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Spanish 3 Family Flashcards

91886261	cunado	brother/sister in law	0
91886262	nieto	grandson/granddaughter	1
91886263	hermanastro	step brother/sister	2
91886264	madrastra/padrastro	step mother/father	3
91886265	medio hermano	half brother/sister	4
91886266	suegro	father/mother in law	5
91886267	bisabuelo	great grandfather/grandmother	6
91886268	abuelo	grandfather/grandmother	7
91886269	tio	uncle/aunt	8
91886270	sobrino	nephew/niece	9
91886271	anillo de compromiso	engagement ring	10
91886272	casarse con	to get married	11
91886273	compromenterse	to get engaged	12
91886274	dar a luz	to give birth	13
91886275	divorciarse	to get divorced	14
91886276	el divorcio	divorce	15
91886277	el funeral	funeral	16
91886278	graduarse de	to graduate from	17
91886279	nacer	to be born	18
91886280	la reunion familiar	family reunion	19
91886281	separado	separated	20
91886282	separarse	to get separated	21

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AP Biology Chapter 24: The Origin of Species Flashcards

Campbell Biology seventh edition chapter 24 vocabulary

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145686286	Speciation	The origin of new species in evolution.
145686287	Macroevolution	Evolutionary change above the species level, including the appearance of major evolutionary developments, such as flight, that we use to define higher taxa.
145686288	Microevolution	Evolutionary change below the species level; change in the genetic makeup of a population from generation to generation.
145686289	Anagenesis	Phyletic evolution, is the accumulation of changes that gradually transform a given species into a species with different characteristics.
145686290	Cladogenesis	Branching evolution, is the splitting of a gene pool into two or more separate pools, which each give rise to one or more new species. Can promote biological diversity by increasing the number of species.
145686291	Biological Species Concept	Definition of a species as a population or group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring, but are not able to produce viable, fertile offspring with members of other populations.
145686292	Reproductive Isolation	The existence of biological factors (barriers) that impede members of two species from producing viable, fertile hybrids.
145686293	Prezygotic Barrier	A reproductive barrier that impedes mating between species or hinders fertilization of ova if interspecific mating is attempted.
145686294	Postzygotic Barrier	Any of several species-isolating mechanisms that prevent hybrids produced by two different species from developing into viable, fertile adults.
145686295	Habitat Isolation	A prezygotic reproductive barrier. Two species that occupy different habitats within the same area may encounter each other rarely, if at all, even though they are not isolated by obvious physical barriers such as mountain ranges. Example: Two species of garter snakes in the genus Thamnophis occur in the same geographic areas, but live mainly (a) in water and (b) terrestrially
145686296	Temporal Isolation	Prezygotic reproductive barrier. Two populations reproduce at different times. Species that breed during different times of the day, different seasons, or different years cannot mix their gametes. Example: In North America, the geographic ranges of the (a) eastern spotted skunk and (b) western spotted skunk overlap, but (a) mates in the late winter and (b) in the late summer
145686297	Behavioral Isolation	A prezygotic reproductive barrier. Courtship rituals that attract mates and other behaviors unique to a species are effective reproductive barriers, even between closely related species. Example: Blue-footed boobies mate only after a courtship display unique to their species. Part of the "script" calls for the male to high-step, a behavior that calls the female's attention to his bright blue feet.
145686298	Mechanical Isolation	A prezygotic reproductive barrier. Morphological differences between species can prevent successful mating. They are anatomically incompatible and transfer of sperm is not possible. Example: Even in closely related species of plants, the flowers often have distinct appearances that attract different pollinators. Two species of monkey flowers differ greatly in the shapes and colors of their blossoms, thus cross-pollination between the plants does not occur.
145686299	Gametic Isolation	A prezygotic reproductive barrier. The sperm of one species may not be able to fertilize the eggs of another species. Example: Separates certain closely related species of aquatic animals such as sea urchins. The sea urchins release their sperm and eggs into the surrounding water, where they fuse and form zygotes. gametes of different species, like the red and purple urchins, are unable to fuse.
145686300	Reduced Hybrid Viability	A postzygotic reproductive barrier. Genes of different parent species may interact and impair the hybrid's development. Example: Some salamander subspecies of the genus Ensatina live in the same regions and habitats, where they may occasionally hybridize. But, most of the hybrids do not complete development, and those that do are frail.
145686301	Reduced Hybrid Fertility	Postzygotic reproductive barrier. Even if hybrids are vigorous they may be sterile; meiosis in hybrids may fail to produce normal gametes. Example: The hybrid of offspring of a donkey and a horse, a mule, is robust but sterile.
145686302	Hybrid Breakdown	A postzygotic reproductive barrier. Some first-generation hybrids are viable and fertile, but when they mate with one another or with either parent species, offspring of the next generation are feeble or sterile. Example: Strains of cultivated rice have accumulated different mutant recessive alleles at two loci in the course of their divergence from a common ancestor. Hybrids between them are vigorous and fertile, but plants in the next generation that carry too many of these recessive alleles are small and sterile.
145686303	Morphological Species Concept	Characterizes a species by its body shape, size, and other structural features. It can be applied to asexual and sexual organisms, and it can be useful even without information on the extent of gene flow.
145686304	Paleontological Species Concept	Definition of species based on morphological differences known only from the fossil record.
145686305	Ecological Species Concept	Defining species in terms of ecological roles (niches).
145686306	Phylogenetic Species Concept	Defines a species as a set of organisms with a unique genetic history
145686307	Sibling Species	Species that appear so similar that they cannot be distinguished on morphological grounds
145686308	Allopatric Speciation	A mode of speciation induced when an ancestral population becomes segregated by a geographic barrier or is itself divided into two or more geographically isolated subpopulations
145686309	Sympatric Speciation	A mode of speciation occurring as a result of a radical change in the genome of a subpopulation, reproductively isolating the subpopulation from the parent population.
145686310	Polyploidy	A mutational change during cell division that results in extra sets of chromosomes
145686311	Autopolyploid	An individual that has more than two chromosome sets, all derived from a single species
145686312	Allopolyploid	A common type of polyploid species resulting from two different species interbreeding and combining their chromosomes.
145686313	Adaptive Radiation	The emergence of numerous species from a common ancestor introduced into an environment that presents a diversity of new opportunities and problems
145686314	Punctuated Equilibrium	In evolutionary theory, long periods of apparent stasis (no change) interrupted by relatively brief periods of sudden change.
145686315	Exaptations	Structures that evolve in one context but become co-opted for another function
145686316	Heterochrony	Evolutionary change in the timing or rate of an organism′s development.
145686317	Allometric Growth	The variation in the relative growth rates of various parts of the body, which helps shape the organism.
145686318	Paedomorphosis	The retention in an adult organism of the juvenile features of its evolutionary ancestors.
145686319	Homeotic Genes	Any of the genes that control the overall body plan of animals and plants by controlling the developmental fate of groups of cells.
145686320	Species Selection	A theory maintaining that species living the longest and generating the greatest number of species determine the direction of major evolutionary trends.

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Chapter 23 Campbell Reece Biology 8th Edition Flashcards

Vocabulary words for Chapter 23 of Campbell Reece Biology 8th Edition for AP Biology.

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1205458309	No Mutations Random Mating No Natural Selection Extremely Large Population Size No Gene Flow	Conditions for Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
1205458310	Genetic Drift, Gene Flow, Natural Selection, Mutations, and Nonrandom mating	Major Factors that alter allele frequencies
1205458311	Diploidy and Balancing Selection	How genetic variation is preserved
1205458312	Genetic Drift	Changes in allele frequencies in small populations Bottleneck Effect Founder Effect
1205458313	Gene Flow	The movement of individuals and/or alleles in and out of a population
1205458314	Natural Selection	Occurs when some individuals contribute more offspring than do others
1205458315	Diploidy	Recessive alleles are hidden from selection in heterozygous genotypes
1205458316	Balancing Selection	Natural Selection maintains two or more forms in population Hetero-zygote Advantage Frequency-Dependent Selection
1205458317	Hetero-zygote Advantage	Sometimes heterozygous individuals are more fit than homozygous individuals Sickle Cell Anemia
1205458318	Frequency-dependent selection	Fitness of a phenotype declines if it becomes too common
1205458319	Balanced Polymorphism	More than one favorable traits for the environment
1205458320	Bottleneck Effect	A disaster might create a smaller population from a larger one, and the small population's gene pool might not be representative of the original gene pool
1205458321	Stabilizing Selection	Acts against extreme phenotypes and favors intermediate phenotypes. If a population of mice lives in an environment that consists of rocks of an intermediate color, both light and dark mice will be selected against. In humans, human babies weigh between 3-4 kg at birth
1205458322	Directional Selection	Shifts frequency curve toward rarer phenotype than the average common phenotype. Darker mice will be favored in an environment of dark rocks, because the darker fur color conceals them from predators
1205458323	Diversifying Selection	Favors individuals on both ends of a phenotypic range over intermediate phenotypes. If a population of mice colonizes a patchy habitat made of light and dark rocks, mice of an intermediate color are at a disadvantage.
1205458324	Founder Effect	A few individuals might become isolated from a larger population, and the smaller population may not have all the alleles found among members of its source population

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Chapter 22 - AP Biology (Campbell/Reece Biology, Eighth Edition) Flashcards

Vocabulary

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1291176341	Evolution	Descent with modification; the idea that living species are descendants of ancestral species that were different from the present-day ones; also defined more narrowly as the change in the genetic composition of a population from generation to generation.
1291176342	Fossil	A preserved remnant or impression of an organism that lived in the past.
1291176343	Stratum	A rock layer formed when new layers of sediment cover older ones and compress them.
1291176344	Paleontology	The scientific study of fossils.
1291176345	Catastrophism	The principle that events in the past occurred suddenly and were caused by different mechanisms than those operating today.
1291176346	Uniformitarianism	The principle stating that mechanisms of change are constant over time.
1291176347	Adaptation	Inherited characteristic of an organism that enhances its survival and reproduction in specific environments.
1291176348	Natural Selection	A process in which organisms with certain inherited characteristics are more likely to survive and reproduce than are organisms with other characteristics.
1291176349	Artificial Selection	The selective breeding of domesticated plants and animals to encourage the occurrence of desirable traits.
1291176350	Homology	Similarity in characteristics resulting from a shared ancestry.
1291176351	Homologous Structure	Structures in different species that are similar because of common ancestry.
1291176352	Vestigial Structure	A structure of marginal, if any, importance to an organism. Vestigial structures are historical remnants of structures that had important functions in ancestors.
1291176353	Evolutionary Tree	A branching diagram that reflects a hypothesis about evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms.
1291176354	Convergent Evolution	The evolution of similar features in independent evolutionary lineages.
1291176355	Analogous	Having characteristics that are similar because of convergent evolution, not homology.
1291176356	Biogeography	The study of the past and present distribution of species.
1291176357	Continental Drift	The slow movement of the continental plates across the Earth's surface.
1291176358	Pangaea	The supercontinent that formed near the end of the Paleozoic era, when plate movement brought all the landmasses of Earth together.
1291176359	Endemic	Referring to a species that is confined to a specific, relatively small geographic area.

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Boyer, "The Enduring Vision" Chapter 6: 1776-1788 Flashcards

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1142686283	A bosten bookeeper and senior army artillerist that transported Seized British artillery from Ticonderoga (New york) to Bosten.	Henry Knox
1142686284	Colonists who retained a profound reverence for the British crown and believed that if they failed to defend their king, they would sacrifice their personal honor.	Loyalists (Tories)
1142686285	Colonists in favor of American Independence.	Patriots (Whigs)
1142686286	German soldiers paid by the British to fight against the American Militia.	Hessians
1142686287	A French supporter who fought alongside the American Patriots at the battle of Yorktown and encouraged the French join the fight against the British.	Marquis de Lafayette
1142686288	Led the British into the battle of Saratoga and an eventual defeat.	General John Burgoyne
1142686289	Led the American patriots into the battle of Saratoga to win over the British and influence the French to join for American independence from Britian.	General Horatio Gates
1142686290	A turning point in the American Revolution. The American victory in this battle convinced France that Americans could win the war, and it allied itself with the Americans.	Battle of Saratoga
1142686291	A military strategist from Europe who organized the American militia into a strong military force.	Fredrick Von Steuban
1142686292	Father of the Northwest	George Roger Clark
1142686293	A military leader of the Iroquois that joined Britain to fight American expansionism and independence.	Joseph Brant
1142686294	The founder of Kentucky	Daniel Boone
1142686295	Cornwallis' surrender to Layette and George Washington forced England to surrender their military action.	Battle of Yorktown
1142686296	A treaty signed in 1783 when the British recognized American independence and agreed to withdraw all royal troops from the colonies.	Treaty of Paris
1142686297	Was one of the American delegates who help form the Treaty of Paris, explained the Articles of Confederation as an recognition of America as a Confederacy of States (with its own governments), and was Washington's successor for the Presidency. He is best known for allowing the Alien and Sedition Act of 1798 to become law.	John Adams
1142686298	One of the three delegates from America who help form the Treaty of Paris who, later, would be sent back to England to make negotiations to prevent another English-American conflict.	John Jay
1142686299	A series of 85 newspaper essays penned by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay. It defended the rights of political minorities against majority tyranny, and it prevented a stubborn minority from blocking well-considered measures that the majority believed necessary for the national interest.	The Federalist
1142686300	Was a man who was given political attention based off of "natural aristocracy" (personal accomplishments), attended the Philadelphia Convention of 1787, and was one of three delegates from America that aided in the formation of the Treaty of Paris.	Benjamin Franklin
1142686301	A well known black American, he was a self taught mathematician and astronomer who was one of the surveyors for the national capital in D.C.	Benjamin Banneker
1142686302	A Boston poet and slave who took ideals of the Revolution and linked it with the people of her color.	Phillis Wheatley
1142686303	Reconciled the conflicting interests of large and small states, and stated the laws of the United States.	Constitution of the United States
1142686304	John Adams' wife. She made clear that, besides participating in boycotts and spinning bees, women recognized that colonists' arguments against arbitrary British rule also applied to gender relations.	Abigail Adams
1142686305	One of the most prominent free blacks to emerge during the Revolutionary period. Born a slave, Hall received his freedom in 1770 and immediately took a leading role among Boston blacks protesting slavery.	Prince Hall
1142686306	Government that focused more on states' rights. It reserved to each state "its sovereignty, freedom and independence."	Articles of Confederation
1142686307	Declared that there would be a freedom for religious practice in the states.	Virginia Statue for Religious Freedom
1142686308	Established uniform procedures for surveying land north of the Ohio River. The law established a township six miles square as the basic unit of settlement. Every township would be subdivided into 36 sections of 640 acres each, one of which would be reserved as a source of income for schools. It imposed an arbitrary grid of straight lines and right angles across the landscape that conformed to European-American notions of private property while utterly ignoring the land's natural features.	Ordinance of 1785
1142686309	Defined the steps for the creation and admission of new states. It designated the area north of the Ohio River as the Northwest Territory and provided for its later division into states. It forbade slavery while the region remained a territory, although citizens could legalize the institution after statehood.	Northwest Ordinance
1142686310	One of the delegates of the Articles of Federation, he introduced the Virginia Plan and played a central role in the Constitution's adoption.	James Madison
1142686311	Called for the establishment of a strong central government rather than a federation of states. It gave Congress virtually unrestricted rights of legislation and taxation and power to veto any state law, and authority to use military force against the states. It specified a bicameral legislature and fixed representation in both houses of Congress proportionally to each state's population.	Virginia Plan
1142686312	A counterproposal to the Virginia Plan, it recommended a single-chamber congress in which each state had an equal vote, just as the Articles.	New Jersey Plan
1142686313	Designed to prevent one branch of government from dominating the other two.	checks and balances
1142686314	Shared power and dual lawmaking by the national and state governments.	federalism
1142686315	Allowed three-fifths of all slaves to be counted for congressional representation and, thereby, in the Electoral College that selected the president.	"three-fifths clause"

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The Enduring Vision Chapter 6 Flashcards

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957171814	Abigail Adams	John Adams' wife. She made clear that, besides participating in boycotts and spinning bees, women recognized that colonists' arguments against arbitrary British rule also applied to gender relations.
957171816	Alexander McGillivray	Creek Indian leader who secretly negotiated a treaty in which Spain promised weapons so that the Creeks could protect themselves "from the Bears and other fierce Animals."
957171818	Articles of Confederation	Government that focused more on states' rights. It reserved to each state "its sovereignty, freedom and independence."
957171821	Battle of Saratoga	A turning point in the American Revolution. The American victory in this battle convinced France that Americans could win the war, and it allied itself with the Americans.
957171823	Battle of Yorktown	The battle in Virginia when Lord Cornwallis surrendered to George Washington.
957171825	Checks and Balances	Designed to prevent one branch of government from dominating the other two
957171827	Constitution of the United States	Reconciled the conflicting interests of large and small states, and stated the laws of the United States
957171829	Federalism	shared power and dual lawmaking by the national and state governments
957171831	James Madison	One of the delegates of the Articles of Federation, he introduced the Virginia Plan and played a central role in the Constitution's adoption.
957171832	Joseph Brant	Mohawk chief who supported the British.
957171833	Loyalists	Colonists who retained a profound reverence for the British crown and believed that if they failed to defend their king, they would sacrifice their personal honor.
957171834	New Jersey Plan	A counterproposal to the Virginia Plan, it recommended a single-chamber congress in which each state had an equal vote, just as the Articles.
957171835	Northwest Ordinance	Defined the steps for the creation and admission of new states. It designated the area north of the Ohio River as the Northwest Territory and provided for its later division into states. It forbade slavery while the region remained a territory, although citizens could legalize the institution after statehood.
957171837	Ordinance of 1785	Established uniform procedures for surveying land north of the Ohio River. The law established a township six miles square as the basic unit of settlement. Every township would be subdivided into 36 sections of 640 acres each, one of which would be reserved as a source of income for schools. It imposed an arbitrary grid of straight lines and right angles across the landscape that conformed to European-American notions of private property while utterly ignoring the land's natural features.
957171839	Prince Hall	One of the most prominent free blacks to emerge during the Revolutionary period. Born a slave, Hall received his freedom in 1770 and immediately took a leading role among Boston blacks protesting slavery.
957171841	Separation of Powers	Each branch of government has separate powers from one another.
957171843	The Federalist	A series of 85 newspaper essays penned by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay. It defended the rights of political minorities against majority tyranny, and it prevented a stubborn minority from blocking well-considered measures that the majority believed necessary for the national interest.
957171845	Three-fifths clause	Allowed three-fifths of all slaves to be counted for congressional representation and, thereby, in the Electoral College that selected the president.
957171847	Treaty of Paris	A treaty signed in 1783 when the British recognized American independence and agreed to withdraw all royal troops from the colonies.
957171849	Virginia Plan	Called for the establishment of a strong central government rather than a federation of states. It gave Congress virtually unrestricted rights of legislation and taxation and power to veto any state law, and authority to use military force against the states. It specified a bicameral legislature and fixed representation in both houses of Congress proportionally to each state's population.
957257643	Henry Knox	His successful transport of artillery to Boston prompted the British to evacuate Boston in March 1776 and move towards New York, where they hoped to seize and base their formations to conquer New England. Defending New York was Washington's 18,000 poorly train troops.
957257644	Patriots	Also called wigs, were for the Americans in the American Revolution
957257645	Hessians	Britain also hired 30,000 German mercenaries
957257646	Marquis de Layfette	The enlistment of this French into Washington's staff also indicated that the French were willing to support the Americans. However, Louis XVI wanted proof that Americans could win a major battle.
957257647	General John Burgoyne	General who would lead the main British force South from Quebec through Eastern New York and link up with St. Ledger near Albany
957257648	General Horatio Gates	Earlier resistant by this General, who took command of the American forces after the capture of Charles Town, resulted in a failure as a single British volley quickly defeated the poorly trained militiamen while the General was escaping.
957257649	Frederick von Steuben	He arrived at Valley Forge and almost single-handedly turned the army into a formidable fighting force against the British
957257650	George Rogers Clark	British troops that lived in French (IL, IN). He led 175 militamen North of Ohio. He retook Vincennes in Feb. 1779
957257651	John Adams	Peace negotiations started with the fall of Yorktown and the American negotiations in Paris was lead by him, Benjamin Franklin, and John Jay.
957257652	John Jay	Peace negotiations started with the fall of Yorktown and the American negotiations in Paris was lead by him, Benjamin Franklin, and him. Antifederalists' objections in New York also stimulated a response in the form of one of the great classics of political thought, The Federalists, a series of eighty-five newspaper essays penned by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and him.
957257653	Continentals	Soldiers in the Contintental Army
957257654	Shays' Rebellion	In 1786, a movement reminiscent of pre-Revolutionary backcountry dissents, farmers and former war officer Daniel Shays led two thousand angry men in an attempt to shut down the courts in three western counties in hope of preventing foreclosures on farm mortgages.
957257655	Great Compromise	The panel adopted a proposal offered earlier by the Connecticut delegation: an equal vote for each state in the upper house and proportional voting in the lower house*

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AP Biology - Chap 11: Cell Communication Vocab Flashcards

As the title entails, this set has vocab regarding cell communication.
Definitions either come from this chapter's AP Biology Reading Guide made by Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw or the Campbell Biology 9th AP Edition textbook.

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1150264717	Signal Transduction Pathway	A series of steps linking a mechanical, chemical, or electrical stimulus to a specific cellular response
1150264718	Paracrine	Type of chemical signaling; Numerous cells can simultaneously receive and respond to the molecules of growth factor produced by a single cell in their vicinity
1150264719	Synaptic	Type of chemical signaling; Example: neurons communicate by releasing neurotransmitters across a synapse to stimulate the target cell
1150264720	Kinase Enzyme	Catalyzes the transfer of phosphate groups
1150264721	Ion Channel Receptor	Stop or allow flow of ions into the cell; type of receptor
1150264722	Intracellular Receptor	Found in the nucleus or cytoplasm of the cell; bond to chemical messengers that are hydrophobic or very small, like nitric oxide
1150264723	Transcription Factors	Control which genes are transcribed into mRNA (turned on) in a particular cell at a particular time
1150264724	Protein Kinase	Transfers phosphate groups from ATP to a protein
1150264725	Protein Phophatase	Rapidly removes phosphate groups from proteins (dephosphorylation)
1150264726	First Messenger	Signaling molecule; extracellular; not ligand
1150264727	Second Messenger	Intracellular; either a water-soluable molecule or an ion; type of messenger
1150264728	Scaffolding Protein	Large relay protein to which several other relay proteins are simultaneously attached
1150264729	Apoptosis	Cellular agents chop up DNA and fragment the organelles and other cytoplasmic components
1150264730	Reception	The target cell's detection of a signaling molecule coming from outside the cell
1150264731	Transduction	Happens after the receptor protein is changed by the signaling molecule; converts the signal to a form that can bring about a specific cellular response
1150264732	Response	Type of cellular activity triggered by the transduced signal
1150264733	Ligand	The term for a molecule that specifically binds to another molecule, usually a larger one; another name for a signaling molecule
1150264734	Tyrosine Kinase	Attaches phosphates to tyrosines; catalyzes transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to tyrosine (an amino acid) on a substrate protein
1150306530	cAMP	Made from ATP by adenylyl cyclase; inactivated by phosphodiesterase; a common type of second messenger

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AP Biology - Chap 11: Cell Communication Question Flashcards

Questions come from this chapter's AP Biology Reading Guide by Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw (cards 1-8) and from the Campbell Biology 9th AP Edition textbook (cards 9-13).
The "front" side has the questions, and the "back" side has the answers.

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1150302466	What activates a G protein?	GTP
1150302467	In what body system are ligand-gated ion channels and voltage-gated ion channels of particular importance?	Nervous system
1150302468	What are two benefits of multistep pathways?	Provide more opportunities for coordination and regulation during transduction
1150302469	How might a cellular response be inhibited?	The activation of an inhibitory G protein
1150302470	List two types of pathways often induced by calcium ions	G protein; Receptor tyrosine kinase
1150302471	When cell signaling causes a response in the cytoplasm, what normally happens?	Affect protein function
1150302472	Give an example of when the signal for apoptosis comes from outside the cell. (two-part including mitochondria)	Death-signaling ligand occupies a cell-surface receptor, leading to activation of capases and other enzymes; then, mitochondrial proteins are triggered to form molecular pores in the mitochondrial outer membrane, causing it to leak and release other proteins that promote apoptosis
1150302473	Give two examples of when the signal for apoptosis comes from inside the cell.	Signal generated from the nucleus when the DNA has suffered irreparable damage; Signal generated from ER when excessive protein misfolding occurs
1150302474	Phospohorylation cascades involving a series of protein kinases are useful for cellular signal transduction because: they are species specific; they always lead to the same cellular response; they amplify the original signal manyfold; they counter the harmful effects of phosphatases.	They amplify the original signal manyfold
1150302475	Binding of a signaling molecule to which type of receptor leads directly to a change in the distribution of ions on opposite sides of the membrane?	Ligand-gated ion channel
1150302476	The activation of receptor tyrosine kinases is characterized by: dimerization and phoosphorylation; dimerization and IP3 binding; a phophorylation cascade; GTP hydrolysis; channel protein shape change	Dimerization and phosphorylation
1150302477	Apoptosis involves all but which of the following? fragmentation of the DNA; cell-signaling pathways; activation of cellular enzymes; lysis of the cell; digestion of cellular contents by scavenger cells	Lysis of the cell
1150302478	Protein phosphorylation is commonly involved with all of the following except: regulation of transcription by extracellular signaling molecules; enzyme activation; activation of G protein-couple receptors; activation of receptor tyrosine kinases; activation of protein kinase molecules.	Activation of G protein-coupled receptors

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evolution Flashcards

evolution

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85224084	microevolution	evolution resulting from small specific genetic changes that can lead to a new subspecies
85224085	microevolution	is how new species are formed
85224086	microevolution	A change in the gene pool of a population from generation to generation.
85224087	macroevolution	large-scale evolutionary changes that take place over long periods of time
85224088	macroevolution	the patterns that determine phylogeny
85224089	phylogeny	(biology) the sequence of events involved in the evolutionary development of a species or taxonomic group of organisms
85224090	lamarck	proposed that by selective use or disuse of organs, organisms acquired or lost certain traits during their lifetime. These traits could then be passed on to their offspring. Over time, this process led to change in a species
85224091	natural selection	process by which individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully; also called survival of the fittest
85224092	neo darwinism/modern synthesis	incorporating the idea of genetics
85224093	evidence for evolution	Paleontology:fossil record, Biogeography:geographical distribution of species (species from different places seem to have the same traits), comparative anatomy:analogous structures and homologous structures.embryology: Similar in ontogeny, molecular biology similar genes in related species.
85224094	Paleontology	the earth science that studies fossil organisms and related remains evidence
85224095	biogeography	dealing with the geographical distribution of animals and plants, shows species that have no genetic relation that live in similar areas have similar development. evidence
85224096	embryology	the branch of biology that studies the formation and early development of living organisms, many related species have similar development :evidence
85224097	comparative anatomy	the study of anatomical features of animals of different species: evidence
85224098	molecular biology	The study of sequence data (nucleotides, peptides) for common biological molecules such as DNA, RNA, and ribosomal proteins and how these sequences differ among species evidence
85224099	evidence for natural selection	populations have enormous amount of reproduction potential. This potential is much larger than the environment can support
85224100	evidence for natural selection	Populations reproduce in greater number than the resources can support. As a result species compete for the limited resources.
85224101	evidence for natural selection	species are in competition for limited resorces and they compete for survival
85224102	evidence for natural selection	There is genetic variation between the individuals competing for limited resources.
85224103	evidence for natural selection	The individuals are competing for limited resources,they have genetic variation between them which gives some individuals an advatage over others. This variation is inheritable.
85224104	evidence for natural selection	The genetic variation is inheritable and only the individuals that have the prefered gene reproduce and pass on there phenotypes
85224105	evidence for natural selection	enormous reproduction potential is greater than the environments ability to support all offspring. Individuals with inheitable genetic variation are in competition with each other over the limited resorces. only the fit survive and pass on genotypes and over time these prefered genes accumulate in the environment.
85224106	stabilizing selection	Natural selection that favors intermediate variants by acting against extreme phenotypes
85224107	directional selection	occurs when natural selection favors one of the extreme variations of a trait
85224108	disruptive selection	natural selection that favors individuals with either extreme of a trait
85224109	sexual selection	A form of natural selection in which individuals with certain inherited characteristics are more likely than other individuals to obtain mates.
85224110	artifical selection	selection by humans for breeding of useful traits from natural variation among different organisms
85224111	mutations	Random errors in gene replication that lead to a change in the sequence of nucleotides; the source of all genetic diversity
85224112	sexual reproduction	A type of reproduction in which two parents give rise to offspring that have unique combinations of genes inherited from the gametes of the two parents.crossing over,independent assortment of homologues,random joining of gametes
85224113	crossing over	exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis
85224114	independent assortment of homologues	creates daughter cells during metaphase I with random combinations of maternal and paternal chromosomes
85224115	random joining of gametes	contributes to the diversity of gene combinations in the zygote during fertilization
85224116	diploidy	recessive alleles remain in the gene pool because latent variation is exposed to natural selection only when both parents carry rexessive allele the same creates variation
85224117	gene flow	movement of alleles into or out of a population due to the migration of individuals to or emigration from the population
85224118	genetic drift	random change in allele frequencies that occurs in small populations
85224119	founder effect	random change in the gene pool that occurs in a small colony of a population
85224120	bottleneck	genetic drift resulting from a drastic reduction in population size
85224121	hardy weinberg	allele frequencies will be stable over the generations if there is no mutation, the population is infinitely large and isolated from other populations of the same species, mating is random, and all individuals reproduce equally and randomly
85224122	p+q	allele frequency for both alleles
85224123	p^2	frequency of homozygous dominants
85224124	q^2	frequency of homozygous recessive individuals
85224125	2pq	Frequency of heterozygous individuals
85224126	hardy weinberg	p+q=1 and p^2+2pq+q^2=1
85224127	allopatric speciation	The formation of new species in populations that are geographically isolated from one another.
85224128	sympatric speciation	occurs when two subpopulations become reproductively isolated within the same geographic area
85224129	adaptive radiation	the evolution of many diversely adapted species from a common ancestor upon introduction to various new environmental opportunities and challenges
85224130	sympatric speciation	mode of speciation occurring as a result of a radical change in the genome of a subpopulation, reproductively isolating the subpopulation from the parent population
85224131	allopatric speciation	geographic isolation isolates gene pools, each gene pool is affected by a different environment and different selection mechanisms
85224132	adaptive radiation	evolution where one organism gives rise to a number of variations that are suited to different environments
85224133	species	a group of organisms so similar to one another that they can breed and produce fertile offspring
85224134	habitat isolation	two species that occupy different habitats within the same area may encounter each other rarely, if at all, even though they are not isolated by obvious physical barriers such as mountain ranges
85224135	temporal isolation	type of reproductive isolation in which two organisms reproduce at different times
85224136	behavioral isolation	type of reproductive isolation in which two organisms have different mating rituals that prevent them from interbreeding
85224137	mechanical isolation	another barrier to mating results from physical incompatibility between sexual organs of two different individuals.
85224138	gametic isolation	sperm does not recognize egg or can't survive in other species enviroment
85224139	hybrid inviability	A postzygotic barrier in which hybrid zygotes fail to develop or to reach sexual maturity
85224140	hybrid sterility	A type of postzygotic barrier between species; the species remain isolated because hybrids fail to produce functional gametes.
85224141	hybrid breakdown	A postzygotic barrier in which offspring of hybrids are weak or infertile
85224142	divergent evolution	when two or more species sharing a common ancestor become more different over time
85224143	divergent evolution	A form of evolution in which the same organism is placed into different environments with different selection pressures. This causes organisms to evolve differently, to diverge from their common ancestor. The resulting (new) species may share structural (but not necessarily functional) similarity; divergent evolution produces homologous structures.
85224144	homologous structures	come from divergent evolution
85224145	convergent evolution	process by which unrelated organisms independently evolve similarities when adapting to similar environments
85224146	analogous structures	come from convergent evolution
85224147	parallel evolution	two related species (common ancestor) independantly evolve similar structures
85224148	parallel evolution	Two related species that have made similar evolutionary adaptations after their divergence from a common ancestor
85224149	coevolution	The mutual evolutionary influence between two different species interacting with each other and reciprocally influencing each other's adaptations.
85224150	coevolution	the process in which species exert selective pressure on each other
85224151	macroevolution	Evolutionary change above the species level, including the origin of a new group of organisms or a shift in the broad pattern of evolutionary change over a long period of time.
85224152	phyletic gradualism	slow steady change in a phylum with a steady accumulation of small changes
85224153	phyletic gradualism	species continue to adapt to new challenges over the course of their history, gradually becoming new species; evolution of populations at a slow and smooth rate
85224154	punctuated equilibrium	a theory of evolution holding that evolutionary change in the fossil record came in fits and starts rather than in a steady process of slow change
85224155	punctuated equilibrium	in evolutionary theory, long periods of apparent stasis (no change) interrupted by relatively brief periods of sudden change
85224156	origin of life	sometime between 3.5 and 3.8 billion years ago, first primitive living cells of bacteria-type organisms appeared oxygen production by living cells began about 2.3 billions years ago, half age of planet oxygen reached present concentration in atmosphere approx. 1.1 billion years after there was enough oxygen to accumulate in atmosphere
85224157	endosymbiosis	A process by which the mitochondria and chloroplasts of eukaryotic cells probably evolved from symbiotic associations between small prokaryotic cells living inside larger ones
85224158	directional selection	form of natural selection in which the entire curve moves; occurs when individuals at one end of a distribution curve have higher fitness that indivduals in the middle or at the other end of the curve
85224159	stabilizing selection	form of natural selection by which the center of the curve remains in its current position; occurs when individuals near the center of a distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals at either end
85224160	disruptive selection	form of natural selection in which a single curve splits into two; occurs when individuals at the upper and lower ends of a distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals near the middle
85224161	genetic drift	random change in allele frequencies that occurs in small populations
85224162	founder effect	change in allele frequencies as a result of the migration of a small subgroup of a population
85224163	reproductive isolation	separation of species or populations so that they cannot interbreed and produce fertile offspring
85224164	behavioral isolation	form of reproductive isolation in which two populations have differences in courtship rituals or other types of behavior that prevent them from interbreeding
85224165	geographic isolation	form of reproductive isolation in which two populations are separated physically by geographic barriers such as rivers, mountains, or stretches of water
85224166	theory	well-tested, well-supported explanation that unifies a broad range of observations
85224167	fitness	ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in its environment
85224168	homologous structure	structures that have different mature forms but develop from the same embryonic tissues
85224169	vestigial organ	organ so reduced in size, it does not serve an important function; may be homologous to structures in other organisms
85224170	taxonomy	classification of organisms
85224172	genus	first part of an organism's scientific name
85224173	kingdom	kingdom second largest taxonomic group; there are six - animalia, plantae, protista, eubacteria, archaebacteria, fungi
85224174	domain	most inclusive taxonomic group, larger than kingdom; three exist - bacteria, archaea, eukaryota
85224176	phylogenetic tree	diagram showing evolutionary relationships of organisms with a common ancestor; resembles a tree
85224177	divergent evolution	pattern of evolution in which two species become more and more dissimilar
87926419	peer review	The process by which one's work or research is reviewed by experts in the field to evaluate the validity of the work
87926420	basic research	pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base
87926421	basic research	_____________ is pure science that focuses to increase psychology's scientific knowledge base rather than to solve practical problems, (p. 8)
87926422	applied research	scientific investigations intended to solve practical problems
87926423	basic	sometimes ______ research leads to break troughs in applied research
87926424	applied research	Is research that is used to help humans
87926425	butterflie study	Observation: buterflies puddle near mownor. Hypothesis: they were there for N,Na,sugar
87926426	squirrel study	observation: squirrels only eat the top half of acorn. hypothesis: the bottom had tannin and tasted bad the squirrels only ate the top which left the bottom for germinating
88021245	descent with modification	Darwin's initial phrase for the general process of evolution
88021246	misconceptions about evolution	evolution is not a fact: it is a fact ideas around it change but it is a fact. Evolution is only a theory. It is a theory but in science a theory is a well tested and broadly accepted idea. If you believe in evolution then you dont believe in god. Evolution does not negate the possibility of a God. That evolution is deterministic. it is not deterministic it is random. That evolution is highly controversial . all science is controversial. it is only the fine points which are controversial in the theory of evolution
88021247	deterministic	evolution is random not
88021248	the ideas around it	evoulution is thought not to be fact but it is only what isn't fact
88021249	the possibility of a god	evolution does not negate the what
88021250	ideas around it	Evolution is not controversial only the what are controversial all science is controversial
88021251	evidence for evolution	-fossil record shows evolutionary relationships between related species--comparative embryology-molecular biology-biogeography-
88021252	evidence for evolution	comparative anatomy species have homologous and analogous structures
88021253	comparative anatomy	looking at anatomy of organisms (homologous or analogous, divergent or convergent)
88021254	homologous structures	Body parts that are similar in origin and structure
88021255	analogous structures	similar adaptations that result from convergent evolution
88021256	analogous structures	structures that do not have a common evolutionary origin but are similar in function
88021257	convergent evolution	process by which unrelated organisms independently evolve similarities when adapting to similar environments
88021258	divergent evolution	when two or more species sharing a common ancestor become more different over time
88021259	natural selection	process by which individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully; also called survival of the fittest
88021260	neo darwinism	the modern version of Darwinian evolutionary theory, according to which new variations originate in DNA mutations that provide the raw materials upon which natural selection may act to produce evolutionary change.
88021261	neo darwinism	Darwin's theories restated in terms of modern genetics.
88021262	four points of natural selection	Their is variation in individuals of same species. This variation is inheritable. Populations exceed resources(malthus). the fit survive
88258758	malthus	Helped Darwin realize that species produce far more offspring than are capable of surviving and reproducing therefore there will be intense competition among individuals of the same species to survive
88258759	kin selection	organisms are most likely to help others with whom they share the most genes.
88258760	group selection	altruistic act to benefit the group
88258761	How of biology	the "how" things work or the mechanisms for how things work. proximate
88258762	proximate	The immediate explanation for a phenomenon, e.g. a stimulus such as environmental stimuli that trigger a behavior
88258763	why of biology	The "why" asks why it came about what adaptive significace it may have. Ultimate reason for the trait
88258764	pepper moth	Pollution from the " Industrial Revolution" caused a shift in the proportions of light and dark ________ morphs in many populations. Soot contamination of resting surfaces changed the relative apparency of light and dark morphs to hunting birds. Frequency of dark morph increased signiﬁcantly as selection pressure relaxed.
88258765	pepper moth	biston betularia
88258766	look at evidence for evolution	pepper moth, pesticide resistance
88258767	pesticide dangers	poison people and animals, Long term effects(cancer) Pesicide residue on crops. Manufacturing disasters
88258768	pesicide benefits	reduce insect damage to crop. poison pests. reduce disease
88258769	pesticide resistance	bichemical, detoxification, mechanical resistance, behavioral resistance
88258770	detoxification	one of the modes of pecticide resistance
88258771	mechanical resistance	one of the pesicides
88258772	behavioral resistance	one of the modes of pesticides
88258773	biochemical resistance	one of the modes of resistance
88258774	pesticide resistance	first application almost all die, mutant allel confers resistance,nest application kills less, resistant bugs begin to be more prevalent, pesticide becomes less and less effective, switch to new pesticide and bugs mutate again and become superbugs.
88258775	solutions to pesticide resistance	pesticides as nonrenewable resources.think in terms of evolution,use pesticides when essential,use othe strategies when possible.
88258776	what are the only biological entity of classification	species and genus everything else is a man made construct kingdom phylum class order family (genus species)
88258777	linnaeus	The founder of modern taxonomy who created binomial nomeclature
88258778	v grant	evolutionary science was not invented by evolutionary biologists it was invented by christians it was interpreted by evolutionary biologists
88258779	gould and eldridge	theory of punctuated quilibruim
88258780	geographical distribution	The location of species on Earth helps determine their relationships with other species. Example Finches
88258781	adaptive radiation	the development of many different forms from an originally homogeneous group of organisms as they fill different ecological niches
88258782	convergence & analogous	all vertrbrates have camera eyes
88258783	ontogeny	recapitulates phylogeny
88258784	embyology proof of evolution	development of tail and gill slits
88258785	allopatric speciation	Speciation due to organisms of a species being separated by geographical barriers so that eventually they become so different that they cannot interbreed.
88258786	adaptation	inherited characteristic that increases an organism's chance of survival
88258787	adaptations	phusiological, mophological, behavioral
88258788	preadaptation	a structure that evolves and functions in one environmental context, but can perform additional functions when placed in some new environment.Tannin in acorns
88258789	general adaptation	using broad environment
88258790	special adaptation	using specific part of environment
88258791	suite of adaptations	whole group of adaptations
88258792	adaptive strategy	behavioral pattern or sructure developed to deal with an environmental problem bird mobbing behavioral
88258793	coevolution	process by which two species evolve in response to changes in each other
88258794	coevolution	occurs when trait of one species has evolved in response to another species which it self has evolved because trait in first species.
88258795	ravent & ehrlich	first introduced co evolution
88258796	adaptionist program	S. J. Gould and lowenton expecting every charachteristic to exist because of some adaptive significance
88258797	pleitropy	one gene affects more than one behavior
88258798	red queen hypothesis	that as a species is evolving so are the species around that organism and so in the end it may not be any better off than it was in the beginning
88258799	adaptive landscape	evolution metaphor; peaks represent gene pools in equilibrium where there is maximum average genetic fitness/ for the population on the peak to shift to another peak, they have to cross the valley where there is least genetic fitness. they must undergo microevolution changes in the population to shift peaks
88258800	good hypothesis	one that can be tested and falsifiable
88258801	hoagland and sherman	kin selection
88258802	mark hafner	COPHYLOGENY BETWEEN POCKET GOPHERS AND CHEWING LICE
88258803	danjansing erlich and raven	coevolution

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evolution Flashcards

evolution

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85224084	microevolution	evolution resulting from small specific genetic changes that can lead to a new subspecies
85224085	microevolution	is how new species are formed
85224086	microevolution	A change in the gene pool of a population from generation to generation.
85224087	macroevolution	large-scale evolutionary changes that take place over long periods of time
85224088	macroevolution	the patterns that determine phylogeny
85224089	phylogeny	(biology) the sequence of events involved in the evolutionary development of a species or taxonomic group of organisms
85224090	lamarck	proposed that by selective use or disuse of organs, organisms acquired or lost certain traits during their lifetime. These traits could then be passed on to their offspring. Over time, this process led to change in a species
85224091	natural selection	process by which individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully; also called survival of the fittest
85224092	neo darwinism/modern synthesis	incorporating the idea of genetics
85224093	evidence for evolution	Paleontology:fossil record, Biogeography:geographical distribution of species (species from different places seem to have the same traits), comparative anatomy:analogous structures and homologous structures.embryology: Similar in ontogeny, molecular biology similar genes in related species.
85224094	Paleontology	the earth science that studies fossil organisms and related remains evidence
85224095	biogeography	dealing with the geographical distribution of animals and plants, shows species that have no genetic relation that live in similar areas have similar development. evidence
85224096	embryology	the branch of biology that studies the formation and early development of living organisms, many related species have similar development :evidence
85224097	comparative anatomy	the study of anatomical features of animals of different species: evidence
85224098	molecular biology	The study of sequence data (nucleotides, peptides) for common biological molecules such as DNA, RNA, and ribosomal proteins and how these sequences differ among species evidence
85224099	evidence for natural selection	populations have enormous amount of reproduction potential. This potential is much larger than the environment can support
85224100	evidence for natural selection	Populations reproduce in greater number than the resources can support. As a result species compete for the limited resources.
85224101	evidence for natural selection	species are in competition for limited resorces and they compete for survival
85224102	evidence for natural selection	There is genetic variation between the individuals competing for limited resources.
85224103	evidence for natural selection	The individuals are competing for limited resources,they have genetic variation between them which gives some individuals an advatage over others. This variation is inheritable.
85224104	evidence for natural selection	The genetic variation is inheritable and only the individuals that have the prefered gene reproduce and pass on there phenotypes
85224105	evidence for natural selection	enormous reproduction potential is greater than the environments ability to support all offspring. Individuals with inheitable genetic variation are in competition with each other over the limited resorces. only the fit survive and pass on genotypes and over time these prefered genes accumulate in the environment.
85224106	stabilizing selection	Natural selection that favors intermediate variants by acting against extreme phenotypes
85224107	directional selection	occurs when natural selection favors one of the extreme variations of a trait
85224108	disruptive selection	natural selection that favors individuals with either extreme of a trait
85224109	sexual selection	A form of natural selection in which individuals with certain inherited characteristics are more likely than other individuals to obtain mates.
85224110	artifical selection	selection by humans for breeding of useful traits from natural variation among different organisms
85224111	mutations	Random errors in gene replication that lead to a change in the sequence of nucleotides; the source of all genetic diversity
85224112	sexual reproduction	A type of reproduction in which two parents give rise to offspring that have unique combinations of genes inherited from the gametes of the two parents.crossing over,independent assortment of homologues,random joining of gametes
85224113	crossing over	exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis
85224114	independent assortment of homologues	creates daughter cells during metaphase I with random combinations of maternal and paternal chromosomes
85224115	random joining of gametes	contributes to the diversity of gene combinations in the zygote during fertilization
85224116	diploidy	recessive alleles remain in the gene pool because latent variation is exposed to natural selection only when both parents carry rexessive allele the same creates variation
85224117	gene flow	movement of alleles into or out of a population due to the migration of individuals to or emigration from the population
85224118	genetic drift	random change in allele frequencies that occurs in small populations
85224119	founder effect	random change in the gene pool that occurs in a small colony of a population
85224120	bottleneck	genetic drift resulting from a drastic reduction in population size
85224121	hardy weinberg	allele frequencies will be stable over the generations if there is no mutation, the population is infinitely large and isolated from other populations of the same species, mating is random, and all individuals reproduce equally and randomly
85224122	p+q	allele frequency for both alleles
85224123	p^2	frequency of homozygous dominants
85224124	q^2	frequency of homozygous recessive individuals
85224125	2pq	Frequency of heterozygous individuals
85224126	hardy weinberg	p+q=1 and p^2+2pq+q^2=1
85224127	allopatric speciation	The formation of new species in populations that are geographically isolated from one another.
85224128	sympatric speciation	occurs when two subpopulations become reproductively isolated within the same geographic area
85224129	adaptive radiation	the evolution of many diversely adapted species from a common ancestor upon introduction to various new environmental opportunities and challenges
85224130	sympatric speciation	mode of speciation occurring as a result of a radical change in the genome of a subpopulation, reproductively isolating the subpopulation from the parent population
85224131	allopatric speciation	geographic isolation isolates gene pools, each gene pool is affected by a different environment and different selection mechanisms
85224132	adaptive radiation	evolution where one organism gives rise to a number of variations that are suited to different environments
85224133	species	a group of organisms so similar to one another that they can breed and produce fertile offspring
85224134	habitat isolation	two species that occupy different habitats within the same area may encounter each other rarely, if at all, even though they are not isolated by obvious physical barriers such as mountain ranges
85224135	temporal isolation	type of reproductive isolation in which two organisms reproduce at different times
85224136	behavioral isolation	type of reproductive isolation in which two organisms have different mating rituals that prevent them from interbreeding
85224137	mechanical isolation	another barrier to mating results from physical incompatibility between sexual organs of two different individuals.
85224138	gametic isolation	sperm does not recognize egg or can't survive in other species enviroment
85224139	hybrid inviability	A postzygotic barrier in which hybrid zygotes fail to develop or to reach sexual maturity
85224140	hybrid sterility	A type of postzygotic barrier between species; the species remain isolated because hybrids fail to produce functional gametes.
85224141	hybrid breakdown	A postzygotic barrier in which offspring of hybrids are weak or infertile
85224142	divergent evolution	when two or more species sharing a common ancestor become more different over time
85224143	divergent evolution	A form of evolution in which the same organism is placed into different environments with different selection pressures. This causes organisms to evolve differently, to diverge from their common ancestor. The resulting (new) species may share structural (but not necessarily functional) similarity; divergent evolution produces homologous structures.
85224144	homologous structures	come from divergent evolution
85224145	convergent evolution	process by which unrelated organisms independently evolve similarities when adapting to similar environments
85224146	analogous structures	come from convergent evolution
85224147	parallel evolution	two related species (common ancestor) independantly evolve similar structures
85224148	parallel evolution	Two related species that have made similar evolutionary adaptations after their divergence from a common ancestor
85224149	coevolution	The mutual evolutionary influence between two different species interacting with each other and reciprocally influencing each other's adaptations.
85224150	coevolution	the process in which species exert selective pressure on each other
85224151	macroevolution	Evolutionary change above the species level, including the origin of a new group of organisms or a shift in the broad pattern of evolutionary change over a long period of time.
85224152	phyletic gradualism	slow steady change in a phylum with a steady accumulation of small changes
85224153	phyletic gradualism	species continue to adapt to new challenges over the course of their history, gradually becoming new species; evolution of populations at a slow and smooth rate
85224154	punctuated equilibrium	a theory of evolution holding that evolutionary change in the fossil record came in fits and starts rather than in a steady process of slow change
85224155	punctuated equilibrium	in evolutionary theory, long periods of apparent stasis (no change) interrupted by relatively brief periods of sudden change
85224156	origin of life	sometime between 3.5 and 3.8 billion years ago, first primitive living cells of bacteria-type organisms appeared oxygen production by living cells began about 2.3 billions years ago, half age of planet oxygen reached present concentration in atmosphere approx. 1.1 billion years after there was enough oxygen to accumulate in atmosphere
85224157	endosymbiosis	A process by which the mitochondria and chloroplasts of eukaryotic cells probably evolved from symbiotic associations between small prokaryotic cells living inside larger ones
85224158	directional selection	form of natural selection in which the entire curve moves; occurs when individuals at one end of a distribution curve have higher fitness that indivduals in the middle or at the other end of the curve
85224159	stabilizing selection	form of natural selection by which the center of the curve remains in its current position; occurs when individuals near the center of a distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals at either end
85224160	disruptive selection	form of natural selection in which a single curve splits into two; occurs when individuals at the upper and lower ends of a distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals near the middle
85224161	genetic drift	random change in allele frequencies that occurs in small populations
85224162	founder effect	change in allele frequencies as a result of the migration of a small subgroup of a population
85224163	reproductive isolation	separation of species or populations so that they cannot interbreed and produce fertile offspring
85224164	behavioral isolation	form of reproductive isolation in which two populations have differences in courtship rituals or other types of behavior that prevent them from interbreeding
85224165	geographic isolation	form of reproductive isolation in which two populations are separated physically by geographic barriers such as rivers, mountains, or stretches of water
85224166	theory	well-tested, well-supported explanation that unifies a broad range of observations
85224167	fitness	ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in its environment
85224168	homologous structure	structures that have different mature forms but develop from the same embryonic tissues
85224169	vestigial organ	organ so reduced in size, it does not serve an important function; may be homologous to structures in other organisms
85224170	taxonomy	classification of organisms
85224172	genus	first part of an organism's scientific name
85224173	kingdom	kingdom second largest taxonomic group; there are six - animalia, plantae, protista, eubacteria, archaebacteria, fungi
85224174	domain	most inclusive taxonomic group, larger than kingdom; three exist - bacteria, archaea, eukaryota
85224176	phylogenetic tree	diagram showing evolutionary relationships of organisms with a common ancestor; resembles a tree
85224177	divergent evolution	pattern of evolution in which two species become more and more dissimilar
87926419	peer review	The process by which one's work or research is reviewed by experts in the field to evaluate the validity of the work
87926420	basic research	pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base
87926421	basic research	_____________ is pure science that focuses to increase psychology's scientific knowledge base rather than to solve practical problems, (p. 8)
87926422	applied research	scientific investigations intended to solve practical problems
87926423	basic	sometimes ______ research leads to break troughs in applied research
87926424	applied research	Is research that is used to help humans
87926425	butterflie study	Observation: buterflies puddle near mownor. Hypothesis: they were there for N,Na,sugar
87926426	squirrel study	observation: squirrels only eat the top half of acorn. hypothesis: the bottom had tannin and tasted bad the squirrels only ate the top which left the bottom for germinating
88021245	descent with modification	Darwin's initial phrase for the general process of evolution
88021246	misconceptions about evolution	evolution is not a fact: it is a fact ideas around it change but it is a fact. Evolution is only a theory. It is a theory but in science a theory is a well tested and broadly accepted idea. If you believe in evolution then you dont believe in god. Evolution does not negate the possibility of a God. That evolution is deterministic. it is not deterministic it is random. That evolution is highly controversial . all science is controversial. it is only the fine points which are controversial in the theory of evolution
88021247	deterministic	evolution is random not
88021248	the ideas around it	evoulution is thought not to be fact but it is only what isn't fact
88021249	the possibility of a god	evolution does not negate the what
88021250	ideas around it	Evolution is not controversial only the what are controversial all science is controversial
88021251	evidence for evolution	-fossil record shows evolutionary relationships between related species--comparative embryology-molecular biology-biogeography-
88021252	evidence for evolution	comparative anatomy species have homologous and analogous structures
88021253	comparative anatomy	looking at anatomy of organisms (homologous or analogous, divergent or convergent)
88021254	homologous structures	Body parts that are similar in origin and structure
88021255	analogous structures	similar adaptations that result from convergent evolution
88021256	analogous structures	structures that do not have a common evolutionary origin but are similar in function
88021257	convergent evolution	process by which unrelated organisms independently evolve similarities when adapting to similar environments
88021258	divergent evolution	when two or more species sharing a common ancestor become more different over time
88021259	natural selection	process by which individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully; also called survival of the fittest
88021260	neo darwinism	the modern version of Darwinian evolutionary theory, according to which new variations originate in DNA mutations that provide the raw materials upon which natural selection may act to produce evolutionary change.
88021261	neo darwinism	Darwin's theories restated in terms of modern genetics.
88021262	four points of natural selection	Their is variation in individuals of same species. This variation is inheritable. Populations exceed resources(malthus). the fit survive
88258758	malthus	Helped Darwin realize that species produce far more offspring than are capable of surviving and reproducing therefore there will be intense competition among individuals of the same species to survive
88258759	kin selection	organisms are most likely to help others with whom they share the most genes.
88258760	group selection	altruistic act to benefit the group
88258761	How of biology	the "how" things work or the mechanisms for how things work. proximate
88258762	proximate	The immediate explanation for a phenomenon, e.g. a stimulus such as environmental stimuli that trigger a behavior
88258763	why of biology	The "why" asks why it came about what adaptive significace it may have. Ultimate reason for the trait
88258764	pepper moth	Pollution from the " Industrial Revolution" caused a shift in the proportions of light and dark ________ morphs in many populations. Soot contamination of resting surfaces changed the relative apparency of light and dark morphs to hunting birds. Frequency of dark morph increased signiﬁcantly as selection pressure relaxed.
88258765	pepper moth	biston betularia
88258766	look at evidence for evolution	pepper moth, pesticide resistance
88258767	pesticide dangers	poison people and animals, Long term effects(cancer) Pesicide residue on crops. Manufacturing disasters
88258768	pesicide benefits	reduce insect damage to crop. poison pests. reduce disease
88258769	pesticide resistance	bichemical, detoxification, mechanical resistance, behavioral resistance
88258770	detoxification	one of the modes of pecticide resistance
88258771	mechanical resistance	one of the pesicides
88258772	behavioral resistance	one of the modes of pesticides
88258773	biochemical resistance	one of the modes of resistance
88258774	pesticide resistance	first application almost all die, mutant allel confers resistance,nest application kills less, resistant bugs begin to be more prevalent, pesticide becomes less and less effective, switch to new pesticide and bugs mutate again and become superbugs.
88258775	solutions to pesticide resistance	pesticides as nonrenewable resources.think in terms of evolution,use pesticides when essential,use othe strategies when possible.
88258776	what are the only biological entity of classification	species and genus everything else is a man made construct kingdom phylum class order family (genus species)
88258777	linnaeus	The founder of modern taxonomy who created binomial nomeclature
88258778	v grant	evolutionary science was not invented by evolutionary biologists it was invented by christians it was interpreted by evolutionary biologists
88258779	gould and eldridge	theory of punctuated quilibruim
88258780	geographical distribution	The location of species on Earth helps determine their relationships with other species. Example Finches
88258781	adaptive radiation	the development of many different forms from an originally homogeneous group of organisms as they fill different ecological niches
88258782	convergence & analogous	all vertrbrates have camera eyes
88258783	ontogeny	recapitulates phylogeny
88258784	embyology proof of evolution	development of tail and gill slits
88258785	allopatric speciation	Speciation due to organisms of a species being separated by geographical barriers so that eventually they become so different that they cannot interbreed.
88258786	adaptation	inherited characteristic that increases an organism's chance of survival
88258787	adaptations	phusiological, mophological, behavioral
88258788	preadaptation	a structure that evolves and functions in one environmental context, but can perform additional functions when placed in some new environment.Tannin in acorns
88258789	general adaptation	using broad environment
88258790	special adaptation	using specific part of environment
88258791	suite of adaptations	whole group of adaptations
88258792	adaptive strategy	behavioral pattern or sructure developed to deal with an environmental problem bird mobbing behavioral
88258793	coevolution	process by which two species evolve in response to changes in each other
88258794	coevolution	occurs when trait of one species has evolved in response to another species which it self has evolved because trait in first species.
88258795	ravent & ehrlich	first introduced co evolution
88258796	adaptionist program	S. J. Gould and lowenton expecting every charachteristic to exist because of some adaptive significance
88258797	pleitropy	one gene affects more than one behavior
88258798	red queen hypothesis	that as a species is evolving so are the species around that organism and so in the end it may not be any better off than it was in the beginning
88258799	adaptive landscape	evolution metaphor; peaks represent gene pools in equilibrium where there is maximum average genetic fitness/ for the population on the peak to shift to another peak, they have to cross the valley where there is least genetic fitness. they must undergo microevolution changes in the population to shift peaks
88258800	good hypothesis	one that can be tested and falsifiable
88258801	hoagland and sherman	kin selection
88258802	mark hafner	COPHYLOGENY BETWEEN POCKET GOPHERS AND CHEWING LICE
88258803	danjansing erlich and raven	coevolution

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