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AP Biology Chapter 56 - Conservation Biology and Restoration Ecology, Campbell 8th ed. Flashcards

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386769759conservation biologya study integrating ecology, physiology, molecular biology, genetics, and evolutionary biology to conserve biological diversity at all levels
386769760restoration ecologyapplies ecological principles to return ecosystems that have been disturbed by homo sapiens to a more natural condition
386769761endangered speciesspecies that are in danger of extinction
386769762threatened speciesspecies that are considered to become endangered in the future
386769763introduced speciesa threat to biodiversity; aka non-native or exotic species, caused by accidental or intentional movement
386769764extinction vortexthe vortex of death; caused by inbreeding and genetic drift
386769765minimum viable population (MVP)the minimum population in which a species is able to survive
386769766effective population sizean estimate of the size of a population based on the numbers of females and males that can successfully breed
386769767movement corridora narrow strip or series of small clumps of habitat connecting isolated patches; conserves biodiversity
386769768biodiversity hotspotsmall areas with an exceptional concentration of endemic species and a large number of endangered/threatened species
386769769zoned reservean extensive region that includes generally undisturbed areas; used for economic gain
386769770bioremediationuse of organisms (usually prokaryotes/fungi/plants) to detoxify polluted ecosystems
386769771biological aumentationstrategy for removing harmful substances; uses organisms to add essential materials to a degraded ecosystem
386769772sustainable developmentdevelopment that meets people's needs without limiting the ability of future generations to meet their needs

Apush civil war and reconstruction Flashcards

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288816478Thirty-six, thirty line (1820)-Missouri Compromise: slavery illegal in Louisiana territory north of the 36º30' N -nullified by the Kansas-Nebraska Act.
288816467Popular soverignty-before the Civil War -people living in a territory had the right to decide by voting if slavery would be okay there
288816468Wilmot Proviso (8/8/1846)-proposed that in any territory U.S. gained from Mexico should not be slave
288816469Compromise of 1850-Henry Clay proposed -allowed California to enter the Union as a free state -divided the rest of the Mexican Cession into two territories where popular sovereignty would be used -settled land claims between Texas and New Mexico -abolished the slave trade in Washington -new Fugitive Slave Act
288816527Radical Republicans (1854-1877)-Led by Thaddeus Stevens in the House and Ben Wade and Charles Sumner in the Senate -After the Civil War -group that believed the South should be harshly punished -thought that Lincoln was sometimes too compassionate towards South -wanted equal rights for all U.S. citizens
288816480"Bleeding Kansas" or Kansas Border War (1854-1860)-passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act -pro-slavery forces from Missouri (Border Ruffians) -go to Kansas --> terrorized and murdered antislavery settlers -Antislavery sympathizers from Kansas did some attacks -ex: John Brown's 1856 attack on the settlement at Pottawatomie Creek -antislavery forces won
288816537Charles Sumner-Senator who had been caned by Brooks in 1856 -returned to the Senate after the Civil War -formulator of the state suicide theory and supporter of emancipation He was an -outspoken radical Republican involved in the impeachment of Andrew Johnson
288847832Sumner-Brooks Affair (5/22/1856)-Sumner denounced the South for crimes against Kansas and -he singled out Senator Andrew Butler of South Carolina for extra abuse -Preston Brooks, Butler's nephew, beat Sumner over the head with his cane, severely crippling him -showed rising level of hostility between the North and the South
288816483Pottawatomie Massacre (5/24/1856)-killed 5 pro-slavery men -helped make the Kansas border war a national issue
288816485Dred Scott Decision (1857)-Missouri slave sued for his freedom -Supreme Court: couldn't sue in federal court because he was property, not a person -Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional -ruling of U.S. Supreme Court that slaves were not protected by the Constitution and could never be U.S. citizens
288816489Panic of 1857-depression affected the industrial east and the wheat belt more than the South
288816492Lincoln's "House Divided" speech (June 1858)-In acceptance speech for his nomination to the Senate -Paraphrased from Bible: "A house divided against itself cannot stand." He continued, "I do not believe this government can continue half slave and half free, I do not expect the Union to be dissolved - I do not expect the house to fall - but I do believe it will cease to be divided."
288816487Lincoln-Douglas debates (1858)-series of seven debates in Illinois -argued important issues of the day (ex: popular sovereignty, Lecompton Constitution, Dred Scott decision) Douglas won these debates -Lincoln's position in these debates helped him beat Douglas in the 1860 presidential election
288816488Freeport Doctrine (1858)-During Lincoln-Douglas debates -Douglas said (in his Freeport Doctrine) that Congress couldn't force a territory to become a slave state against its will
288816482John Brown's Raid (1859)-John Brown seized U.S. arsenal at Harper's Ferry -planned to end slavery by massacring slave owners and freeing their slaves -He was captured and executed
288816494Election of 1860-Republican - Abraham Lincoln. Democrat - Stephan A. Douglas, John C. Breckenridge. Constitutional Union - John Bell. -Issues were slavery in the territories
288816498Republican Party-1860 platform: free soil principles, protective tariff -Supporters: anti-slavers, business, agriculture -Leaders: William M. Seward, Carl Shulz
288816473Abraham Lincoln (3/1861-4/1865)- 16th president -opposed the spread of slavery -issued the Emancipation Proclamation -wanted to preserve the Union: United States was one nation -wrote the Gettysburg Address: the Civil War was to preserve the government -the President of the United States and the leader of the Union throughout the civil war -Assassinated by John Wilkes Booth in 1865
288816521Financing the war-North was richer --> financed the war through loans, treasury notes, taxes and duties on imported goods -South had financial problems because they printed their Confederate notes without backing them with gold or silver
288816472secessionthe formal withdrawing of a state from the Union
288816512Copperheads-thought that anti-war Northern Democrats harbored traitorous ideas --> "Copperheads" (venomous snakes)
288816501Border states-States bordering the North: Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky and Missouri -were slave, but did not secede (stayed loyal to the north)
288816509Gettysburg, Vicksburg, Antietam, Appomattox-Battle sites of the Civil War. -Gettysburg: Meade vs. Lee, three days, North won -Vicksburg: besieged by Grant, surrendered after six months -Antietam: turning point of the war, much-needed victory for Lincoln -Appomattox: Lee surrendered to Grant
288816503North's advantages in the Civil War-Larger numbers of troops -superior navy -better transportation -overwhelming financial and industrial reserves to create munitions and supplies, eventually outstripped the South's initial material advantage
288816502South's advantages in the Civil War-Large land areas with long coasts -could afford to lose battles -could export cotton for money -fighting a defensive war -needed to keep the North out of their states to win -had nation's best military leaders, and most of the existing military equipment and supplies
288816457Union-Northern States during the Civil War -advantages: Larger population, railroads, factories, farms to grow food
288816508Grant, McClellan, Sherman, and Meade-Union generals in the Civil War
288816584George Meade-Union general who commanded the Union to victory at Gettysburg (1863)
288816476General William Sherman-Union general -practiced total war on his march through Georgia: "March to the Sea"
288816458Confederacy (or Confederate States of America)-11 Southern States during the Civil War -advantages: well trained soldiers, grew up riding, fought for protection of their way of life
288816586Jefferson Davis-President of the Confederacy
288816474Robert E. Lee-leader of the Army of Northern Virginia -opposed secession, but did not believe the union should be held together by force -Commander of the Confederate Army
288816475Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson-skilled Confederate general from Virginia
288816504Fort Sumter (1861)-1st engagement of the Civil War -Major Robert Anderson concentrated his units at Fort Sumter -Sumter was one of only two forts in the South still under Union control -Lincoln planned to send supplies to reinforce the fort -Confederate General Beauregard demanded Anderson's surrender, was refused -Confederate Army began bombarding the fort (4/12/1861) -fort surrendered (4/14/1861) -Congress declared war on the Confederacy the next day
288816505Bull Run (7/21/1861)-Confederate soldiers charged Union men who were going to besiege Richmond -Union troops fled back to Washington -Confederates didn't realize their victory in time to follow up on it. -1st major battle of the Civil War: both sides were ill-prepared
288816592Reconstruction (1863-1877)-rebuilding the south after the civil war
288816551Carpetbaggers-derogatory term for Northerners who migrated south during the Reconstruction -they had questionable objectives meddling in local politics (taking advantage of Southerners)
288816462Emancipation Proclamation (1/1/1863)-by Abraham Lincoln -freed all slaves in the states that had seceded, after the Northern victory at the Battle of Antietam
288816516New York City draft riots (7/13-16/1863)-disliked new laws passed by Congress to draft men to fight in the war -rioted, killed at least 73 people
288816463Gettysburg Address (11/19/1863)-by Abraham Lincoln -dedication of a national cemetery on the site of the Battle of Gettysburg
288816523Lincoln's Ten Percent Plan (12/1863)-Former Confederate states go back to the Union (Amnesty) when 10% of the 1860 vote count from that state had taken an oath of allegiance to the U.S. and pledged to abide by emancipation -next step: states to formally elect a state government -state legislature could write a new constitution, if it abolished slavery forever -then Lincoln would recognize the reconstructed government -meant to shorten the war by offering a moderate peace plan -intended to further Lincoln's emancipation (abolishment of slavery in states)
288816528Wade-Davis Bill (7/2/1864)-declared Reconstruction of the South was a legislative, not executive, matter -an attempt to weaken the power of the president -Lincoln vetoed --> Wade-Davis Manifesto said Lincoln was acting like a dictator (by vetoing) -required a majority of white men in a southern state swear loyalty to the Union, didn't let any former confederate hold office
288816465Sherman's "March to the Sea" (December 1864)-General William T. Sherman marched Union forces from Atlanta --> Savannah, GA -destroyed everything in their path
288816575Total War-strategy of general sherman that he used against the confederacy -destruction of everything (in his way)
288816539Freedmen's Bureau (3/3/1865-1871)-group set up to aid former slaves in adjusting themselves to freedom -furnished food and clothing to needy blacks and helped them get jobs
288816466Battle of Appomattox Court House (4/9/1865)-In Virginia at Appomattox Court House -where Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrendered to Union General Ulysses S. Grant --> ending the civil war
288816525John Wilkes Booth-An actor -planned, with others, for six months to abduct Lincoln at the start of the war -4/14/1865: shot Lincoln at Ford's Theatre -found several days later hiding in a barn -refused to come out --> barn was set on fire -Booth was shot, either by himself or a soldier
288816524Assassination of 4/14/1865-sitting in his box at Ford's Theatre -President Lincoln was shot by John Wilkes Booth
288816529Joint Committee on Reconstruction or Committee of Fifteen (12/13/1865)-Six senators and nine representatives -drafted 14th Amendment and Reconstruction Acts -purpose was to set the pace of Reconstruction -Most were radical Republicans
28881645613th Amendment (12/18/1865)-banned slavery and involuntary servitude
288816538Andrew Johnson (1865-1869)-Lincoln's VP, when Lincoln died, he became president - 17th president -opposed radical Republicans who passed Reconstruction Acts over his veto -first U.S. president to be impeached (survived the Senate removal by only one vote)
288816534Black codes (1866)-Restrictions on the rights of former slaves -passed by Southern governments
288816542Civil Rights Act (4/9/1866)-protect civil rights of African Americans -enacted by Congress over the veto of President Andrew Johnson
288816530Reconstruction Acts (1867)-Pushed through congress over Johnson's veto -gave radical Republicans complete military control over the South -divided the South into five military zones, each headed by a general with absolute power over his district
288816546Tenure of Office Act (3/3/1867-1887)-forbid the president to remove any executive officer who had been appointed by a past president without the advice and consent of the Senate, unless the Senate approved the removal during the next full session of Congress -meant to prevent Johnson from removing radicals from office --> broke this law when he fired a radical Republican from his cabinet --> impeached for this crime
28881645414th Amendment (1868)-all persons born or naturalized in the United States (including former slave) citizens -gave all citizens equal rights -fixed provision of the Civil Rights Bill: full citizenship to all native-born or naturalized Americans, including former slaves and immigrants.
288816557Ulysses S. Grant (1869-1877)-18th president -Military hero of the Civil War -led the most corrupt administration of the time (consisting of friends and relatives) -final commander of the Union Army -general of the Union army that defeated Lee
28881645315th Amendment (1870)-citizens could not be stopped from voting "on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. -was to prevent states from amending their constitutions to deny black suffrage
288816596Rutherford B. Hayes (1877-1881)-19th President -oversaw end of reconstruction and the start of the U.S.'s second industrial revolution

Chapter 15: The Ferment of Reform and Culture Flashcards

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1114485339The age of reasonThomas Paine's anticlerical treatise that accused churches of seeking to acquire "power and profit" and to "enslave mankind"
1114485340deismA popular Enlightenment era belief that there is a God, but that God isn't involved in people's lives or in revealing truths to prophets.
1114485341unitariansBelieve in a unitary deity, reject the divinity of Christ, and emphasize the inherent goodness of mankind. Unitarianism, inspired in part by Deism, first caught on in New England at the end of the eighteenth century.
1114485342second great awakeningA series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism. Stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects. The revivals attracted women, Blacks, and Native Americans.
1114485343burned-over districtarea of New York State along the Erie Canal that was constantly aflame with revivalism and reform; as wave after wave to fervor broke over the region, groups such as the Mormons, Shakers, and Millerites found support among the residents.
1114485344mormonsChurch founded by Joseph Smith in 1830 with headquarters in Salt Lake City, Utah, religious group that emphasized moderation, saving, hard work, and risk-taking; moved from IL to UT
1114485345lyceumSchool founded by Aristotle in Athens that focused on the gathering and analysis of data from all fields of knowledge
1114485346american temperance societyAn organization group in which reformers are trying to help the ever present drink problem. This group was formed in Boston in 1826, and it was the first well-organized group created to deal with the problems drunkards had on societies well being, and the possible well-being of the individuals that are heavily influenced by alcohol.
1114485347maine law of 1851Prohibited the manufacture and sale of alcohol. A dozen other states followed Maine's lead, though most statutes proved ineffective and were repealed within a decade.
1114485348Woman's Rights Convention- Feminists met at Seneca Falls, New York in 1848 and rewrote the Declaration of Independence in order to include women in it
1114485349new harmonyThis was a society that focusted on Utopian Socialism (Communism). It was started by Robert Owens but failed because everybody did not share a fair load of the work.q
1114485350brook farmA transcendentalist Utopian experiment, put into practice by transcendentalist former Unitarian minister George Ripley at a farm in West Roxbury, Massachusetts, at that time nine miles from Boston. The community, in operation from 1841 to 1847, was inspired by the socialist concepts of Charles Fourier. Fourierism was the belief that there could be a utopian society where people could share together to have a better lifestyle.
1114485351oneida communityA group of socio-religious perfectionists who lived in New York. Practiced polygamy, communal property, and communal raising of children.
1114485352shakers1840s; one of the first religious communal movements; kept men and women separate; failed due to lack of recruits
1114485353federal styleEarly national style of architecture that borrowed from neoclassical models and emphasized symmetry, balance, and restraint. Famous builders associated with this style included Charles Bulfinch and Benjamin Latrobe.
1114485354greek revivalinspired by contemporary Greek independence movement, this building style, popular between 1820 and 1850, imitated ancient Greek structural forms in search of a democratic architectural vernacular
1114485355hudson river schoolFounded by Thomas Cole, first native school of landscape painting in the U.S.; attracted artists rebelling against the neoclassical tradition, painted many scenes of New York's Hudson River
1114485356minstrel showswhite actors wearing black face mimicked and ridiculed African American culture, became increasingly popular.
1114485357romanticism19th-century western European artistic and literary movement; held that emotion and impression, not reason, were the keys to the mysteries of human experience and nature; sought to portray passions, not calm reflection.
1114485358transcendentalismA philosophy pioneered by Ralph Waldo Emerson in the 1830's and 1840's, in which each person has direct communication with God and Nature, and there is no need for organized churches. It incorporated the ideas that mind goes beyond matter, intuition is valuable, that each soul is part of the Great Spirit, and each person is part of a reality where only the invisible is truly real. Promoted individualism, self-reliance, and freedom from social constraints, and emphasized emotions.
1114485359"The American Scholar"Emerson's lecture at Harvard; encouraged American authors to develop their own literary techniques instead of using European ideas
1114485360Peter CartwrightBest known of the Methodist "circuit riders" (traveling frontier preachers). Sinewy servant of the Lord ranged for half-century from Tennessee to Illinois, calling upon sinners to repent.
1114485361Charles Grandison Finney..., An evangelist who was one of the greatest preachers of all time (spoke in New York City). He also made the "anxious bench" for sinners to pray and was was against slavery and alcohol.
1114485362Joseph Smith..., Founded Mormonism in New York in 1830 with the guidance of an angel. 1843, Smith's announcement that God sanctioned polygamy split the Mormons and let to an uprising against Mormons in 1844; translated the Book of Mormon and died a martyr.
1120017205Brigham YoungA Mormon leader that led his oppressed followers to Utah in 1846. Under Young's management, his Mormon community became a prosperous frontier theocracy and a cooperative commonwealth. He became the territorial governor in 1850. Unable to control the hierarchy of Young, Washington sent a federal army in 1857 against the harassing Mormons.
1120017206Horace Mann..., United States educator who introduced reforms that significantly altered the system of public education (1796-1859)
1120017207Dorthea DixTireless reformer, who worked mightily to improve the treatment of the mentally ill. Appointed superintendant of women nurses for the Union forces.
1120017208Neal S. DowNineteenth century temperance activist, dubbed the "Father of Prohibition" for his sponsorship of the Maine Law of 1851, which prohibited the manufacture and sale of alcohol in the state.
1120017209Lucretia MottA Quaker who attended an anti-slavery convention in 1840 and her party of women was not recognized. She and Stanton called the first women's right convention in New York in 1848
1120017210Elizabeth Cady Stanton(1815-1902) A suffragette who, with Lucretia Mott, organized the first convention on women's rights, held in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848. Issued the Declaration of Sentiments which declared men and women to be equal and demanded the right to vote for women. Co-founded the National Women's Suffrage Association with Susan B. Anthony in 1869.
1120017211Susan B. Anthony(1820-1906) An early leader of the women's suffrage (right to vote) movement, co-founded the National Women's Suffrage Association with Elizabeth Cady Stnaton in 1869.
1120017212Lucy Stoneformed American Women's suffrage movement, School teacher, daughter of a farmer, became abolitionist, lecturer for Anti-Slavery Society, good at giving speeches, disagreed with Susan Anthony, did not want to separate the women's rights movement from the aboltionist/civil rights movement.
1120017213Ameila Bloomeramerican feminist, supported womans rights and the trousers (bloomers named after her)
1120017214Robert Owen(1771-1858) British cotton manufacturer believed that humans would reveal their true natural goodness if they lived in a cooperative environment. Tested his theories at New Lanark, Scotland and New Harmony, Indiana, but failed
1120017215John. J Audubon1785 to 1851; He was an artist who specialized in painting wild fowl. He had such works as Birds of America. Ironically, he shot a lot of birds for sport when he was young. The Audubon Society for the protection of birds was named after him. His depictions of western wildlife contributed to the western population movements.
1120017216Stephen C. Fosterwhite Pennsylvanian who wrote the most famous black songs; went to the south one time in 1852; contributed to American folk music by capturing the painful spirit of slaves; lost his art and popularity and died in a charity ward as a drunkard
1120017217James Fenimore Cooper- United States novelist noted for his stories of Indians and the frontier life
1120017218Ralph Waldo EmersonAmerican transcendentalist who was against slavery and stressed self-reliance, optimism, self-improvement, self-confidence, and freedom. He was a prime example of a transcendentalist and helped further the movement.
1120017219Henry David ThoreauAmerican transcendentalist who was against a government that supported slavery. He wrote down his beliefs in Walden. He started the movement of civil-disobedience when he refused to pay the toll-tax to support him Mexican War.
1120017220Walt WhitmanAmerican poet and transcendentalist who was famous for his beliefs on nature, as demonstrated in his book, Leaves of Grass. He was therefore an important part for the buildup of American literature and breaking the traditional rhyme method in writing poetry.
1120017221Henry Wadsworth LongfellowAmerican poet that was influenced somewhat by the transcendentalism occurring at the time. He was important in building the status of American literature.
1120017222Lousia May Alcottauthor of Little Women, was an advocate of abolition, women's rights, and temperance
1120017223Emily Dickinsonpoet
1120017224Edgar Allan PoeAmerican writer known especially for his macabre poems, such as "The Raven" (1845), and short stories, including "The Fall of the House of Usher" (1839).
1120017225Nathaniel HawthorneOriginally a transcendentalist; later rejected them and became a leading anti-transcendentalist. He was a descendant of Puritan settlers. The Scarlet Letter shows the hypocrisy and insensitivity of New England puritans by showing their cruelty to a woman who has committed adultery and is forced to wear a scarlet "A".
1120017226Herman MelvilleAmerican writer whose experiences at sea provided the factual basis of Moby-Dick (1851), considered among the greatest American novels
1120017227Francis Parkman(1823-1893) Historian whose eyes were so defective that he wrote in darkness with the aid of a guiding machine, penned a brilliant series of volumes beginning in 1851.

Ch 15 - The Ferment of Reform and Culture Flashcards

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518419769The Age of Reason (1794)Thomas Paine's anticlerical treatise that accused churches of seeking to acquire "power and profit" and to "enslave mankind"
518419770Deism1700s religious doctrine that emphasized reasoned moral behavior and the scientific pursuit of knowledge; most rejected biblical inerrancy and the divinity of Christ, but they did believe that a Supreme Being created the universe
518419771Unitariansbelieve in a unitary deity, reject the divinity of Christ, and emphasize the inherent goodness of mankind; was in part inspired by Deism; first caught on in New England at the end of the 1700s
518419772Second Great Awakening (early 1800s)religious revival characterized by emotional mass "camp meetings" and widespread conversion; brought about a democratization of religion as many denominations vied for members
518419773Burned-Over Districtpopular name for Western New York, a region particularly swept up in the religious fervor of the 2nd Great Awakening
518419774Mormons (Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints)religious followers of Joseph Smith, who founded a communal, oligarchic religious order in the 1830s; faced deep hostility from non-Mormon neighbors and eventually migrated west and established a flourishing settlement in the Utah desert
518419775lyceumpublic lecture hall that hosted speakers on topics ranging from science to moral philosophy; part of a broader flourishing of higher education in the mid-1800s
518419776American Temperance Societyfounded in Boston in 1826 as part of a growing effort of reformers to limit alcohol consumption
518419777Maine Law of 1851prohibited the manufacture and sale of alcohol; a dozen other states followed this state's lead, though most statutes proved ineffective and were repealed within a decade
518419778Woman's Rights Convention at Seneca Falls (1848)gathering of feminist activists where Elizabeth Cady Stanton read her "Declaration of Sentiments," stating that "all men and women are created equal"
518419779New Harmony (1825-27)communal society of around 1000 members, established by Robert Owen; attracted diverse individuals, from scholars to crooks, and fell apart due to infighting and confusion after just 2 years
518419780Brook Farm (1841-46)transcendentalist commune founded by a group of intellectuals, who emphasized living plainly while pursuing the life of the mind; fell into debt and dissolved when their communal home burned to the ground in 1846
518419781Oneida Communityone of the more radical utopian communities established in the 1800s; advocated "free love," birth control, and eugenics; reflected the reformist spirit of the age
518419782Shakers (est. circa 1770s)name comes from their lively dance worship; emphasized simple, communal living and were all expected to practice celibacy; 6000 members in 1840, but largely died out by 1940s
518419783Hudson River School (mid 1800s)American artistic movement that produced romantic renditions of local landscapes
518419784minstrel showsvariety shows performed by white actors in black-face; first popularized in mid-1800s
518419785transcendentalism (mid 1800s)literary and intellectual movement that emphasized individualism and self0reliance, predicated upon a belief that each person possesses an "inner-light" that can point the way to truth and direct contact with God
518419786"The American Scholar" (1837)Ralph Waldo Emerson's address at Harvard College, in which he declared an intellectual independence from Europe, urging American scholars to develop their own traditions
518419787(Peter) Cartwright...
518419788(Charles Grandison) Finney...
518419789(Joseph) Smith...
518419790(Brigham) Young...
518419791(Horace) Mann...
518419792(Dorothea) Dix...
518419793(Neal S.) Dow...
518419794(Lucretia) Mott...
518419795(Elizabeth Cady) Stanton...
518419796(Susan B) Anthony...
518419797(Lucy) Stone...
518419798(Amelia) Bloomer...
518419799(Robert) Owen...
518419800(John J) Audubon...
518419801(Stephen C) Foster...
518419802(James Fenimore) Cooper...
518419803(Ralph Waldo) Emerson...
518419804(Henry David) Thoreau...
518419805(Walt) Whitman...
518419806(Henry Wadsworth) Longfellow...
518419807(Louisa May) Alcott...
518419808(Emily) Dickinson...
518419809(Nathaniel) Hawthorne...
518419810(Herman) Melville...
518419811(Francis) Parkman...

Chapter 28- The Civil Rights Movement Flashcards

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790994286CORECommittee Of Racial Equality; an organization dedicated to the practice of nonviolent process
790994287RobinsonAmerican baseball player; he was the first black player in the major leagues
790994288Legal rights, nonviolent protests, establishing organizations to expand civil rightswhat were some of the methods which civil rights were expanded in the years before 1954?
790994289Brown vs. BOELinda Brown, an African American third grader, lived blocks away from a white school but walked 5 blocks and took a bus for two miles to get to her school NAACP recruited Brown's parents to challenge segregation of schools in supreme court
790994290Segregation had harmed the self-image of young childrenWhat kinds of issues faced the Supreme Court in making its Brown decision?
790994291Little rock ninenine African American students who first integrated Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas in 1957
790994292SCLCSouthern Christian Leadership Conference; a group formed in Georgia in 1957 to organize civil rights protest activities
790994293FarmerAmerican civil rights leader and founder of the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE). He believed in the practice of nonviolence as a means of achieving his organizations' goals
790994294Sit insAfrican Americans were denied service so they didn't move from their seats
790994295SNCCStudent Nonviolent Coordinating Committee; student civil rights organization in the 1960s
790994296MeredithCivil rights activist who entered the University of Mississippi after being denied admission because of his race. His entrance led to violent riots on the school's campus
790994297Vivian Malone and Jimmy HoodGovernor George Wallace physically blocked this two from enrolling into University of Alabama; eventually stepped aside
790994298Both nonviolent and had people arrestedHow were the Albany and Birmingham Campaigns alike?
790994299Letter from Birmingham Jaila letter rejecting charges that a group of white clergy wrote in an ad in a newspaper
790994300March on Washingtona march for jobs and freedom largest civil rights demonstration MLK delivered "I Have A Dream" speech
790994301Civil Rights Act of 1964act signed into law on July 2, 1964 that banned discrimination in employment and in public accommodations
790994302Freedom Ridersactivists who challenged segregation in bus terminals in the south in 1961
790994303VEPVoter Education Project: group founded in 1962 to register souther African Americans to vote
79099430424th Amendmentbanned states from taxing citizens to vote in elections banned poll taxes
790994305Freedom Summera volunteer project in which college students spent their summer vacation in Mississippi, registering African Americans to vote
790994306June 20, 1964Andrew Goodman, James Chaney, and Michael Schwerner were all volunteers arrested and later killed for trying to help African Americans (date)
790994307MFDPMississippi Freedom Democratic Party; a political party created in 1964 with the purpose of winning seats at the 1964 Democratic National Convention
790994308HamerAmerican civil rights activist, she was a prominent leader of the Mississippi Democratic Party
790994309Voting Rights Act of 1965civil rights law that banned literacy tests and other practices that discouraged blacks from voting
790994310Selma CampaignJames Perkins became the first African American mayor of Selma represented end of one of the bloodiest marches that took place 35 years ago
790994311Reynolds v. Simsabout three-fourths of Alabama lived in cities but rural voters still controlled both houses of the legislature. A group of Birmingham citizens sued
790994312de jure segregationsegregation by law
790994313de facto segregationsegregation that exists through custom and practice rather than by law
790994314Stokely Carmichaelcivil rights activist in the United States; he was an important leader of the black nationalism movement in the 1960s
790994315Black Poweran African American social movement in the late 1960s that advocated unity and self-reliance to address injustice
790994316Black Panther Partya group formed in 1966, inspired by the idea of Black Power, that provided aid to black neighborhoods; often thought of as radical or violent
790994317Malcolm Xwell-known supporter of the nation of islam and black leader; he spoke in support of black separatism, black pride, and the use of violence for self protection "by any means necessary"
790994318Resurrection CityAfrican Americans, Native Americans, Hispanic Americans, and whites occupied national mall Protesting their poverty
790994319Poor People's Campaignan expansion of the civil rights movement that tried to raise awareness about poverty among people of all races
790994320AbernathyMLK's successor as head of the SCLC, he led the Poor People's Campaign after King's death
790994321Civil Rights Act of 1968law that banned discrimination in the sale or rental of housing Fair Housing Act
790994322affirmative actionprograms that gave preference to minorities and women in hiring and admissions

AP US History Chapter 28- The Civil Right Movement Flashcards

Chapter 28- The Civil Rights Movement

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880327920Congress of Racial EqualityA U.S. civil rights organization that played a pivotal role for African-Americans in the Civil Rights Movement. Membership in CORE is still stated to be open to "anyone who believes that 'all people are created equal' and are willing to work towards the ultimate goal of true equality throughout the world".
880327921Segregated SouthAfter the end of Reconstruction, which followed from the Compromise of 1877, the new Democratic governments in the South instituted state laws to separate black and white racial groups, submitting African-Americans to de facto second-class citizenship and enforcing white supremacy. Collectively, these state laws were called the Jim Crow system, after the name of a stereotypical 1830s black minstrel show character.
880327922Crisis in Little RockThe Little Rock Nine were a group of African American students enrolled in Little Rock Central High School in 1957. The ensuing Little Rock Crisis, in which the students were initially prevented from entering the racially segregated school by Arkansas Governor Orval Faubus, and then attended after the intervention of President Eisenhower.
880327923Southern Christian Leadership ConferenceThe Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) is an African-American civil rights organization. SCLC was closely associated with its first president, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. The SCLC had a large role in the American Civil Rights Movement.
880327924SNCCThe Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee was one of the organizations of the American Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s. It emerged from a student meeting organized by Ella Baker held at Shaw University in April 1960. SNCC grew into a large organization with many supporters in the North who helped raise funds to support SNCC's work in the South, allowing full-time SNCC workers to have a $10 per week salary. Many unpaid volunteers also worked with SNCC on projects in Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Arkansas, and Maryland.
880327925Importance of BirminghamBirmingham, Alabama was important in 1963 because it served as one of the strongest footholds in the civil right movement. The Birmingham Campaign was a strategic effort by the Southern Christian.
880327926Freedom SummerFreedom Summer (also known as the Mississippi Summer Project) was a campaign in the United States launched in June 1964 to attempt to register as many African-American voters as possible in Mississippi, which had historically excluded most blacks from voting. The project also set up dozens of Freedom Schools, Freedom Houses, and community centers in small towns throughout Mississippi to aid the local black population.
880327927Black PanthersA black revolutionary socialist organization active in the United States from 1966 until 1982. The Black Panther Party achieved national and international notoriety through its involvement in the Black Power movement and U.S. politics of the 1960s and 1970s.
880327928Charlie ParkerCharles "Charlie" Parker, Jr. (August 29, 1920 - March 12, 1955), also known as "Yardbird" and "Bird", was an American jazz saxophonist and composer. Parker was a highly influential jazz soloist and a leading figure in the development of bebop, a form of jazz characterized by fast tempos, virtuosic technique, and improvisation.
880327929Jim Crow LawsThe Jim Crow laws were state and local laws in the United States enacted between 1876 and 1965. They mandated de jure racial segregation in all public facilities in Southern states of the former Confederacy, with, starting in 1890, a "separate but equal" status for African Americans. The separation in practice led to conditions for African Americans that tended to be inferior to those provided for white Americans, systematizing a number of economic, educational and social disadvantages.
880327930Southern ManifestoA document written in February and March 1956, in the United States Congress, in opposition to racial integration of public places.[1] The manifesto was signed by 99 politicians (97 Democrats) from Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, and Virginia.[1] The Congressmen drafted the document to counter the landmark Supreme Court 1954 ruling Brown v. Board of Education, which determined that segregation of public schools was unconstitutional.
880327931Freedom RidesThe first Freedom Ride took place on May 4, 1961 when seven blacks and six whites left Washington, D.C., on two public buses bound for the Deep South. They intended to test the Supreme Court's ruling in Boynton v. Virginia (1960), which declared segregation in interstate bus and rail stations unconstitutional.
880327932The March on WashingtonOne of the largest political rallies for human rights in United States history and called for civil and economic rights for African Americans. It took place in Washington, D.C. on Wednesday, August 28, 1963. Martin Luther King, Jr., standing in front of the Lincoln Memorial, delivered his historic "I Have a Dream" speech advocating racial harmony during the march.
880327933Malcolm XAn African-American Muslim minister and human rights activist. To his admirers he was a courageous advocate for the rights of blacks, a man who indicted white America in the harshest terms for its crimes against black Americans; detractors accused him of preaching racism and violence. He has been called one of the greatest and most influential African Americans in history.
880327934Voting Rights act of 1965A landmark piece of national legislation in the United States that prohibits discrimination in voting. Echoing the language of the 15th Amendment, the Act prohibits states and local governments from imposing any "voting qualification or prerequisite to voting, or standard, practice, or procedure ... to deny or abridge the right of any citizen of the United States to vote on account of race or color." The Act was signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson.
880327935Miles DavisThe president of the Confederate States of America during the Civil War. (1808-1889)
880327936Brown v. Board of EdA landmark United States Supreme Court case in which the Court declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students unconstitutional. The decision overturned the Plessy v. Ferguson decision of 1896, which allowed state-sponsored segregation, insofar as it applied to public education. Handed down on May 17, 1954, the Warren Court's unanimous (9-0) decision stated that "separate educational facilities are inherently unequal."
880327937Martin Luther King Jr.An American clergyman, activist, and leader in the African-American Civil Rights Movement. He is best known for his role in the advancement of civil rights using nonviolent civil disobedience. King has become a national icon in the history of American progressivism.
880327938Sit- insA sit-in or sit-down is a form of direct action that involves one or more people nonviolently occupying an area for a protest, often to promote political, social, or economic change. In one of the earliest sit-ins of the American Civil Rights Movement, the "Royal Seven," a group of three women and four men from Durham, NC sat in at the Royal Ice Cream Parlor on June 23, 1957 to protest practices of segregation.
880327939The Albany MovementA desegregation coalition formed in Albany, Georgia, on November 17, 1961 by local activists, the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), and the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). The organization was led by William G. Anderson, a local black Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine. In December 1961, Martin Luther King, Jr and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) became involved in assisting the Albany Movement with protests against racial-segregation.
880327940Civil Rights Act of 1964A landmark piece of civil rights legislation in the United States that outlawed major forms of discrimination against racial, ethnic, national and religious minorities, and women. It ended unequal application of voter registration requirements and racial segregation in schools, at the workplace and by facilities that served the general public (known as "public accommodations").
880327941Nation of IslamA syncretic new religious movement founded in Detroit, Michigan by Wallace D. Fard Muhammad in July 1930. The Nation of Islam's stated goals are to improve the spiritual, mental, social, and economic condition of African Americans in the United States and all of humanity.

The American Pageant: Chapter 35: American in WWII Flashcards

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750622986ABC-1 agreement(1941) An agreement between Britain and the U. S. developed at a conference in Washington, D. C., between Jan. 29- Mar. 27, 1941, that should the U. S. enter WWII, the two nations and their allies would coordinate their military planning, making a priority of protecting the British Commonwealth. That would mean "getting Germany first" in the Atlantic and the European theater and fighting more defensively on other military fronts.
750622987Bracero program(1942) Program established by agreement with the Mexican government to recruit temporary Mexican agricultural workers to the U. S. to make up for wartime labor shortages in the Far West. The program persisted until 1964, by when it had sponsored 4.5 million border crossings.
750622988code talkersNative American men who served in the military by transmitting radio messages in their native languages, which were undecipherable by German and Japanese spies.
750622989Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)(1942) Nonviolent civil rights organization founded in 1942 and committed to the "Double V"- victory over fascism abroad and racism at home. After WWII, this organization would become a major force in the civil rights movement.
750622990D-Day(1944) A massive military operation led by American forces in Normandy beginning on Jun. 6, 1944. The pivotal battle led to the liberation of France and brought on the final phases of WWII in Europe.
750622991Executive Order No. 9066(1942) Order of FDR authorizing the War Department to remove Japanese "enemy aliens" to isolated internment camps. Immigrants and citizens alike were sent away from their homes, neighbors, schools, and businesses. The Japanese internment policy was held to be constitutional by the U. S. Supreme Court in Korematsu v. U. S.
750622992Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC)(1941) Threatened with a massive "Negro March on Washington" to demand equal job opportunities in war jobs and in the military, FDR's administration issued an executive order forbidding racial discrimination in all defense plants operating under contract with the federal government. This organization was intended to monitor compliance with the Executive Order.
750622993Manhattan Project(1942) Code name for the American commission est. in 1942 to develop the atomic bomb. The first experimental bomb was detonated on Jul. 16, 1945, in the desert of New Mexico. Atomic bombs were then dropped on two cities in Japan in hopes of bringing the war to an end: Hiroshima on Aug. 6, 1945, and Nagasaki on Aug. 9, 1945.
750622994Battle of Midway(1942) A pivotal naval battle fought near the island of Midway on Jun. 3-6, 1942. The victory halted Japanese advances in the Pacific.
750622995National War Labor Board (NWLB)Established by FDR to act as an arbitration tribunal and mediate disputes between labor and management that might have led to war stoppages and thereby undermined the war effort. This organization was also charged with adjusting wages with an eye to controlling inflation.
750622996Office of Price Administration (OPA)(1941-1947) A critically important wartime agency charged with regulating the consumer economy through rationing scarce supplies, such as automobiles, tires, fuel, nylon, and sugar, and by curbing inflation by setting ceilings on the price of goods. Rents were controlled as well in parts of the country overwhelmed by war workers. This organization was extended after WWII ended to continue the fight against inflation, but was abolished in 1947.
750622997Potsdam Conference(1945) From Jul. 17 to Aug. 2, 1945, President Harry S. Truman met with Soviet leader Joseph Stalin and British leaders Winston Churchill and later Clement Attlee (when the Labour party defeated Churchill's Conservative party) near Berlin to deliver an ultimatum to Japan: surrender or be destroyed.
750622998Smith-Connally Anti-Strike Act(1943) Passed amidst worries about the effects that labor strikes would have on war production, this law allowed the federal government to seize and operate plants threatened by labor disputes. It also criminalized strike action against government-run companies.
750622999SPARs (U. S. Coast Guard Women's Reserve), WAACs (Women's Army Auxiliary Corps), WAVES (Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service)The women's branches of the U. S. Army, Navy, and Coast Guard, established during WWII to employ women in noncombatant jobs. Women now participated in the armed services in ways that went beyond their traditional roles as nurses.
750623000V-E (Victory in Europe) DayThe source of frenzied rejoicing, May 8, 1945 marked the official end to the war in Europe, following the unconditional surrender of what remained of the German government.
750623001V-J (Victory in Japan) DayAug. 15, 1945 heralded the surrender of Japan and the final end to WWII.
750623002War Production Board (WPB)Est. in 1942 by executive order to direct all war production, including procuring and allocating raw materials, to maximize the nation's war machine. This organization had sweeping powers over the U. S. economy and was abolished in Nov. 1945 soon after Japan's defeat.

Ch 7 APUSH: The Road to Revolution (1763-1775) Flashcards

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779753871RepublicanismA model of society in which all citizens overlooked their own selfish interests for the greater good: Society, its balance, and the govts power depended upon the moral code of the citizens
779753872Radical WhigsA group of British political commentators who feared the monarchy's power and its threat to American liberty: Criticized the king's use of bribes and patronage, which were symptoms of a moral decay called "corruption": Warned the citizens to be on the guard against conspiracies: Helped develop American distrust towards British
779753873MercantilistBelieved that the source of a country's power was its wealth, and a country's military and political power could be determined from the amount of gold and silver in its treasury
779753874Sugar Act of 1764Forced taxes on colonists for items such as sugar: A method for the Crown to raise money: Repealed after colonists protested
779753875Quartering Act of 1765Required that colonists provide soldiers with food and housing
779753876Stamp ActMandated that people put stamps on any bills of sale for 50 items, playing cards, pamphlets, newspapers, diplomas, bills of lading, and marriage licenses: Stamps served as confirmation of payment of tax
779753877Admiralty CourtsCourts where juries were not allowed: People were guilty until proven innocent, opposite of today, which is innocent until proven guilty
779753878Stamp Act Congress of 1765Assembled 27 delegates from 9 colonies in NYC: Drafted a statement of their rights and grievances, implored the king to repeal the Stamp Act: While it was ignored in England, it helped bring together the people of the colonies
779753879Nonimportation AgreementsBoycott against British goods: People wore homespun woolen garments, refrained from eating lamb so that wool-bearing sheep could mature: Public defiance helped helped spread mood of anger throughout the Americas
779753880Sons and Daughters of LibertyGroups which rebelled against British laws: Enforced nonimportation agreements against violators by tarring and feathering them: Also plundered the houses of disliked officers, robbed them of their money, and hanged imitations of stamp agents on liberty poles
779753881Declaratory Act of 1766Stated that Britain had absolute power over the colonies
779753882Townshend ActsPassed by Charles Townshend: Placed a tax on paper, paint, glass, white lead, and tea
779753883Boston MassacreAn event on March 5, 1770 in which redcoats killed/wounded 11 people after colonists taunted and threw snowballs at them: Caused by tension between redcoats and colonists
779753884Committees of CorrespondenceSet up in Massachusetts by Samuel Adams, function was to spread the idea of rebellion and hatred against British: About 80 towns set up such committees
779753885Boston Tea PartyOccurred in 1773, 100 Bostonians disguised as Indians dumped 342 crates of tea in the sea
779753886Intolerable ActsWere a series of acts passed by Parliament in 1774; took away many of the rights granted in the charter; Town meetings were restricted; Officers who killed colonists were taken to Britain for their trial; came after the Boston Tea Party
779753887Quebec ActLet French keep their political and religious traditions, and extended the boundaries to the Ohio River: Colonists incorrectly thought that it was in response to Boston Tea Party
779753888First Continental CongressMet in 1774 to find ways to solve colonial grievances: 12/13 colonies sent 55 men, including Samuel Adams, John Adams, George Washington, and Patrick Henry
779753889The AssociationAn agreement decided upon in 1774 that called for total boycott of British goods through non importation, non exportation, and nonconsumption
779753890Lexington and ConcordIn 1775, a British commander sent a group of troops to seize gunpowder and capture Samuel Adams and John Hancock: In Lexington, colonial "Minutemen" held their ground, so British fired and killed 8 Americans: Marched forward to Concord, but were forced to retreat by the militiamen there: 70 British killed, 300 casualties total, first shots of war
779753891Valley ForgeFrom 1777-1778: Encampment where George Washington and his soldiers spent a terrible winter: Hundreds died, many more deserted: Reflected weakness of the army, which was that they had few supplies
779753892John HancockOne of the chief revolutionary leaders: merchant who was extremely affected by Navigation Laws and vehemently opposed the taxing
779753893George GrenvillePrime Minister of 1763: Passed Stamp Act, Sugar Act, Quartering Act enforced Navigation Laws: Colonists felt that Grenville was destroying their liberty
779753894Charles TownshendA great orator who spend much of his time drunken, convinced Parliament to pass the Townshend Acts
779753895Crispus AttucksLeader of the Boston Massacre, first person to be killed
779753896George IIIA bad ruler, industrious, stubborn, megalomaniacal: Surrounded by "yes men", like his minister, Lord North
779753897Samuel AdamsAnother one of the main revolutionaries, a fervent Son of Liberty who helped establish some local committees of correspondence
779753898Thomas HutchinsonGovernor of Mass., had his house burned by Stamp Act protests in 1765: Believed tea tax was unfair, but believed colonists should not disobey the law, so ordered ships not to leave until cargo was unloaded
779753899Lord NorthThe corrupt prime minister, repealed the Townshend Act and instead placed a tax on tea
779753900Marquis de LafayetteA wealthy French nobleman, became a general at age 19: Prized glory and liberty
779753901Baron von SteubenA stern drillmaster and organizational genius, trained his men, gave them valuable experience / Valley Forge (drilled washington's troops)
779753902Lord DunmoreBritish governor of Virginia in 1775 who promised freedom for all Blacks who joined the British army: 300 left to join

American Pageant 12th edition Unit 1 Flashcards

All key terms from the first unit of the American Pageant US history book

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1000075808Lord Baltimoreman of a prominent English Catholic family that founded Maryland; caused the Act of Toleration to be passed by founding a Catholic settlement and causing a feud with the Protestants
1000075809Act of Tolerationa political act that permitted practice of Catholicism in the colonies; shaped the foundation for America's freedom of religion and helped them branch out of England's Protestant rule
1000075810Virginia Companya promise of gold to settle in the New World from King James and guarantees them the same rights of Englishmen; gave settlers an incentive to settle in the New World and therefore helped increase the population of the colonies
1000075811John Rolfehusband of Pocahontas and father of the tobacco industry; became a savior for the economy of the Virginia colony by mass producing tobacco products
1000075812James Oglethorpea man keen on prison reform in Georgia; saved the "Charity Colony" by repelling the Spanish and mortgaging his own personal fortune
1000075813Barbados Slave Codedenied even fundamental rights to slaves and gave their masters virtually complete control over them; shaped the way masters treated their slaves up until the Civil War
1000075814Mayflower Compactthe short agreement written by the Pilgrims to form a crude government and submit to majority rule; one of the things taken into account when writing the US Constitution was this document
1000075815Anne Hutchinson and Roger WilliamsHutchinson-claimed that the "saved" need not follow the laws (antinomianism) Williams-popular Salem minister that questioned the Puritans' religious regulation, founded Baptism; both of them made valuable religious arguments that helped lead to the freedom of religion for all
1000075816Henry Hudsonman seeking greater riches that found the Hudson River and a new land for the Dutch; gained more land mass for the Dutch and the Dutch East India Co.
1000075817Quakers and William Penn's "holy Experiment"Quakers-worshippers of Jesus that were shunned by Puritans; named for emotional quaking during worship W. Penn-founded Pennsylvania that accepted Quakers lots of people flocked to PA for religious toleration, therefore moving a step closer to total religious freedom
1000075818John Winthropgovernor of the Bay Colony that believed in the "city on a hill" covenant; helped establish Massachusetts' economy and allowed it to become the largest colony in the New World
1000075819Fundamental Orders of Connecticut, 1639established Connecticut's government and gave power mostly to substantial citizens; modern constitution that helped shape our country's original voting laws and regulations
1000075820Puritansdidn't agree with the Church of England and wanted to "purify" it; first large groups of settlers to populate the New World were Puritans
1000075821Navigation Lawsrestricted colonial trade so they could only trade with English colonies, resulting in a lot of smuggling; caused the colonies' economies to plummet and led to the Glorious Revolt, placing Protestant rulers on the throne
1000075822Sir Edmund Andros (Dominion of New England)supporter of the Church of England and ruthless leader of the Dominion of New England; another factor that led to the Glorious Revolt, being driven out of the colonies and back to England
1000075823Separatistsextreme Puritans that wanted to completely break away from the Church of England; first group arrive in 1620 (Pilgrims) and created a very crude form of democracy in their Plymouth colony (Mayflower Compact)
1000075824Bible Commonwealthlocated in the Massachusetts Bay Colony, heavily regulated admission (John Cotton); led to Massachusetts becoming an efficient, tightly knit community that shared common ideas of religion
1000075825indentured servitudeworking for someone for a specified period of time in exchange for passage to the New World; the servants eventually became mutinous and led to the introduction of black slaves in the New World
1000075826Bacon's Rebelliona rebellion that took place in 1676 where 1000 landless whites led by Nathaniel Bacon went down to the governor's building and caused a riot; caused wealthy landowners to be wary of indentured servants, causing African slaved to be more widely used
1000075827Half-Way Covenantthe groups of people that were accepted into the Puritan church, but not necessarily converted; let more people into the Puritan church and started to stray away from the originally strict codes of the Puritans, taking a small step closer to religious freedom
1000075828Leisler's Rebelliona conflict between lordly landholders and aspiring merchants in New York as a reaction to Edmund Andros' cruelty; another way that wanted to resist aristocracy, but eventually failed
1000075829"middle passage"the transatlantic voyage for African slaves in which they were packed tightly into boats and shipped off; set a precedent for the treatment of African slaves as property, not human beings
1000075830"headright" systemsystem in which wealthy landowners would pay for the passage of an indentured servant in exchange for 50 acres of land and their servitude; eventually led to Bacon's Rebellion and the formation of huge plantations
1000075831William Berkeleythe governor of Virginia who established trade with the Indians and refused to protect his people from their brutal hostility; his actions led to Bacon's Rebellion and ignited the mutiny of more indentured servants; therefore, he was a major cause of the increased use of black slaves
1000075832The Great Awakeningthe large, widespread religious movement in the 1730s and 1740s; brought some of the first generation zeal back into the colonies and it was the first mass movement out of colonial boundaries
1000075833Jonathan Edwardspreacher that painted vivid pictures of God holding people over the fiery pit of hell in his sermons; basically started the Great Awakening
1000075834George Whitefieldvery emotional preacher that moved many people, including Jonathan Edwards, to tears; kept the flames of the Great Awakening burning bright and strong
1000075835old and new lightsold lights-orthodox preachers new lights-preachers during the Great Awakening split up during t he Great Awakening and increased the competitiveness of American churches
1000075836John Peter Zengerfound not guilty when accused of libel after printing something completely true about a corrupt governor in the paper; America's first step toward freedom of the press
1000075837Molasses Actdesigned to cease America's trade with the French West Indies; the first in a long line of cruel acts that eventually led the American colonies to revolution
1000075838William PittBritish leader that conquered most North American French territory during the French and Indian War; gave Britain its first significant win during the war and eventually helped to throw the French almost entirely off the continent
1000075839French and Indian Warstarted by George Washington's attacks on the Indians in 1754 and turned into one of the largest scale conflicts of the time; shattered the myth of British invincibility and gave the colonists new hope for independence, melted colonial disunity
1000075840Albany Congressa meeting called to help bolster colonial unity and attempt self-government; bolstered unity, but failed self-government because of too much compromise, thus showing that more action needed to be taken to unify
1000075841Peace of Paristhrew French power completely off the continent of North America; left behind a strong French minority in Canada
1000075842Proclamation of 1763British order prohibiting settlements west of the Appalachian Mountains; angered colonists and greatly increased westward settlement
1000075843mercantilismthe idea that money is power and the more gold or silver a country has in its treasury, the more global power it has; greatly stifled the colonies' economic growth and gave American the feeling of being controlled by the British and was therefore an important factor in starting the revolution
1000075844virtual v. actual representationvirtual-British members of Parliament represent all British colonies actual-colonists go to England and represent the colonies in Parliament actual representation may have left the American reps forced into an unfair law through a vast outnumbering
1000075845Sons of Libertya group of men that protested the Stamp Act through means of violence, ransacking, hanging, boycotting, and tar and feathers; led to the breaking down of Parliament, forcing them to repeal the Stamp Act
1000075846Parliament's Actstaxes imposed on the colonists intended to help pay for their defense, but ended up just angering them; with that many taxes in succession, the acts got the colonists riled up enough to start a revolution
1000075847Boston Tea PartyDecember 16, 1773 where colonists dressed as Indians dumped 342 chests of tea into Boston Harbor; forced Parliament to pass the Intolerable Acts that helped ignite the flames of revolution
1000075848First Continental Congress (The Association)12 out of 13 colonies met in Philadelphia to attempt to unite the colonies, eventually called for a complete boycott of British goods; showed colonial strength and unity and was an important step in the forming of a new country
1000075849Boston MassacreMarch 5, 1773 when provoked British troops opened fire and killed American colonists; outraged the colonists and fed the flames of revolution
1000075850Committees of Correspondencecommittees set up in each colony to spread the spirit of resistance and communicate with other colonies; developed directly into the first American Congress
1000075851Richard Henry Leethe man who penned the original Declaration of Independence that was ratified on July 2, 1776; the first formal declaration of independence from Britain was written by Lee
1000075852Thomas Paine's "Common Sense"a 47-page pamphlet encouraging Americans to break away from Great Britain; sparked an interest in revolution and republican government
1000075853Second Continental Congressa meeting called in 1775 to address the issue of possible war with Britain; bolstered colonial unity, as all 13 colonies had representatives present
1000075854Patrick Henrya man who spoke about fighting for independence; greatly encouraged Americans to use violence against the British and forcefully break away from them
1000075855natural rightsrights of all mankind that cannot be taken away; justified the separation from Britain and the idea of limited self-government
1000075856Loyalists/ToriesAmericans loyal to the British crown; Loyalists created a huge barrier in the Patriots' fight for separation from England, but were eventually suppressed and driven from the country
1000075857Treaty of Paris, 1783the document signed by the British that formally recognized the independence of the United States; officially made the colonies a new nation

AP US History Semester 1 Exam Flashcards

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275798926What was the purpose of the Headright systemTo bring new workers to the colony, increas population in Jamestown.
275798927What did the Puritans believe about their religionThey believed their religion was the best and it should be the main religion of the colonies
275798928Why did English settlers and Native Americans not get alongThey had different cultures and major disputes over land
275798929What was the halfway covenant and why was it importantIt allowed children of other religions to become Puritan members and have political rights, these people weren't fully comitted
275798930What were important religions in different coloniesCatholics in Maryland, Puritans North of Chesapeke area, Protestants and Quakers
275798931What did Anne Hutchinson believe and teachShe thought that the chosen people lied about recieving visions from God about presdestination.
275798932What was the purpose of the British policy of mercantilismSo the Brtish could get all the specie.
275798933What functions did colonial American cities haveTo export raw materials mainly to England.
275798934Why did slavery grow in the Chesapeake regionThe land there was rich, fertile, and perfect for growing cash crops, so the more land they had the more money they could make and the more people they needed to work, and the cheapest way to do this was to use slaves.
278023139What was the significance of Bacon's RebellionStarted the first want for slaves as workers and caused people to move away from indentured servitude
278023140Why was Roger williams banished from MassachusettsHe argued that the Massachusetts church should abandon all alligience to the church of England and he said that the land they were on really belonged to the indians
278023141Why did America developed religious tolerationThey needed to being all people to the colonies so they could develop
278023142What was happening with indentured servants in the 17th CenturyIt was just beginning
278023143What was the Salem Witch trials and who was the main group involvedThe Salem Witch Trials were when people began accusing others of being witches, and many times the accused were killed, The main group of people involved was the Puritans.
278023144First Great AmakeningDidn't last long, and caused religons to begin to start to think and feel their religions
278023145Non-English immigrants to colonial america.Mainly indentured seervants, Groups that were coming were Scotch-Irish (lived on the frontiers) Germans (created communities) and the Dutch (lived north in New York area)
278023146What was the policy of Salutary NeglectIt was a policy that created the middle class, and caused internal thinking and self reliance
278023147What was the Proclamation of 1763The British created a boarder on the Appalachains, which the colonists could not migrate west of. It was created to keep the peace between Colonists and Indians, for fear a major conflict could put the British in deeper debt.
278023148Why did Britain decide to tax the colonists after the French and Indian WarThe were in great debt, very poor, and needed the money
278023149Were the colonists against the stamp actYES, there were continuous revolts, everyone was very opposed, and the had grievance meetings to decide how they should deal with this.
278023150What was the concept of virtual representationThe British represented the colonies, not te colonies themselves
278023151What was Benjamin Franklin's Albany Plan of UnionIt said everyone should work together
278023152What was the purpose of colonial Commitees of CorrespondanceTo Publicize the grievences against England
278058351Why was Common Sense such an important workIt pointed out why would they want to stay loyal to the British when they are so brutal to them.
278058352The Battles of Lexington and ConcordThe battles of Lexington and Concord initiated the Revolutionary War between the American colonists and the British. British governor Thomas Gage sent troops to Concord to stop the colonists who were loading arms. The next day, on April 19, 1775, the first shots were fired in Lexington, starting the war. The battles resulted in a British retreat to Boston
278058353What is contained in the Declaration of IndependenceThe statement the America is a free country from England
278058354How did womans lives change as a result of the RevolutionStarted the Cult of Domesticity, Woman stayed home more often to take care of children.
278058355Why was the Battle of Saratoga importantIt was a victory for America and it showed the French that America had a chance to win, so the French gave their support to America
278058356How did America pay for the RevolutionThe French paid for most of it, but America sold bonds to try to raise money for it
278058357What were the terms of the treaty of ParisBritish promised removal of troops from American soil, however, this did not happen because America had no force or power to make them completely leave, so the British remained at ports near the Great Lakes
278058358What was the importance of the 1787 Northwest OrdinanceIt created land distribution system, created organized regions, and gave regions a way to become states
278058359Wat were the weaknesses of the Article of ConfederationStrong government was not present
278058360What compromises occured at the Constitutonal convention2 house legislature, lower house would be based on population with slaves counting as 3/5 of a person and upper house even distribution
278058361Adding western states added to the UnionThere was a great debate over whether to make them free or slave states.
278058362What is contained in the ConstitutionHow the nation should be run
278058363What was the importance of Marbury vs Madison"Midnight Appointments" Marbury was appointed and wanted his papers and Madison would not give them to him, it sparked the roll for Nationalism in the Supreme Court
278058364What did George Washinton's Farewell address sayIt said political parties were a bad idea
278058365What was Alexander Hamilton's vision for the American governmentHe wanted a National bank, upper class, and tax on whiskey
278058366The Second Great AwakeningWas longer than the First Great Awakening, and started many reforms
278058367What was the imprtance of Eli Whitney's inventionsCreated interchangable parts, and lead to larger plantations and more slaves
278058368Why was Thomas Jefferson reluctant to make the Louisiana PurchaseHe didn't think it was in the Constitution
278058369What was the imprtance of TecumsehHe wanted to unite all the Indian tribes to work together to fight the colonies for their land back
278058370What was the 1807 Embargo ActSaid no trade what so ever, it was very hated
278058371What happened at the 1814 Hartford ConventionThe New England states talked about how they hated the war and their hate was so strong they talkd about suceeding from the Union
278058372What was the importance of the Missouri CompromiseIt created the 36 30 line which said slavery was not allowed north of this line in western territories
278058373Why is Monroe's presidency called the era of good feelingThis was because nothing bad happened, there were no political parties or debates, and economics were good
278058374What was te Monroe DoctrineIt officially declared all of America was no longer allowed to be colonized on.
278058375What was the trend of John Marshall's supreme courtNATIONALISM!!!
278060382Why did Andrew Jackson win a lanside victory in 1828He was a common man, he was a war hero, and he wanted to kill indians.
278060383How did voting grow during the Jacksonian period...
278060384What was the doctrine of nullificationIt said states had the right to decide if they wanted to follow a law or not.
278060385Why did Jackson oppose the Second Bank of the United States...
278060386What did the Whig Party believe...
278606810What immigrants began to move to America from 1820-1840The Irish and Germans began to move, they moved mainly to the north, the Irish worked in factories
278606811What were the beliefs of the Know-Nothing Party...
278606812What transportation advances occured before the Civil WarUsed canals but gradually moved to trains
278606813How did the railroad grow before the Civil WarIt had grown mainly in the North, very rarely in the South
278606814What inventions lead to the growth of industriesInterchangable parts, the cotton gin
278606815What was the Cult of DomesticityCreated new roles for women, in which they stayed home to take care of the children
278606816Why was cotton so important to the southern economyIt was the main cash crop/export of the South, it was cheap to grow, and it was readily needed
278606817How did the cotton economy change the population patterns in the South after 1820People began moving to the South because the money they could possibly make
278606818Why did most southern whites support slavery and the cotton plantation systemThey all depended on it
278606819What was life like for slaves in the southHarsh, Rough
278606820What major slave revolts occurred...
278606821What did Hudson River School painters paintScenes of nature
278606822What reforms movements occurred after the Second Great AwakeningEducation, prisons, metal asylums, aboltionism, and feminism
278606823What was the 1848 Seneca Falls Declaration of SentimentsIt stated women wanted equal rights with men
278606824What was the most important reform movement after the second great awakeningAbolitionism
278606825What were the beliefs of the free soil movementSlavery should stay where it is but it could not expand into western territories, they belived if this was the case slavery would eventually die
278606826What was manifest destinyIt was a belief that God wanted the people to expand westward and possibly take over all of America
278606827What was the 1848 Wilmot ProvisoIt states no slavery was allowed in the territories acquired from Mexico, It passed in the House but failed in the Senate
278617523What was the Compromise of 1850It said California would enter the Uniion as a free state, also said for stronger slave codes in the North
278617524Slavery and the Western settlement of the Western TerritoriesPopular Soverenty
278617525What was the 1854 Kansas-Nebraska ActStarted Bloody Nebraska and removed the Missouri Compromise
278617526What was the Republican Party's views on slaveryThey did not like it and did not want it
278617527What was the Dred Scott decisionIt said Dred Scott was not considered free, it basically said there is no place in the US where African Americans are free (not a place where slavery does not/cannot exist), it ws a southern win for slavery
278617528What were the beliefs of Abraham LincolnHe was against slavery, and thought it was morally wrong, but he was not an abolitionist
278617529Why did Lincoln win the election of 1860He had the majority of the popular vote, he was a common man and had the votes of the north which was a majority of the population
278617530What was president Buchanan's beliefs about secessionHe said states do not have the right to seceed, but the goverenment does not have the right to stop them
278617531Who were the African American soldiers in the Civil War (aka Glory)54th Massachusetts Regiment

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