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Campbell Biology: Ninth Edition - Chapter 12: The Cell Cycle Flashcards

Chapter 12
Cell Division / Mitosis
Vocabulary: gene, cell division, chromosomes, somatic cells, gametes, chromatin, sister chromatids, centromere, mitosis, cytokinesis, meiosis, mitotic phase, interphase, centrosome, aster, kinetochore, cleavage furrow, cell plate, mitotic spindle, binary fission, transformation, benign tumor, malignant tumor, metastasis
Objectives:
After attending lectures and studying the chapter, the student should be able to:
1. Define gene as it relates to the genetic material in a cell.
2. Describe the composition of the genetic material in bacteria, in archaea, and in eukaryotic cells.
3. State the location of the genetic material in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
4. Distinguish between the structure of the genetic material as chromatin and as
chromosomes.
5. Distinguish between the function of the genetic material as chromatin and as
chromosomes.
6. Relating to eukaryotic cells:
a. Describe the centromere region in the genetic material.
b. State the role of cohesins in duplicated genetic material.
c. Describe the sister chromatids of a duplicated chromosome.
d. State the role of the kinetochores on the chromatids at the centromere of a duplicated
chromosome.
e. Describe spindle fibers and state their role in the separation of chromosomes during eukaryotic cell division.
f. Describe the role of centrosomes in the formation of the spindle apparatus.
g. Distinguish between a gene and an allele.
h. Describe homologous chromosomes.
i. Distinguish between an individual's genome and karyotype.
j. State the number of chromosomes in human haploid cells and in human diploid cells.
k. State which cells in humans are haploid, which cells are diploid, and which cells are neither.
7. State the two major parts of the cell cycle.
8. Describe the differences of growth characteristics between a cancerous (transformed) cell and a normal cell.
8. Relating to the prokaryotic cell cycle:
a. State the number of chromosomes in a prokaryotic cell.
b.

Terms : Hide Images
1142034827Cell CycleAn ordered sequence of events in the life of a cell1
1142034828MitosisA process of nuclear division in eukaryotic cells conventionally divided into five stages: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Mitosis conserves chromosome number by allocating replicated chromosomes equally to each of the daughter nuclei.2
1142034829What are the five stages of mitosis?PPMAT Prophase Prometaphase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase3
1142034830ProphaseThe first stage of mitosis, in which the chromatin condenses into discrete chromosomes visible with a light microscope, the mitotic spindle begins to form, and the nucleolus disappears but the nucleus remains intact.4
1142034831PrometaphaseThe second stage of mitosis, in which the nuclear envelope fragments and the spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochores of the chromosomes.5
1142034832MetaphaseThe third stage of mitosis, in which the spindle is complete and the chromosomes, attached to microtubules at their kinetochores, are all aligned at the metaphase plate.6
1142034833AnaphaseThe fourth stage of mitosis, in which the chromatids of each chromosome have separated and the daughter chromosomes are moving to the poles of the cell.7
1142034834TelophaseThe fifth and final stage of mitosis, in which daughter nuclei are forming and cytokinesis has typically begun.8
1142034835CytokinesisThe division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells immediately after mitosis, meiosis I, or meiosis II.9
1142034836Cell DivisionThe reproduction of cells10
1142034837GenomeThe genetic material of an organism or virus; the complete complement of an organism's or virus's genes along with its noncoding nucleic acid sequence11
1142034838ChromosomesA cellular structure carrying genetic material, found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. Each chromosome consists of one very long DNA molecule and associated proteins12
1142034839ChromatinThe complex of DNA and proteins that makes up eukaryotic chromosomes. When the cell is not dividing, chromatin exists in its dispersed form, as a mass of very long, thin fibers that are not visible with a light microscope13
1142034840Somatic CellsAny cell in a multicellular organism except a sperm or egg or their precursors.14
1142034841GametesA haploid reproductive cell, such as an egg or sperm. Gametes unite during sexual reproduction to produce a diploid zygote.15
1142034842Sister ChromatidsTwo copies of a duplicated chromosome attached to each other by proteis at the centromere and sometimes, along the arms. While joined, two sister chromatids make up one chromosome. Chromatids are eventually separated during mitosis or meiosis II16
1142034843CentromereIn a duplicated chromosome, the region on each sister chromatid where they are most closely attached to each other by proteins that bind to specific DNA sequences; this close attachment causes a constriction in the condensed chromosome. (An uncondensed, unduplicated chromosome has a single centromere, identified by its DNA sequence.)17
1142034844How many chromatids are in a duplicated chromosome?218
1142034845mitotic (M) phaseThe phase of the cell cycle that includes mitosis and cytokinesis.19
1142034846interphaseThe period in the cell cycle when the cell is not dividing. During interphase, cellular metabolic activity is high, chromosomes and organelles are duplicated, and cell size may increase. Interphase often accounts for about 90% of the cell cycle.20
1142034847mitotic spindleAn assemblage of microtubules and associated proteins that is involved in the movement of chromosomes during mitosis.21
1142034848Transformation(1) The conversion of a normal animal cell to a cancerous cell. (2) A change in genotype and phenotype due to the assimilation of external DNA by a cell. When the external DNA is from a member of a different species, transformation results in horizontal gene transfer22
1142034849anchorage dependenceThe requirement that a cell must be attached to a substratum in order to initiate cell division.23
1142034850asterA radial array of short microtubules that extends from each centrosome toward the plasma membrane in an animal cell undergoing mitosis.24
1142034851benign tumorA mass of abnormal cells with specific genetic and cellular changes such that the cells are not capable of surviving at a new site and generally remain at the site of the tumor's origin.25
1142034852binary fissionA method of asexual reproduction by "division in half." In prokaryotes, binary fission does not involve mitosis, but in single-celled eukaryotes that undergo binary fission, mitosis is part of the process.26
1142034853cleavage(1) The process of cytokinesis in animal cells, characterized by pinching of the plasma membrane. (2) The succession of rapid cell divisions without significant growth during early embryonic development that converts the zygote to a ball of cells.27
1142034854density-dependent inhibitionThe phenomenon observed in normal animal cells that causes them to stop dividing when they come into contact with one another.28
1142034855growth factor(1) A protein that must be present in the extracellular environment (culture medium or animal body) for the growth and normal development of certain types of cells. (2) A local regulator that acts on nearby cells to stimulate cell proliferation and differentiation.29
1142034856kinetochoreA structure of proteins attached to the centromere that links each sister chromatid to the mitotic spindle.30
1142034857malignant tumorA cancerous tumor containing cells that have significant genetic and cellular changes and are capable of invading and surviving in new sites. Malignant tumors can impair the functions of one or more organs.31
1142034858Metaphase plateAn imaginary structure located at a plane midway between the two poles of a cell in metaphase on which the centromeres of all the duplicated chromosomes are located.32
1142034859MetastasisThe spread of cancer cells to locations distant from their original site.33
1142034860MPFMaturation-promoting factor (or M-phase-promoting factor); a protein complex required for a cell to progress from late interphase (G2) to mitosis. The active form consists of cyclin and a cyclin dependent kinase.34
1142034861origin of replicationSite where the replication of a DNA molecule begins, consisting of a specific sequence of nucleotides. Prokaryotic DNA has only one while eukaryotic DNA has many.35
1142034862somatic cellAny cell in a multicellular organism except a sperm or egg or their precursors.36
1142034863transformation(1) The conversion of a normal animal cell to a cancerous cell. (2) A change in genotype and phenotype due to the assimilation of external DNA by a cell. When the external DNA is from a member of a different species, transformation results in horizontal gene transfer.37
1142034864asexual reproductionA type of reproduction involving only one parent that produces genetically identical offspring by budding or by the division of a single cell or the entire organism into two or more parts.38
1142034865sexual reproductionA type of reproduction in which two parents give rise to offspring that have unique combinations of genes inherited from the gametes of the two parents.39
1142034866diploid cellA cell containing two sets of chromosomes (2n), one set inherited from each parent.40
1142034867haploid cellA cell containing only one set of chromosomes (n).41
1142034868MeiosisMeiosis is essential to sex, because it enables each parent to contribute one set of chromosomes-- half the total-- to each diploid offspring.42
1142034869G1 PhaseThe first gap, or growth phase, of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase before DNA synthesis begins.43
1142034870S PhaseThe synthesis phase of the cell cycle; the portion of interphase during which DNA is replicated.44
1142034871G2 PhaseThe second gap, or growth phase, of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase after DNA synthesis occurs.45
1142034872CentrosomeA structure present in the cytoplasm of animal cells that functions as a microtubule-organizing center and is important during cell division. A centrosome has two centrioles.46
1142034873Metaphase PlateAn imaginary structure located at a plane midway between the two poles of a cell in metaphase on which the centromeres of all the duplicated chromosomes are located.47
1142034874Cleavage FurrowThe first sign of cleavage in an animal cell; a shallow groove around the cell in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate.48
1142034875Cell PlateA membrane-bounded, flattened sac located at the midline of a dividing plant cell, inside which the new cell wall forms during cytokinesis.49
1142034876Binary FissionA method of asexual reproduction by "division in half." In prokaryotes, binary fission does not involve mitosis, but in single-celled eukaryotes that undergo binary fission, mitosis is part of the process.50
1142034877Cell cycle control systemA cyclically operating set of molecules in the eukaryotic cell that both triggers and coordinates key events in the cell cycle.51
1142034878CheckpointA control point in the cell cycle where stop and go-ahead signals can regulate the cycle.52
1142034879G0 PhaseA nondividing state occupied by cells that have left the cell cycle, sometimes reversibly.53
1142034880CyclinA cellular protein that occurs in a cyclically fluctuating concentration and that plays an important role in regulating the cell cycle.54
1142034881Cyclin-dependent kinasesA protein kinase that is active only when attached to a particular cyclin. When its cyclin is attached together they form the maturation promoting factor (MPF).55
1142034882Growth Factor(1) A protein that must be present in the extracellular environment (culture medium or animal body) for the growth and normal development of certain types of cells. (2) A local regulator that acts on nearby cells to stimulate cell proliferation and differentiation.56
1142034883Density Dependent InhibitionThe phenomenon observed in normal animal cells that causes them to stop dividing when they come into contact with one another.57
1142034884Anchorage DependenceThe requirement that a cell must be attached to a substratum in order to initiate cell division.58
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Cell Orgnisation and Communication Flashcards

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1312883902What is the structure of microtubules?Hollow tubes made of globular proteins (alpha and beta tubulin). They are dynamic as they can lengthen and shorten by adding and removing tubulin subunits at the ends.
1312883903What is the function of microtubules?maintaining the cell shape and attaching to chromosomes during cell division to pull the chromosomes apart. They can also be used as tracks along which special motor proteins propel organelles and move them from one part of the cell to another. They enable movement through cilia and flagella.
1312883904What is the structure of cilia and flagella of eukaryotes?A ring of 9 microtubule doublets surrounding a pair of central microtubules giving a "9+2" pattern.
1312883905What is the structure of microfilaments?Much thinner than microtubules. They consist of a double chain of polymers of actin (a globular protein)
1312883906What is the function of microfilaments?Maintaining cell shape, but are less rigid than microtubules (tension bearing), muscle contraction, cell division and cell motility.
1312883907What is the structure of intermediate filaments?Intermediate in diameter between microtubules and microfilaments. They are cables made from fibrous proteins (keratin) and are long - not globular. There are many different types.
1312883908What is the function of intermediate filaments?Maintaining cell shape, anchorage and they are the major component of the nucelar lamina.
1312883909How are there connections between plant cells?Plants thick cell wall prevents the transfer of molecules so cell walls between adjacent cells are perforated to form plasmodesmata. These membrane lined channels allow the flow of cytosol.
1312883910How are there connections between animal cells?Animal cells are held together by tight junctions (glue) and desmosomes (rivets) and have channels called gap junctions which provide a cytoplasmic connection between cells and allow small molecules to pass from one cell to another.
1312883911What are examples of signal molecules?Growth factors and hormones (e.g testosterone) which send instructions to cells about whether to undergo cell division, or about which set of genes to switch on.
1312883912What are the two ways in which cells can communicate?By sending signals by direct contact between cells or signal molecules can be secreted out of cells by exocytosis and diffused to other cells in the vicinity (local signalling) or cells further away (long-distance signalling).
1312883913What is the first step in the process that leads to activation of cellular response?Reception - The signal must be detected by binding to a protein receptor. The binding is usually specific so only certain receptors will respond to specific signal molecules. Receptors are sometimes located inside the cell but most are located in the plasma membrane. When a signal molecule binds to a receptor this triggers a change in the shape of the receptor, either directly activating it or allowing it to interact with other molecules.
1312883914What is the second step in the process that leads to activation of cellular response?Transduction - signals are transducted from an activated receptor to another molecule in the cell. Often these are a whole series of molecules that pass the message on from one to another. Signal transduction involves many steps that each activate the next step in the path way. This is an important way to amplify a signal, so that even a weak signal can lead to a strong cellular response.
1312883915What is the third step in the process that leads to activation of cellular response?Response - The cellular response sometimes involves converting a specific enzyme from an inactive to an active form, or vice versa. Often it involves switching on genes that encode for particular proteins required to produce a response.
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Classification Flashcards

Classification and the six kingdoms

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51814354multicellularorganism made of many cells
51814355unicellularorganism made of one cell
51814356moneraanother name for eubacteria, bacteria with cell walls
51814357eubacteriabacteria with cell walls
51814358archaebacteriaan ancient form of bacteria often found in extreme environments
51814359protistunicellular eukaryote such as a paramecium, euglena, and amoeba
51814360Protozoaa phylum within the kingdom Protista
51814361parameciuma shoe-shaped protist covered in cilia
51814362euglenaa protist with chloroplasts and a single flagellum
51814363amoebaa protist that moves using pseudopod extensions
51814364ciliamicroscopic hair-like extensions on the outside of cells that can move back and forth
51814365flagelluma whip-like tail used for locomotion
51814366pseudopodcellular extension that stretches the membrane of a cell in order to move
51814367fungieukaryotic decomposer
51814368plantmulticellular eukaryotic producer
51814369animalmulticellular eukaryotic consumer
51814370prokaryotecell lacking a membrane-bound nucleus or organelles, unicellular bacteria
51814371eukaryotecell or organism with a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles
51814372organellemembrane bound structures inside of eukaryotic cells
51814373classificationgrouping related species into categories
51814374binomial nomenclaturethe formal method of naming species (Genus species)
51814375domainThe three major groups of organisms (Eukaryota, Archaea, Bacteria)
51814376kingdomTaxonomic rank after domain (Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista, Eubacteria, Archaea)
51814377phylumTaxonomic rank after kingdom and before class (ex: Chordata)
51814378classTaxonomic rank after phylum and before order (ex: Mammalia)
51814379orderTaxonomic rank after class before family (ex: Primates)
51814380familyTaxonomic rank after order before genus (ex: Hominidae)
51814381genusTaxonomic rank after family before species (ex: Homo)
51814382speciesThe smallest taxonomic rank (ex: Homo sapiens). A group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring.
51814383autotrophorganism that makes its own food
51814384heterotrophorganism that eats other organisms for energy
51814385decomposerorganism that breaks down matter for energy
51814386motileable to move
51814387sexual reproductionproduction of new organisms by fusing two gametes together
51814388asexual reproductionproduction of new organisms by replicating, no gametes involved
51814389aquaticliving in or on water
51814390terrestrialliving in or on land
51814391dichotomous keyforks into two branches, such as in an identification guide
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AP Economics Vocab- 33, 34, 35 Flashcards

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359778049RecessionA period of mildly falling incomes and rising unemployment
359778050DepressionA period of unusually severe falling incomes and rising unemployment
359778051The Business CycleShort-run economic fluctuations
359778052Model of Aggregate Demand and Aggregate SupplyThe model most economists use to explain short-run fluctuations in the economy around its long-run trend
359778053Aggregate-Demand CurveA curve that shows the quantity of goods and services that households, firms, the government, and costumers abroad are willing to buy at each price level
359778054Aggregate-Supply CurveA curve that shows the quantity of goods and services that firms are willing to produce at each price level
359778055Natural Rate of OutputThe production of goods and services that an economy achieves in the long run when unemployment is at its natural or normal rate
359778056Menu CostsCosts associated with changing prices
359778057StagflationA period of falling output and rising prices
359778058Accommodative PolicyA policy of increasing aggregate demand in response to a decrease in aggregate supply
359778059Theory of Liquidity PreferenceKeynes's theory that the interest rate is determined by the supply and demand for money in the short run
359778060LiquidityThe ease with which an asset is converted into a medium of exchange
359778061Federal Funds RateThe interest rate banks charge on another for short-term loans
359778062Fiscal PolicyThe setting of the level of government spending and taxation by government policymakers
359778063Multiplier EffectThe amplification of the shift in aggregate demand from expansionary fiscal policy, which raises incomes and further increases consumption expenditures
359778064Investment AcceleratorThe amplification of the shift in aggregate demand from expansionary fiscal policy, which raises investment expenditures
359778065Marginal Propensity to Consume (MPC)The fraction of extra income that a household spends on consumption
359778066Crowding-Out EffectThe dampening of the shift in aggregate demand from expansionary fiscal policy, which raises the interest rate and reduces investment spending
359778067Stabilization PolicyThe use of fiscal and monetary policies to reduce fluctuations in the economy
359778068Automatic StabilizersChanges in fiscal policy that do not require deliberate action on the part of policymakers
359778069Misery IndexThe sum of inflation and unemployment
359778070Phillips CurveThe short-run trade-off between inflation and unemployment
359778071Natural Rate of UnemploymentThe normal rate of unemployment toward which the economy gravitates
359778072Natural-Rate HypothesisThe theory that unemployment returns to its natural rate, regardless of inflation
359778073DisinflationA reduction in the rate of inflation
359778074Supply ShockAn event that directly alters firms' costs and prices, shifting the economy's aggregate-supply curve and, thus, the Phillips Curve
359778075Sacrifice RatioThe number of percentage points of annual output that is lost in order to reduce inflation one percentage point
359778076Rational ExceptionsThe theory that suggests that people optimally use all available information, including about government policies, when forecasting the future
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Taxonomy Flashcards

Unit 2 Vocabulary (Taxonomy)

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47341185taxonomyclassifying and giving each organism a universal name
47341186classify/classificationto categrize or put into groups
47341187dichotomous keytool used to identify organisms. At each step, it splits characteristics into two categories: "has" or "does not have"
47341188domain3 largest taxonomic categories -- larger than a kingdom (Eubacteria, Eukarya, and Archaea)
47341189kingdomlarge taxonomic group (Plantae, Animalia, Fungi, Protista, Eubacteria, Archaebacteria)
47882701phyluma group of closely related classes (for example: Chordata, Mollusca, Porifera, etc)
47882702classa group of closely related orders
47882703ordera group of closely related families (for example: Order Carnivora - animals that eat meat)
47882704familya group of closely related genera (for example: Family Felidae (cats) or Family Canidae (dogs))
47882705genusa group of closely related species. The first part of a scientific name. Always capitalized (example: Homo in Homo sapiens)
47882706speciesa group of similar organisms that can interbreed and have fertile offspring. The second part of a scientific name. Always lower case. (example: sapiens in Homo sapiens)
47882707binomial nomenclature2-name scientific naming that uses Latin, developed by Carolus Linneaus. (example: Homo sapiens - humans or Panthera tigris - tiger)
47882708Archaebacteriasingle-celled prokaryote (no nucleus), bacteria, live in harsh conditions (very salty, no oxygen, very hot), ancient form of life. (Remember: harsh=Arch)
48308723Eubacteriasingle-celled prokaryote (no nucleus), bacteria, advanced bacteria, live all around us, many are germs
48308724Protistasingle or multicellular, eukaryotes (have nucleus), live in pond water, can move, some are photosynthetic
48308725Fungisingle or multicellular, eukaryotes (have nucleus), heterotrophs (eat others), cell walls of chitin, can't move (non-mobile)
48308726Plantaemulticellular, eukaryotes, photosynthetic, cell walls of cellulose, non-motile (can't move)
48308727Animaliamulticellular, eukaryotes, heterotrophs, no cell walls, can move (motile or mobile)
48308728traitsfeatures, qualities or characteristics
48308729characteristicsfeatures, qualities or traits
48308730Prokaryotescells that have NO nucleus or organelles, have ribosomes
48308731Eukaryoteshave a nucleus, organelles, and ribosomes
48308732symmetrywhen split in half, each side is a mirror image of the other
48308733cellulosesugar molecule in plant cell walls
48308734chitinsugar molecule found in fungi cell walls
48308735cell wallstrong layer outside the cell membrane
48308736multicellularmore than one cell
48308737unicellularone cell
48308738related/relationshiplink or connection
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AP EURO ID REVIEW QUIZ 5 RUSSIA Flashcards

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366277773Alexander II(1855-1881)-Reforming czar who emancipated the serfs and introduced some measure of representative local government.
366277774Alexander III(1881-1894-Politically reactionary czar who promoted economic modernization of Russia.
366277775BoyarRussian noble.
366277776Catherine the Great(1762-1796)-An "enlightened despot" of Russia whose policies of reform were aborted under pressure of rebellion by serfs.
366277777Church Statute of 1721A Holy Synod that replaced the office of patriarch. All of its members (lay and religious) had to swear allegiance to the czar.
366277778Crimean War(1853-1856)-Conflict ostensibly waged to protect Orthodox Christians in the Ottoman Empire, in actuality to gain a foothold in the Black Sea. Turks, Britain, and France forced Russia to sue for peace. The Treaty of Paris (1856) forfeited Russia's right to maintain a war fleet in the Black Sea. Russia also lost the principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia.
366277779Decembrist RevoltThe 1825 plot by liberals (upper-class intelligentsia) to set up a constitutional monarchy or a republic. The plot failed, but the ideals remained.
366277780DumaRussian national legislature.
366277781Emancipation Edict(1861-The imperial law that abolished serfdom in Russia and, on paper, freed the peasants. In actuality they were collectively responsible for redemption payments to the government for a number of years.
366277782Father GaponLeader of the factory workers who assembled before the czar's palace to petition him on January 1905 (Bloody Sunday).
366277783Ivan the Great(1462-1505 )The Slavic Grand Duke of Moscow, he ended nearly 200 years of Mongol domination of his dukedom. From then on he worked at extending his territories, subduing he nobles, and attaining absolute power.
366277784Ivan the Terrible(1533-1584) earned his nickname for his great acts of cruelty directed toward all those with whom he disagreed. He became the first ruler to assume the title Czar of all Russia.
366277785KulakAn independent and propertied Russian farmer.
366277786MirVillage commune where the emancipated serfs lived and worked collectively in order to meet redemption payments to the government.
366277787Nicholas II(1894-1917)-The last czar of the Romanov dynasty, whose government collapsed under the pressure of World War 1.
366277788Sofia PerovskiaiThe first woman to be executed for a political crime in Russia. She was a member of a militant movement that assassinated Czar Alexander II in 1881.
366277789Pugechev(1726-1775)-Head of the bloody peasant revolt in 1773 that convinced Catherine the Great to throw her support to the nobles and cease internal reforms.
366277790Michael Romanov(1613-16##) In 1613 an assembly of nobels chose Michael as the new czar. For the next 300 years the Romanov family ruled in Russia.
366277791Peter Stolypin(1862-1911)-Russian minister under Nicholas II who encouraged the growth of private farmers and improved education for enterprising peasants.
366277792Sergei Witte(1849-1915 )-Finance minister under whom Russia industrialized and began a program of economic modernization, founder of the Transiberian Railroad.
366277793ZemstovoA type of local government with powers to tax and make laws; essentially, a training ground for democracy, dominated by the property-owning class when established in 1864.
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Russia Flashcards

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516335213Ivan IIIcreated the name of the tsar. Incorporated Byzantine ideas into his rule., The prince that made Moscow the new capital of Russia, and he overthrew the Mongols that were dominating Russia.
516335214Ivan IVset up secret police, the most powerful of the early tsar. saw treason everywhere and arrested, exiled, or excecuted many advisors, reduced boyars power, increased Russia's trade with western Europe and worked to expand borders, conquered Mongul lands to the east and south of Moscow
516335215Time of Troublesfollowed death of Ivan IV without heir early in 17th century; boyars attempted to use vacuum of power to reestablish their authority; ended with selection of Michael Romanov as tsar in 1613.
516335216Romanov Dynastydynasty that favored the nobles, reduced military obligations, expanded the Russian empire further east, and fought several unsuccessful wars, yet they lasted from 1613 to 1917.
516335217Michael IHe was elected by a zemsky sobor at the age of 16 and his rule signifies the end of the Time of Troubles. Russian Tsar who is generally seen as a nonentity but whose rule marked the return of stability to Russia.
516335218Ivan VFeodor II's second son; co-ruled with Peter I (the Great) from 1682 until his death in 1696; was a "pushover"
516335219Peter Ison of Alexis Romanov; ruled from 1689 to 1725; continued growth of absolutism and conquest; included more definite interest in changing selected aspects of economy and culture through imitation of western European models.
516335220Elizabeth of RussiaAfter Peter's death in 1725, no successor came to the throne, since he had not named one, and subsequently the country was once again plunged into chaos and civil war between a Russian faction and a German faction. This was only put to an end by this woman, Peter's daughter, taking the throne in 1741 and ending the civil war
516335221Peter IIIWithdrew from the Seven Year's War because he liked Frederick II of Prussia. This essentially stopped the war.
516335222CatherineEmpress of Russia who greatly increased the territory of the empire (1729-1796)
516335223Paul I(1796-1801) Son of Catherine and Peter III. Tries to reinstate mandatory military, hostile to the French, attacks British India, is overthrown on March 11 1801. Alexander I is placed on the throne
516335224Alexander Ithe czar of Russia whose plans to liberalize the government of Russia were unrealized because of the wars with Napoleon (1777-1825)
516335225Nicholas ICzar of Russia during Crimean war; wanted Crimea for a warm water port for Russia; kept serfdom and his defeat in Crimean war brought change to Russia, (1825-1855) Russian Tsar that succeeced Alexander; he strengthened the secret police and the bureaucracy. He was also wiling to use Russian troops to crush revolutions, as he greatly feared them.
516335226Alexander IIthe son of Nicholas I who, as czar of Russia, introduced reforms that included limited emancipation of the serfs (1818-1881)
516335227Alexander III(1881) son of Alexander II, increased use of secret police, censorship, exiles to Siberia, Russianunification to suppress non-Russians, pogroms
516335228Nicholas IILast tsar of Russia, he went to the frontlines in WWI to try to rally the troops, but was forced to abdicate after his wife made horrible decisions under the influence of Rasputin.
516335229Vikingsone of a seafaring Scandinavian people who raided the coasts of northern and western Europe from the eighth through the tenth century.
516335230Dnieper Rivera river that rises in Russia near Smolensk and flowing south through Belarus and Ukraine to empty into the Black Sea
516335231Kievtrade city in southern Russia established by Scandinavian traders in 9th century; became focal point for kingdom of Russia that flourished to 12th century, capital and largest city of the Ukraine
517472868Ural Mountainsa mountain range in western Russia extending from the arctic to the Caspian Sea; forms part of the traditional boundary between Europe and Asia
517472869Siberiasparsely populated and bitterly cold section of northeastern Russia; holds lots of natural resources; historically a place of exile
517472870VladivostokRussia's largest port city on the pacific ocean, on the head of the Golden Horn Bay, close to the border with China and North Korea.
517472871Moscowcapital city of Russia, raised to prominence by Ivan I of Muscovy that became the home of the head of the Russian Church
517472872Byzantine EmpireEastern European empire that came from the splitting of the Roman Empire; fell in the mid 1400s; capital was Constantinople
517472873Prince Vladimir(958-1015) Ruler of Kiev who converts to Eastern Orthodox Christianity rather than Roman Catholic; influenced Russians to convert to Christianity.
517472874"drinking is the joy of every Russian"alcohol has been an important part of Russian culture since Vladimir I built taverns to acquire more money for the government. V-O-D-K-A, vodka, vodka, yay yay yay!
517472875diasporathe dispersing of Jews from Israel to other parts of the world because of discrimination and persecution
517472876patriarchhead of the Eastern Orthodox Church, similar to the Pope in Roman Catholicism
517472877Russian Orthodoxlargest division of the Eastern Orthodox Church; headed by the Russian Patriarchate; official church of Russia; founded by the Apostle Andrew
517472878Cyrillic alphabetoriginally deriving from the Greek alphabet, it is the basis of many Slavic languages; alphabet of the Russian Orthodox Church
517472879Mongolsnomads from northern central Asia who conquered the largest land empire in history; reigned in Russia and kept them isolated, causing them to fall behind on modern culture and not advance technologically or artistically
517472880Genghis Kahnfirst leader of the Mongols; used military tactics and impressive horseback skills to conquer the largest land empire of all time
517472881Batu Kahngrandson of Genghis Khan, founded the Golden Horde; overtook Russia in 1237 and was their leader during Russian Mongol rule
517472882Khanate of the Golden Hordethe Mongol empire, that, after the fall of Kiev, ruled all of southern Russia for 200 years (Russia was one of the divisions of Genghis Khan's original empire after his death)
517472883Tartarsgroup of Muslim, Turkic people who settled on the Volga river in Russia
517472884Cossacksgroup of predominantly East Slavic people who originally were members of democratic, semi-military communities in Ukraine and Southern Russia; Peasant adventurers with agricultural and military skills recruited to conquer and settle in newly seized lands in southern Russia and Siberia.
517472885RenaissanceThe great period of rebirth in art, literature, and learning in the 14th-16th centuries, which marked the transition into the modern periods of European history. If you don't know this by now you should probably drop Euro.
517472886Ivan III-the Greattripled Russian territory, ended dominance of the Golden Horde; improved military and economy; one of the Longest reigning Russian rulers; anti-Catholic, separated Russia from Western Europe
517536473Third RomeRussia, with Moscow as its capital, claimed to be the successor of the Roman and Byzantine empires.
517536474BoyarsRussian nobles
517536475Autocrata ruler who has absolute or unlimited power; established by Ivan III
517559919Grand Duke of Moscowthe Russian noble that, in 1380, defeated Tartar forces at Kulikov Meadow, which marked the decline of Mongol rule in Russia
517559920Ivan IV- The Terribleset up secret police, the most powerful of the early czars. Learned, religious, and cruel. Saw treason everywhere and arrested, exiled, or excecuted many advisors, reduced boyars power, increased Russia's trade with western Europe and worked to expand borders, conquered Mongol lands to the east and south of Moscow
517536476Oprichnikssecret police in Russia used by Ivan IV to do his dirty work and kill anyone Ivan told them to kill; worked very efficiently
517536477CzarAutocratic ruler in Russia
517536478Zemsky Soborgroup of Russian boyars that form during Time of Troubles that work together to rule and kick Poland out of Russia, elected Michael Romanov as czar- ended Time of Troubles
517559921Time of Troublesfollowed death of Ivan IV without heir early in 17th century; boyars attempted to use vacuum of power to reestablish their authority; ended with selection of Michael Romanov as tsar in 1613.
517536479Incognitowithout revealing one's identity; Peter traveled incognito as a carpenter in Europe
517559922Peter I-the Greatczar of Russia who introduced ideas from western Europe to reform the government; encouraged Western clothing and for young Russian men to visit Western Europe; wanted to modernize and westernize Russia (kind of like its own Renaissance)
517536480Streltsian elite army who went into rebellion while Peter away in 1698 in Europe. Peter put down rebellion harshly - used torture and execution - went on for months and strung up rebels till they rotted. Lesson to other would-be rebels
517559923guberniiterritorial areas or provinces in Russia governed by local governments but all under Peter the Great-governments used Latin to imitate the West
517536481New Reforms of Peter Imodernize and westernize; made boyars shave their beards dress like the french and speak French. Many didn't shave so the beard tax was established
517536482Holy SynodA body created by Peter to make decisions for the Church, replaced the patriarch and decreased power of the Russian Orthodox Church
517536483Great Northern WarWar with Sweden over control of Baltic, caused by Russia building St. Petersburg on Swedish soil. (Russia wins)
517536484Warm Water Porta port that doesn't freeze over during the winter ex. St Petersburg and Crimea
517536485St PetersburgFirst warm water port gained from Sweden by Peter the Great, made the capital aka "City Built on Bones" or "Window to the West"
517536486"Windows to the West"knickname that Peter gave to St. Petersburg, wanted it to look like Versailles, like France and the westernized world
517544400"City built on bones"Nickname for St. Petersburg due to the tens of thousands of workers that died building the city. Workers died from the harsh climate and malaria. Their bodies were thrown into the construction site.
517544401King Charles XII of Swedenruled from 1697-1718. Ruler of Swedish empire during Great Northern War. Attacked Russia twice but failed both times. Was a skilled military leader, tactician, and politician
517544402Battle of Narva (1700)Early battle of Great Northern War resulting in a decisive Swedish victory against a Russian siege force three times the size of the Swedish Relief army under Charles XII
517544403Battle of Poltava (1709)Battle of Great Northern War resulting in a decisive victory for Peter I of Russia. Marked the Start of Sweden's decline of power and Russia's growth of power. Took place in present day Ukraine.
517544404Treaty of Nystad-1721Final treaty of Great Northern War ending the fighting between Russia and Sweden
517544405Empress Elizabeth (daughter of Peter I)Empress of Russia. Led the country through two major European wars: War of Austrian Succession and the Seven Years War. Winter Palace and Smolny Cathedral are the chief monuments of her reign. One of the most popular Russian monarchs for not executing anyone and for her opposition of Prussian policies.
517544406Catherine IIthe longest ruling female in Russian history. Russia rapidly expanded during this time due to conquest and diplomacy.
517544407Orlov BrothersBelonged to a Russian noble family. Second eldest was Catherine the Greats paramour/advisor. The younger two were notable military leaders.
517544408Gregorii PotemkinRussian statesman, Military leader, and Noble. Was a favorite of Catherine the great.
517544409Enlightened DespotA despot/ absolute monarch influenced by enlightenment. They usually allow religious toleration, freedom of speech, the right to hold private property, and foster arts education and science.
517544410Voltaire and Diderota french enlightenment writer focusing in civil liberties such as freedom of religion, expression and trade and separation of church and state. AND another french enlightenment writer focusing on free will. Best known as co-founder and chief editor of Encyclopedie
517544411Pugachev revoltA revolt that took place after Catherine II took power. Largest peasant revolt in Russian history. Lead by Yemelyan Pugachev, an ex-lutenient in the Russian army. Lead Yaik Cossacks in battle and was crushed by by General Michelsohn at Tsaritsyn. Pugachev was then captured and executed
517544412Partition of PolandCaused the the existence of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth resulting in the elimination of sovereign Poland for 123 years. Took place during the second half on the 18th century.
517544413Silesiais a historical region of Central Europe located mostly in Poland, with smaller parts also in the Czech Republic, and Germany. Most of it was conquered by Prussia in 1742, later becoming part of the German Empire
517544414"Greek Project"a secret Russo-Austrian alliance against the Ottoman Empire
517544415War vs. Turksa series of wars fought between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire during the 16th, 17th, 18th, 19th and 20th centuries. It was one of the longest conflicts in European history. None of these struggles ever resulted in much change in the balance of power in the middle East.
517544416Odessais the fifth largest city in Ukraine. The city is a major seaport located on the northwestern shore of the Black Sea. Founded by Catherine the Great
517544417"Potemkin villages"any hollow or false construct, physical or figurative, meant to hide an undesirable or potentially damaging situation. In the 1700s, the courtesans of Queen Catherine of Russia gave her tours along the Volga river where she witnessed a happy and thriving bourgeoisie living in clean and prosperous villages. But this was all a show to cover disease, poverty, and misery that lay just behind the facade that had been erected for her benefit
517544418Alexander Iserved as Emperor of Russia from 23 March 1801 to 1 December 1825 and the first Russian King of Poland from 1815 to 1825. Russia acquired Finland and part of Poland under his rule.
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AP Euro Tri 1 Flashcards

prussia/russia-despotism in russia

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536494261All of the following are true of 17th century Brandenburg-Prussia exceptit had rich mineral deposits
536494262After 1415, the Electors of Brandenburg were always which family?Hohenzollern
536494263Fredrick William, the Great Elector, learned from the Thirty Years' War that the security of his state must rely mainly uponthe support of his army
536494264All of the following are true of Prussia's social structure exceptit was easier for the bourgeoisie to attain noble status than in France
536494265The first Russian ruler to assume the title of tsar wasIvan the Terrible
536494266The Time of Troubles (1604-1613) was a period during whichthere was a civil war
536494267Peter's subjugation of the Russian Orthodox church to the control of the governmenthad parallels with Henry VIII's creation of the Anglican church
536494268Peter the Great financed his reforms by imposing a large number of new taxes, the burden of which fell mainly on thepeasants
536494269The primary reasons for Peter's "westernizing" of Russia washis desire to strengthen the Russian army and state
536494270The partitions of Poland symbolized all the following exceptthe triumph of Polish nationalism and reform efforts
536494271The domestic system employed in the early modern European economy wasa system of rural household industry
536494272Cromwell devised a written constitution for England calledthe Instrument of Government
536494273Over the course of the 18th century, bourgeois and aristocratic wealth merged through all the following means exceptriot and revolution
536494274The wealth accumulated in western Europe during the 18th centurybrought a general rise in the standard of living
536494275As the transatlantic trade expanded, western Europe's trade with eastern Europecontributed to the spread of serfdom in eastern Europe by encouraging the creation of an export-oriented, plantation-like agricultural system
536494276The richest of all the world's sugar supplying colonies wasSanta Domingo
536494277In the 18th century which of the following was more important to western Europe as a trading area in Asia?'merica
536494278Asia was almost useless as a market for Europe's manufactures becauseAsians had no desire for European manufactured products
536494279Which of the following is true of 18th century Europe's population?Britain had fewer large cities than either Spain or Italy
536494280The increase of Europe's wealth in the 1800s was primarily brought about byB and C steam engine and power-driven machinery & growth of large factories and great manufacturing cities
536494281In the 18th century, class distinctionsbecame sharper
536494282All of the following are true of carnivals, an important feature of 17th and 18th century popular culture exceptthey went on for several weeks preceding Christmas, and signified the preparation for the incarnation of Christ
536494283In the 18th century people of all classes and cultures shared the samereligion and diseases
536494284Popular culture is difficult for historians to reconstruct becauseit was predominantly oral and is therefore difficult to research
536494285All of the following are true about elite and popular culture exceptpopular culture was largely written or printed
536494286Which two countries in western Europe came to occupy a position of leadership in Europe as a whole by about 1700?France and England
536494287The Duke of Orleans, who as regent for the young king came to power in France after the death of Louis XIV in 1715conceded greater influence to the nobility
536494288The 18th century French parlements and the English parliamentwere very different with the French institution acting as a court of law while the English one passed law
536494289All of the following are true of the 18th century British parliament exceptparliament was an honest and efficient form of government
536494290In 18th century England the Whig and Tory partiesceased to have much meaning after 1714
536494291The Whigs resisted the return of the Stuarts became James III wouldall of the above
536494292The South Sea and Mississippi bubblesencouraged business enterprise based upon individual ownership and partnerships
536494293In the aftermath of the bubblesEngland instituted the sinking fund, while France repudiated much of its debt
536494294Robert Walpole became in effect the architect of cabinet government in Englandthe executive leaders or ministers of that government are members of the legislature
53649429518th century warfare was characterized bythe used of soldiers recruited from countries other than a particular army's national affiliation
536494296All the following are true of the 18th century warfare exceptgenerals strove to encircle and annihilate their opponents
536494297The War of Austrian Succession began in 1740 whenFrederick II of Prussia invaded Silesia
536494298The Diplomatic Revolution of 1756 saw these new realignments of traditional relationshipsEngland/Prussia vs. France/Austria
536494299The British colonists in America in 1754relied on Britain for military action against France
536494300The Frenchman Dupleix's plans for India after 1748sought to increase the French East India Company's capital
536494301As a result of the peace treaties of 1763 ending the Seven Year's War al of the following occurred exceptFrance suffered a commercial calamity losing its trade with America and India
536494302The Enlightenment of the 18th century referred tothe belief that Europe had merged from a time of barbarism and darkness
536494303Enlightenment thinkers generally believed in progress, reason, science, and civilization, but they took divergent and inconsistent position on many issues. Which of the following statements is/are true?all of the above
536494304All of the following characterize Enlightenment though excepttrue progress could only be achieve by the people themselves, without the assistance of the state
536494305Rousseau's ideas included all the following exceptthe true and only possible expression of the general will is democracy
536494306Voltaire's famous polemical slogan "Ecrasez, I'nfame!" or "Crush the infamous things" referred toreligious bigotry and superstition
536494307Voltaire and Montesquieu bothchampioned rationalized, absolutists government
536494308The great French Encyclopedia completed between 1751 and 1772was conceived of as a positive force for social progress
536494309Montesquieu's influential doctrine of the separation and balance of powers suggested that good government could be obtained byall of the above
536494310The 18th century philosophes were a group of writers whowere popularizers and publicists
536494311All of the following are true about 18th century freemasonry exceptMasonic lodges generally held their meetings in public
536494312The 18th century Pietists and Methodists stressedthe individuals inner spiritual consciousness
536494313During the 18th century "enlightened" people typically imagined God asan inconceivably intelligent Watchmakers
536494314The 18th century Enlightenment embodied all of the following exceptskepticism about the regularity and harmony of nature
538665803In Russia, Enlightenment did all of the following exceptproduced several Russian thinkersinfluential throughout Europe
538665804Under Catherine the Great, serfdom in Russiaincreased in size and became more burdensome
538665805In foreign affairs Catherine's achievements included all of the following exceptconquests that included a port on the Baltic Sea
538665806In assessing Catherine's achievements one could conclude thatno ruler could have corrected the social evils of 18th century Russia
538665807All of the following are true of enlightened despotism exceptit emphasized the divine origin of monarchy
538665808By the end of the era of enlightened despotism just prior to the French Revolutionall of the above
538665809Characteristics of the demands of the age of democratic revolution between 1760 and the French Revolution weredemands for liberty and equality
538665810The Enlightenment of the 18th century referred tothe belief that Europe had emerged from a time of barbarism and darkness
538665811The 18th century Enlightenment embodied all the of following exceptskepticism about the regularity and harmony of nature
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AP Euro chapters 26/27 - Russia becomes the Soviet Union Flashcards

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741604414Lenin and the bolsheviks new political and economic policies during the Russian Civil War-Abolition of private Property -Bolshevik dictatorship -Cheka -War Communism
741604415Lenin's New Economic policy of 1921restored economic freedom -Tolerate Private enterprise -Peasants can sell their grain in the open market and have to pay taxes
741604416When did Lenin die?1924
741604417Leon Trotsky-A leader of the Bolshevik Revolution alongside Lenin and stalin; He was in charge of the red army (1917) - he was later expelled from the Communist Party (1927) and banished (1929) for his opposition to the authoritarianism of Stalin
741604418Joseph StalinRussian leader who succeeded Lenin as head of the Communist Party and created a totalitarian state by purging all opposition (1879-1953)
741604419Internationalista person who believes that nations should act as a community and should interact with one another peacefully and cooperatively
741604420Trotsky's Internationalist concept of the communist revolution-Urged rapid industrialization financed through the expropriation of farm production -Agriculture should be collectivized and the peasants should be made to pay for industrialization -revolution in Russia could only work if new revolutions took place elsewhere
741604421"Socialism in one country"-Stalin's program to build a self-sufficient Communist state based on industrial production. -Socialism could be achieved in russia alone.
741604422Stalin gained control over the Communist party of the Soviet Union1940
741604423CominternWas an international communist organization founded in March of 1919 by Lenin, this thing wanted to overthrow the international Bourgeoisie and create a socialist state.
741604424Split between communist and social democrats outside of RussiaThe comintern sought to destroy democratic socialism and the decision whether to accept these conditions split every major european socialist party
741604425policies implemented by the bolsheviks regarding the place of women in society-Expansion of sexual freedom and radical sharing of tasks about the home between wives and husbands -Divorce become easier -Legitimate and illegitimate children had the same rights -More protection in the workplace and marriage
741604426Five year plansPlans that Joseph Stalin introduced to industrialize the Soviet Union rapidly, beginning in 1928. They set goals for the output of steel, electricity, machinery, and most other products and were enforced by the police powers of the state.
741604427Lenins NEP-Peasant farmers kept grains off the market in hopes to raise prices -hoarding
741604428KulaksProsperous Russian Peasents that - under Stalin - were sent to Labor Camps as punishment for being succesful
741604429Collectivizationsystem in which private farms were eliminated, instead, the government owned all the land while the peasants worked on it.
741604430Effects of collectivization on peasants-Famine -Sabotage (slaughtered millions of horses and cattle) -hoarding and bartering -Black market -Peasants grew food in tiny plots
741604431Ukrainian Holodomor-Stalin starved the people in the ukraine because the Gosplan found out that they were hoarding food. -Manmade Famine, Millions died. - 1932-1933
741604432The great purgesWidespread arrests and executions of over a million people by Stalin between 1936 and 1938, attempting to eliminate all opposition to his rule of the Soviet Union
741604433Fate of enemies of the party-convicted & arrested -Expelled from the party -Sent to labour camps (Gulag)
741604434Fascist Ideology-Extreme Social Darwinism -Militarism and warhawking -Authoritarianism -Anti-Democratic -Anti-communist -Anti-intellectual - The State > Other concerns - State supervised Capitalism -Scapegoating "enemies of the nation" -Rejection of "decadent" values
741604435Fascist methods-Political violence and thuggery -Cronyism and corruption -Propaganda and symbolism -Youth education
741604436Why? (Fascism)-Failure of versailles -Disillusionment, depression and disorder -weak democratic gov't
741604437Where? (Fascism)-Italy (1st) -Germany -Spain -Small parties elsewhere
741604438election of 1921-Italian voters sent Mussolini and 34 of his followers to the Chamber of Deputies. Their importance grew as the local fascist gained more direct power -Movement had hundreds of thousands of supporters
741604439March on Rome of 1922Fascists dressed in their characteristic black shirts, began a rather haphazard march on rome. King Victor Emmanuel III refused to sign a decree that authorized the army to stop the marchers. In protest the cabinet resigned, and on october 29, the monarch telegraphed Mussolini asking him to be prime minister, and he came to rome the next day.
741604440Lateran Accord of 1929Through this the Roman Catholic Church and the Italian state made peace and this agreement recognized the pope as the temporal ruler of Vatican City, the state recognized catholicism as the religion of the nation, exempted the church lands from taxes, and allowed church law to govern marriages.
741604441fascist and women-Encouraged women to have more children -Maternity leaves -Insurance -Subsidies to large families -outlawed contraception and abortion -Made it more difficult for women to limit the size of their families -Mothers were expected to see that their children attended fascist school programs
741604442Corporatisma political system in which interest groups become an institutionalized part of the state or dominant political party
741604443Weimar Republicthe republic that was established in Germany in 1919 and ended in 1933
741604444Structure of the Weimar Republic-Guaranteed civil liberties and provided for direct election, by universal suffrage, of the parliament, the Reichstag, and the president. -President appointed and removed the chancellor -allows the president to rule by decree in an emergency
741604445stabbed in the back-Attributed Germany's losing the war to the public's failure to respond to its patriotic sense at the most crucial of times and to intentional sabotaging of the war effort, particularly by Jews, Socialists, and Bolsheviks
741604446Ruhr Valley CrisesIn 1922, Germany, faced with financial problems, announced that it was unable to pay any more of the 132 billion marks that it owed. France was outraged and sent troops to occupy the Ruhr Valley, Germany's chief industrial and mining center in order to operate and use the Ruhr mines and factories to collect the reparations
741604447Outcomes of Ruhr Valley-Hyperinflation -Dawes plan, 1924 -Locarno agreements, 1925
741604448Beer hall putsch of 1923In 1923 the Nazis attempted to overthrow the government in Munich. It was a total failure, and Hitler received a brief prison sentence during which time he wrote Mein Kampf.
741604449Dawes planA plan to revive the German economy, the United States loans Germany money which then can pay reparations to England and France, who can then pay back their loans from the U.S. This circular flow of money was a success.
741604450Locarno agreementsFrance and Germany both accept the western frontier as legitimate; It also allowed Britain and Italy to intervene if one side violated the agreement or if Germany sent troops into the Rhineland. As a result: - Germany: respectability and a guarantee against another Ruhr occupation in the East. - Britain: allowed to play a more evenhanded role. - Italy: recognized as a great power. - France: Germans accept the permanence of their western front.
741604451The Reichstag fire of february, 1933Hitler declares emergency powers
741604452Enabling Act, 1933-Hitler dissolves the Reichstag
741604453Purge of the SA ( Night of long knives)Hitler tries and executes leaders of SA whom he thought might turn on him.
741604454the SSHitler's personal nazi army, aka brown shirts
741604455Nuremberg Laws of 1935Laws directed against Jews, kept them out of public service, disallowed them to marry non-Jews, made them non-citizens.
741604456KristallnachtNight of Broken Glass, Nov 9 1938 night when the Nazis killed or injured many jews & destroyed many jewish propertys
742368797popular frontwas the French political alliance that allied the Communists, the Socialists, and the Radicals together.
743035410sinn feinAn Irish republican political movement founded in 1905 to promote independence from England and unification of Ireland. IRA (Irish republican Army)
743035411irish free statecreated by the British parliament in January 22. Made Ireland a dominion within the British Commonwealth but many Irish republicans still wanted severance of all formal ties to Britain and creation of a republic.
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AP Biology Chapter 20 - Biotechnology, Campbell 8th ed. Flashcards

Campbell & Reece 8th ed. of AP Biology, 2011-2012

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638906430recombinant DNA2 strands of DNA engineered to mesh together to make a new strand
638906431biotechnologymanipulation of organisms or their components to make useful products
638906432genetic engineeringthe direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes
638906433plasmidcircular DNA that replicates separately from the bacterial chromosome
638906434gene cloningmaking multiple copies of a single gene
638906435restriction enzymesthey snip sugar phosphate backbones to create "sticky ends"
638906436restriction sitethe specific cutting site of a plasmid
638906437restriction fragmenta DNA segment that results from the cutting of a restriction enzyme
638906438sticky endthe end off of a restriction fragment
638906439DNA ligaseglues restriction fragments together
638906440cloning vectorA gene carrier/plasmid that transfers DNA from a foreign cell or test tube to another cell
638906441genomic librarya complete set of plasmid-carrying cell clones, each carrying copies of a particular segment from the initial genome
638906442bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC)another type of vector; allows for easier replication/manipulation as the number of genes is reduced to a smaller size
638906443complementary DNA (cDNA)a complementary, single-stranded, DNA molecule to another mRNA or DNA; composed by mRNA via reverse transcriptase
638906444cDNA librarya collection of cDNAs
638906445nucleic acid hybridizationthe process of detecting a certain gene by adding a radioactive probe composed of complementary nucleotides
638906446nucleic acid probean artificially synthesized nucleotide complement used in nucleic acid hybridization
638906447expression vectorallows a cloned eukaryotic gene to function in a bacterial host; a cloning vector that contains a highly active bacterial promoter upstream of a restriction site where the eukaryotic gene can be inserted into the correct reading frame
638906448yeast artificial chromosome (YAC)essentials of a eukaryotic chromosome (DNA origin of replication, centromere, and 2 telomeres) inserted with foreign DNA to help a eukaryotic gene function
638906449electroporationthe act of sending an electric pulse to a cell in membrane saturated solution to allow DNA to enter
638906450polymerase chain reaction (PCR)the act of amplifying a target DNA sequence; consists of denaturation, cooling with primers, and the DNA pol adding of nucleotides
638906451gel electrophoresisthe process of separating nucleic acids/proteins based on size, electrical charge, and other physical properties
638906452southern blottinga process involving both gel electrophoresis and nucleic acid hybridization to detect a specific nucleotide sequence of a specific gene on DNA
638906453northern blottinga process involving both gel electrophoresis and nucleic acid hybridization to detect a specific nucleotide sequence of a specific gene on mRNA
638906454reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)a process using cDNA, PCR, and gel electrophoresis to compare gene expression between samples
638906455in situ hybridizationusage of placing probes in an organism with fluorescent dyes to determine which tissues/cells are expressing certain genes
638906456DNA microarray assaya collection of many small, single-stranded DNA fragments in a glass slide that would ideally represent all genes of an organism
638906457in vitro mutagenesisthe process of determining the function of a gene by disabling it via mutation
638906458RNA interference (RNAi)a synthetic, double-stranded RNA acting as a sequence of a particular gene to block translation of a specific protein
638906459totipotentdescribes a cell that can dedifferentiate
638906460nuclear transplantationthe process of transplanting a nucleus from a differentiated cell into an unfertilized/fertilized egg
638906461pluripotentthe capability of differentiating into different cell types
638906462stem cellan unspecialized cell that can reproduce indefinitely and differentiate into specialized cells of one or more types
638906463single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)where a single base pair site is varied
638906464restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)an SNP that exists on the restriction site for a particular enzyme making it unrecognizable causing different restriction fragments to show during gel electrophoresis
638906465gene therapyintroducing genes into an afflicted individual for therapeutic purposes
638906466transgenican organism that has genes from another organism of the same or different species
638906467genetic profilean individual's set of unique genetic markers
638906468short tandem repeats (STRs)tandemly repeated 2-5 base sequences in specific regions of the genome
638906469Ti plasmida plasmid of tumor-inducing bacterium that integrates its T DNA into a chromosome of a host plant; used in genetic (plant) engineering)
638906470genetically modified (GM) organismsan organism that has artificially acquired one or more genes from another of the same or different species
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