Activist who was peaceful. He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his cause. He was assassinated in 1968 in Tennessee	43
1404276262	OPEC	An international oil cartel originally formed in 1960. Represents the majority of all oil produced in the world. Attempts to limit production to raise prices. It's long name is the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries.	44
1404276263	SALT Treaties	Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty, suspended the building of nuclear weapons and put all sorts of limits on nuclear warfare, but both nations had a ridiculous amount of weapons.	45
1404276264	Camp David Accords	(1978) were negotiated at the presidential retreat of Camp David by Egypt's Anwar Sadat and Israel Meacham Begin; they were brokered by U.S. President Jimmy Carter. They led to a peace treaty the next year that returned the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt, guaranteed Israeli access to the Red Sea and Suez Canal, and more-or-less normalized diplomatic and economic relations between the two countries. This isolated Egypt from the other Arab countries and led to Sadat's assassination in 1981.	46
1404276265	Iranian Hostage Crisis	In 1979, Iranian fundamentalists seized the American embassy in Tehran and held fifty-three American diplomats hostage for over a year. The Iranian hostage crisis weakened the Carter presidency; the hostages were finally released on January 20, 1981, the day Ronald Reagan became president.	47
1404276266	Panama Canal Treaty	1978 - Passed by President Carter, these called for the gradual return of the Panama Canal to the people and government of Panama. They provided for the transfer of canal ownership to Panama in 1999 and guaranteed its neutrality.	48
1404276267	Truman Doctrine	1947, President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology, mainly helped Greece and Turkey.	49
1404276268	General Ford	Nixon's vice president after Agnew resigned, he became the only president never to be elected. Taking office after Nixon resigned, he pardoned Nixon for all federal crimes that he "committed or may have committed."	50
1404276269	Alliance for Progress	(JFK) 1961 - a program in which the United States tried to help Latin American countries overcome poverty and other problems, money used to aid big business and the military	51
1404276270	Black Panther Party	A group formed in 1966, inspired by the idea of Black Power, that provided aid to black neighborhoods; often thought of as radical or violent.	52
1404276271	SCLC	Southern Christian Leadership Conference, churches link together to inform blacks about changes in the Civil Rights Movement, led by MLK Jr. It was a major success.	53
1404276272	SNCC	(Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee) A group established in 1960 to promote and use non-violent means to protest racial discrimination; they were the ones primarily responsible for creating the sit-in movement	54
1404276273	CORE	First civil rights organization to use non-violent tactics to promote racial equality and desegregation	55
1404276274	NAACP	National Association for the Advancement of Colored People - A group that attempted to defend all colored people. They helped to defend the Sweets.	56
1404276275	Medicare	A program added to the Social Security system in 1965 that provides hospitalization insurance for the elderly and permits older Americans to purchase inexpensive coverage for doctor fees and other health expenses.	57
1404276276	Medicaid	A public assistance program designed to provide health care for poor Americans. Medicaid is funded by both the states and the national government.	58
1404276277	War on Poverty	1965 - Johnson figured that since the Gross National Profit had risen, the country had lots of extra money "just lying around," so he'd use it to fight poverty. It started many small programs, Medicare, Head Start, and reorganized immigration to eliminate national origin quotas. It was put on hold during the Vietnam War.	59
1404276278	Gulf of Tonkin Resolution	1964 Congressional resolution that authorized President Johnson to commit US troops to south Vietnam and fight a war against north Vietnam.	60
1404276279	Sputnik	First artificial Earth satellite, it was launched by Moscow in 1957 and sparked U.S. fears of Soviet dominance in technology and outer space. It led to the creation of NASA and the space race.	61
1404276280	Beat Authorities	A small but influential group of writers and poets challenged both the literary conventions of the day and the lifestyle of the middle class.	62
1404276281	Great Society	President Johnson called his version of the Democratic reform program the Great Society. In 1965, Congress passed many Great Society measures, including Medicare, civil rights legislation, and federal aid to education.	63
1404276282	New Frontier	Kennedy's plan, supports civil rights, pushes for a space program, wans to cut taxes, and increase spending for defense and military.	64
1404276283	Vietnamization	A war policy in Vietnam initiated by Nixon in June of 1969. This strategy called for dramatic reduction of U.S. troops followed by an increased injection of S. Vietnamese troops in their place. A considerable success, this plan allowed for a drop in troops to 24,000 by 1972. . This policy became the cornerstone of the so-called "Nixon Doctrine". As applied to Vietnam, it was labeled "Vietnamization".	65
1404276284	Escalation	A policy of increasing military involvement in Vietnam	66
1404276285	Paris Peace Accords 1973	Were the peace agreements between Vietnam and the US. It called for the removal for all US troops and the return of all US POW's. It also established a demilitarized buffer zone in the South to separate N and S Vietnamese troops. Under this agreement, Communists in SV could take part in politics.	67
1404276286	War Powers Act 1973	Gave any president the power to go to war under certain circumstances, but required that he could only do so for 90 days before being required to officially bring the matter before Congress.	68
1404276287	Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan 1979	Soviet troops invaded Afghanistan to help the Afghan communist government crush anticommunist Muslim guerrillas; anti communist guerrillas received support from US and GB; USSR withdrew→ communist party remained in power.	69
1404276288	G. Gordon Liddy	Chief operative for the White House Plumbers unit that existed during several years of Nixon's Presidency. Masterminded the first break-in of the Democratic National Committee headquarters in the Watergate building in 1972. Served 4.5 years in prison.	70
1404276289	John Mitchell	Nixon's first attorney general and his close friend and adviser; many people believe he ordered the Watergate break-in. He participated in the cover-up and served nineteen months in prison for his role.	71
1404276290	Henry Kissinger	Awarded 1973 Nobel Peace Prize for helping to end Vietnam War and withdrawing American forces. Heavily involved in South American politics as National Security Advisor and Secretary of State. Condoned covert tactics to prevent communism and fascism from spreading throughout South America.	72
1404276291	William Rehnquist	United States jurist who served as an associate justice on the United States Supreme Court from 1972 until 1986, when he was appointed chief justice (born in 1924).	73
1404276292	Warren Burger	The Supreme Court justice during the Nixon administration. He was chosen by Nixon because of his strict interpretation of the Constitution. He presided over the extremely controversial case of abortion in Roe vs. Wade.	74
1404276293	Modern Republican	Eisenhower's government plan: "conservative when it comes to economics, more Liberal when it comes to social programs "	75
1404276294	Eisenhower Interstate Highway System	pushed forward by the passage of the Federal Highway Act of 1956, built with both economic and military purposes in mind. This act in 1956 brought about a $27 billion plan to build 42,000 miles of new highways. Major public works initiative. Benefited the trucking, travel, and automobile industries while harming the railroad business. Major factor in growth of suburbs.	76
1404276295	Levittown	In 1947, William Levitt used mass production techniques to build inexpensive homes in suburban New York to help relieve the postwar housing shortage. Levittown became a symbol of the movement to the suburbs in the years after WWII.	77
1404276296	Montgomery Bus Boycott	In 1955, after Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a city bus, Dr. Martin L. King led a boycott of city busses. After 11 months the Supreme Court ruled that segregation of public transportation was illegal.	78
1404276297	Dixiecrats	Conservative southern Democrats who objected to President Truman's strong push for civil-rights legislation. Southern Democrats who broke from the party in 1948 over the issue of civil rights and ran a presidential ticket as the States' Rights Democrats with J. Strom Thurmond of South Carolina as a candidate.	79
1404276298	Strom Thurmond	Democratic governor of South Carolina who headed the State's Rights Party (Dixiecrats); he ran for president in 1948 against Truman and his mild civil rights proposals and eventually joined the Republican Party.	80
1404276299	Thurgood Marshall	American civil rights lawyer, first black justice on the Supreme Court of the United States. Marshall was a tireless advocate for the rights of minorities and the poor.	81

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Chapter 02 - The Planting of English America, 1500-1733 Flashcards

The American Pageant 14th Edition

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550012778	Sea Dogs	name given English buccaneers; these semi-pirates seized Spanish treasure ships	1
550012779	Sir Francis Drake	English explorer and admiral who was the first Englishman to circumnavigate the globe; helped to defeat the Spanish Armada	2
550012780	Sir Walter Raleigh	English adventurer and writer, who sponsored the first English colony in America on Roanoke Island in present-day North Carolina; It failed and is known as "The Lost Colony"	3
550012781	Roanoake Colony	colony founded by Sir Raleigh that mysteriously vanished	4
550012782	"The Virgin Queen"	nick-name of Queen Elizabeth	5
550012784	The Virginia Company of London	English joint stock company established to create colonial settlements in North America. Its first venture, Jamestown, struggled financially for a number of years, with results improving after sweeter strains of tobacco than the native variety were cultivated and successfully exported from Virginia as a cash crop beginning in 1612. In 1624, the company lost its charter, and Virginia became a royal colony.	6
550055936	May 24, 1607	the founding of the first English settlement in the New World, Jamestown, Virginia	7
727103943	enclosure movement	18th century movement among wealthy British landed aristocrats to rationalize their farms; forced the agrarian poor off the old "village commons" that now became "enclosed" as private property; led to English exploration	8
727103944	Spanish Armada	Britain defeated them in 1588 which led to Britain having control over the seas and easily expanding in America	9
727103945	primogeniture	1st born son inherits ALL father's land; younger sons of rich folk (who couldn't inherit money) tried their luck with fortunes elsewhere, like America	10
727103946	joint-stock companies	businesses formed by groups of people who make an investment and share in the profits and losses; these were developed to support & finance colonies	11
727103947	charter	legal document giving certain rights to a person or company	12
727103948	Captain John Smith	English army captain whose strict discipline helped the Jamestown settlement to survive; "he who will not work, shall not eat"; known for his brief association with the Native American girl Pocahontas during an altercation with the Powhatan Confederacy and her father, Chief Powhatan	13
727103949	Powhatan	Chief of the Powhatan Confederacy and father to Pocahontas	14
727103950	Pocahontas	a Powhatan woman who befriended the English at Jamestown and is said to have saved Captain John Smith's life	15
727103951	the "starving time"	winter of 1609-1610 when settlers in Jamestown weren't used to working so that they could eat and so they began to starve; some resorted to canibilism and others joined nearby tribes	16
727103952	Lord De La Warr	new governor of Jamestown who arrived in 1610, immediately imposing a military regime in Jamestown and declaring war against the Powhatan Confederacy	17
727103953	"irish tactics"	war methods used by Lord De La Ware against the Indians; included burning houses and fields, and confiscating possessions	18
727103954	First Powhatan War (1614)	series of clashes between the Powhatan Confederacy and English settlers in Virginia; ended with a peace settlement sealed by the marriage of Pocahontas to colonist John Rolfe	19
727103955	Second Powhatan War (1644)	Lord De La Warr declared war on the Indians; ended in 1646, and effectively banished the Chesapeake Indians from their ancestral lands	20
727103956	the "three D's"	disease, disorganization, and disability that the Powhatan Indians fell victim to	21
727103957	John Rolfe	one of the English settlers at Jamestown; married Pocahontas; discovered how to successfully grow tobacco in Virginia and cure it for export, which made Virginia an economically successful colony	22
727103958	broad-acre plantation system	because tobacco was ruinous to the soil when planted in successive years, the plantation owners had to obtain more land to grow it on	23
727103959	1619	1st African slaves arrived in Virginia	24
727103960	House of Burgesses	the first elected legislative assembly in the New World established in the Colony of Virginia in 1619; set up by England to make laws and levy taxes but England could veto its legistlative acts	25
727103961	Lord Baltimore	founded the colony of Maryland and offered religious freedom to all Christian colonists b/c he knew that members of his own religion (Catholicism) would be a minority in the colony	26
727103962	Act of Toleration	a 1649 Maryland law that provided religious freedom for all Christians	27
727103963	Barbados Slave Code	established in 1661; gave masters virtually complete control over their slaves including the right to inflict vicious punishments for even slight infractions	28
727103964	Carolina Colony	named after Charles II; formally created in 1670; flourished by developing close economic ties with the West Indies; many original settlers had come from Barbados and brought in the strict "Slave Codes" for ruling slaves	29
727103965	Carolina's Principle Crop	rice	30
727103966	Rice Production	slavery was integral to this cultivation because of its labor intensiveness and because slaves from this crop's producing regions of Africa provided colonial plantation owners with crucial technical knowledge about cultivation	31
727103967	Charles Town	city named for King Charles II in the Carolina colony; at the time, it was the busiest seaport in the South	32
727103968	North Carolina	separated from South Carolina in 1712; mainly grew tobacco	33
727103969	Tuscaroras	Indians who fought North Carolina settlers but were defeated and turned into slaves	34
727103970	Yamasee Wars	early 1700s, Carolinians defeated most remaining Indians in Southern and Appalachin region	35
727103971	Colony of Georgia	colony intended to be a buffer between the British colonies and the hostile Spanish settlements in Florida and the enemy French in Louisiana; founded in 1733, by a high-minded group of philanthropists, mainly James Oglethorpe; also meant to be a second chance site for wretched souls in debt	36
727103972	James Oglethorpe	founder and governor of the Georgia colony; ran a tightly-disciplined, military-like colony in which laves, alcohol, and Catholicism were forbidden; started Georgia as a haven for people in debt because of his interest in prison reform; almost single-handedly kept Georgia afloat	37
727120839	Iroquois Confederation	a group of Native Americans that originally consisted of the Mohawk, the Oneida, the Onondaga, the Cayuga, and the Seneca tribes	38
727120840	Haiwatha	leader who convinced the Hodenosaunee to form the Iroquois Confederacy, so they could create an organized government to maintain peace among the five Hodenosaunee groups or nations	39
727120841	longhouses	Iroquois Indians lived in these shelters which could house up to 50 people	40
727120842	Iroquois Women	played a major subsistence role especially while the men were away at war	41
727120843	"keepers of the Eastern fires"	the Mohawk Indians who were middlemen with European trades	42
727120844	"keepers of the Western fires"	the Seneca Indians who were fur suppliers	43
727120845	Handsome Lake	an Iroquois prophet that warned his people of the increased decline in morality that threathened to destroy the tribe from the inside out	44
727120846	Southern Plantation Colonies	slavery was found in all; growth of cities was often stunted by forests; establishment of schools and churches was difficult due to people being spread out; crops were tobacco and rice; all permitted some religious toleration; confrontations with Native Americans were often	45

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