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AMSCO Flashcards

Every AMSCO "Key Names, Events, and Terms" in the first five chapters.

438949017	Native Americans	The first humans to make a showing in the Americas.
438949018	land bridge	The way that the first people may have arrived in the Americas. It connected Siberia and Alaska around 40,000 years ago.
438949019	Sioux, Pawnee, Pueblo, Iroquois	Large North American Native American tribes.
438949020	Mayas, Incas, Aztecs	The three Native American cultures that built large cities in Central or South America.
438949021	Renaissance	European rebirth of classical learning and outburst of artistic and scientific activity in the late 1400s/early 1500s.
438949022	technology	Major changes in this occurred during the Renaissance.
438949023	compass	Adopted from the Arabs, who adopted it from the Chinese, this item allowed navigation to become much more precise.
438949024	printing press	Invention of this aided the spread of knowledge across Europe.
438949025	Spain	Country that funded Columbus' voyages. One of the first two countries to lay claim to lands in the Americas.
438949026	The Moors	Driven out of Spain by Isabella and Ferdinand in 1492.
438949027	Ferdinand and Isabella	Catholic monarchs of Spain during Columbus' voyages.
438949028	Protestant Reformation	Series of revolts against the authority of the Pope in northern Europe.
438949029	trade	Major incentive for exploration.
438949030	Portugal	Country the the west of Spain; ruled by Henry the Navigator. One of the first two countries to lay claim to lands in the Americas.
438949031	Henry the Navigator	Portuguese monarch who sponsored many exploratory voyages.
438949032	nation-state	A country in which the majority of people share a common culture and common loyalties toward a central government.
438949033	Christopher Columbus	Discovered lands across the Atlantic Ocean (the Americas).
438949034	New World	The Americas, as referred to by the Europeans until someone came up with a better name.
438949035	Amerigo Vespucci	Explored the east coast of South America; the person that America gets its name from.
438949036	papal line of demarcation	Determined which lands the Spanish had a claim to and which lands the Portuguese had a claim to. Draw straight down a map of the world by the Pope.
438949037	Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)	Treaty that moved the papal line of demarcation a few degrees to the west.
438949038	Pedro Alvares Cabral	His explorations established Portugal's claim to Brazil.
438949039	Vasco Nunez de Balboa	Crossed the isthmus of Panama and discovered the Pacific Ocean.
438949040	Juan Ponce de Leon	Discovered Florida while searching for the mythical fountain of youth.
438949041	Ferdinand Magellan	One of his ships was the first to ever circumnavigate the globe.
438949042	Hernan Cortes	Conquered the Aztec Empire.
438949043	Francisco Pizarro	Conquered the Inca Empire.
438949044	Francisco Vasquez de Coronado	Explored a vast swath of North America from present-day New Mexico to Kansas.
438949045	Hernando de Soto	Explored from Florida westward to the Mississippi.
438949046	conquistadores	Conquerors of the New World.
438949047	asiento system	System that took slaves to the New World to work for the Spanish. Required that a tax be paid to the Spanish ruler for each slave brought over.
438949048	John Cabot	Explored the coast of Newfoundland for England. Gave grounds to the earliest English claims to the New World.
438949049	Giovanni de Verrazano	Searched for a northwest passage to the Pacific for the French.
438949050	Jacques Cartier	Explored the St. Lawrence River for the French.
438949051	Samuel de Champlain	Established the first permanent French settlement (Quebec) in the New World. Regarded as the "Father of New France."
438949052	Father Jacques Marquette	Explored the upper Mississippi River with Louis Jolliet.
438949053	Robert de la Salle	Explored the Mississippi basin, which he named Louisiana.
438949054	Henry Hudson	Explored the Hudson River for the Dutch.
438949055	joint-stock company	English method of pooling the resources of people of moderate means in order to support potentially profitable trading ventures.
438949056	Father Junipero Serra	Founded the mission chain in Alta California.
438949057	Virginia Company	Joint-stock company that established the first permanent English colony (Jamestown) in the Americas.
438949058	Jamestown	The first permanent English colony in the Americas.
438949059	Captain John Smith	Forcefully led the people of Jamestown away from starvation.
438949060	John Rolfe	Established Jamestown's tobacco industry.
438949061	Pocahontas	John Rolfe's American Indian wife.
438949062	royal colony	A colony under the direct control of a monarch.
438949063	Puritans	Wanted to "purify" the Anglican Church of Catholic influences. Frequently persecuted in England.
438949064	Plymouth colony	Colony established by the Pilgrims.
438949065	Separatists	Puritans with ambitions of creating a completely new Christian church outside of the Anglican Church, rather than reforming the Anglican Church.
438949066	Pilgrims	Separatists who set sail for America.
438949067	Mayflower	The boat that the Pilgrims sailed upon.
438949068	Mayflower Compact	Document that pledged the Pilgrims to make decisions by the will of the majority.
438949069	Massachusetts Bay Colony	Colony founded by non-Separatist Puritans.
438949070	John Winthrop	Led about a thousand Puritans to found Boston and several other towns.
438949071	Great Migration	When some 15,000 settlers ran to the Massachusetts Bay Colony to escape the English Civil War.
438949072	Virginia House of Burgesses	The first representative assembly in America.
438949073	corporate colonies	Colonies operated by joint-stock companies.
438949074	royal colonies	Colonies under the direct rule of a monarch.
438949075	proprietary colonies	Colonies under the authority of individuals granted charters of ownership by the king.
438949076	Chesapeake colonies	Colonial Virginia and Maryland.
438949077	George Calvert, aka Lord Baltimore	Was given control over Maryland by the English king. Was Catholic.
438949078	Cecil Calvert, aka Lord Baltimore	The son of the first Lord Baltimore. Attempted to further his dead father's plans.
438949079	Act of Toleration (1649)	The first colonial statute granting religious freedom to all Christians. Called for the death of anyone who denied the divinity of Jesus.
438949080	Virginia	The first of England's colonies.
438949081	Sir William Berkeley	Royal governor of Virginia from 1641-1652 and 1660-1677.
438949082	indentured servant	Someone who came to America by agreeing to work for nothing but room and board for four to seven years.
438949083	headright system	System under which Virginia offered 50 acres of land to anyone who paid for an immigrant's passage to America.
438949084	slavery	Practice that started in the mid-1600s in Virginia.
438949085	Roger Williams	A Puritan, exiled from the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Founded Providence.
438949086	Bacon's Rebellion	Poor gentleman farmer who rebelled against Berkeley's government. Led an army of poor white man-virgins from the hills. Died of dysentery.
438949087	Providence	Colony founded by Roger Williams.
438949088	Anne Hutchinson	Dissident who was banished from Massachusetts Bay Colony. Founded Portsmouth.
438949089	antinomianism	The idea that faith alone (not good deeds) is necessary for salvation.
438949090	Rhode Island	Created through the joining of Providence and Portsmouth. Offered religious freedom for all.
438949091	Thomas Hooker	Led a large group of disgruntled Boston Puritans into the Connecticut River Valley to found Hartford.
438949092	Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (1639)	The first written constitution in American history.
438949093	John Davenport	Founded New Haven.
438949094	Connecticut	Colony formed by the joining of New Haven and Hartford.
438949095	New Hampshire	Last colony to be founded in New England.
438949096	halfway covenant	Allowed zeal-lacking second-generation Puritans to take part in church activities without making a formal declaration of their total belief in Christ.
438949097	New England Confederation	Military alliance between the New England colonies. Created because of frequent attacks by Indians, the Dutch, and the French, and because England was in the throes of a civil war and wasn't going to send aid. Lasted until 1684.
438949098	Wampanoags	Indian tribe led by Metacom (aka King Philip).
438949099	Metacom, aka King Philip	Chief of the Wampanoags.
438949100	King Philip's War	Vicious Indian vs. New England Confederation conflict. Thousands dead, Indian resistance in New England virtually gone by the end of it.
438949101	Restoration colonies	Colonies founded during the period of English history known as the Restoration.
438949102	the Carolinas	Granted to eight nobles by Charles II as a reward for helping him gain the English throne.
438949103	rice plantations	Plantations commonly found in mid-18th-century South Carolina. Worked by African slaves.
438949104	tobacco farms	Frequently found in North Carolina. A lack of good transportation prevented these from growing into large plantations.
438949105	New York	Taken from the Dutch (who called it New Amsterdam) by the Duke of York.
438949106	New Jersey	Divided from New York by King James in 1664. The piece of land between the Hudson River and Delaware Bay.
438949107	Peter Stuyvesant	Last Dutch governor of New Amsterdam.
438949108	Pennsylvania	"Paid" to William Penn by the crown in 1681 to repay a large debt owed him.
438949109	Quakers	Pacifist Christians with highly radical beliefs.
438949110	William Penn	Young convert to the Quaker faith. Founded Pennsylvania.
438949111	holy experiment	William Penn's plan to make Pennsylvania a place where persecuted peoples and liberal ideas could thrive.
438949112	Frame of Government (1682-1683)	Guaranteed Pennsylvanians a representative assembly elected by landowners.
438949113	Charter of Liberties (1701)	Guaranteed Pennsylvanians freedom of worship and unrestricted immigration.
438949114	Delaware	Created when William Penn granted the three lower counties of Pennsylvania their own assembly.
438949115	Georgia	The last colony to be chartered. Was created to provide a buffer against Spanish Florida and to serve as a penal colony.
438949116	James Oglethorpe	First governor of Georgia. Led the founding of Savannah.
438949117	mercantilism	Economic policy that looked upon trade, colonies, and the accumulation of wealth as the basis for a country's military and political strength.
438949118	Navigation Acts	English-implemented laws stating that 1.Trade to and from the colonies could only be carried by English or colonial crews on English or colonial ships. 2.All goods imported into the colonies, except for some perishables, could pass only through ports in England. 3.Specific (or "enumerated") goods from the colonies could only be exported to England.
438949119	Dominion of New England	The result of King James' combining of various New England colonies into a single unit.
438949120	Sir Edmund Andros	Governor of the Dominion of New England.
438949121	Glorious Revolution	Succeeded in deposing James and replacing him with William and Mary.
438949122	triangular trade	Trade between the British colonies, West Africa, and the West Indies.
438949123	slave trade	Increased massively as the colonies shifted towards more labor-intensive crops and grew in size.
438949124	Middle Passage	The route African-bearing ships took to get to the West Indies from West Africa.
438949125	immigrants	These people drastically increased the population of the colonies during the 1700s.
438949126	English cultural domination	This showed in that most colonists were English in language, origin, and tradition.
438949127	self-government	This was common in the colonies, in that every colony had a representative assembly.
438949128	religious toleration	All of the colonies permitted the practice of differing religions, to varying degrees.
438949129	hereditary aristocracy	This was not present in the colonies. Rather than birth being a social determinant, wealth was.
438949130	social mobility	Everyone in colonial society (with the exception of African Americans) was able to improve their status through hard work.
438949131	families	The economic and social center of colonial life.
438949132	subsistence farming	This practice was most common in the northern colonies. It provided just enough for a family to live off of.
438949133	established church	Any church supported by taxes.
438949134	Great Awakening	Movement characterized by fervent expressions of religious feeling among masses of people.
438949135	Jonathan Edwards	Fiery Congregationalist minister in New England, initiated the Great Awakening, gave the sermon "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God"
438949136	George Whitefield	Made the Great Awakening huge with his sermons, often delivered in fields, barns, and tents to huge crowds all over the colonies.
438949137	Georgian style	Architectural style frequently imitated in colonial buildings.
438949138	Benjamin West	Prominent colonial artist.
438949139	John Copley	Prominent colonial artist #2.
438949140	Cotton Mather	Massachusetts minister who wrote widely read religious tracts.
438949141	Benjamin Franklin	Most popular and successful writer of the 18th century, among many, many other things.
438949142	Poor Richard's Almanack	Collection of Benjamin Franklin's aphorisms and advice, updated annually from 1732 to 1757.
438949143	Phillis Wheatley	African American poet.
438949144	John Bartram	Philadelphian botanist.
438949145	sectarian	Something that exists to promote the doctrines of a particular religious sect is this.
438949146	medicine and law	These professions acquired respectability and social prominence during the
438949147	John Peter Zenger (libel case)	Criticized New York's royal governor, was sued for libel, won because what he printed was true. Big free speech case.
438949148	Andrew Hamilton	Zenger's lawyer, among many other things.
438949149	colonial governors	Governors of the colonies.
438949150	colonial legislatures	These were bicameral. The lower house was elected by the people, the upper was appointed by the governor or proprietor.
438949151	town meetings	When the people of a town would come together to vote directly on local issues.
438949152	county government	This consisted of a law-enforcing sheriff and other officials in large territorial units in the southern colonies.
438949153	limited democracy	The colonies exhibited this by allowing people to vote, but only white males in the best of cases.
438949154	French and Indian War	French and Indians vs. British and colonies
438949155	George Washington	Colonel who led a small militia in an attempt to prevent the French from completing Fort Duquesne.
438949156	Edward Braddock	Led a British army into a disastrous defeat.
438949157	Albany Plan of Union (1754)	Plan that would have set up an intercolonial government and a system for recruiting troops and collecting taxes. None of the colonies accepted it.
438949158	Peace of Paris (1763)	Treaty resulting in Britain getting French Canada and Spanish Florida and Spain getting the Louisiana Territory. Ended the French and Indian War.
438949159	salutary neglect	Pre-French and Indian War policy that Britain would essentially ignore its colonies.
438949160	George III	British king who pursued a policy of solving Britain's financial problems.
438949161	Whigs	Dominant party in Parliament. Attempted to get George III to use the colonies to pay for various British costs.
438949162	Parliament	British representative assembly.
438949163	Pontiac's Rebellion (1763)	Indians, angered by colonial expansion and British refusal to offer gifts, attack. The British send regular troops, rather than militia, to deal with them.
438949164	Proclamation of 1763	Attempt by the British to prevent colonists from settling on the other side of the Appalachians. Thousands defy it.
438949165	Sugar Act (1764)	Placed duties on foreign sugar and certain luxuries to raise money for the crown.
438949166	Quartering Act (1765)	Required colonists to provide food and living quarters for British soldiers stationed in the colonies.
438949167	Stamp Act (1765)	First direct tax on the colonists. Required that a revenue stamp be placed on most printed paper in the colonies.
438949168	Patrick Henry	Young Virginia lawyer, stood up and yelled "No taxation without representation!"
438949169	Stamp Act Congress	Meeting of representatives from nine colonies in New York. Resolved that only their elected representatives had the right to levy taxes on them.
438949170	Sons and Daughters of Liberty	Terrorist organization intended to intimidate tax agents. Formed after the passage of the Stamp Act.
438949171	Declatory Act (1766)	Face-saving measure by Parliament. Stated that Parliament had the right to tax and legislate for the colonies "in all cases whatsoever."
438949172	Townshend Acts (1767)	Acts that created a lot of new duties, made British officials independent of colonial assemblies' checkbooks, provided for the search of private homes for smuggled goods, and suspended New York's assembly.
438949173	writs of assistance	A general license to search anywhere and anything. An all-inclusive search warrant.
438949174	John Dickinson, Letters From a Farmer in Pennsylvania	Argued that no taxation without representation was an essential tenet of British law and as such Britain should not be able to levy taxes on its colonies without the consent of their representative assemblies.
438949175	Samuel Adams	Wrote the Massachusetts Circular Letter with James Otis.
438949176	James Otis	Wrote the Massachusetts Circular Letter with Samuel Adams.
438949177	Massachusetts Circular Letter	Urged the colonies to petition Parliament to repeal the Townshend Acts.
438949178	Lord Frederick North	Prime Minister in favor of repealing the Townshend Acts because of their overall suckiness.
438949179	Boston Massacre (1770)	Colonists throw rocks and ice at soldiers in Boston, get shot.
438949180	Crispus Attucks	Black guy killed in the Boston Massacre.
438949181	Committees of Correspondence	Initiated by Samuel Adams, these spread the idea that British officials were deliberately conspiring against colonial liberties.
438949182	Gaspee Incident	Colonists burn a hated smuggler-catching ship.
438949183	Tea Act (1773)	Made the British East India Tea Company's tea cheaper than all other tea in the colonies. Colonists refused to buy it because to have done so would have been to recognize Parliament's power to tax them.
438949184	Boston Tea Party (1773)	Colonists dressed like Indians throw 342 chests of the British East India Tea Company's tea into Boston harbor.
438949185	Intolerable Acts	The colonists' name for the Coercive Acts and the Quebec Acts.
438949186	Coercive Acts (1774)	The Port Bill, the Massachusetts Government Act, the Administration of Justice Act, and the Quartering Act.
438949187	Port Bill	Closed the port of Boston until the destroyed tea from the Boston Tea Party was paid for.
438949188	Massachusetts Government Act	Reduced the power of the Massachusetts legislature while increasing the power of its governor.
438949189	Administration of Justice Act	Allowed royal officials accused of crimes to be tried in England rather than the colonies.
438949190	Quartering Act	Expanded the earlier laws about quartering to enable British soldiers to be quartered in private homes.
438949191	Quebec Act (1774)	Organized the Canadian lands gained from France. Resented by the colonists of the 13 colonies.
438949192	Enlightenment	Leaders of this movement believed that humanity's problems could be corrected through the use of humanity's logic.
438949193	John Locke	Enlightenment thinker. Argued that humans had certain basic rights and that they had an obligation to revolt against any government that failed to protect them.
438949194	Jean-Jacques Rousseau	Enlightenment thinker. Developed Locke's ideas. Stated that a "social contract" existed between a government and its people and that either party could void it through their actions.
438949195	First Continental Congress (1774)	Called to protest the Intolerable Acts. All of the colonies but Georgia sent representatives.
438949196	Patrick Henry	Radical faction leader at the First continental Congress.
438949197	Samuel Adams	Radical faction leader at the First continental Congress.
438949198	John Adams	Radical faction leader at the First continental Congress.
438949199	George Washington	Moderate faction leader at the First Continental Congress.
438949200	John Dickinson	Moderate faction leader at the First Continental Congress.
438949201	John Jay	Conservative faction leader at the First Continental Congress.
438949202	Joseph Galloway	Conservative faction leader at the First Continental Congress.
438949203	Suffolk Resolves	Rejected the Intolerable Acts and called for their immediate repeal.
438949204	economic sanctions	Actions that are intended to hurt the economy of another country, such as boycotts.
438949205	Declaration of Rights and Grievances	Petition to the king urging him to make right his wrongs.
438949206	Paul Revere	"The British are coming! The British are co- oops, looks like I got arrested."
438949207	William Dawes	"The British are coming! The British are coming! I didn't get arrested!"
438949208	Minutemen	Militia.
438949209	Lexington	First battle of the American Revolution. "The shot heard 'round the world."
438949210	Concord	The second battle of the American Revolution.
438949211	Battle of Bunker Hill	The first real battle of the American Revolution. The British manage to take Breed's Hill, but take over a thousand casualties.
438949212	Second Continental Congress (1775)	Meets in Philadelphia to figure out what in the hell they plan to do now that the fighting has started.
438949213	Declaration of the Causes and Necessities for Taking Up Arms	Declared the causes and necessities for taking up arms.
438949214	Olive Branch Petition	Petitioned the king to intercede with Parliament to secure peace and colonial rights. Angrily dismissed by the king.
438949215	Prohibitory Act (1775)	Act declaring the colonies to be in rebellion.
438949216	Common Sense; Thomas Paine	Made a clear and forceful argument for the colonies becoming independent states and breaking all political ties with the monarchy.
438949217	Declaration of Independence	Document declaring the colonies to be independent.
438949218	Thomas Jefferson	Wrote the Declaration of Independence.
438949219	Patriots	Colonists who actively took part in the struggle against Britain.
438949220	Loyalists (Tories)	Colonists who maintained their allegiance to the king.
438949221	Valley Forge	Severe-winter campsite of Washington's army, 1777-1778.
438949222	Continentals	Worthless paper money issued by Congress during the war.
438949223	George Rogers Clark	Revolutionary commander who captured a series of British forts in the Illinois country.
438949224	Battle of Saratoga	The turning point of the war.
438949225	absolute monarch	One person who holds all of a country's political power.
438949226	Battle of Yorktown	Washington forces the surrender of Cornwallis' army by trapping him against the French navy. Last major battle of the war.
438949227	Treaty of Paris (1783)	Treaty ending the Revolutionary War.
438949228	Articles of Confederation	The first national government under which all of the colonies fell. A failure, due to a near-complete lack of ability to do anything.
438949229	unicameral legislature	A legislature of one house.
438949230	Land Ordinance of 1785	Divided the western lands into townships with plots of land set aside for education.
438949231	Northwest Ordinance of 1787	Set the rules for creating new states out of the northwest territory.
438949232	Shays' Rebellion	The Articles of Confederation were unable to suppress it. Broken by the state militia of Massachusetts.
438949233	Mary McCauley (Molly Pitcher)	Took her husband's place in the army during the Revolutionary War.
438949234	Deborah Sampson	Posed as a man so that she could serve in the military during the Revolutionary War.
438949235	Abigail Adams	Attempted to get her husband John to be more "generous and favorable" in the case of the ladies.

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AP Lang Comp terms The Rest Flashcards

The rest AP Lang Comp terms, Mrs. Lofquist.

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890366892	Classical oration	five part argument structure used by classical rhetoricians.
890366893	introduction	the action of introducing something.
890366894	narration	the act of giving an account describing incidents or a course of events
890366895	confirmation	additional proof that something that was believed (some fact or hypothesis or theory) is correct
890366896	refutation	overthrow by argument, evidence, or proof
890366897	conclusion	expressing finality with no implication of possible change
890366898	Close reading	In literary criticism, close reading describes the careful, sustained interpretation of a brief passage of text.
890366899	Claim	a claim stated the argument's main idea or position
890366900	claim of fact	asserts that something is true or not true
890366901	claim of policy	proposes a change
890366902	induction	to lead into
890366903	inversion	inverted order of words in a sentence
890366904	irony	a figure of speech that occurs when a speaker or character says one thing but means something else
890366905	Juxtaposition	Placement of two things closely together to emphasize similarities or differences
890366906	Logo	speakers appeal to reason by offering clear rational ideas and using specific details examples facts statistics or expert testimony to back them up
890366907	Metaphor	a figure of speech in which a word or phrase is applied to an object or action to which it is not literally applicable.
890366908	Metonymy	figure of speech in which something is represented by another thing that is related t it or emblematic of it
890366909	Modifier	am adj adverb phrase or clause that modifies a noun pronoun or verb. the purpose of a modifier is usually to describe focus
890366910	Mood	a characteristic (habitual or relatively temporary) state of feeling
890366911	motif	a unifying idea that is a recurrent element in a literary or artistic work
890366912	Nominalization	the process of changing a verb into a noun
890366913	oxymoron	a figure of speech in which apparently contradictory terms appear in conjunction
890366914	Occasion	the time and place a speech is given or a piece is written
890366915	paradox	self-contradicting
890366916	Parallelism	similarity of structure in a pair or series of related words phrases or clauses
890366917	Pathos	speakers appeal to pathos to emotionally motivate their audience.
890366918	periodic sentence	sentence whose main clause s withheld until the end
890366919	persona	the face or character that a speaker shows to his or her audience
890366920	personification	giving non animate objects people movements and feelings
890366921	Patterns of development	i have no clue i will ask someone else
890366922	narration	the factual and background information
890366923	description	i cant find it yolo
890366924	process analysis	its not in the glossary skrew did
890366925	exemplification	showing by example
890366926	comparison/contrast	pertaining to a written exercise about the similarities and differences between two or more
890366927	classification/division	two methods of organizing and explaining information.
890366928	definition	what a thing is
890366929	cause and effect	the principle of causation
890366930	Polysyndeton	the deliberate use of mutiple conjunctions between coordinate phrases and clauses and words
890366931	Propaganda	the spread of ideas and information to further a cause
890366932	purpose	the goal the speaker wants to achieve
890366933	qualifier	in the toulmin model, the qualifier uses words like usually probably maybe in most cases
890366934	Qualified argument	an argument that is not absolute
890366935	refutable	a denial of the validity of an opposing argument
890366936	rebuttal	a rebuttal gives voice to possible objections.
890366937	reservation	a reservation explains the terms and conditions needed by the qualifiers.
890366938	rhetoric	the faculty of observing in any given case
890366939	Rhetorical triangle	relationship among the speaker audience and subject
890366940	Rhetorical question	question posed for the rhetorical effect
890366941	92. Rogerian argument	based on the assumption that fully understanding an opposing position is essential to responding to it persuasively and refuting it in a way that is accommodating rather than alienation/
890366942	satire	witty language used to convey insults or scorn
890366943	simile	comparing things with the words "like" or "as"
890366944	simple sentence	a sentence consisting of only one clause, with a single subject and predicate.
890366945	96. Subordinate clause	a clause, typically introduced by a conjunction, that forms part of and is dependent on a main clause
890366946	subordination	A clause in which the holder of a mortgage permits a subsequent mortgage to take priority. Subordination is the act of yielding priority.
890366947	stance	the speakers attitude towards the audience
890366948	subject	the topic of the text
890366949	100. Syllogism	a logical structure that uses the major premise and the minor premise to reach a necessary conclusion
890366950	symbol	something visible that by association or convention represents something else that is invisible
890366951	synecdoche	figure of speech that uses a part to represent the whole
890366952	syntax	the arrangement of words into phrases, clauses, and sentences.
890366953	theme	the subject of a talk, a piece of writing, a person's thoughts, or an exhibition; a topic.
890366954	tone	a speaker's attitude toward the subject
890366955	understatement	less important than it actually is
890366956	scheme	a deviation from the normal order of words
890366957	STYLE	a way of expressing something (in language or art or music etc.) that is characteristic of a particular person or group of people or period
890366958	Synthesize	combining two or more ideas in order to create something more complex
890366959	closed thesis	a statement of the main idea of the argument that also preview the major points the writer intends to make
890377843	trope	a metaphor simile hyperbole metonymy or synecdoche
890377844	113. Toulmin model	an approach to analyzing and constructing arguments created by some guy in his book
890377845	voice	a means or agency by which something is expressed or communicated
890377846	Zeugma	use of two different words in a grammatically similar way that produces different often incongruous meanings

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Plants and Tissue Culture Flashcards

Common annuals and lab equipment

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368746842	marigold
368746843	alyssum
368746844	coleus
368746845	petunia
368746846	salvia
368746847	impatiens
368746848	lysimachia
368746849	spider plant
368750761	Tomato
368746850	snake plant
368750763	basil
368750762	parsely
368746851	aloe
368746852	geranium
368746853	begonia
368746854	euphorbia	This is not the variety that is being grown in the greenhouse, but it is in the same family
368746855	laminar flow hood
368746856	magnetic stir bar
368746857	forceps
368746858	beaker
368746859	graduated cylinder
368746860	stir plate
368746865	test tube cap	red part on top of tubes
368760966	test tube	glass portion (used to hold media and explant)
368746864	scalpel
368746861	explant	plant tissue to be grown on media, Small pieces of plant material, excised for use in tissue culture
368746862	sterile	free of or using methods to keep free of pathological microorganisms
368746863	aseptic	free of or using methods to keep free of pathological microorganisms
368746866	embryo	a small, rudimentary (basic) plant contained within a seed that contains all genetic information for that plant
368746867	cotyledon	first leaf or first pair of leaves produced by the embryo of a seed plant
368746868	endosperm	A nutrient-rich tissue formed during double fertilization, which provides nourishment to the developing embryo in angiosperm seeds.
368746869	surfactant	a substance capable of reducing the surface tension of a liquid in which it is dissolved
368746870	auxin	a plant hormone that speeds up cell elongation, cell division, and root formation
368746871	cytokinin	a plant hormone that speeds up cell division, shoot/bud formation, and shoot development
368746872	media	substrate for plant growth when using tissue culture
368746873	hardening-off	toughening up plant in preparating for growing in greenhouse
368746874	parafilm	thin, waxy, stretch material used to seal off test tubes
368746875	alcohol burner	used to sterilize forceps
368746876	70% ethanol	used to sanitize working surfaces and body parts that come into laminar flow hood
368750764	monocot	an angiosperm that has only one seed leaf
368750765	dicot	an angiosperm that has two seed leaves
368760967	annual	a plant that completes its entire life cycle within the space of a year
368760968	biennial	a plant having a life cycle that normally takes two seasons from germination to death to complete
368760969	perennial	a plant lasting for three seasons or more
368760970	REI	Restricted Entry Interval, amount of time need to wait before can reenter growing area following application of a pesticide
368760971	style	red portion with pollen grains on it
368760972	stigma
368760973	anther	six long brown ovals
368760974	pollen	yellow stubstance on anthers
368760975	fillament	white tubes holding anthers

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Campell Biology Chapters 24-30 Flashcards

Flashcards for the upcoming section 1 exam

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1223483820	What are the four characteristics that unite Charophytes and Land Plants?	1. Cellulose 2. Peroxisome 3. Flagellated Sperm 4. Phragmoplast
1223483821	What are the derived traits of land plants	1. Apical Meristems 2. Alternation of Generations 3. Walled Spores 4. Multicellular gametangia

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genetics Flashcards

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1261794422	alleles	Different forms of a gene
1261794423	dominant	Describes a trait that covers over, or dominates, another form of that trait.
1261794424	genetics	Scientific study of heredity
1261794425	genome	All the genetic information in an organism; all of an organism's chromosomes.
1261794426	genotype	Genetic makeup of an organism
1261794427	heredity	Passing of traits from parents to offspring
1261794428	heterozygous	An organism that has two different alleles for a trait
1261794429	incomplete dominance	A pattern of inheritance in which two alleles, inherited from the parents, are neither dominant nor recessive. The resulting offspring have a phenotype that is a blending of the parental traits.
1261794430	co- dominance	When both alleles in the heterozygote are expressed in the phenotype. Written with capitol letters with superscript
1261794431	pedigree	A diagram that shows the occurrence of a genetic trait in several generations of a family
1261794432	phenotype	An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits.
1261794433	polygenic inheritance	of many inheritance
1261794434	probability	A number that describes how likely it is that an event will occur
1261794435	recessive	An allele that is masked when a dominant allele is present
1261794436	sex-linked gene	gene located on the X or Y chromosome
1261794437	antigen	A protein that, when introduced in the blood, triggers the production of an antibody
1261794438	antibody,	noun, a blood protein produced in response to and counterattacking a specific antigen
1261794439	segregation of alleles	partner genes on homologous chromosomes are separated and end up in different sex cells
1261794440	Independent assortment	Independent segregation of genes during the formation of gametes
1261794441	duplicated chromosomes	a chromosome that is composed of two sister chromatids held together in a centromere

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AP Psych Midterm Review Flashcards

Psychology's History and Approaches
Research Methods
Biological Bases of Behavior
Sensation and Perception
States of Consciousness
Learning
Cognition
Motivation and Emotion

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616354483	monism	mind and body are connected - the Hebrews, Aristotle, and Augustine
616354484	dualism	mind and body are distinct - Socrates, Plato, Rene Descartes
616354485	John Locke	empiricist, said mind was a blank slate
616354486	empiricism	the view that knowledge comes from experience via the senses, and science flourishes through observation and experiment (Bacon and Locke)
616354487	structuralism	an early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the elemental structure of the human mind (Edward Bradford Titchener)
616354488	Wilhem Wundt	established first psychology labaratory
616354489	introspection	self reflection, looking inward, reporting elements of an experience; requires smart, verbal people, was unreliable; waned with structuralism (Titchener)
616354490	functionalism	a school of psychology that focused on how mental and behavioral processes function--how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish (William James)
616354491	Mary Calkins	admitted into James' Harvard class, denied her degree, became first female president of APA
616354492	Margaret Floy Washburn	first woman to recieve PhD in Psychology, second female APA pres
616354493	behaviorism	objective science that studies observable behavior without regard to mental processes (John B Watson, BF Skinner)
616354494	psychology	the science of behavior and mental processes
616354495	natural selection	principle that states among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival are most likely to be passed on to succeeding generations (Darwin)
616354496	nature vs. nurture	longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors
616354497	biological perspective	how the body and brain enable emotions, memories, and sensory experiences; how genes combine w/ environment to influence individual differences
616354498	evolutionary perspective	how the nature selection of traits promoted the survival of genes
616354499	psychodynamic perspective	how behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts
616354500	behavioral perspective	how we learn observable responses
616354501	cognitive perspective	how we encode, process, store, and retrieve information
616354502	humanistic perspective	how we meet our needs for love and acceptance and achieve self-fullfillment; emphasizes potential for personal growth
616354503	social-cultural perspective	how behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures
616354504	basic research	pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base (biological/developmental/cognitive/personality/social psychologists)
616354505	educational psychology	how psychological processes affect and enhance teaching and learning
616354506	applied research	scientific study that aims to solve practical problems (industrial/organizational psychologists)
616354507	psychometrics	study of measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits
616354508	psychiatry	branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical treatments as well as therapy
616354509	clinical psychology	branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders (basic & applied research)
616354510	experimental psychology	exploration of behavior and thinking with experiments
616354511	levels of analysis	biological, psychological, social-cultural
616354512	biopsychosocial approach	integrated approach that incorporates all 3 levels of analysis
616354513	personality psychology	individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
616354514	human factors psychology	explores how people and machines interact and how machines and physical environments can be made safe and easy to use
616354515	counseling psychology	helping people cope with challenges and crises
616354516	SQ3R	study method of survey, question, read, rehearse, and review
616354517	hindsight bias	I knew it all along phenomenon; the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it
616354518	overconfidence	humans overestimate their own knowledge
616354519	critical thinking	thinking that does not blindly accept conclusions
616354520	the scientific attitude	curiosity, skepticism, humility
616354521	James Randi	aura-seeing test, exemplifies skepticism
616354522	theory	an explanation using an integrated set of principles that ORGANIZES and PREDICTS behaviors/events
616354523	operational definitions	allows for replication and check on biases
616354524	case study	(description) an obvesrvation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hopes of revealing basic universal principles
616354525	survey	(description) most common, least accurate, self reported of a population (representative, random sample)
616354526	false consensus effect	tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors
616354527	naturalistic observation	(description) no manipulation or interference, observing natural habitat
616354528	correlation coefficient	how well a factor predicts another, -1 perfect negative to 1 perfect positive
616354529	standard deviation	computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score
616354530	statistical significance	statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance
616354531	ethical principles	1-informed consent, 2-protection from harm, 3-confidentiality, 4-explanation
616354532	dendrites	receive messages, conduct impulses toward cell body
616354533	axon	pass information to other neurons or to muscles/glands
616354534	myelin sheath	insulates axons and speeds up impulses
616354535	resting potential	positive outside negative inside
616354536	all-or-none response	strength of stimulus doesn't affect speed; rather more neurons can be fired for stronger stimulus
616354537	reuptake	excess neurotransmitters are reabsorbed by sending neuron, some drugs block this
616354538	Acetylcholine (ACh)	muscle action, learning, memory; deterioration linked to Alzheimers
616354539	Dopamine	movement, learning, attention, emotion; excess linked to schizophrenia; lack linked to Parkinsons
616354540	Serotonin	mood, hunger, sleep, arousal; lack linked to depression
616354541	Norepinephrine	alertness and arousal; lack can depress mood
616354542	GABA	inhibitory; lack linked to seizures, tremors, and insomnia
616354543	Glutamate	excitatory, memory; excess linked to migraines or seizures
616354544	endorphins	natural opiates
616354545	agonists	excite; mimic neurotransmitter
616354546	antagonists	inhibit neurotransmitter
616354547	somatic nervous system	controls voluntary movements of skeletal muscles
616354548	autonomic nervous system	controls self regulated actions of internal organs and glands
616354549	sympathetic	arousing
616354550	parasympathetic	calming
616354551	EEG	recording of brainwaves
616354552	CT scan	x-rays of brain
616354553	PET scan	display of brain activity, where glucose is used in brain
616354554	MRI	uses radio waves and magnetic fields to see brain structures
616354555	functional MRI	action in brain structures
616354556	brainstem	oldest and innermost region, basic automatic survival functions
616354557	medulla	heartbeat and breathing
616354558	reticular formation	arousal
616354559	thalamus	sensory switchboard
616354560	cerebellum	little brain, voluntary movement and balance
616354561	limbic system	emotions
616354562	amygdala	linked to emotion, aggression and fear
616354563	hypothalamus	maintenance activities, governs endocrine system, linked to emotion
616354564	cerebral cortex	body's ultimate control and information processing center
616354565	glial cells	nannies of neurons
616354566	frontal lobe	speaking, muscle movement, plans and judgments
616354567	parietal lobe	sensory cortex
616354568	occipital lobe	visual information
616354569	temporal lobe	auditory area
616354570	angular gyrus	transforms visual representations into auditory code
616354571	Wernicke's area	interprets auditory code
616354572	Broca's area	controls speech muscles
616354573	plasticity	brain's capacity for modification
616354574	corpus callosum	large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them
616354575	right hemisphere	excels in subtle inferences, visual-spatial superiority, perception, pictures, insight
616354576	left hemisphere	speaking, calculating, processing language, words
616354577	endocrine system	slow chemical communication, glands that secrete hormones into bloodstream
616354578	hormones	chemical messengers
616354579	adrenal glands	release epinephrine and noepinephrine (adrenaline and noradrenaline)
616354580	pituitary glands	regulates growth and other endocrine glands
616354581	temperament	genetic mostly
616354582	heritability	extent to which differences among people are attributed to genes
616354583	social learning theory	children learn gender linked behaviors by observing and imitating and being rewarded or punished
616354584	gender schema theory	children learn from their cultures a concept of their gender and adjust their behavior accordingly
616354585	signal detection theory	how and when we detect the presence of faint stimulus (signal) amid background stimulation (noise)
616354586	difference threshold	just noticeable difference between two stimuli
616354587	Weber's law	to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage (not constant amount)
616354588	sensory adaptation	diminishing sensitivity to unchanging stimuli, i.e. clothes on your body
616354589	pupil	adjustable opening in center of eye through which light enters
616354590	iris	controls size of pupil opening
616354591	lens	changes shape to focus images on retina
616354592	retina	light sensitive, where rays focus
616354593	rods	peripheral and twilight vision, more light sensitive
616354594	cones	daylight, colors, fine detail
616354595	blind spot	point at which optic nerve leaves eye
616354596	fovea	where cones are clustered
616354597	Young Helmholtz trichromatic theory	retina contains 3 different color receptors (red, green, blue) which when stimulated in combination can produce perception of any color
616354598	Hering's opponent process theory	opposing retinal processes (redgreen, yellowblue, whiteblack) enable color vision
616354599	audition	sense of hearing
616354600	place theory	links pitch we hear with place where cochlea's membrane is stimulated; doesn't explain low pitched sounds
616354601	frequency theory	rate of nerve impulses traveling up auditory nerve matches frequency of a tone; cannot explain high pitched sounds
616354602	kinesthesis	system for sensing position and movement of individual body parts
616354603	vestibular sense	sense of body movement and position, balance; semicircular canals and vestibular sacs
616354604	proximity	group nearby figures together
616354605	similarity	similar figures grouped together
616354606	continuity	smooth patterns
616354607	connectedness	spots, lines, and areas perceived as single unit
616354608	closure	fill in gaps to complete a whole
616354609	telepathy	mind to mind communication
616354610	clairvoyance	perceiving remote events
616354611	precognition	predicting future events
616354612	psychokinesis	levitating a table
616354613	stage 2 sleep	sleep spindles
616354614	stage 1 sleep	light hallucinations
616354615	delta waves	mostly stage 4, stage 3 too, slow wave sleep
616354616	stage 4 sleep	wetting the bed, sleepwalking
616354617	REM sleep	dreams, paradoxical sleep, no snoring, arousal
616354618	hidden observer	Hilgard's term for hypnotized subject's awareness of experiences that go unreported during hypnosis
616354619	depressants	calm neural activity, slow body functions, lessen anxiety: alcohol, barbiturates (tranquilizers), opiates
616354620	stimulants	excite neural activity, arouse body functions: cocaine, ecstasy (MDMA)
616354621	hallucinogens	distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in absence of sensory input: psychedelics, some are natural or synthetic: LSD (acid), marijuana, mildly ecstasy
616354622	generalization	tendency for stimuli similar to CS to evoke similar responses
616354623	respondent behavior	occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus (classical conditioning)
616354624	operant behavior	operates on the environment, producing consequences
616354625	continuous reinforcement	fast learning, fast extinction
616354626	partial reinforcement	slow learning, slower extinction
616354627	fixed ratio schedule	reinforces a response after specified number of responses
616354628	variable ratio schedule	reinforces response after a random number of responses
616354629	fixed interval schedule	reinforces a response after specified time has elapsed
616354630	variable interval schedule	reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals
616354631	implicit	non declarative, without conscious recall, skills
616354632	explicit	declarative, with conscious recall, facts (semantic), personal experiences (episodic)
616354633	long term potentiation	neural basis for learning and memory
616354634	hippocampus	helps process explicit memories
616354635	cerebellum	implicit memories
616354636	3 sins of forgetting	absent mindedness, transience (storage decay over time), blocking
616354637	3 sins of distortion	misattribution, suggestibility, bias
616354638	1 sin of intrusion	persistence
616354639	proactive interference	old memories interfere on recall of new ones
616354640	retroactive interference	new memories interfere with recall of old ones
616354641	repression	Freud, motivated forgetting
616354642	Elizabeth Loftus	misinformation effect
616354643	phoneme	basic unit of sound
616354644	morpheme	smallest unit that carries meaning
616354645	operant language learning	skinner, learned through association, imitation, and reinforcement
616354646	inborn universal grammar	chomsky, acquire untaught words and grammar
616354647	linguistic determinism	Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think
616354648	can animals talk?	can learn, but no proper grammar or syntax
616354649	pulled by incentives	pushed by needs
616354650	some motivated behaviors	increase arousal
616354651	Roy Baumeister	defined the phenomenon of gender difference in erotic plasticity
616354652	Daryl Bem	theorized that genes code for prenatal hormones and brain anatomy, which predispose temperaments which influence children's gender typed behavior
616354653	Cannon-Bard theory	states that arousal and emotion occur simultaneously after perception of stimulus
616354654	James-Lange theory	after perception of stimulus, then arousal, which causes emotion
616354655	Schachter's two factor theory	after perception of stimulus, arousal and cognitively labeling that arousal as an emotion, leads to that emotion
616354656	William Masters and Virginia Johnson	sex cycles to label sexual response cycle
616354657	Simon LeVay	gay scientist, studied brain anatomy's influence on sexual orientation
616354658	AL Washburn	swallowed a balloon to prove stomach contracts when you feel hunger
616354659	Ed Deiner	studied young man with cancer's rate of happiness
616354660	Paul Ekman	led a facial expression experiment among New Guineans and American college students
616354661	Meyer Freidman and Ray Rosenman	defined personality types A and B
616354662	Richard Lazarus	conceded that our brains process and react to vast amounts of information without conscious awareness
616354663	Joseph LeDoux	some emotional responses involve no consciousness
616354664	Robert Rosenthal	tested subtlety of expressions, teacher's when talking to students
616354665	Hans Selye	defined general adaptation syndrome, saw it as having 3 phases
616354666	Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer	proposed two factor theory
616354667	Shelley Taylor	studied gender different responses to stress
616354668	Robert Zajonc	some emotional responses involve no consciousness
616354669	insulin	controls glucose
616354670	leptin	increases metabolism and decreases hunger, secreted by fat cells
616354671	orexin	hunger triggering hormone
616354672	ghrelin	secreted by empty stomach, I'm hungry
616354673	PYY	digestive tract hormone, I'm not hungry
616354674	brain differences in homosexuals	hypothalamic cell cluster is larger in straight men, anterior commisure is larger in gay men
616354675	genetic influences on homosexuality	shared sexual orientation higher among identical twins, sexual attraction in flies can be manipulated genetically
616354676	prenatal hormone influences on homosexuality	altered prenatal hormone exposure may lead to homosexuality in humans, men with several older brothers are more likely to be gay
616354677	gay straight differences	spatial abilities, fingerprint ridge counts, auditory system, handedness, occupational preference, relative finger lengths, gender noncomformity, age of male puberty, male body size
616354678	personnel psychology	subfield of i/o psych that focuses on employee recruitment, selection, placement, training, appraisal, and development
616354679	organizational psychology	subfield of i/o psych that examines organizational influences on worker satisfaction and productivity and facilitates change
616354680	structured interview	asks the same job relevant questions of all applicants, rated on established scales
616354681	achievment motivation	desire for significant accomplisment, for mastery, attaining a high standard
616354682	task leadership	goal oriented leadership that sets standards, organizes work, and focuses attention on goals
616354683	social leadership	group oriented leadership that builds teamwork, mediates conflict, and offers support
616354684	Theory X	assumes that workers are lazy, error prone, and extrinsically motivated by money and should be directed from above
616354685	Theory Y	assumes that given challenge and freedom workers are motivated to achieve self esteem and to demonstrate their competence and creativity
616354686	valence dimension of emotion	dimension of emotion, pleasant versus unpleasant
616354687	arousal dimension of emotion	high or low
616354688	for diffcult tasks, performance is higher with...	low arousal
616354689	subjective well being	feelings of happiness or satisfaction with life
616354690	adaptation level phenomenon	get used to your happiness
616354691	stress is	a process, not just a response or stimulus
616354692	GAS	phase 1-alarm reaction, mobilize resources phase 2-resistance, cope with stressor phase 3-exhaustion, reserves depleted
616354693	aerobic exercise	decreases stress, anxiety, and depression better than relaxation therapy
616354694	biofeedback	for subtle physiological states

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The Gilded Age Flashcards

The following flashcards include significant terms, places, persons, legislation, and events from the periods of industrialization, urbanization, and the Gilded Age.

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613753291	Laissez-Faire	Policy based on the idea that government should play as small a role as possible in economic affairs.
613753292	Menlo Park	New Jersey village west of New York City where Thomas Edison established the world's first industrial research laboratory in 1876. He was funded by banker J.P. Morgan.
613753293	Protective Tariff	Tax on imported goods designed to stimulate economic growth by encouraging consumers to buy American goods.
613753295	Corporation	Shared ownership in a business that allows investors to take greater financial risks by reducing losses in the event of business failure; these entities were legally treated as individuals and were able to file law suits and own property.
613753296	Monopoly	Exclusive control of economic markets.
613753298	J.P. Morgan	A highly successful investment banker who bought out Carnegie. With Carnegie's holdings and some others, he launched U.S Steel and made it the first billion dollar corporation. Known for consolidating multiple firms into a larger, more successful entity (railroads, steel, etc.).
613753299	Trust	A combination of firms or corporations formed by a legal agreement and governed by a board of directors.
613753300	Social Darwinism	The application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies - in this instance as justification for the successes and failures of individuals in the business world.
613753301	Interstate Commerce Commission	Formed in 1887 to regulate railroads, though its power was limited by its inability to do more than make gentle suggestions to the government.
613753302	Sherman Anti-Trust Act	In 1890, this became the first United States law to limit trusts and big business. It outlawed any trusts that purposefully interfered with interstate trade.
613753304	Samuel Gompers	Founded the American Federation of Labor in 1886 as a craft union of skilled workers; focused on obtaining workers' rights and downplayed social issues.
613753305	"New Immigrants"	People who traveled to the United States beginning in the 1870s, principally from central and eastern Europe; most were unskilled, penniless, and spoke little English.
613753308	Contract Labor Act	1864 legislation that promoted immigration by allowing businesses to recruit laborers directly from their home countries, promising both employment and paid travel expenses; repealed in 1868.
613753312	Jacob Riis	Journalist and photographer who exposed poor tenement living conditions in 1890 book, "How the Other Half Lives."
613753313	Chicago Fire	1871 event that revealed the dangers of urban congestion, gas lighting, and open fireplaces.
613753315	Rowland H. Macy	Formed the first department store in 1858, making heavy use of advertising and the organization of goods into discrete areas, or departments.
613753316	Yellow Journalism	Sensationalized form of newspaper reporting popularized by competing newspaper magnates Joseph Pulitzer (New York World) and William Randolph Hearst (New York Journal).
613753317	James Naismith	Invented basketball in 1891.
613753318	John Dewey	Advocated progressive education that focused on the application of knowledge rather than rote memorization.
613753319	Political Machine	A network of activists that worked for a party "boss" in order to maintain control of regional spheres of influence, or "rings."
613753320	Boss William Tweed	Political "boss" in New York City that ran the Tammany Hall Ring until his arrest in 1871; though corrupt, he and other bosses brought structure and necessary services to communities.
613753321	Thomas Nast	Often considered the "Father of the American Cartoon," he was a political cartoonist whose scathing commentary on government corruption helped in the 1876 capture of William Tweed.
613753322	Republicans	Considered the "party of morality," this group supported business and was primarily composed of Protestants, nativists, and prohibitionists of British descent.
613753323	Democrats	A political party composed of a hodgepodge of Jews, Catholics, immigrants, and "free-thinkers" that usually supported labor.
613753325	Mugwumps	Republican reformers who supported Grover Cleveland in the 1884 election; mostly educators and editors who favored civil service reform and free trade.
613753326	"Stalwarts"	Group of Republicans led by Roscoe Conkling; supporters of both president Grant and the spoils system.
613753327	"Half-Breeds"	Group of Republicans led by James G. Blaine; only half committed to president Grant and the spoils system.
613753328	Booker T. Washington	Favored black social equality through "accommodation" - the acceptance of segregation and proof of deserved equality through hard work.
613753329	Panic of 1893	Economic crises caused by the failures of major railroads (both Philadelphia and Reading), bank closings, agricultural debt, and a restriction of gold reserves.
613753330	William Jennings Bryan	Democratic candidate in the election of 1892, he advocated taxation of the wealthy, federal welfare programs, worker's rights, and prohibition; an evangelical candidate who shaped the modern politician with his grandstanding and "common man" appeal.
613753331	Dingley Act	1897 legislation pushed by president McKinley to return the country to stable economic footing by raising the tariff to its highest level yet.

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Civilization In The West Chapter 20 Flashcards

Terms from the Civilization in the West book

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19893786	Arthur Young	observed that although France, was rich, it was pocketed by extreme poverty
19893787	philosophes	glorified reason in a world of violence
19893788	ancien régime	old regime
19893789	Louis XV	grandson of Louis XIV, could not meet rising demands of the state, relied on state bureaucracy instead of parlements
19893790	parlements	the 13 sovereign courts in the French judicial system
19893791	Maupeou	Louis XV's chancellor from 1768-1774, engineered the overthrow of the Parlement of Paris
19893792	Louis XVI	Involved France with the War of Independence, loved locks, recieved revenue from selling offices
19893793	Royal General Farms	A syndicate of 100 wealthy financier families that owned the salt tax in France
19893794	taille	direct French tax
19893795	gabelle	French tax on salt
19893796	aide	French tax on food and drink
19902308	Turgot	first controller-general of Louis XVI, stimulated economy by eliminating regulations, economizing at court, and improving roads
19902309	Necker	measured the total income and expenditures of France, and extremely messed up, tried to cut down inefficiences
19902610	Calonne	made a proportional land tax, eliminated or lightened peasant taxes, wanted to confiscate church lands, created Assembly of Notables
19902611	Assembly of Notables	made up of 150 officials from the church, nobility, and municipalities, denounced Calonne
19902731	de Brienne	reccomended emergency loans, disbanded parlement
19903140	Estates-General	a medieval body composed of the three estates, had not met since 1614
19903141	third estate	the bourgeoisie, the peasantry, and the urban and rural workers
19946594	Netanyahu	leads the Likud party
19946595	Livni	Leads the Kadima party
19946596	Lieberman	leads "Israel is our home" party
19946597	Marie Antoinette	said "let them eat cake"
19946598	Voting By Order	Voting system in each estate receives one vote
19946599	Voting By Head	Voting system in which each representative receives one vote
19946600	Tennis Court Oath	Pact made by the third estate to make a constitution
19946601	National Assembly	group formed by the tennis court oath to represent the entire country
19946602	Bastille	Armory where government held weapons and prisoners, was stormed on July 14
19946603	National Guard	Militia formed to protect the interests of the people
19946604	Lafayette	lead French Revolution, fought alongside Washington for free, became a general
19946605	La Marseillaise	French National Anthem
19946712	Departements	make rules for government, 83 of them, each has its own militia
19946713	Civil Constitution of the Clergy	said that clergy is owned by the government
19946714	Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen	Document created by the National Assembly to announce the rights of French Citizens
19946715	Bourgeois Revolution	property owners are the greatest beneficiaries, peasants and day workers are not really effected.
19946716	Political Spectrum	diagram depicting the different sides of government
19946726	Liberals	say system is basically ok, needs a little change
19946727	socialists	want government to take an active role in the economy, medical care, education, government chosen by a free election, gradual chang
19946728	Communists	want no government, started by Marx and Engels, to each according to his need, requires a violent overthrow of government
19946729	anarchists	no government, can't wait for revolution like communists, target government officials, bomb bus stations, Rousseau is one of these (minus the violence)
19946730	Conservatives	say to be cautious, don't make too many changes, rely on past
19946790	Reactionaries	want to go backwards, support same-sex schools to prevent pregnancy, prayer in school
19946791	Fascists	Mussolini, state has total power, leader is a larger than life figure, protests are suppressed, brutal police force, Louis XVI would love to be one of these
19946792	Totalitarians	government has cmplete and total control
19946793	Olympe de Gouges	says there should be women's rights also, want equitable divorce laws, wrote Declaration of the Rights of Woman and Citizen
19946794	Sans-Culottes	people who are city - workers, didn't wear knee-breeches
19946795	Jacobins	liberal French party that ruled from the mountain
19946796	Girondins	conservative French party that ruled from the Plain
19946797	Robespierre	led Jacobins in the Reign of Terror, was executed
19946798	Danton	Led Girondins
19946799	"Liberty, Equality, Society"	motto of the Jacobins and of France today
19946853	Citizen/Citizeness	title used to refer to men or women under the Jacobins' rule
19946854	Committee of Public Safety	makes charges against criminals, executes Louis XVI
19946855	Guillotine	new invention for execution, cuts ties literally and mentally, 40,000 executions in a 9 month period
19946856	Thermidorian Reaction	during summer, led by reactionaries, makes country more conservative, Jacobins are put out of power
19946857	Cult of the Supreme Being	no priests, no churches, Notre Dame became the Temple of Reason
19946890	First Coalition	team of England, Prussia, and Austria that is worried about France
19946891	Hamilton	member of Washington's cabinet who supported England
19946892	Jefferson	member of Washington'd cabinet who supported the French
19946893	Corsica	Island where Napoleon was born
19946894	Rosetta Stone	key to understanding of Egyptology, had same message in classic Greek, hieroglyphics, and classic script
19946895	Concordat of 1801	truce created by napoleon with the Catholic Church
19972465	Trafalgar	where French and Spanish navies tried to defeat Britain
19972466	Nelson	led British against the French and Spanish navies at Trafalgar
19972467	Louisiana Purchase	Louis gave to US for 15 million, Spain had owned it, taken over by France when they conquered, sold it to prevent the British from taking it
19972468	Continental System	forbids all French ports from British trade
19972469	British Orders in Council	provision against all ships bound from France
19972470	hot air balloons, tunnels	Two ideas Napoleon had about invading Britain after his naval failures
19972471	stone	British unit weighing 14 pounds
19972472	sugar beets	replace sugar cane
19972473	Napoleonic Code	system of Laws used during the reign of Napoleon
19972547	Grand Army	the army Napoleon led against Russia when Alexander I repudiated the Continental System
19972548	Scorched Earth Policy	anti-invasion strategy used by Russia against France
19972549	Battle of Nations	Battle in which Napoleon was defeated and exiled
19972550	Elba	First island Napoleon was exiled to
19972551	Wellington	led coalition of nations against Napoleon's return
19972552	Waterloo	Where Napoleon was defeated forever
19972553	St. Helena	island where Napoleon died
19972670	Rochambeau	French aristocrat, soldier, and a marshall of France, participated in the American Revolution, was almost executed in the Reign of Terror
19972671	De Grasse	French Naval Leader in the American Revolution
19972672	Bourbon	represented in the white portion of the French flag
19972673	josephine	other person crowned when Napoleon was
19972819	Seven Year's War	French defeat in this left it barren of funds
19972820	Cahiers de Doléances	lists of grievances carried by representatives to the Estates General
19972821	Sieyés	published the pamphlet "What is the Third Estate?", frequented Parisian Salons
19972822	Continental System	Napoleon's abortive attempt to blockade Britain was part of his
19972823	First Consul	The first political office that Napoleon held
19972824	Directory	The government that succeeded the fall of the Committee of Public Safety
19972825	Assignats	treasury bonds issued to raise money for the revolutionary government
19972826	Social Contract	Rousseau's work that heavily influenced Robespierre
19972955	corvée	forced labor of the peasants on roads
20005101	Mirabeau	noble who had spent time in prison for being accused of disobedience to his father. Advocated the third estate
20005102	Night of 4-5 August	National Assembly agreed to abolish the principle of privilege, which took away the peasants' right of common grazing and gathering
20005103	Pius VI	denounced the principles of the revolution, fought against the civil constitution of the clergy
20005104	Civil Constitution of the Clergy	priests now became the equivalent of paid agents of the state
20005105	nonjuring priests	priests who refused to become paid agents of the state and went into hiding
20005744	Constitution of 1791	established a constitutional monarchy with a ministerial executive power answerable to a legislative assembly
20005745	Varennes	where Louis XVI was captured by soldiers and brought back to Paris
20006829	L'Overture	led black rebels found and declare independent Haiti, which still exists today
20006830	Condorcet	elected in 1791 to the Legislative Assembly and wondered why the revolution overlooked women rights, because they are half the population
20006831	Tuileries Palace	where the king of France lived
20006832	les gros	name for the privileged in France
20006833	Legislative Assembly	replaced by the Convention in France
20006834	Convention	charged with determining the best form of government after the collapse of the monarchy
20006835	Society of Revolutionary Republican Women	women's society disbanded during the reign of terror
20006836	Directory	government by committee that replaced Robespierre, and offered mediocrity, caution, and oppurtunism
20007143	Concordat of 1801	recognized Catholicism as the religion of France and restored the Roman Catholic hierarchy
20007144	plebiscite	meeting in which Napoleon asked to be First Consul for life
20007145	Friedland	battle in which Alexander I was defeated by Napoleon in 1807
20007146	Goya	painted The Disasters of War that depicted the atrocities of the Napoleonic invasion
20007147	Peninsular War	French war against Spain 1808 - 1814, spanish guerrila tactics showed French weakness
20014147	Leipzig	Where Napoleon was defeated and exiled
20014148	Francois	Napoleon's son, who Napoleon advocated to be Napoleon II after Napoleon knew he would lose

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Art History Paleolithic-neolithic/bronze age Flashcards

Everything from Paleolithic, mesolithic, neolithic, to bronze age

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903909439	Paleolithic	40,000-8,000 BC
903909440	Mesolithic	8,000-6,000 BC
903909441	Neolithic	7,000-1,500 BC
903909442	Bronze Age	3,000-1,000 BC
903909443	Venus/Woman of Willendorf	25,000-20,000 BC. Paleolithic. Austria
903909444	Woman from Brassempouy	22,000 BC. Paleolithic. France
903909445	Venus of Laussel	20,000-18,000 BC. Paleolithic. France
903909446	Bison Licking Its Flank	12,000 BC. Paleolithic. France
903909447	Spotted Horse and Human Hands	16,000 BC. Paleolithic. Pech Merle Cave, France
903909448	Altamira Cave Paintings	12,000 BC. Paleolithic. Spain
903909449	Chauvet Cave Paintings	32,000-24,000 BC. Paleolithic. France
903909450	Skull of Cave Bear	35,000 BC. Paleolithic. Chauvet, France
903909451	Lascaux Hall of Bulls	15,000-13,000 BC. Paleolithic. France
903909452	The Unicorn	15,000-13,000 BC. Lascaux, France
903909453	Bird-Headed Man With Bison	15,000-13,000 BC. Paleolithic. Lascaux, France
903909454	Lion-Human	30,000 BC. Paleolithic. Germany
903909455	Addaura Cave Ritual Scene	Mesolithic. Sicily(Italy)
903909456	Coso Mountains Petroglyphs	Mesolithic. United States of America(California)
903909457	Anubis Mask	Egypt.
903909458	Plastered Jericho Skull	7,000-6,000 BC Neolithic. Jericho
903909459	Deer Hunt	7,500-5,700 BC. Neolithic. Catal Huyuk, Anatolia
903909460	Dancer	7,500-5,700 BC. Neolithic. Catal Huyuk, Anatolia
903909461	City Map With Volcano	7,500-5,700 BC. Neolithic. Catal Huyuk, Anatolia
903909462	Vulture Shrine	7,500-5,700 BC. Neolithic. Catal Huyuk, Anatolia
903909463	Reconstruction of Bull Shrine	7,500-5,700 BC. Neolithic. Catal Huyuk, Anatolia
903909464	Seated Mother Goddess	7,500-5,700 BC. Neolithic. Catal Huyuk, Anatolia
903909465	Skara Brae	3100 BC. Neolithic. Orkney Islands(Scotland)
903909466	Stones of Stenness	4,000-3,000 BC. Neolithic. Orkney Islands(Scotland)
903909467	Stonehenge	2,750-1,500 BC. Neolithic. France
903909468	Beaker from Susa	5,000-4,000 BC. Neolithic. Mesopotamia
903909469	Anu Temple	Bronze Age(Sumerian). Uruk, Mesopotamia
903909470	Nanna Ziggurat	2,100 BC. Bronze Age(Sumerian). Ur, Mesopotamia
903909471	Cone Mosaics	3,000 BC. Bronze Age(Sumerian). Mesopotamia
903909472	Ishtar Gate	600 BC. Babylonian. Mesopotamia
903909473	Face of a Woman(Warka)	3,300-3,000 BC. Neolithic/Bronze Age(Sumerian). Mesopotamia
903909474	Votive Figures from Tell Asmar	2,900-2,600 BC. Bronze Age(Sumerian). Mesopotamia
903909475	Royal Graves at Ur	2,600-2,400 BC. Bronze Age(Sumerian). Mesopotamia
903909476	Grave of Puabi	2,550 BC. Bronze Age(Sumerian). Mesopotamia
903909477	Great Lyre with bull's head	2,550-2,400 BC. Bronze Age(Sumerian). Mesopotamia
903909478	Goat Caught in a Thicket	2,550 BC. Bronze Age(Sumerian). Mesopotamia
903909479	Ishtar(Inanna, Astarte) sculptures	Bronze Age(Sumerian). Mesopotamia
903909480	Royal Standard from Ur	2,600-2,400 BC. Bronze Age(Sumerian). Mesopotamia
903909481	Mythological Figures	2,550-2,400 BC. Bronze Age(Sumerian)

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Western Civilization Flashcards

These cards are pulled straight from the Norton Western Civ. chapter quizzes.

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158738475	The building of the Suez Canal in Egypt resulted from the economic and political involvement of	Britain and France
158738476	British aspirations in Africa were fashioned primarily by	Cecil Rhodes
158738477	The London Pan-African Congress of 1900	grew out of an international tradition of antislavery movements
158738478	By 1902, what percentage of Africa had succumbed to the European Scramble for Africa?	90 percent
158738479	According to Arthur Gobineau, what was the key to understanding the problems of the modern world?	race
158738480	In the early nineteenth century, the subcontinent of India was under the control of	the British East India Company
158738481	Which European nation sent an army to conquer Ethiopia?	Italy
158738482	During the Boer War, the British first instituted	concentration camps
158738483	Which of the following did not embrace "scientific racism"?	John Stuart Mill
158738484	The conflict in which radical Christian rebels challenged the authority of the Chinese emperor was called the	Taiping Rebellion
158738485	The "white man's burden" was a notorious concept popularized by	Rudyard Kipling
158738486	In general, late-ninteenth-century imperialism	was more focused on settlement and discipline
158738487	One of the richest opium-growing areas of the world is located in	India
158738488	Cecil Rhodes made his fortune	from South African diamond mines
158738489	Under Bismarck, Germany entered the Scramble for Africa for what reason?	to maintain Germany's position as a great power
158738490	In general, the "new unionism"	stressed organization across entire industries
158738491	Bismarck instituted a Catholic campaign	because he wished to unleash an anti-Catholic movement in Prussia
158738492	Social Darwinism was used to justify all of the following except	socialism and communism
158738493	"The sick man of Europe" refers to	the Ottoman Empire
158738494	The most important radical political group in late-nineteenth-century Russia was the	Populists
158738495	Who was the author of Das Capital?	Karl Marx
158738496	The Women's Social and Political Union was founded in 1903	and adopted tactics of militancy and civil disobedience
158738497	Which nation became a leader in the chemical industry during the early stages of the second industrial revolution?	Britain and Germany
158738498	The Dreyfus Affair	polarized French public opinion
158738499	Which nation had the greatest extent of "invisible exports" before 1914?	Britain
158738500	Charles Darwin's Origin of Species (1859) was written in order to	show that the world was governed not by order and divine will but by random chance and struggle
158738501	The Russian Mensheviks	were reluctant to depart from Marxist orthodoxy
158738502	Bismarck's program of social legislation included all but which of the following?	unemployment insurance
158738503	Which industry did not undergo major technological innovation during the second industrial revolution?	iron
158738504	Which of the following was not one of the "Big Four" who dictated the peace settlement in 1918 and 1919?	Winston Churchill
158738505	The "Fourteen Point Plan" specified all of the following provisions except	German reparations to be paid to all the Allies
158738506	On Easter Sunday, 1916	a group of nationalists revolted in Dublin
158738507	After they dispersed the Constituent Assembly, Lenin, and the Bolsheviks ruled Russia as a	one-party dictatorship
158738508	The Schlieffen Plan	committed Germany to attack France first, though the real target was Russia
158738509	Following the February Revolution in Russia, the Provisional Government	became a transitional government created to establish a democratic system
158738510	The first nation(s) to grant the right to vote to all men and women over the age of thirty was	Britain
158738511	Before 1914, the membership of the Triple Alliance included Germany, Austro-Hungary, and	Italy
158738512	The immediate cause of World War I was	the assassination of Franz Ferdinand
158738513	The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk	immediately took Russia out of the war
158738514	The Allied assault on Gallipoli	was founded on Churchill's naval offensive in the Dardanelles
158738515	On November 11, 1918	German delegates met with the Allies and officially ended the war
158738516	The opponents of the Bolsheviks during the Russian Civil War were called	Whites
158738517	In January 1933, Hitler was appointed chancellor of Germany by	Hindenburg
158738518	During the period of the New Economic Policy (NEP)	the Soviet state would own all industry
158738519	The Freikorps were	anti-Marxist, anti-liberal, and anti-Semitic
158738520	During the Great Terror, Stalin	implemented a policy of mass repression against anyone who defied him
158738521	The Civil War in Russia pushed the Bolsheviks to a more radical economic stance called	war communism
158738522	Throughout the 1920s, the Nazis could never obtain total voting support from the	industrial workers
158738523	The success of the Italian fascist movement depended on the leadership of	Benito Mussolini
158738524	On October 28, 1922, Mussolini's Black Shirts	marched on Rome
158738525	The Great Depression	was triggered by the U.S. stock market crash
158738526	Thomas Hart Benton and Diego Rivera were similar in that they	used their art to detail the hopes and struggles of ordinary people
158738527	Which of the following artists was not a dadist?	Hans Arp
158738528	The Soviet collectivization of agriculture in the late 1920s	resulted in the near liquidation of the kulaks
158738529	The man widely assumed to be Lenin's successor was	Leon Trotsky

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