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AP US History Midterm Terms Flashcards

Study guide for Mrs . Steven's APUSH Midterm

613582254	Mexican-American War	Fought between Mexico and the United States from 1846 to 1848; led to devastating defeat of Mexican forces, loss of about one-half of Mexico's national territory to the United States.
613582255	Second National Bank	Proposed by Madison in 1816, would issue national currency, private enterprise with 1/5 owned by government, stabilized economy, opposed by Jackson who was a strict constructionist (he was overidden by Congress); he tried to weaken the bank by creating "pet banks" and telling the states to tax the national government
613582256	Wade-Davis Bill	1864 Proposed far more demanding and stringent terms for reconstruction; required 50% of the voters of a state to take the loyalty oath and permitted only non-confederates to vote for a new state constitution; Lincoln refused to sign the bill, pocket vetoing it after Congress adjourned.
613582257	Molasses Act	a law that imposed a tax on molasses, sugar, and rum imported from non-British foreign colonies into the North American colonies; it was aimed to reserve a monopoly of the colonies. This caused anger among colonials due to the fear of increased prices of rum, since they felt that the British West Indies could not meet the needs of the colonies.
613582258	Boston Tea Party	demonstration (1773) by citizens of Boston who (disguised as Indians) raided three British ships in Boston harbor and dumped hundreds of chests of tea into the harbor
613582259	Andrew Jackson/Specie Circular	issued by President Jackson July 11, 1836, was meant to stop land speculation caused by states printing paper money without proper specie (gold or silver) backing it. It required that the purchase of public lands be paid for in specie. It stopped the land speculation and the sale of public lands went down sharply. The panic of 1837 followed.
613582260	Elizabeth Cady Stanton	A member of the women's right's movement in 1840. She was a mother of seven, and she shocked other feminists by advocating suffrage for women at the first Women's Right's Convention in Seneca, New York 1848. Stanton read a "Declaration of Sentiments" which declared "all men and women are created equal."
613582261	Carpet Baggers	name given to Southerners allied with northern Republicans who came south to take part in the region's political and economic rebirth.
613582262	Monroe Doctrine	President James Monroe's statement forbidding further colonization in the Americas and declaring that any attempt by a foreign country to colonize would be considered an act of hostility
613582263	Dorthea Dix	Tireless reformer, who worked mightily to improve the treatment of the mentally ill. Appointed superintendant of women nurses for the Union forces.
613582264	Supreme Court Decisions 1831-32	Cherokee Nation v. Georgia, 30 U.S. 1, was a United States Supreme Court case. The Cherokee Nation sought a federal injunction against laws passed by the state of Georgia depriving them of rights within its boundaries, but the Supreme Court did not hear the case on its merits. It ruled that it had no original jurisdiction in the matter, as the Cherokee were a dependent nation, with a relationship to the United States like that of a ward to its guardian. The court ruling resulted in the expulsion of the Cherokee nation. Their relocation and route is called the "The Trail of Tears." Of the 15,000 who left, 4000 died on the journey to "Indian Territory" in the present-day state of Oklahoma.
613582265	George Washington's Farewell Address	This address warned against long-term "entangling alliances" with other countries and said that America should be free to operate on its own in international affairs. Also warned against internal political divisions. A call for national unity and an end to partisanship was in fact a parting shot at the Democratic Republican opposition.
613582266	Alien and Sedition Acts	These consist of four laws passed by the Federalist Congress and signed by President Adams in 1798: the Naturalization Act, which increased the waiting period for an immigrant to become a citizen from 5 to 14 years; the Alien Act, which empowered the president to arrest and deport dangerous aliens; the Alien Enemy Act, which allowed for the arrest and deportation of citizens of countries at was with the US; and the Sedition Act, which made it illegal to publish defamatory statements about the federal government or its officials. The first 3 were enacted in response to the XYZ Affair, and were aimed at French and Irish immigrants, who were considered subversives. The Sedition Act was an attempt to stifle Democratic-Republican opposition, although only 25 people were ever arrested, and only 10 convicted, under the law. The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, which initiated the concept of "nullification" of federal laws were written in response to the Acts.
613582267	"Loose Construction" of the Constitution	a frame of mind in which one allows for some leeway and can stretch the meaning of the Constitution, favored by Alexander Hamilton
613582268	Preston Brooks	a Democratic Representative from South Carolina, serving from 1853 until his death in 1857. Brooks was a fervent advocate of slavery. He is primarily remembered for severely beating Senator Charles Sumner (Free Soil-Massachusetts), an abolitionist, with a cane on the floor of the United States Senate, on May 22, 1856.
613582269	Manifest Destiny	This expression was popular in the 1840s. Many people believed that the U.S. was destined to secure territory from "sea to sea," from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. This rationale drove the acquisition of territory.
613582270	Freemen after Civil War	Freedmen's Bureau was created to support education, welfare, and voting rights of freed black slaves after the Civil War
613582271	Johnson's impeachment	he intentionally violates Tenure Act because it was set upt to get him impeached by firing Secretary of War Edwin Stantin, at the Trial his lawyer says his only crime is opposing Congress, 12 democrats and 7 republicans vote him "not guilty", so he escaped impeachment by one vote
613582272	"popular sovereignty"	people hold the final authority in all matters of government
613582273	Northwest Ordinance of 1787	Created the Northwest Territory (area north of the Ohio River and west of Pennsylvania), established conditions for self-government and statehood, included a Bill of Rights, and permanently prohibited slavery
613582274	First Bank of the United States	The First Bank of the United States was a bank chartered by the United States Congress on February 25, 1791. The charter was for 20 years. The Bank was created to handle the financial needs and requirements of the central government of the newly formed United States, which had previously been thirteen individual colonies with their own banks, currencies, and financial institutions and policies. Officially proposed by Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasury, to the first session of the First Congress in 1790, the concept for the Bank had both its support and origin in and among Northern merchants and more than a few New England state governments. It was, however, eyed with great suspicion by the representatives of the Southern States, whose chief industry, agriculture, did not require centrally concentrated banks, and whose feelings of states' rights and suspicion of Northern motives ran strong.
613582275	Reform Movements early-mid 1800's	Causes: citizens religious convictions stemming from the Second Great Awakening, also an intense period of evangelicalism, also women of middle and upper classes who were attempting to rid their societies of the "social evils", and lastly the death of most of the founding fathers which symbolized the death of old thoughts and the birth of social innovation Definition: the reform movements inspired primarily by the Second Great Awakening, these included groups like Temperance Societies, anti gambling and prostitution acts, also work with rehabilitation of criminals as developed by Dorothea Dix, also the Shakers who stemmed off of the Quakers, and they believed they had become too interested in the world and too neglectful of their afterlives, therefore they isolated themselves in communes where they shared work and its rewards and also granted near equal rights to women, however their belief in celibacy (no sex) would lead to their rather quick demise by the early 1850's, also other groups we see being brought to life include but are not limited to the Transcendentalists of Massachusetts in 1841, and the Mormons in1830. also Horace Mann pushed for public education and education reform in general, and perhaps the most important reform movement is the Abolition movement which was supported by the Quakers, also Women, and Northerners after the Second Great Awakening, however white abolitionists were separated into two group: those who were moderates wanted emancipation slowly and with the cooperation of slave owners, and then you have Immediatists who wanted emancipation at once, the most prominent Immediatist was William Lloyd Garrison who published a popular abolitionist newspaper called the Liberator in 1831 Effects: the outlawing of lotteries in the Union by 1860, also the establishment of The Female Moral Reform Society, also the Fugitive Slave Act, also the National Woman Suffrage Society in 1869, also the first Women's rights convention in Seneca Falls in 1848, also the Declaration of Sentiments, and the Gag Rule adopted by Congress in 1836
613582276	Chesapeake Bay Settlement	Causes: Europe had the resources and technology to establish colonies far from home, new open territory due to the English navy's success in 1588 Definition: the English first attempted settlement in 1587 but it failed and was forever known as the Lost Colony, the English did not try again until 1607 when they settled Jamestown which was funded by a joint-stock company called the Virginia Company, in a sense the beginning of this colony really sucked lots of people were dying off and it looked like they too would become a lost colony however they were saved twice, once by Captain John Smith who imposed martial law to get everyone to work if they wanted to survive, he was later removed, however they were once again saved by John Rolfe who would introduce the cash crop of tobacco which would be extremely successful which led to rapid expansion, and as new settlements sprang up around Jamestown the entire area came to be known as the Chesapeake, and overpopulation in England led to even more settlement in the Chesapeake Effects: the development of a head-right system, and the development of the House of Burgess in 1619
613582277	Civil War African American Soldiers	Causes:News from Fort Sumter set off a rush by free black men to enlist in U.S. military units. They were turned away, however, because a Federal law dating from 1792 barred Negroes from bearing arms for the U.S. army (although they had served in the American Revolution and in the War of 1812). In Boston disappointed would-be volunteers met and passed a resolution requesting that the Government modify its laws to permit their enlistment. By mid-1862, however, the escalating number of former slaves, the declining number of white volunteers, and the increasingly pressing personnel needs of the Union Army pushed the Government into reconsidering the ban. As a result, on July 17, 1862, Congress passed the Second Confiscation and Militia Act, freeing slaves who had masters in the Confederate Army. Two days later, slavery was abolished in the territories of the United States, and on July 22 President Lincoln (photo citation: 111-B-2323) presented the preliminary draft of the Emancipation Proclamation to his Cabinet. Definition: The history of African Americans in the American Civil War is marked by 186,097 (7,122 officers, 178,975 enlisted) African Americans comprising 163 units who served in the Union Army during the Civil War, and many more African Americans who served in the Union Navy. Both free African Americans and runaway slaves joined the fight. On the Confederate side, both free and slave blacks were used for labor, but the issue of whether to arm them, and under what terms, became a major source of debate, and no significant numbers were ever raised or recruited. Effects: Recruitment was slow until black leaders such as Frederick Douglass encouraged black men to become soldiers to ensure eventual full citizenship. (Two of Douglass's own sons contributed to the war effort.) Volunteers began to respond, and in May 1863 the Government established the Bureau of Colored Troops to manage the burgeoning numbers of black soldiers.
613582278	Women Workers early-mid 1800's	With little or no inheritance to look forward to, some women began working between the ages of 8 and 12. Like the underclass women, lower-working class women were often ridiculed by high society because their lives did not permit them to dress with presige and class. Their laborous work schedules did not allow for it. Some of the jobs that were available to them were: domestic service, agricultural laborers, seamstress, washer women, and serving the wealthy residents. Women in this category were expected to fullfil three roles: "mother, housekeeper, and worker" (Huysman, online). Such high expections made for a very high stress environment for these women. The most presitgious of the classes for British women to fall under was upper-working class. These women were immediately distinguished by their strict clothes that consisted of "laces, corsets, veils, and gloves so that their bodies were properly covered" (Huysman, online). These women often had some sort of inheritance passed down to them from their fathers, so they were often courted by men of high standing who wished to increase their own wealth. Even though women were not yet allowed to attend college, these women sometimes received a general education consisting of reading, writing, and arthmitic. In such cases, a woman might decide to take a position as a governess or a lady's companion.
613582279	Continental Army	America's patriot army during the Revolutionary War
613582280	Hamilton's Financial Programs	The Revolutionary War created major debt for the new country, 1780s inflation was a huge problem and families that were financially crippled by the war could not keep up with the rising cost of living. George Washington chose Alexander Hamilton as his Secretary of Treasury. States refused to pay back their war debts; Hamilton proposed that in order to eliminate the public credit problem, states should pay off all of their debts at full value. In order for states to raise money to pay the debts, Hamilton would issue securities bonds, which would be bought by investors and created the Bank of the United States. This mirrored the Bank of England. He created a protectionist policy, in which mercantilism would be adopted and tariffs on foreign goods would be established and American manufacturing companies would receive subsidies from the government. It strengthened the central government, and issued a standardized paper currency throughout the country(as opposed to state currencies). The bank faced strong opposition and many debates ensued, but it was eventually passed. Mercantilism was adopted in the United States, making the economy gradually more self-sufficient. This increase in manufacturing will also lead to the first American Industrial Revolution. The principles defined by Hamilton are still a basis for today's capitalist economy.
613582281	Anti-Federalists	They opposed the ratification of the Constitution because it gave more power to the federal government and less to the states, and because it did not ensure individual rights. Many wanted to keep the Articles of Confederation. The Antifederalists were instrumental in obtaining passage of the Bill of Rights as a prerequisite to ratification of the Constitution in several states. After the ratification of the Constitution, the Antifederalists regrouped as the Democratic-Republican (or simply Republican) party.
613582282	Southern Secession	SC secedes when Lincoln becomes Pres. Then MS, AL, GA, TX, FL, and LA. Later, AR, TN, NC, and PA secede.
613582283	Stephen Douglas	Senator from Illinois, author of the Kansas-Nebraska Act and the Freeport Doctrine, argues in favor of popular sovereignty
613582284	Mercantilism	an economic system (Europe in 18th C) to increase a nation's wealth by government regulation of all of the nation's commercial interests
613582285	Transportation Revolution 1790-1830	improvements in: roads-enabled settlers and merchants to reach the west, boats-steamboat made commercial agriculture feasible in the West canals (eerie canal)-connected large cities to each other and made it easier to trade railroads-connected burgeoning cities to rivers and canals
613582286	"Join or Die" political cartoon	Famous cartoon drawn by Ben Franklin which encouraged the colonies to join in fighting the British during the French and Indian War
613582287	Marbury v. Madison	The 1803 case in which Chief Justice John Marshall and his associates first asserted the right of the Supreme Court to determine the meaning of the U.S. Constitution. The decision established the Court's power of judicial review over acts of Congress, (the Judiciary Act of 1789).
613582288	Texas Admission to the U.S.	Texas wanted to be part of the U.S. Northerners objected because they did not want it to be a slave state. Annexed in 1845. Border dispute led to the Mexican American War.
613582289	Declaration of Sentiments	series of resolutions issued at the end of the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848; modeled after the Declaration of Independence, the list of grievances called for economic and social equality for women, along with a demand for the right to vote.
613582290	Proclamation Line of 1763	Prohibited colonial settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains, colonists werent allowed to settle the land that was bought there, this led to outrage in the 13 colonies
613582291	Maize	Also called 'Indian Corn', maize was one of the staples of the New World. Became the most important crop in early American agriculture.
613582292	Massachusetts Bay Company	This organization of influential Puritan investors in England sponsored and organized a large expedition to North America in 1629 for the express purpose of establishing an independent Puritan community, free of what they saw as the corrupting influences of the Church of England. Centered in Boston, this company administered the ___ ___ Colony during the region's early settlement.
613582293	Kansas/Nebraska Act	1854 - Created Nebraska and Kansas as states and gave the people in those territories the right to chose to be a free or slave state through popular sovereignty.
613582294	Jamestown	The first successful settlement in the Virginia colony founded in May, 1607. Harsh conditions nearly destroyed the colony but in 1610 supplies arrived with a new wave of settlers. The settlement became part of the Virginia Company of London in 1620. The population remained low due to lack of supplies until agriculture was solidly established. Jamestown grew to be a prosperous shipping port when John Rolfe introduced tobacco as a major export and cash crop.
613582295	Great Awakening	religious revival in the American colonies of the eighteenth century during which a number of new Protestant churches were established
613582296	Doctrine of Nullification	Idea that a state had the right to nullify, or reject, a federal law that it considers unconstitutional
613582297	Puritans	English Protestant dissenters who believed that God predestined souls to heaven or hell before birth. They founded Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1629.
613582298	Uncle Tom's Cabin	Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1853 that highly influenced england's view on the American Deep South and slavery. A novel promoting abolition. Intensified sectional conflict.
613582299	Halfway Covenant	A Puritan church document; In 1662, the Halfway Covenant allowed partial membership rights to persons not yet converted into the Puritan church; It lessened the difference between the "elect" members of the church from the regular members; Women soon made up a larger portion of Puritan congregations.
613582300	Emancipation Proclamation	issued by Lincoln following Antietam (close enough to a victory to empower the proclamation), declared slaves in the Confederacy free (did not include border states), symbolic gesture to support Union's moral cause in the war
613582301	Nat Turner	Slave in Virginia who started a slave rebellion in 1831 believing he was receiving signs from God. His rebellion was the largest sign of black resistance to slavery in America and led the state legislature of Virginia to a policy that said no one could question slavery.
613582302	William Lloyd Garrison	1805-1879. Prominent American abolitionist, journalist and social reformer. Editor of radical abolitionist newspaper "The Liberator", and one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society.
613582303	Articles of Confederation	Adopted in 1777 during the Revolutionary War, the Articles established the United States of America. The Articles granted limited powers to the central government, reserving most powers for the states. The central government lacked the power to tax, regulate trade, or control coinage. The result was a poorly defined national state that couldn't govern the country's finances or maintain stability. The Constitution replaced them in 1789
613582304	Dred Scott v. Sanford	Supreme Court case that decided US Congress did not have the power to prohibit slavery in federal territories and slaves, as private property, could not be taken away without due process - basically slaves would remain slaves in non-slave states and slaves could not sue because they were not citizens
613582305	Slavery 1600s-1865	The earliest African arrivals were viewed the same way as indentured servants from Europe. This similarity did not long continue. By the later half of the 17th century, clear differences existed in the treatment of black and white servants. A 1662 Virginia law assumed Africans would remain servants for life, and a 1667 act declared that "Baptisme doth not alter the condition of the person as to his bondage or freedome." By 1740, the slavery system in colonial America was fully developed. A Virginia law in that year declared slaves to be "chattel personel in the hands of their owners and possessors... for all intents, construction, and purpose whatsoever." The principle by which persons of African ancestry were considered the personal property of others prevailed in North America for almost two-thirds of the three and a half centuries since the first Americans arrived there. Its influences increased even though the English colonies won independence and articulated national ideals directly in opposition to slavery. In spite of numerous ideological conflicts,however, the slavery system was maintained in the United States until 1865, and widespread antiblack attitudes nurtured by slavery continued thereafter.
613582306	"virtual representation"	The British argument that the American colonies were represented in Parliament, since the members of Parliament represented all Englishmen in the empire.
613582307	Indentured Servants	People who could not afford passage to the colonies could become indentured servants. Another person would pay their passage, and in exchange, the indentured servant would serve that person for a set length of time (usually seven years) and then would be free.
613582308	"Lowell System"	was a paternalistic textile factory system of the early 19th century that employed mainly young women [age 15-35] from New England farms to increase efficiency, productivity and profits in ways different from other methods
613582309	Haitian Rebellion	A period of brutal conflict in the French colony of Saint-Domingue, leading to the elimination of slavery and the establishment of Haiti as the first republic ruled by people of African ancestry (1791 - 1804) Toissant L'Ouverture - prominent leader of the rebellion
613582310	Constitutional Convention	The meeting of state delegates in 1787 in Philadelphia called to revise the Articles of Confederation. It instead designed a new plan of government, the US Constitution.
613582311	Wilmot Proviso	proposed in 1846 that congress ban slavery in all southwestern lands that might become states; passed in the House but not by the Senate; slave states saw it as a northern attack on slavery
613582312	Jefferson's Administration	Unsuccessful because Jefferson wanted to avoid being involved in Napoleonic War. Passed Embargo Act. Caused depression so he wasn't reelected.
613582313	Yeoman Farmers	family farmers who hired out slaves for the harvest season, self-sufficient, participated in local markets alongside slave owners
613582314	Compromise of 1850	Forestalled the Civil War by instating the Fugitive Slave Act , banning slave trade in DC, admitting California as a free state, splitting up the Texas territory, and instating popular sovereignty in the Mexican Cession
613582315	Federalists	Led by Alexander Hamilton, the Federalists believed in a strong central government, loose interpretation, and encouraged commerce and manufacturing. They were staunch supporters of the Constitution during ratification and were a political force during the early years of the United States. The Federalist influence declined after the election of Republican Thomas Jefferson to the presidency and disappeared completely after the Hartford Convention.
613582316	Pickney's Treaty	1795 - Treaty between the U.S. and Spain which gave the U.S. the right to transport goods on the Mississippi river and to store goods in the Spanish port of New Orleans.
613582317	John C. Calhoun	(1830s-40s) South Carolina Senator - advocate for state's rights, limited government, and nullification. Leader of the Fugitive Slave Law, which forced the cooperation of Northern states in returning escaped slaves to the south. He also argued on the floor of the senate that slavery was needed in the south. He argued on the grounds that society is supposed to have an upper ruling class that enjoys the profit of a working lower class.,
613582318	Navigation Acts	A series of British regulations which taxed goods imported by the colonies from places other than Britain, or otherwise sought to control and regulate colonial trade. Increased British-colonial trade and tax revenues. The Navigation Acts were reinstated after the French and Indian War because Britain needed to pay off debts incurred during the war, and to pay the costs of maintaining a standing army in the colonies.
613582319	Jacksonian Democracy	this term describes the spirit of the age led by Andrew Jackson. During this period, more offices became elective, voter restrictions were reduced or eliminated, and popular participation in politics increased. The Democratic Part, led by Jackson appealed to the new body of voters by stressing the belief in rotation in office, economy in government, governmental response to popular demands and decentralization of power.
613582320	Post Civil War Legislation	Causes: Definition: In the history of the United States, the term Reconstruction Era has two senses: the first covers the complete history of the entire U.S. from 1865 to 1877 following the Civil War; the second sense focuses on the transformation of the Southern United States from 1863 to 1877, as directed by Washington, with the reconstruction of state and society. From 1863 to 1869, Presidents Abraham Lincoln, and Andrew Johnson took a moderate position designed to bring the South back to normal as soon as possible, while the Radical Republicans used Congress to block the moderate approach, impose harsh terms, and upgrade the rights of the Freedmen. The views of Lincoln and Johnson prevailed until the election of 1866, which enabled the Radicals to take control of policy, remove former Confederates from power, and enfranchise the Freedmen. A Republican coalition came to power in nearly all the southern states and set out to transform the society by setting up a free labor economy, with support from the Army and the Freedman's Bureau. The Radicals, upset at President Johnson's opposition to Congressional Reconstruction, filed impeachment charges but the action failed by one vote in the Senate. President Ulysses S. Grant supported Radical Reconstruction, using both the U.S. Justice Department and the U.S. military to suppress white insurgency and support Republican reconstructed states. Southern Democrats, alleging widespread corruption, counterattacked and regained power in each state by 1877. President Rutherford B. Hayes blocked efforts to overturn Reconstruction legislation. Effects: The three amendments added to the Constitution after the Civil War—the 13th, 14th, and 15th but especially the 14th—have been the most important additions to the Constitution since the original Bill of Rights. They—and especially the 14th—have also been among the most puzzling features of the Constitution. Seeing them in the light of their connection to natural rights helps to make sense of the amendments.
613582321	Battle of Saratoga	Turning point of the American Revolution. It was very important because it convinced the French to give the U.S. military support. It lifted American spirits, ended the British threat in New England by taking control of the Hudson River, and, most importantly, showed the French that the Americans had the potential to beat their enemy, Great Britain.
613582322	Louisiana Purchase	The U.S., under Jefferson, bought the Louisiana territory from France, under the rule of Napoleon, in 1803. The U.S. paid $15 million for the Louisiana Purchase, and Napoleon gave up his empire in North America. The U.S. gained control of Mississippi trade route and doubled its size.
613582323	Republican Party Birth	Causes: In 1854 the Kansas-Nebraska Act brought about the demise of the Whigs, who once again took opposing positions on legislation that involved the issue of slavery. When nativists formed the American Party in 1854, it soon became better known as the Know-Nothing Party. While the Democratic Party courted immigrant voters, nativists voted for Know-Nothing candidates. The Know-Nothing Party did surprisingly well at the polls in 1854. However, like the Whig Party, the Know-Nothings split over the issue of slavery in the territories. Southern Know-Nothings looked for another alternative to the Democrats. Definition: The Republican Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Democratic Party. Founded by anti-slavery activists in 1854, it dominated politics nationally for most of the period from 1860 to 1932. Founded in the Northern states in 1854 by anti-slavery activists, modernizers, ex-Whigs and ex-Free Soilers, the Republican Party quickly became the principal opposition to the dominant Southern Democratic Party and the briefly popular Know Nothing Party. Effects: The Democrats nominated James Buchanan of Pennsylvania. Lincoln, representing the fast-growing western states, won the Republican nomination in 1860 and subsequently won the presidency. The party took on the mission of saving the Union and destroying slavery during the American Civil War and over Reconstruction. In the election of 1864, it united with pro-war Democrats to nominate Lincoln on the National Union Party ticket.

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AP US History Midterm Exam Review Flashcards

This set of flashcards only covers Ch.6-19.

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589192242	Sam Adams	Helped organize the Sons of Liberty and the Non-Importation Commission, which protested the Townshend Acts, and is believed to have lead the Boston Tea Party. He helped to draft the Massachusetts Constitution. He was opposed to the Constitution was added to it, and then he approved.
589192243	Thomas Paine	Revolutionary leader who wrote the pamphlet Common Sense (1776) arguing for American independence from Britain. In England he published The Rights of Man
589192244	George Mason	Wrote the Virginia Declaration of Rights. Virginia representative at the Constitutional Convention, he refused to sign the Constitution because it did not contain a declaration of rights.
589192245	George Washington	Becomes first president of the US; establishes a diverse cabinet; sends troops to Whiskey Rebellion.; issues the Neutrality Proclamation; gives a Farewell Address
589192246	Alexander Hamilton	Met to revise the Articles; helped to write The Federalist Papers; becomes Secretary of Treasury; urged the government to pay off debts; created an Excise Tax; proposed a Bank of the US; loose interpreter; was a Federalist; was killed by Aaron Burr in a duel
589192247	James Madison	Met in Philadelphia to "revise the Articles only"; helped write the Federalist Papers; writes the Virginia Resolutions; was the 4th president of the US; was a Federalist
589192248	Thomas Jefferson	Becomes Secretary of State; believes in "strict interpretation"; was a Democratic- Republican; wrote the Kentucky Resolves; won the Election of 1800; sends the navy to the shores of Tripoli; agrees on the Louisiana Purchase; issued the Embargo Act
589192249	John Marshall	A cousin of Jefferson; is a Chief Justice in the Supreme Court; serves in the court case Marbury v. Madison
589192250	Henry Clay	Devised the American System; a candidate for the presidency in both 1824 & 1836, but he lost times; became Adams' Secretary of State; proposed a compromise for the Tariff
589192251	John Q Adams	Becomes the 2nd president of the US; sends 3 envoys in the XYZ Affair; remained neutral; known as "the Father of the American Navy"; appoints "midnight judges"; cousin of Sam Adams; Federalist
589192252	John C Calhoun	A senator from South Carolina who was Vice President of the U.S. under John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson; advocate for state's rights, limited government, and nullification; leader of the Fugitive Slave Act
589192253	James K Polk	Polk was a slave owning southerner dedicated to the Democratic Party. In 1844, he was a "dark horse" candidate for president, and he won the election, becoming the 11th U.S. President. Polk favored American expansion, especially advocating the annexation of Texas, California, and Oregon. He opposed Clay's American System, instead advocating lower tariff, separation of treasury and the federal government from the banking system.
589192254	William Henry Harrison	American general who advanced upon Tecumseh's headquarters at Tippecanoe and killed the Prophet and burned the camp to the ground; killed Tecumseh; elected 9th President of the US in 1840, but died of pneumonia a month later, and gave presidency to Tyler
589192255	Stephen Douglas	Senator from Illinois who ran for president against Abraham Lincoln; author of the Kansas-Nebraska Act; argues in favor of popular sovereignty
589192256	Jay's Treaty	Was made up by John Jay. It said that Britain was to pay for Americans ships that were seized in 1793. It said that Americans had to pay British merchants debts owed from before the revolution and Britain had agreed to remove their troops from the Ohio Valley
589192257	Pinckney's Treaty	An agreement between the United States and Spain that changed Florida's border and made it easier for American ships to use the port of New Orleans because it granted the United States free navigation of the Mississippi River through Spanish territory ; was a direct result of Jay's Treaty due to France's fear of an Anglo-American alliance
589192258	Convention of 1818	During this meeting, Britain and the US agreed to put the northern boundary of the Louisiana Purchase at the 49th parallel and provided for a ten-year joint occupation of the Oregon territory with Britain
589192259	Rush-Bagot Treaty	1817 - This treaty between the U.S. and Great Britain demilitarized the Great Lakes.
589192260	Adams-Onis Treaty	Agreement in which Spain gave up all of Florida to the US in return for a US payment of $5 million to Spain
589192261	Treaty of Ghent	Ended the War of 1812
589192262	French and Indian War	Was also know as the Seven Years' War; began with Washington's battle with the French Causes: George Washington was sent to the Ohio country as a lieutenant colonel in command of about 150 Virginia minutemen. Encountering some Frenchmen in the forest about 40 miles from Fort Duquesne, the troops opened fire, killing the French leader. Later, the French returned and surrendered Washington's hastily constructed Fort Necessity, fought "Indian style", and after a 10-hour siege, made him surrender. Results: The Treaty of Paris is signed in 1763; France loses all Canadian possessions, their empire in India, and all land east of the Mississippi River and are onlt able to hold onto Haiti; Spain gains all land west of the Mississippi River and New Orleans, but loses Florida to Britain; Britain gains all French land in Canada; gains rights to the Caribbean slave trade, and commercial dominance in India
589192263	Navigation Laws	Restricted commerce from the colonies to England to only English ships, none other
589192264	Sugar Act of 1764	Part of Prime Minister George Grenville's revenue program, the act replaced the Molasses Act of 1733, and actually lowered the tax on sugar and molasses (which the New England colonies imported to make rum as part of the triangular trade with the West Indies), but insured that the tax was strictly enforced
589192265	Currency Act of 1764	Told the colonists that they could no longer use paper money; said they could only use "hard" money (coins)
589192266	Quartering Act of 1765	Required certain colonies to provide food and housing for British troops
589192267	Stamp Act of 1765	A way of direct taxation; colonists were required to pay for every single sheet of paper and paper was made here in the colonies, so many felt this was unfair Stamp Act Congress met in 1765, with representatives from 9 of the 13 colonies in NYC to discuss this tax and think of ways to protest; in 1766, Parliament repealed the Stamp Act
589192268	Declaratory Act of 1766	Said Parliament deserves the right to place any law on the colonists that they want
589192269	Townshend Acts	Passed in 1767; put light taxes in lead, paper, paint, and tea, which were later repealed, except for tea
589192270	The Coercive or Intolerable Acts	Passed in 1774 by Lord North and Parliament; were intended for Massachusetts; 1. Port Bill- they closed the port, nothing could come in or go out; ruins Massachusetts economy 2. Government Act- closed the colony's legislature, and remove the current governor who is replaced by a general 3. New Quartering Act- individual citizens are responsible for troops 4. Administration of Justice Act- harsher trails will take place; will begin to take place in London courts
589192271	Proclamation Act	Passed in 1763; banned settlement beyond the Appalachian Mountains; the colonists viewed this as an attempt by the British to deny the right to own land where they pleased; however, most colonists ignored the act
589192272	Lexington and Concord	First battle of the Revolutionary War; the "Shot Heard 'Round the World"; The British commander in Boston sent a group of troops to seize supplies and to capture Sam Adams and John Hancock. The Minutemen, after having eight of their own killed at Lexington, fought back at Concord, pushing the Redcoats back, shooting them from behind rocks and trees, Indian style.
589192273	Battle at Trenton	Washington crossed the Delaware River at Trenton on a cold December 26, 1776, and surprised and captured a thousand Hessians who were sleeping off their Christmas Day celebration
589192274	Battle of Saratoga	This is considered the turning point battle of the war; this convinces Washington and his army that they can win battles; French officially help out the US
589192275	Battle at Yorktown	The last major battle of the war, in which American and French troops bombarded Yorktown and forced Cornwallis to surrender his army to Washington and his army.
589192276	The Declaration of Independence	An act of the Second Continental Congress, adopted on July 4, 1776, which declared that the 13 Colonies in North America were "Free and Independent States" and that "all political connection between them and Great Britain, is and ought to be totally dissolved."; written by Thomas Jefferson
589192277	Common Sense	A pamphlet written by Thomas Paine in 1776 to convince the colonists that it was necessary and time to become independent and break away from Britain
589192278	Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions	These stated that a state had the right to declare a law unconstiutional, or nullify a law, within its borders, and they stressed the "compact theory" which said that this government had been created by the states. These were written by Jefferson (KY) and Madison (VA) to resist the Alien and Sedition Acts
589192279	Virginia Declaration of Rights	Served as a model for the Bill of Rights to the Constitution of the United States of America; written by George Mason
589192280	Treaty of Paris of 1783	This treaty ended the Revolutionary War, recognized the independence of the American colonies, and granted the colonies the territory from the southern border of Canada to the northern border of Florida, and from the Atlantic coast to the Mississippi River
589192281	Articles of Confederation	This was the first constitution, adopted by the Second Continental Congress in 1781, during the Revolution; the document was weak because states held most of the power, lawmaking was nearly impossible, and congress lacked the power to tax, regulate trade, raise armies, or control coinage; they were so worried about creating a government with too much power that they created one with almost no power
589192282	Shay's Rebellion	Was a conflict in western Massachusetts in 1786 over getting farmland mortgages; the importance of this rebellion was that the fear of such violence lived on and paranoia motivated people to desire a stronger federal government
589192283	Constitutional Convention	The meeting of state delegates in 1787 in Philadelphia called to revise the Articles of Confederation. It instead designed a new plan of government, the US Constitution; 55 delegates from 12 states attended, among them were people like Hamilton, Franklin, and Madison; the "Great Compromise" was worked out so that Congress would have 2 houses, the House of Representatives, where representation was based on population, and the Senate, where each state got 2 representatives; there would be a strong, independent executive branch with a president who would be military commander-in-chief and who could veto legislation; the election of the president would be through the Electoral College, rather than by the people directly; also, slaves would count as 3/5 of a person in census counts for representation; the Founding Fathers sent copies of it out to state conventions, where it could be debated and voted on
589192284	Bill of Rights	Many states had ratified the Constitution on the condition that there would be a Bill of Rights, and many Anti-Federalists had criticized the Constitution for its lack of a Bill; it was adopted in 1791; drafted by a group led by James Madison, consisted of the first ten amendments to the Constitution, which guaranteed the civil rights of American citizens.
589192285	Federalist Papers/ Essays	A collection of 85 articles written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison to defend and support the Constitution in detail; swayed New York
589192286	Hamilton's Financial Program/ Proposals	He urges the federal government to pay off all debts at face value; secured an excise tax on a few domestic items, notably whiskey; he was for a National Bank; he evolved the Elastic Clause, also known as the "necessary and proper" clause
589192287	Federalist Party	Led by Alexander Hamilton; wanted a strong government; were mostly merchants, manufacturers, and shippers along the Atlantic seaboard; mostly pro-British; realized trade with foreign nations was key
589192288	Democratic-Republicans Party	Led by Thomas Jefferson; wanted a weaker central government; mostly pro-French; emphasized that national debt must be paid off; consisted of mainly farmers
589192289	Washington's Farewell Address	Created the two-term idea; warned Americans not to make permanent alliances, not to form political parties, not to get involved in European affairs, and to avoid sectionalism.
589192290	French Revolution	Two political partied had evolved; French brags Britain and Austria into the war; the revolution spirals out of control and turns radical and bloody; America was sucked in when France declared war on Britain
589192291	Whiskey Rebellion	Took place in western PA; farmers are against Hamilton's excise tax; they cried" "taxation without representation"; Washington sends out a ton of troops, which sends a message to the colonies that the new government is strong!
589192292	Compact Theory	Says that the nation was founded by the states, therefore the states could decide if the government's laws were unfair; Thomas Jefferson and James Madison wrote the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions
589192293	Nullification	States' rights doctrine that a state can refuse to recognize or enforce a federal law passed by the US Congress; a theory; related to the "compact theory"
589192294	Election of 1800	Jefferson and Burr each received 73 votes in the Electoral College, so the House of Representatives had to decide the outcome. The House chose Jefferson as President and Burr as Vice President.
589192295	Election of 1820	James Monroe is re-elected; he got every vote except one, despite the Panic of 1819
589192296	Election of 1824	The four candidates were A. Jackson, H. Clay, W. Crawford, and J.Q. Adams; Jackson got the most popular votes and the most electoral votes, but he failed to get the majority in the Electoral College ;the House of Representatives had to decide among Adams, Jackson, and Clay; Clay dropped out and urged his supporters in the House to throw their votes behind Adams; when Adams wins, Jackson and his followers were furious and accused Adams and Clay of a "corrupt bargain.
589192297	Election of 1828	Andrew Jackson becomes president; this election is often identified as one of the most important presidential elections in American history. After losing the controversial previous election, Andrew Jackson spent the next four years organizing his campaign and publicly discrediting President Adams. His new Democratic Party mastered the art of political organization and campaigned heartily at the state and local levels. Jackson was the first presidential candidate to have a nickname, "Old Hickory," and used the theme at campaign rallies. By rallying the votes of the "common man," Jackson and his presidency forever changed American government
589192298	Election of 1840	Whigs united under William Henry Harrison, the one Whig candidate who had won national support 4 years earlier. Borrowing campaign tactics from the Democrats and inventing many of their own, Whigs campaigned hard in every state. The result was a Whig victory and a truly national two-party system; the popular election was close, but Harrison blew Van Buren away in the Electoral College
589192299	Election of 1844	The Whig candidate was Henry Clay, and the Democrat Candidate was James K. Polk; Polk wins, and is known as the "dark horse candidate"
589192300	Election of 1856	James Buchanan, the Democrat candidate wins; John C. Fremont was the Republican candidate, and Millard Fillmore was the Independent/ Small Party candidate; the Whigs are beginning to fall apart
589192301	Election of 1860	The new Republican Party chooses Abraham Lincoln to run, who wins; he runs against John Bell from the Constitutional Union party, Stephen A. Douglas from the Northern Democrat party, and John C. Breckinridge from the Southern Democrat party; there begins to be a temporary internal split in the Democratic party
592015605	Temperance Movement	This was the fight against the manufacture and consumption of alcoholic beverages; in 1826, the American Temperance Society was formed; also seen as "Demon Rum"; Frances Willard and the Beecher family were leaders; many women and big, wealthy factory owners became involved
592015606	Asylum & Penal Reform Movement	This movement tried to find better conditions for prisoners and the mentally ill; Dorothea Dix was the main leader; asylums were created
592015607	Women's Rights Movement	In the mid 1800s, women were not allowed to vote, hold office, or retain ownership or property; Sojourner Truth was an escaped slave who made the famous "Ain't I a Woman" speech; Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott held the first nation women's rights convention in 1848 in Seneca Falls, NY and there they wrote the Declaration of Sentiments which said, among other things that all men and women are created equal; Emma Willard opened an all girls high school which taught "men's subject" like math, physics and philosophy; Mary Lyon opened the first female college in Massachusetts; Angelina Grimke & Sarah Grimke were two sisters who were southern abolitionists from South Carolina; Susan B. Anthony was also an active member in the women's rights movement
592015608	Education Movement	Begins in Massachusetts; Horace Mann "Father of American Education" is the leader of this movement; he discouraged corporal punishment; textbooks were printed, some even used religious stories to teach
592015609	Impressment	The act or policy of seizing people or property for public service or use
592015610	American System	Established by Henry Clay; a strong banking system was included, hoping for the chartering of the Second Bank of the US; advocated a protective tariff in which eastern manufacturing would flourish, mainly the Northeast favored it ; it also included a network of roads and canals; Clay also said that internal improvements were needed and that the Federal Government should pay for them; the South didn't really get anything out of this; was proposed during Madison's presidency
592015611	Second Great Awakening	A religious revival that inspires people to start reforming; two important men who helped to ignite the 2nd Great Awakening were Charles G. Finney who was a minister that decided he needed to get many to reform their lives in up-state NY and Joseph Smith who started an entirely new faith, the Mormon Church, also in up-state NY; whole new sects begin to emerge, such as the Mormons, Millerites, and Fourierists; Mother Ann Lee is the leader of the Shakers, a Protestant sect, who focus on simplicity and the bare minimum
592015612	Transcendentalism	A literary and philosophical movement, associated with Ralph Waldo Emerson and Margaret Fuller, asserting the existence of an ideal spiritual reality that transcends the empirical and scientific and is knowable through intuition.
591649950	Indian Removal Act	Authorize by Andrew Jackson; a law passed by Congress in 1830 that forced many Native Americans to move west into Oklahoma
591649952	Embargo Act	Signed by Jefferson, forbade the export of all goods from the US to any foreign nation
591649953	Non-Intercourse Act	Passed in 1809 to replace the Embargo of 1807. Unlike the Embargo, which forbade American trade with all foreign nations, this act only forbade trade with France and Britain. It did not succeed in changing British or French policy towards neutral ships, so it was replaced by Macon's Bill No. 2.
591649954	Neutrality Act	Issued in 1793 by Washington, proclaiming the U.S.'s official neutrality and warning Americans to stay out of the issue and be impartial
591649955	Joint Resolution	A resolution passed by both houses of a bicameral legislature, signed by the chief executive and legally binding
591649956	Maubury v. Madison	Established Supreme Court's power of judicial review
591649957	McCulloch vs. Maryland	Involved an attempt by the state of Maryland to destroy a branch of the Bank of the United States by imposing a tax on the Bank's notes. John Marshall declared the U.S. Bank constitutional, and by doing this, he strengthened federal authority. This case said that a state cannot tax a federal institution, and that The Bank of the United States was Constitutional.
591649958	Gibbons vs. Ogden	This case evolved because of an attempt by New York to grant a monopoly on waterborne trade between New York and New Jersey, meaning that no other company could use the waterway. Judge Marshall reminded the state of New York that the Constitution gives Congress alone the control of interstate commerce. New York lost their case. This case said that regulating interstate commerce is a power reserved to the federal government.
591649959	Dred Scott Case	He was a slave who sued for his freedom. He lost his case when the Supreme Court decided that blacks were not US citizens but "property" and had no rights in a federal court of law; the Supreme Court technically said that slavery was allowed in every territory
591649960	Abolitionism	began to rise in the 1830s; William Lloyd Garrison wrote the Liberator, an abolitionist newspaper, and demanded an immediate end to slavery; Frederick Douglass wrote the North Star, and was an escaped slave; Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin, an anti-slavery novel; in 1859, John Brown, an abolitionist, held an unsuccessful raid on US arsenal at Harper's Ferry
591649961	US Presidents	1st: George Washington 2nd: John Adams 3rd: Thomas Jefferson 4th: James Madison 5th: James Monroe 6th: John Quincy Adams 7th: Andrew Jackson 8th: Martin Van Buren 9th: William Henry Harrison 10th: John Tyler 11th: James K. Polk 12th: Zachary Taylor 13th: Millard Fillmore 14th: Franklin Pierce 15th: James Buchanan 16th: Abraham Lincoln
591649962	Significant Secretaries of State	Thomas Jefferson served under G. Washington James Madison served under Thomas Jefferson James Monroe served under James Madison John Q. Adams served under James Monroe Henry Clay served under John Q. Adams Martin Van Buren served under Andrew Jackson Daniel Webster served under William Henry Harrison and John Tyler

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AP US History Section 10 Vocab Flashcards

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697308320	Allied Powers	Britain, France, the Soviet Union, and the United States and their allies were referred to as the Allied Powers in World War II. See also: Axis Powers
697308325	Appeasement	Trying to avoid war at all costs, the nations of Europe adopted the policy of appeasement, allowing Hitler to get away with a succession of relatively small acts of aggression and expansion. The United States went along with the policy.
697308331	Atlantic Charter	In August of 1941, Winston Churchill and Franklin Roosevelt met off the coast of Newfoundland where they drew up the Atlantic Charter. It was a joint statement of war aims. It called for self-determination of all peoples, freedom of the seas, and a new system of general security. Fifteen nations, including the Soviet Union, endorsed the charter by September of the same year
697308338	Axis Powers	Germany, Italy, and Japan constituted the Axis Powers in World War II. Aiding them were Hungary, Romania, and Bulgaria. See also: Allied Powers
697308343	Fascism	A political system that exalts nation-and often race-above the individual and suppresses the rights and freedoms of individuals and groups of individuals in the name of national glory. It involves a strong autocratic national government, usually headed by a charismatic dictatorial leader. Fascism grew out of the political chaos that resulted in Europe with the Great Depression
697308347	Good Neighbor Policy	Roosevelt promised such a policy towards the other nations of the western hemisphere in his first inaugural address. His motives made sense; intervening in Latin America in support of dollar diplomacy made no sense as the United States in the midst of the Great Depression did not have the resources to invest in other countries. In addition, the militaristic behavior form Italy and Germany suggested a better course would be to ask for Latin American assistance in defending the area. The Pan-American conferences heard Roosevelt pledge the United States would never again intervene in the internal affairs of a Latin American country, in contrast to Theodore Roosevelt's Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine.
697308354	Isolationism	After World War I was over, the prevailing opinion of Americans was that the U.S. should not get involved with problems in other nations. Peace conferences and treaties were acceptable forms of involvement. The consensus was that even utilizing economic sanctions against aggressive nations would only lead to military involvement.
697308362	Kellogg-Briand Pact	This 1928 agreement was the culmination of some cleaver diplomatic moves on the part of the French and the Americans. The French wanted the Americans to sign an agreement never to go to war against each other. Secretary of State Frank Kellogg countered with a plan to have all the nations sign. Eventually 62 nations signed; however, the treaty had an escape clause of self-defense.
697308365	Keynesian Economics	John Maynard Keynes published The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money in 1936. The Keynesian ideas of using government spending to boost the economy were used to justify New Deal spending and anticipated additional spending. Keynes thought massive spending by government was the way to end the recession.
697308371	Lend-Lease Act	This bill authorized the president to sell, transfer, exchange, lend, lease or otherwise dispose of arms and other equipment and supplies to "any country whose defense the President deems vital to the defense of the United States." President Roosevelt knew that Great Britain could not sustain another war and the United States would be the key to its survival.
697308377	Nazi Party	The Nazi Party in Germany, similar to the Fascists in Italy, believed that an autocratic government was necessary to organize the nation and save it from the chaos of democracy. With Hitler as its leader, it sought to glorify the German nation and the Aryan race, pursuing an aggressive militaristic foreign policy and a domestic policy that involved extermination of the Jews, who the Nazis perceived to be non-German and non-Aryan. The Nazi Party grew out of resentments over provisions in the Treaty of Versailles and the economic and political chaos caused by the Great Depression in Europe. Hitler seized power through popular appeal and the bullying tactics of his "brown shirts," his supporters
697308383	Neutrality Acts	There were three: one in 1935, 1936, and 1937. Each piece of legislation applied to nations that were proclaimed to be at war. In 1935 the president was authorized to prohibit all arms shipments and forbid U.S. citizens to travel on ships of the warring nations. The 1936 version restricted the extension of loans and credit to warring nations and the 1937 version also disallowed the shipment of arms to the opposing sides in the civil war in Spain. FDR signed each with great reservation.
697308389	Nye Committee	Senator Gerald Nye of North Dakota led a committee investigation into the U.S. entry into World War I. The committee concluded that the main impetus for participations in the war was the pressure of the greedy bankers and arms manufacturers. This opinion would influence legislation for years.
697308394	Pearl Harbor	On December 7, 1941 Japanese planes staged a surprise attack and bombed the U.S. Navy base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. Of the eight battleships there, three were sunk, one grounded, one capsized, and the others were badly damaged. President Roosevelt spoke to Congress the next day and asked for a declaration of war. It was approved with one dissenting vote (Jeanette Rankin of Montana). On December 11, Germany and Italy declared war on the United States. It was now a global conflict.
697308402	Washington Armaments Conference	President Harding invited eight major foreign powers to the conference in 1921. Charles Evans Hughes was the hero of the moment when he said: "the way to disarm is to disarm them." The resulting Five-Power Treaty included tonnage limits and a 10-year moratorium on the building of battleships. Other agreements reached at the conference included a mutual respect for possessions in the Pacific and support for the open-door principle for trade and investment purposes. The negative side of the agreements was that the participants were in no way obligated to comply and there was no way to force compliance
697308408	Bracero Program	To combat the labor shortage in 1942, Mexico agreed to provide farm workers in exchange for a promise on the part of the United States not to draft them. As a result, approximately 200,000 farm workers entered the U.S. on one-year contracts and were paid wages at the going rate
697308412	Winston Churchill	Churchill was the Prime Minister of Great Britain during most of World War II. He was a great friend of FDR. His tenaciousness served as an inspiration to the millions in London who were subjected to nightmare bombings for 11 months and did not surrender.
697308417	D-Day	The invasion of Normandy and Europe (Operation Overload) by the forces of Great Britain and the United States was led by General Dwight D. Eisenhower. It took place on June 6, 1944. It was the largest amphibious assault ever staged.
697308423	Fair Employment Pracitices Committee (FEPC)	The Commission was established to investigate civil rights abuses. It also worked to withhold federal funding from any state with mandated school segregation and public facilities
697308428	Hiroshima	The United States warned Japan that it had weapons of mass destruction. The Japanese were warned to surrender or suffer the consequences. The first atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima on August 6, 1945. 100,000 people died within seconds and thousands more within the next five days. The second bomb was dropped three days later on Nagasaki. The Japanese then surrendered.
697308433	Holocaust	The systematic effort by the Nazis to eliminate the Jews in Europe. The death camps had ovens that operated day and night to burn the bodies. This genocide eliminated between six and eight million Jews beginning in 1936
697308437	Japanese Internment	After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, fears that the Japanese were about to invade the western part of the United States seemed to have some foundation. President Roosevelt was persuaded to issue an executive order calling for the collection and internment of thousands of Japanese Americans. There were 10 camps, one as far away from the west coast as Arkansas. The Japanese were given hours to collect their things and then whites argued over the property left behind. Many pieces of property were never returned. Many years after the war was over, the Japanese Americans received compensation from the federal government in the amount of $20,000 for each family member affected by the internment
697308444	Douglas MacArthur	MacArthur commanded the American army forces in the South Pacific and is known for his legendary "I will return" with the troops in the Philippines. He would orchestrate the surrender of the Japanese on the deck of the U.S.S. Missouri and would serve as the commander in Japan of all U.S. forces for the first few years after the war was over (This in effect made him ruler of Japan).
697308450	Manhattan Project	This top-secret project to build the world's first nuclear weapon began in 1942. Directed by J. Robert Oppenheimer, it spent $2 billion and employed over 100,000 people to build a weapon whose power came from atoms. It was successfully tested in New Mexico on July 16, 1945
697308456	Office of Price Administration (OPA)	The wartime OPA had maintained some price controls while gradually ending the rationing of most goods. After the war, Truman asked for a one-year extension of the powers. There was a campaign to end the controls. Congress passed a bill to extend the life of the OPA, but also set in place many restrictions. Truman vetoed the bill. The OPA expired after the 1946 elections
697308459	Joseph Stalin	He was the Russian leader during World War II who joined the Allied Powers in the fight against Germany. After the war, Stalin led a country that did not demobilize, that took over other countries in what would become known as the Eastern Bloc, and sent thousands of Russians to the Siberian work camps.
697308465	Harry Truman	Roosevelt's vice president knew nothing about the Manhattan Project and had met with FDR only twice since the election. He became president upon FDR's death on April 12, 1945 and said he felt like the sun and the moon and the stars had all fallen in on top of him. He was so solicitous of Eleanor Roosevelt that he postponed moving into the White House for over a month to give Eleanor time to collect her things and move out. He would go on to win a second term as president.
697308469	War Powers Act	The 1941 legislation gave the president a directive to reassign government agencies to conduct the war effort. The Second War Powers Act gave the president power to allot materials and facilities as needed for defense, with penalties for those who failed to comply
697308474	War Production Board (WPB)	Created in 1942, the WPB was responsible for converting the consumer economy to a wartime economy, for retooling the factories, and for directing manufacturers. Mosquito netting was made in former shirt-making plants, auto manufacturers built ambulances and tanks, and the refrigerator manufacturers would now produce munitions
697308477	Yalta Conference	In February 1945, Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin planned what would occur after the Allied victory. Germany would be divided into four occupation zones; the Soviets would declare war against Japan, getting control of the southern half of Sakhalin Island in return; and a new world peace organization would be formed
697308482	Atomic Energy Commission	Created in 1946, the Commission was created to address the disagreements over who would control the use of atomic energy—the military or civilians. The Civilian Commission would work with the president who was given sole power to use atomic weapons during a time of war
697308485	Baby Boom	With the returning troops at the end of the war, the number of babies born in the following years was much higher than in previous years. The baby boom generation is usually calculated as those born between 1946 and 1969.
697308489	Berlin Airlift	Following the closing of the roads to Berlin by the Soviets, Truman knew a direct confrontation was ill advised. He chose instead to fly material over Soviet controlled Germany, sending 450 tons of food and materials to West Berlin each day and night for 11 months
697308492	Containment	This was the 1947 policy with regards to the Soviet Union that Truman adopted on the advice of Secretary of State George Marshall, his undersecretary Dean Acheson, and George F. Kennan, an expert on Soviet affairs. This policy, which was to keep the Soviet Union from further expansion, would be the foundation of foreign policy for years to come.
697308495	Dixiecrats	A split in the Democratic Party produced Strom Thurmond as a candidate for president in the 1948 election. Thurmond's conservative southern Democrats were called "Dixiecrats." Truman won the election, beating Thurmond and Republican Thomas E. Dewey, in spite of the division within his party.
697308498	Fair Deal	Each president after Roosevelt named his legislative package. FDR had the New Deal, and Truman had the Fair Deal—an ambitious reform program that included national health care, aid to education, civil rights legislation, and a new farm program. Most of his bills were defeated in Congress.
697308502	GI Bill	Trying to soften the effects of demobilization, the Serviceman's Readjustment Act of 1944 brought funding to the veterans. Over $13 billion was spent for veterans on education, training, medical treatment, and loans for building houses
697308505	Alger Hiss	Hiss had served in several government departments and had been the secretary-general of the United Nations charter conference. Whittaker Chambers (a former Soviet agent) testified before the House of Un-American Activities Committee that he had received certain documents from Hiss 10 years earlier. Hiss denied this and sued for libel. His 1950 perjury trials (one mistrial, then a conviction) were nonconclusive
697308509	House Un-American Activities Committee	Formed in 1938, the Committee (HUAC) kept calling attention to perceived Communist "subversives" in the government. Truman signed an executive order setting up procedures for a federal employee loyalty program. Every person entering civil employment would be subject to a background check
697308512	Korean War	The forces of Communist North Korea crossed the 38th parallel into South Korea. UN forces were called upon to act. The United States responded immediately; in all, 14 nations sent some kind of assistance. Truman was sure that Stalin was behind the aggression and this belief motivated other decisions—to station more U.S. troops in Europe under NATO and to assist the French in Indochina (the seeds of the Vietnam War). There would never be a final peace conference; the truce line near the 38th parallel became the new border.
697308516	Douglas MacArthur	MacArthur led the American troops in Korea. His prediction of a total victory by Christmas turned out to be premature. He wanted an "unlimited war" and urged the use of atomic weapons. When he criticized Truman in a letter read on the floor of the House, it left Truman to respond to the act of insubordination, and MacArthur was removed from his command
697308519	Marshall Plan	This extensive program offered economic aid after World War II to European countries devastated by World War II. The European Recovery Program was funded with $12 billion over a four-year period. The Soviet Union and its allies were also offered aid, but they refused fearing a dependence on the United States. The Marshall Plan worked exactly as Truman and Marshall had hoped. Western Europe became a firm ally of the United States and achieved growth by the 1950s.
697308523	McCarthyism	In 1950 an obscure Wisconsin senator—Joseph McCarthy—made a speech and charged that the State Department was "infested" with Communists. He claimed to have a list of names. Although he never produced a list of names or uncovered any Communists, he held the government in fear. He continued unchecked until the end of the Korean War, when his charges were refuted. He then left government and disappeared from public view
697308526	National Labor Relations Board (NLRB)	The Taft-Hartley Act of 1947 set up the NLRB and conditions for the operation of labor unions. The NLRB would serve as an agency to which employers could appeal for rulings on the legitimacy of unions as collective bargaining units
697308529	National Security Council (NSC)	The 1947 National Security Act created the NSC, whose role is to coordinate the defense and foreign policies of the United States. It includes the president, vice-president, secretary of defense, and the secretary of state. The Council's special advisers include the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the director of the Central Intelligence Agency, and the president's national security adviser
697308532	NATO	The North Atlantic Treaty Organization was founded in 1949 with General Dwight D. Eisenhower as its first head. This organization committed the United States to the defense of Western Europe; this was a military alliance for defending its members from attack—a deterrent against a Soviet invasion. The Soviets responded by forming the Warsaw Pact, an alliance of the Communist states of Eastern Europe.
697308535	Julius and Ethel Rosenberg	The Rosenbergs were convicted of passing atomic secrets to the Soviets and executed in 1953. Klaus Fuchs, a British scientist who had worked on the Manhattan project, admitted to giving secrets to the Russians. An FBI investigation uncovered another spy ring, and implicated the Rosenbergs. President Eisenhower denied their appeal for clemency saying that by giving atomic secrets to the Soviets that they had put millions at risk
697308538	Taft-Hartley Act	The 1947 legislation allowed individual states to ban closed shops (where nonunion workers could not be hired) but in other states allowed a union shop (new hires could be required to join the union). It also described "unfair" union practices, such as boycotts and refusals to bargain in good faith. See also: National Labor Relations Board
697308541	Truman Doctrine	This doctrine embodied the containment policy that was implemented because of Soviet-supported uprisings in Greece. Truman asked Congress for $400 million to aid Greece and got bipartisan support. Although the Doctrine at first directed the funds as aid for Greece and Turkey, it would become the standard when dealing with the Soviets everywhere in the world
697308544	Harry Truman	Truman was unpretentious as the president; he had to lead the country following the only man ever elected president more than two times (FDR). He supported civil rights and desegregated the federal government and the armed forces. He got the minimum wage raised from $0.40 to $0.75 an hour and expanded the requirements for people who would be eligible under Social Security
697308547	United Nations	The first meeting of this multinational peacekeeping organization was held in San Francisco in 1945. First conceived during the meetings of leaders of the Allies during World War II, the United Nations, as it was to be called, was designed in eight weeks. The Senate readily approved U.S. participation on October 24, 1945. The headquarters are located in New York City
697308550	Henry A. Wallace	Wallace had been FDR's liberal vice president for three terms until the election of 1944, when FDR dropped him and replaced him with Harry S. Truman. Truman was a moderate, a position FDR felt was more in keeping with the changing times. Truman would become president upon FDR's death on April 12, 1945.

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APUSH American Pageant 13th edition chapter 20 Flashcards

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1058444144	$300 men	Conscription law caused this. Rich boys could hire substitutes to go in their places or purchase an exemption out right by paying $300. This was a scornful epithet applied to these slackers. Draftees complained.
1058444145	Coal-oil Johnnies	Nickname for pioneers pushing westward for Oil plutocracy.
1058444146	cotton famine	depression in the textile industry of North West England, brought about by the interruption of baled cotton imports caused by the American Civil War.
1058444147	government girls	women who filled jobs left when the men went to fight
1058444148	plutocracy	government of the wealthy
1058444149	King Wheat	North had great weather which led to good harvests, mechanical reapers helped, and Britain had a bad harvest which led to trading (grain)
1058444150	King Corn	monarchs of Northern agriculture-during war years the north had ideal weather while Britain had a series of bad harvests. Had the cheapest and most abundant supply
1058444151	Shoddy Millionaires	Scornful term for Northern manufacturers who made quick fortunes out of selling cheaply made shoes and other inadequate goods to the U.S. Army
1058444152	submissionists	The 11 succeeded states. Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina joined the original 7.
1058444153	wage slaves	Whereas the slaves were provided with food, clothing, shelter, and the owner had a vested interest in the slave, even when the slaves were old, Northern factory owners simply worked their employees for a tiny wage, then sent them on their way home to fend for themselves.
1058444154	59ers	the gold seekers who streamed into the Pike's Peak Country of western Kansas Territory and southwestern Nebraska Territory in 1859.
1058444155	Billy Yank	the ordinary Union soldier; committed to the cause; represented vast section of society; literate, intellectual, practical, efficient; adapted quickly to army discipline; suffered dull camp life; suffered disease and high stress of battle; shortages and decrease in moral standards as war progressed
1058444156	Johnny Reb	typical Confederate soldier; commitment to cause; jocular, emotional, religious, and personally concerned about war; defense of home meant more to them b/c fighting occurred on their soil; rural individualism and homegrown disrespect for authority; dull camp life; disease; high stress battle; especially had shortages and decrease in moral standards
1058444157	Border States	States bordering the North: Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky and Missouri. They were slave states, but did not secede.
1058444158	bounty brokers	These people were more for their own profit than for the war profit. They would enticed people to enlist by giving them a bonus sum of money.
1058444159	Butternut Region	The region of southern Illinois, Indiana and Ohio which held racial prejudices. This along with the border states caused Lincoln to publicly proclaim that he was not fighting to free the blacks, only for the union, not a anti slavery war
1058444160	Charles Francis Adams	An American diplomat who, as ambassador during the Civil War. He helped to keep the British from recognizing the Confederacy. In the Trent affair, he was instrumental in averting hostilities between the two nations.
1058444161	Clara Barton	"a schoolteacher who volunteered as a nurse during the Civil War. Most notably, she organized the American Red Cross, which linked with the International Red Cross when the U.S. Congress ratified the Geneva Convention in 1882"
1058444162	conscription	Confederacy subjected all white males between 18-35 to military service for three years. Provision aroused opposition from poorer whites so repealed in 1863
1058444163	Dorothea Dix	A reformer and pioneer in the movement to treat the insane as mentally ill, beginning in the 1820's, she was responsible for improving conditions in jails, poorhouses and insane asylums throughout the U.S. and Canada. She succeeded in persuading many states to assume responsibility for the care of the mentally ill. She served as the Superintendant of Nurses for the Union Army during the Civil War.
1058444164	Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell	America's first female physician. She helped organize the U.S. Sanitary commission to assist the Union armies in the field. The commission trained nurses, collected medial supplies, and equipped hospitals. Commission work helped many women acquire the skills and self-confidence that would propel the women's rights movement after the war.
1058444165	Draft Riots	Conscription Act in 1863 forced men between 20-45 years old to be eligible for conscription but one could avoid it if they paid 300 or got someone in their place; provoked anger from poor workers
1058444166	Edwin Stanton	An American lawyer and politician who served as Secretary of War under the Lincoln Administration during most of the American Civil War. Stanton's effective management helped organize the massive military resources of the North and guide the Union to victory.
1058444167	Election of 1860	Lincoln, the Republican candidate, won because the Democratic party was split over slavery. As a result, the South no longer felt like it has a voice in politics and a number of states seceded from the Union.
1058444168	Emperor Maximilian	Appointed emperor of Mexico by Napoleon III, after forces were sent to protect French interests in Mexico. When French troops were recalled home, he was left without an army; he surrendered to Mexican forces and was executed; seen as a blow to the prestige of the French emperor.
1058444169	Ft. Sumter	(outside Charleston harbor) First official battle of the Civil War, Federal fort, succumbed to the Confederacy, Lincoln let it go because he didn't want the North to be blamed for starting the Civil War.
1058444170	Homestead Act of 1862	(1862) A federal Law that gave settlers 160 Acres of land for about 30$ if they lived on it for 5 years and improved it by, for instance, building a house on it. The act helped the land accessible to hundreds of thousands of westward-moving settlers, but many people also found disappointment when their land was infertile or they saw speculators grabbing up the best land.
1058444171	Jefferson Davis	An American statesman and politician who served as President of the Confederate States of America for its entire history from 1861 to 1865.
1058444172	King Cotton	A slogan used by southerners (1860-61) to support secession from the United States by arguing cotton exports would make an independent Confederacy economically prosperous; southerners spontaneously refused to sell or ship out their cotton in early 1861; Consequently, the strategy proved a failure for the Confederacy--King Cotton did not help the new nation.
1058444173	Morril Tariff Act	Established in 1861, the Tariff was a protective one that raised rates to protect and encourage industry and the high wages of industrial workers. Replaced the Tariff of 1857, which was made to benefit the South. Other Morril-sponsored Tariffs were made during the Civil War to raise money. The high rates inaugurated a period of continuous.
1058444174	National Banking System	Authorized by Congress in 1863 to establish a standard bank currency. Banks that joined the system could buy bonds and issue paper money. First significant step toward a national bank. (North)
1058444175	rebel yell	was a battle cry used by Confederate soldiers during the American Civil War they would use the yell during charges to intimidate the enemy and boost their own morale; blood-curdling scream
1058444176	Richmond	Served as the capital of the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War.
1058444177	Robert E. Lee	American soldier, he refused Lincoln's offer to head the Union army and agreed to lead Confederate forces. He successfully led several major battles until his defeat at Gettysburg, and he surrendered to the Union's commander General Grant at Appomattox Courthouse.
1058444178	Sally Tompkins	Established an infirmary for wounded Confederate soldiers in Richmond, Virginia. When Confederate hospitals were brought under military control, Jefferson Davis commissioned her as an officer with the rank of captain, making her the first female military officer in American history.
1058444179	The Alabama	A Confederate ship built in Britain and armed after it left port so it was not considered a warship when it left port. Displayed the main foreign intervention in the war, and because it never landed in a Confederate port it yielded Britain the naval base of the Confederacy.
1058444180	Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson	he was a confederate general who was known for his fearlessness in leading rapid marches bold flanking movements and furious assaults. he earned his nickname at the battle of first bull run for standing courageously against union fire. During the battle of chancellorsville his own men accidentally mortally wounded him.
1058444181	Trent Affair	In 1861 the Confederacy sent emissaries James Mason to Britain and John Slidell to France to lobby for recognition. A Union ship captured both men and took them to Boston as prisoners. The British were angry and Lincoln ordered their release
1058444182	Ulysses Simpson Grant	Northern general who helped gain victory for the union. earned the nickname "unconditional surrender". eventually grant was given command of the union forces attacking vicksburg-this would be his greatest victory of the war. made general in chief after more impressive victories near chattanooga. his final victory came when he defeated Robert e lee at Richmond and forced him to surrender at appomattox court house in Virginia.
1058444183	William Seward	American politician from New York; 12th governor of New York; US senator, secretary of state under Lincoln and Johnson; Opposed the spread of slavery before the Civil War
1058444184	Writ of Habeas Corpus	A court order directing a police officer, sheriff, or warden who has a person in custody to bring the prisoner before a judge to show sufficient cause for his or her detention. The purpose of the order is to prevent illegal arrests and unlawful imprisonment. Under the Constitution, the writ cannot be suspended, except during invasion or rebellion.

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AP Biology Campbell 9th edition random vocab from chp. 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 37, 38, 39 Flashcards

AP Biology Campbell 9th edition random vocab from chp. 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 37, 38, 39. some of the bolded terms from the chapters above.

Terms : Hide Images

691990057	symbiosis	An ecological relationship between organisms of two different species that live together in direct and intimate contact.
691990058	symbiont	The smaller participant in a symbiotic relationship, living in or on the host.
691990059	mutualism	A symbiotic relationship in which both participants benefit.
691990060	parasitism	A symbiotic relationship in which one organism, the parasite, benefits at the expense of another, the host, by living either within or on the host.
691990061	parasite	An organism that feeds on the cell contents, tissues, or body fluids of an other species (the host) while in or on the host organism. Parasites harm but usually do not kill their host.
691990062	pathogens	An organism, virus, viroid, or prion that causes disease.
691990063	transduction	1) A process in which phages (viruses carry bacterial DNA from one bacterial cell to another. When these two cells are members of different species, transduction results in horizontal gene transfer. 2) In cellular communication, the conversion of a signal from outside the cell to a form that can bring about specific cellular response; also called signal transduction.
691990064	transformation	A change in genotype and phenotype due to the assimilation of external DNA by a cell. When the external DNa is from a member of a different species, transformation results in horizontal gene transfer.
691990065	conjugation	In prokaryotes, the direct transfer of DNA between two cells that are temporarily joined. When the two cells are members of different species, conjugation results in horizontal gene transfer.
691990066	obligate aerobes	An organism that requires oxygen for cellular respiration and cannot live without it.
691990067	obligate anaerobes	An organism that only carries out fermentation or anaerobic respiration. Such organisms cannot use oxygen and in fact may be poisoned by it.
691990068	nitrogen fixation	The conversion of atmospheric nitrogen (N2) ti ammonia (NH3). Biological nitrogen fixation is carried out by certain prokaryotes, some of which have mutalistic relationships with plants.
691990069	endospore	A thick-coated, resistant cell produced by some bacterial cells when they are exposed to harsh conditions.
691990070	capsule	In many prokaryotes, a dense and well-defined layer of polysaccharide or protein that surrounds the cell wall and is sticky, protecting the cell and enavling it to adhere to substrates or other cells.
691990071	fimbria	A short hairlike appendage of prokaryotic cells that helps it adhere to the substrate or to other cells.
691990072	pili	In bacteria a structure that links one cell to another at the start of conjugation; also known as a sex pilus or conjugation pilus.
691990073	taxis	An orientated movement toward or away from a stimulus
691990074	maximum parsimony	A principle that states that when considering multiple explanations for an observation, one should first investigate the simplest explanation that is consistent with the facts.
691990075	maximum likelihood	As applied to molecular systematics, a principle that states when considering multiple phylogentic hypotheses, one should take into account the hypothesis that reflects the most likely sequence of evolutionary events, given certain rules about how DNA changes over time.
691990076	phylogeny	the evolutionary history of a species or group of related species.
691990077	phylogenetic tree	A branching diagram that represents a hypothesis about the evolutionary history of a species or group of organisms
691990078	alternation of generation	A life cycle in which there is both a multicellular diploid form, the sporophyte, and a multicellular haploid form, the gametophyte; characteristic of plants and some algae.
691990079	endosymbiosis	A process in which a unicellular organism (the "host") engulfs another cell, which lives within the hos cell and ultimately becomes an organelle in the host cell.
691990080	green algae	A photosynthetic protist, named for green chloroplasts that are similar in the structure and pigment composition to those of land plants. Green algae are a paraphyletic group, some of whose members are more closely related to land plants than they are to other green algea
691990081	protist	An informal term appiled to any eukaryote that is not a plant, animal, or fungus. Most protists are unicellular, though some are colonial or multicellular.
691990082	style	the stalk of a flower's carpel, with the ovary at the base and the stigma at the top.
691990083	filament	In an angiosperm, the stalk portion of the stamen, the pollen-producing reproductive organ of a flower.
691990084	gametophyte	In organisms (plants and some algae) that have alternation of genrations, the multicellulat haploid form that produces haploid gametes by mitosis. The haploid gametes untie and develop into sporophytes.
691990085	sporocyte	A diploid cell, also known as a spore mother cell, that undergoes meiosis and generates haploid spores.
691990086	mycorrhiza	A mutalistic association of plant roots and fungus.

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AP Biology Campbell 9th edition random vocab from chp. 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 37, 38, 39 Flashcards

AP Biology Campbell 9th edition random vocab from chp. 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 37, 38, 39. Some of the bolded terms from those chapters.

Terms : Hide Images

691925092	phylogeny	...
691925093	parsimony	...
691925094	maximum likelihood	...
691925095	clades	...
691925096	transduction	...
691925097	transformation	...
691925098	conjugation	...
691925099	obligate aerobes	obligate anaerobes
691925100	anaerobic respiration	...
691925101	facultative anaerobes	...
691925102	obligate anaerobes	...
691925103	nitrogen fixation	...
691925104	autotroph	...
691925105	photoautotroph	...
691925106	chemoautotroph	...
691925107	heterotroph	...
691925108	photoheterotroph	...
691925109	chemoheterotroph	...
691925110	halophiles	...
691925111	thermophiles	...
691925112	methanogens	...
691925113	cyanobacteria	...
691925114	decomposers	...
691925115	symbiosis	...
691925116	host	...
691925117	symbiont	...
691925118	mutualism	...
691925119	parasitism	...
691925120	parasite	...
691925121	pathogens	...
691925122	endotoxins	...
691925123	exotoxins	...
691925124	protists	...
691925125	endosymbiosis	...
691925126	algae	...
691925127	dinoflagellates	...
691925128	anopheles	...
691925129	plasmodium	...
691925130	sporozite	...
691925131	merozite	...
691925132	gametocytes	...
691925133	oocyst	...
691925134	ciliates	...
691925135	diatoms	...
691925136	green algae	...
691925137	rings of cellulose proteins	...
691925138	peroxisome enzymes	...
691925139	structure of flagellated sperm	...
691925140	formation of a phragmoplast	...
691925141	phragmoplast	...
691925142	sporopllenin	...
691925143	charophyte	...
691925144	alternation of generations	...
691925145	gametophyte	...
691925146	sporophyte	...
691925147	spores	...
691925148	angiosperm	...
691925149	flower	...
691925150	sepals	...
691925151	petals	...
691925152	stamens	...
691925153	filament	...
691925154	anther	...
691925155	carpels	...
691925156	stigma	...
691925157	style	...
691925158	ovary	...
691925159	fruit	...
691925160	microsporangium	...
691925161	microsporcytes	...
691925162	microspore	...
691925163	fungi	...
691925164	hyphae	...
691925165	chitin	...
691925166	mycelium	...
691925167	double fertilization	...
691925168	septa	...
691925169	coenocytic fungi	...
691925170	mycosis	...
691925171	pistil	...
691925172	auxin	...
691925173	cytokinins	...
691925174	gibberellins	...
691925175	brassinosteriods	...
691925176	abscisic acid	...
691925177	strigolactones	...
691925178	ethylene	...

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World History FLVS Module 3 Flashcards

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846872973	How did Moctezuma 1 maintain the Triple Alliance?	He divided lands taken in conquest.
846872974	)How did Mansa Musa's pilgrimage to Mecca affect those in Mali?	It facilitated an expansion of Islamic learning and culture.
846872975	What method do archeologists use to uncover the ruins of ancient cities?	excavation.
846872976	What was the approximate distance between Gao and Timbuktu?	300 miles
846872977	How was the way time was measured in Roman culture different from the way it was measured in Mayan culture?	In Mayan culture, the arithmetic system made it easy for illiterate people to calculate time, while in Roman culture only educated people could do so.
846872978	How were the European calendars and Mesoamerican calendars similar?	They contained days for religious ceremonies.
846872979	Why did the spread of Islam to the Swahili coast help to increase trade there?	Islam unified the cities of the coast and connected them more closely to other Muslim traders.
846872980	What did the Zagwe Dynasty and Kongo have in common?	They both adopted Christianity.
846872981	)Why was the city of Mogadishu an important trading hub?	Mogadishu is strategically located on the Horn of Africa with access to the Indian Ocean and the Red Sea.
846872982	In what way was the empire of Ghana different from the later empire of Mali?	Ghana was mostly animists, and Mali had a Muslim-following leadership.
846872983	Why were Camel caravans were an important innovation in trade in West Africa?	Sahara Desert.
846872984	What economic factors made Ghana an important trading center?	vast deposits of gold and iron ore to use as trade goods.
846872985	Which of the following has helped historians learn about the Inca empire?	the ruins of Machu Picchu.
846872986	Which of the following roles would a woman in Incan society not be permitted to fill?	warrior.
846872987	Why was Timbuktu an important location in Mali's empire?	It was a center for learning.
846872988	What geographic feature in West Africa had the most to do with the fact that the Empire of Songhai resembled the previous West African empires?	the Niger River.
846872989	What trade good most stimulated the trans-Saharan trade between Songhai and North Africa?	gold.
846872990	Which event marks the final stage in the collapse of the Songhai empire?	an invasion from Morocco.
846872991	Which of the following contributed to the start of civil wars and Mali's decline?	struggles over the line of succession.
846872992	Who is Sunni Ali?	He was a great leader of Songhai.
846872993	What does the story of Sundiata indicate about the society of Mali?	The unification of the Mandé was in important element of Mali society.
846872994	Which of the following did the Maya, Aztec, and Inca all have in common?	They all grew corn as their primary crop.
846872995	What was the Inca Empire divided into?	provinces.
846872996	Moctezuma I prevented this city from being flooded by constructing a......	dam around the city.
846872997	Why did Pacal the Great make a connection between his mother and the divine First Mother of the Mayan religion?	to add legitimacy and stability to his reign.
846872998	Which of the following diseases likely killed Huayna Capac and many other Inca?	smallpox.

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Chapter 1:College US History: New World Beginnings Flashcards

The Shaping of North America
Peopling the Americas
The Earliest Americans
Inderect Discoverers of the New World
Europeans Enter Africa
Columbus Comes upon a New World
When Worlds Collide
The Spanish Conquistadores
The Conquest of MExico
The Spread of Spanish America

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960648379	Incas	Ancient Tribe in Mexico,created the great Inca empire that lasted from about 1100 until the Spanish conquest in the early 1530s. Main crop was maize.
960648380	Aztec	Ancient tribe in Mexico, a member of the Nahuatl people. overthrown by Cortes in 1519. Main crop was maize.
960648381	Three-Sister Farming	Corn, beans and squash were traded with Europe
960648382	Caravel	A midevilal ship, the strongest of its time. Could sail against the wind.
960648383	Plantation	A large farm used formplanting and growing crops
960648384	Columbian Exchange	Awidespread exchange of animals, plants, culture, human populations (including slaves), communicable disease, and ideas
960648385	Treaty of Tordesillas	Portagul and Spain went to the Pope so he split the Americans in half and told them Portagul gets this half and Spain gets this half.
960648386	Conquistadores	An Spanish adventurer
960648387	Capitalism	An economic system based on private ownership of capital
960648388	Encomienda System	A system in which the Indians were essentially slaves to the Spanish. The Spanish government was allowed to give Indians to colonists in return for the colonists to try to convert the Indians to Christianity.
960648389	Mestizos	Offspring of Corte's soldiers and the Native American women.
960648390	Pope's Rebellion	The Indians retaliated by burning the Roman Catholic Churches and killing the Priests
960648391	Black Legend	The misdeeds of the Spanishh in the New World. Butchered the Indians, which is known as the "Killing of Christ", destroyed their homes, stole all of their gold, and infected them with smallpox. But they are credited for introducing their culture, religion, laws, and language to the Indians.
960648392	Hernan Cortes	Spanish Conquistador that defeated the powerful Aztecs.

941251605	Norman Triplett	Obs ppl perform better w/ others around than alone
941251606	McDougall and Ross	Wrote first Social Psych textbook
941251607	Verplank	Convo change depending on approval
941251608	Reinforcement Theory	Pavlov/Skinner/Thorndike
941251609	Albert Bandura	Social Learning Theory (behavior is learned through imitation. Bobo doll
941251610	Fitz Heider's Balance Theory	ppl like to like something that someone they like likes as well (balanced +/-)
941251611	Leon Festinger' Cognitive Dissonance Theory	Conflict when attitudes do not match behavior. We will add consonant or remove dissonant elements
941251612	Free choice dissonance	Cong Diss Theory: deciding between 2 equally good things cause you to accentuate good qualities in one and bad in the other.
941251613	Forced compliance dissonance	When forced to behave in a way that is inconsistent with attitudes.
941251614	Daryl Bem's Self Perception Theory	Ppl infer own attitudes based on obs of their own beh.
941251615	Over-justification Effect	Rewarding ppl for something they like doing will make them like it less.
941251616	Hovland & Weiss, 1952	Communication by perceived to be credible source were more effective in changing attitudes than low cred.
941251617	Two-sided messages	Very effective in attitude change. Argument pro and against.
941251618	Petty and Caccioppo's Elaboration of Likelihood Model	If we care about the topic, we will focus on strength of an argument, when we don't or are distracted, we focus on context (peripheral vs. central route)
941251619	William McGuire	Inoculation analogy: ppl resist arg when vaccinated with refuted counter arguments.
941251620	Reactance	when social pressure is so great that freedom is threatened, ppl will assert freedom.
941251621	Leon Festinger's Social Comparison Theory	1. Ppl want to eval themselves by obj measures; when not possible compare to others. 2. Less similarity to other, the less likely comparison will be made 3. When there is a discrepancy, ppl will move to match the group.
941251622	Schachter	The greater the need to compare (anxiety), the greater the desire to affiliate.
941251623	Reciprocity Theory	We tend to like those who like us.
941251624	Gain-Loss principle	Aronson & Linder: We like someone more when their liking of us has recently increased.
941251625	Social Exchange Theory	ppl Weigh cost and benefits of interacting with another. vs. Equity Theory (we want benefits to be the same for the other party) vs. Need Complimentarity
941251626	Edward Thorndike	Judgement of another's character is influenced by overall impression (e.g. Halo Effect)
941251627	Zajonc	Mere Exposure Hypothesis. Also, obs that presence of others enhanced dominant responses
941251628	Darley & Latane	By Stander Intervention: 1964 Kitty Genovese stabbed. Diffusion of responsibility and Social Influence (how others react or are present)
941251629	Pluralistic Ignorance	When majority of a grp privately reject a norm, but assume incorrectly that others accept it.
941251630	Batson's Empathy-Altruism Model	When faced with others needing help, ppl feel distress and/or empathy. When more distress than empathy run away.
941251631	Muzafer Sharif Conformity Study	Autokinetic effect to show group conformity. Robber's Cave Experiment (created hostilities through competition and health them through coop)
941251632	Asch's Conformity Study	Comparing Lines. First round all agree. Then pressure to conform to wrong answer. 75% at least one changing of answer.
941251633	Milgram's Obedience Experiment	65% continue past "Danger". Drive to obey authority stronger than drive to not hurt others.
941251634	Compliance	Change in behavior due to pressure
941251635	Clark and Clark 1947	Doll preference study used in the Brown vs. Board of Education case.
941251636	Primacy Effect	1st impressions are more important than subsequent impressions
941251637	Attribution Theory/Error	Fritz Heider. Ppl over estimate dispositional over situational causes of beh in others.
941251638	MJ Lerner	Belief in a Just World that causes blaming of the victim
941251639	Theodore Newcomb	Conservative women adapt to liberal norms at college (vote Roosvelt, 1936)
941251640	Edward Hall	Studied Proxemics
941251641	Social Loafing	Ppl do worse jobs when part of a group.
941251642	Phil Zimbardo	Ppl commit antisocial acts when they feel anonymous. Prison Study-Beh change due to Deindividuation=a loss of personal ID, roles take over.
941251643	Irving Janis	Historical blunders due to ignoring non-congruent evidence to reach consensus (Group Think)
941251644	Value Hypothesis	Group shifts to Riskier beh when riskiness is culturally valued.
941251645	Kurt Lewin	3 Leadership Styles in boys: 1. Autocratic 2. Democratic (more satisfied) 3. Laissez Faire
941251646	John Locke	Tabula Rasa
941251647	Rousseau	Believed society detrimental to development. Emile: Concerning Education
941251648	Stanley Hall	Father of Dev Psych. 1st to Empirical research with children!
941251649	John Watson	Extreme Behaviorist. Parents have all the responsibility and should avoid sentimentality
941251650	Arnold Giselle	Dev is a process of maturation (bio process). Blue print exists (Nativist)
941251651	Cognitive Structuralists	Believe there is a blueprint. E.g. Piaget
941251652	Sequential Cohort	group 1, 2, 3 over time 1, 2, 3.
941251653	Gamete	Sex cells. Haploid (23 chrome v.s. full 46)
941251654	Lewis Terman	Found adoptive children are more like bio parents than adopt parents in IQ and criminal ben (heritable)
941251655	RC Tryon	1942. Bred "Maze-bright" and "Maze-dull" rats. Showed learning has some genetic basis.
941251656	Baby Reflexes	1. Rooting = turn head to stim on cheek 2. Moro = abrupt head movement causes reach and hug self. 3. Babinski = stim on foot, spread toes 4. Grasping
941251657	Fertilization	Conception. In falopian tubes
941251658	Germinal period	Second stage. 2 weeks
941251659	Embryonic Stage	Growth 2 million %. Hormone production at 8 weeks
941251660	Fetal Period	at 3rd mo, electrical act in brain
941251661	Jean Piaget	Schema = thought patterns. Adaptation through assimilation (use old schema) or accommodation (change schema)
941251662	Piaget's 4 Stages of Dev	1. Sensorimotor-Primary (body) and secondary circular rxns. No obj permanence 2. Preoperational-2-7 years. Centration (only focus on part of situation) No Conservation of matter. 3. Concrete operational-7-11 Master conservation of matters 4. Formal Operational - Think like a Scientist
941251663	Lev Vygotsky	Dev is cultural internalization. Zone of Proximal Dev (test with and without help)
941251664	Semantics	Word meaning
941251665	Syntax	sentence making, word order
941251666	Pragmatics	Inflexion and style of how things said
941251667	Noam Chomsky	Nativist. Transformational Grammar (change word order changes meaning). LAD (lang acquisition device)--Critical Prd. (Genie)
941251668	Libido	Sexual energy present at birth. Desire to reduce libidinal tension drives dev.
941251669	Freud's 5 Dev Stages	1. Oral - 0-1 Fixation is dependence 2. Anal - 1-3 Fixation is too orderly 3. Phallic - Oedipal. 3-5 4. Latency - puberty Sublimation Occurs 5. Genital - normal hetero relationship
941251670	Erik Erikson 8 stages	1. Trust/Mistrust 2. Autonomy/Shame 3. Initiative/Guilt 4. Industry/Inferiority 5. ID/Role Confusion 6. Intimacy/Isolation 7. Generativity/Stagnation 8. Integrity/Despair
941251671	Thomas & Chess	3 infant beh styles. easy difficult and slow to warm
941251672	Harry Harlow	Cloth mothers. Contact Comfort is more important than food
941251673	John Bowlby	Infant studies of attachment. Separation anxiety.
941251674	Mary Ainsworth	Stranger Situation Procedure. 3 types of infant: Insecure/avoidant, secure, insecure
941251675	Konrad Lorenz	Rapid formation of attachment with obj in enviro. Imprinted Jackdaw bird
941251676	Kohlberg	3 stages of Moral Dev: 1. Preconventional (hedonistic) 2. Conventional (Social rules) 3. Post-Convention (greater good)
941251677	Heinz Dilemma	Used moral dilemmas to find what Kohlberg' stage.
941251678	Carol Gilligan	Criticized Kohlberg. Boys more rule based, girls more interpersonal.
941251679	3 Stages of Self-Socialization	1. Gender Labeling 2. G. Stability 3. Gender Consistency (regardless of clothes)
941251680	Diane Baumrind	Parenting Styles: 1. Authoritarian - punitive, no emo warmth 2. Authoritative - hi demands, but hi emo 3. Permissive - low demands
941251681	William Sheldon	1. Endomorphy - soft spherical 2. Ectomorphy - thin, light muscled 3. Mesomorphy - hard muscular, rectangle
941251682	Boring	Study of Psych relates to the Zeitgeist of the time
941251683	Id	Houses psychic energy. Pleasure Principle - wants immediate satisfaction (Primary Process helps to cope, e.g. imagine food)
941251684	Ego	Reality Principle - inhibits Id to postpone pleasure
941251685	Super Ego	Moral branch: Good (ego-ideal) vs. Bad (Conscience). Strives for perfection.
941251686	Transference	Patient attributes attitudes of past lovers to therapist
941251687	Repression	Defense Mechanism, unconscious forgetting
941251688	Suppression	Conscious forgetting
941251689	Reaction Formation	Defense Mechanism - Repressed wish is warded off by opposite
941251690	Displacement	Defense Mechanism - Feeling discharged on less dangerous obj/person
941316970	Thanatos	DeathForce
941316971	Philippe Pinel	Reformed asylums in Paris 1792.
941316972	Humanism	Patients should be taken as a whole, not just ben or instinct.
941316973	General Paresis	Caused by Syphilis. Proof that psych and bio related.
941316974	Emil Kraepelin	Dev precursor to DSM
941316975	Cerletti and Bini	Shock therapy for schizophrenia
941316976	Carl Jung	Libido is not sexual. Ego = conscious mind. Personal and Collective Unconscious (Common experiences=archetypes). Persona (social Mask); Anima (gender); Shadow (animal instinct); Self (collective uncon and conscious meet). Mandala
941316977	Alfred Adler	Striving for Superiority. Coinded "inferiority complex"
941316978	Fictional Finalism	Ppl are more motivated by expectations of future than experiences in the past.
941316979	Ana Freud	Ego Psychology = conscious ego
941316980	Karen Horney	Neurotic personality = unbalanced needs
941316981	Martin Seligman	Learned Helplessness Study (dogs)
941316982	Phenomenological Theories of Beh	Focus on internal processes
941316983	Maslow's hierarchy of needs	All leading to Self-actualization
941316984	George Kelly	Ppl are scientist dev Schemas of Anticipation. Psychopathology = predictions unsuccessful.
941316985	Carl Rogers	Humanist. Client-Centered Therapy = Client is in control and solve own probs. when given unconditional positive regard.
941316986	Humanist Existential Therapies	Finding meaning in life by making own choices. Psychopathology = no meaning in life.
941316987	Victor Frankl	Survivor of Nazi camps. Believed mental illness is feeling like no meaning in life.
941316988	Raymond Cattell	Used factor analysis to find 6 basic personality traits.
941316989	Hans Eysenk	Used factor analysis to test Jung's Enxtro-introvert. Found 2 more, neuroticism and psychoticism
941316990	Gordon Allport	Used Lexical approach: 1. Cardinal (shape our lives around) 2. Central (major personality traits) 3. Secondary
941522812	Functional Autonomy	When means to a goal become the goal (e.g. hunting).
941522813	David McClelland	Found need for achievement (nAch). Avoid risks and proud of accomplishments.
941522814	Herman Witkins	Field-Independend (good): rxns are specific to specific stim. Field-Depended: rxns diffuse.
941522815	Julian Rotter	External vs. Internal Locus of control
941522816	Sandra Bem	Androgyny = scoring high on both fem and masculine.
941522817	Walter Mischel	Beh is dependent on chars of the situation, not on personality.
941522818	DSM	16 major diag classes. 5 Axes: i. Clinical disorder ii. Personality dis. or mental retardation iii. Medical conditions. iv. Life stressors v. Global Assess. of Functioning
941522819	Dementia Praecox	"Split mind" = schizophrenia
941522820	schizophrenia sxs	Pos = Added to norm, eg. delusions Neg = Absence of norm beh, e.g. flat affect
941522821	schizophrenia types	Process = slow, insidious, hard to treat Reactive = intense and sudden. Better outcomes.
941522822	Double-Bind Hypothesis	schizophrenia is caused by receiving conflicting messages from parents. Creates unreliable sense of reality.
941522823	Dopamine Hypothesis	schizophrenia caused by excessive dopamine in the brain. Supported by effectiveness of Haldol and other dopamine inhibs.
941522824	Bipolar Disorder	Formally known as Manic Depressive. I: Manic (shorter) and dep episodes (longer) II: Hypomania (more optimistic, does not impair func.)
941522825	Monoamine/Catecholamine Theory of Depression	Too much norepinephrine (noradrenaline) and serotonine = mania, and too little = depression
941522826	Somatoform Disorders	sxs not fully explained by medical conditions. 1. Conversion disorder - once called hysteria is unexplained motor or sensory sxs 2. Hypochondiasis - Misinterp of body leads to belief of disease.
941522827	Dissociative Disorders	Person avoids stress by dissociating from identity: 1. D. Amnesia - loss of mem 2. D. Fugue - amnesia and ID confusion due to change in enviro 3. D. ID - (Multiple personality) Sybil, Chase. 4. Depersonalization Dis. - feels like an outside observer
941522828	Personality Disorder	A pattern of beh that is inflexible and maladaptive and causing distress/func impairment. Passive Agressive was removed. 10 types
941522829	Schizoid Personality Disorder	Social detachement, Restrictive emo range.
941522830	Narcissistic Personality Disorder	Grandiose sense of self. Fantasies of success. Disturbances in relationships.
941522831	Diathesis stress Model	Predisposition + enviro stressors = mental illness.
941522832	Anti Social Personality Disorder	Formally, sociopathic. Disregard for others freedoms. Illegal acts with lack of remorse.
941522833	Primary Prevention	Reduce prevalence of mental ill through prevention.
941522834	David Rosenhan	Had ppl admitted to wards to show how normal seems crazy in crazy context.
941522835	Szasz	The Myth of Mental Illness- ppl shouldn't have to conform to norm
941522836	Fanz Gall	Invented Phrenology
941522837	Pierre Flourenz	Did Extirpation (ablation) on pigeons: Specific parts - func impairment.
941522838	William James	Functionalist (mind helps adapt to enviro)
941522839	John Dewey	First Functionalist paper, criticized Reflex Arc.
941522840	Paul Broca	Specific brain region - specific func. Broca's Area = lang production
941522841	Phineas Gage	Pole through the frontal lobe - personality change.
941522842	Johannes Müller	Law of Specific Nerve Energies - sensory nerves only respond to specific stim.
941522843	Herman Helmholtz	First to measure speed of nerve impulse (rxn = science!)
941522844	Sir Charles Sherrington	First inferred existence of synapse. Thought electrical not chem
941522845	Types of Neurons	1. Sensory - Afferent. Transmit from sensory receptors to spine and brain 2. Motor - Efferent. From brain and spine to muscles 3. Interneurons - Most numerous, in brain and spine. B/n other neurons. Linked to reflexive beh.
941522846	Peripheral Nervous Sys	Opposite to Central. 1. Somatic - sensory/motor. 2. Autonomic - Automatic, organ func etc.
941522847	Autonomic NS	Automatic funds: 1. Sympathetic - Fight or Flight (Adrenaline) 2. Parasympathetic - Rest and Digest (Acetylcholine)
941522848	ForeBrain	Most recently evolved. Complex cogn and beh.
941522849	MidBrain	Second to evolve. Sensorimotor func/ reflexes that help survive.
941522850	Hind-Brain	Where meets spine. Oldest part of the brain. General arousal, breathing, motor.
941522851	Thalamus	Sorts sensory stim and sends to appropriate brain region.
941522852	Hypothalamus	(Walter Cannon) Homeostatic Functions= Drive behaviors (hunger, sex, thirst). Regulates Fight or Flight.
941522853	Lateral Hypothalamus	Osmoreceptors - when to drink water. Damage = aphagia (refusal to eat). Think "Lacking Hunger"
941522854	Ventromedial Hypothalamus	Satiety Center. Damage = hyperphagia. Think "Very Hungry"
941522855	Anterior Hypothalamus	Sexual Beh. Damage = inhib of sexual beh.
941522856	Basil Ganglia	Received signals from Cortex and relays through Extrapyramidal Motor Sys to CNS. Smooth movement (Parkinson's affects)
941522857	Ventricals	Pockets of fluid. Too large - schizophrenia
941522858	Limbic System	2nd brain region to evolve after HindBrain. Emo and memory.
941522859	Septum	In Limbic Sys. One primary Pleasure Center (sexual arousal). (Olds and Milner - rats prefer stim than eating). Damage = Septal Rage.
941522860	Amygdala	In Limbic Sys. Regulate defense and aggressive ben. Lesion = docility and hypersexual
941522861	Hippocampus	Learning and Mem. H.M. (Brenda Milner)- Anterograde Amnesia (no new mem)
941522862	Medula Oblongata	In Hind Brain. Vital Funcs like heartbeat/breathing.
941522863	Cerebellum	In Hind Brain. Posture, balance (alcohol affects)
941522864	Ponds Varolii	In Hind Brain. Sensorimotor tract (relay)
941522865	Convolutions	Peaks and valleys on cortex.
941522866	Frontal Lobe	An Association Area (integrates input from diverse regions). Lesion = decrease in impulse control/depression. Contains primary motor cortex.
941522867	Parietal Lobe	Somatosensori Cortex (incoming sensory info). Spacial processing and manipulation
941522868	Occipital Lobe	Visual striate Cortex. Some learning and motor.
941522869	Temporal Lobe	Auditory Cortex. Wernike's Area - lang comp. Memory processing (Hippocampus here).
941522870	Contralateral	Communication where hemisphere controls opposite side of body (most ppl). Vs. Ipsilaterally (same side).
941522871	Left Hemisphere	Dominant in 97% of ppl. Controls Lang, Logic and math.
941522872	Right Hemisphere	Intuition and creativity. Music. Makes holistic images. Context of lang.
941522873	Sperry and Gazzinga	Cutting Corpus Collosum (Split Brain)
941522874	Axon Hillock	Where axon meets cell body
941522875	Nodes of Ranvier	space between myelin sheaths. Axn potential is regenerated in Saltatory Conduction.
941522876	Glial Cells	Protect Neurons by providing myelination.
941522877	Dendrites	Branch off cell body. Can regenerate and change. Receive info (axons convey).
941522878	Resting Potential	Aka. membrane potential. Slight neg electrical charge neurons have at rest (neuron polarized).
941522879	Membrane	Allow small/pos (sodium) ions to enter and exit and large/neg (potassium) ions stuck inside.
941522880	Sodium-Potassium Pump	Mechnism that keeps flow of ions in balance so as not to neutralize cell.
941522881	All-or-nothing Law	When depolarization reaches critical threshold of -50mV, cell will fire no matter what, peaking at +35mV regardless of intensity of stim.
941522882	Eric Kandel	Experiments with sea snails. Found when habituation to stim, neurons release smaller amounts of neuropterans (ben related to neurons)

436918119	Canadian Shield	a zone undergirded by ancient rock, probably the first part of what became the north american landmass to have emerged above sea level
436918120	Incas	highly advanced south american civilization that occupied present day peru until it was conquered by spanish forces under francisco pizarro in 1532; developed sophisticated agricultural techniques so sustain large, complex societies
436918121	nation-state	modern form of political society that combines centralized government with a high degree of ethnic and cultural unity
436918122	Aztecs	native american empire that controlled present-day mexico until 1521, when they were conquered by Spanish Hernán Cortés; maintained control over their vast empire through a system of trade and tribute, and came to be known for their advances in mathematics and writing, and their use of human sacrifices in religious ceremonies
436918123	cahokia	mississippian settlement near present-day east st.louis, home to as many as 25,000 native americans
436918124	three-sister farming	agricultural system employed by north american indians as early as 1,000 A.D.; maize, beans, and squash were grown together to maximize yields
436918125	middlemen	in trading systems, those dealers who operate between the original buyers and the retail merchants who sell to consumers
436918126	caravel	small vessel with a high deck and three triangular sails
436918127	plantation	large-scale agricultural enterprise growing commercial crop and usually employing coerced or slave labor
436918128	Columbian Exchange	the transfer of goods, crops, and diseases between New and Old World societies after 1492
436918129	Treaty of Tordesillas	signed by spain and portugal, dividing the territories of the New World; spain received the bulk of territory in the americas, compensating Portugal with titles to lands in Africa and Asia
436918130	conquistadores	spanish conquerors or adventurers in the americas
436918131	capitalism	economic system characterized by private property, generally free trade, and open and accessible markets
436918132	encomienda	spanish labor system in which persons were help to unpaid service under the permanent control of their masters, though not legally owned by them
436918133	noche triste	"sad night", when the aztecs attacked hernán cortés and his forces in the aztec capital, tenochitlán, killing hundreds; cortés laid siege to the city the following year, precipitating the fall of the aztec empire and inaugurating three centuries of spanish rule
436918134	mestizos	people of mixed indian and european heritage, notably in mexico
436918135	Battle of Acoma	fought between spaniards under don juan de oñate and the pueblo indians in present-day new mexico; spaniards brutally crushed the pueblo peoples and established the territory as new mexico in 1609
436918136	Popé's Rebellion	pueblo indian rebelión that drove spanish setters from new mexico
436918137	Black Legend	false notion that spanish conquerors did little but butcher the indians and steal their gold in the name of Christ
436918138	Ferdinand of Aragon	kingdom of spain became united when "insert name here" married isabella of castile (both sovereigns)
436918139	Isabella of Castile	kingdom of spain became united when "insert name here" married ferdinand of aragon (both sovereigns)
436918140	Christopher Columbus	italian seafarer who persuaded spanish monarchs to provide him with 3 ships and a crew; 1492, him and his crew landed on an island in the bahamas; thought he had reached the indies
436918141	Francisco Coronado	...
436918142	Francisco Pizarro	...
436918143	Bartolomé de Las Casas	...
436918144	Hernán Cortés	...
436918145	Malinche (Doña Marina)	...
436918146	Moctezuma	...
436918147	Giovanni Caboto (John Cabot)	english sent "insert name here" to explore the northeastern coast of north america in 1497 and 1498
436918148	Robert de La Salle	...
436918149	Father Juniper Serra	...
436918150	Protestant Reformation	movement to reform the catholic church launched in germany by martin luther; reformers questioned the authority of the pope, sought to eliminate the selling of indulgences, and encouraged the translation of the bible from latin, which few at the time could read; the reformation was launched in england in the 1530s when king henry viii broke with the roman catholic church
436918151	Roanoke Island	sir walter raleigh's failed colonial settlement off the coast of north carolina
436918152	Spanish Armada	spanish fleet defeated in the english channel in 1588; defeat of the "insert word here" marked beginning of the end of the spanish empire
436918153	primogeniture	legal principle that the oldest son inherits all family property or land; landowner's younger sons, forced to seek their fortunes elsewhere, pioneered early exploration and settlement of the americas
436918154	joint-stock company	short-term partnership between multiple investors to fund a commercial enterprise; such arrangements were used to fund england's early colonial ventures
436918155	Virginia Company	english joint-stock company that received a charter from king james i that allowed it to found the virginia colony
436918156	charter	legal document granted by a government to some group or agency to implement a stated purpose, and spelling out the attending rights and obligations; british colonial "insert word here" guaranteed inhabitants all the rights of englishmen, which helped solidify colonists' ties to britain during the early years of settlement
436918157	Jamestown	1607; first permanent english settlement in north america founded by the virginia company
436918158	First Anglo-Powhatan War	series of clashes between the powhatan confederacy and english settlers in virginia; english colonists torched and pillaged indian villages, applying tactics used in england's campaign against the irish
436918159	Second Anglo-Powhatan War	last-ditch effort by the indians to dislodge virginia settlements; the resulting peace treaty formally separated with and indian areas of settlement
436918160	House of Burgesses	representative parliamentary assembly created to govern virginia, establishing a precedent for government in the english colonies
436918161	Act of Toleration	passed in maryland, it guaranteed toleration to all christians but decreed the death penalty for those, like jews and atheists, who denied the divinity of jesus christ; ensured that maryland would continue to attract a high proportion of catholic migrant throughout the colonial period
436918162	Barbados slave code	first formal statute governing the treatment of slaves, which provided for harsh punishments against offending slaves but lacked penalties for the mistreatment of slaves by masters; similar statutes are adopted by southern plantation societies on the north american mainland in the 17th and 18th centuries
436918163	squatters	frontier farmers who illegally occupied land owned by others or not yet officially opened for settlement; many of north carolina's early settlers were "insert word here", who contributed to the colony's reputation as being more independent-minded and "democratic" than its neighbors
436918164	Iroquois Confederacy	bound together five tribes--the mohawks, the oneidas, the onondagas, the cayugas, and the senecas--in the mohawk valley of what is now new york state
436918165	Tuscarora War	began with an indian attack on newbern, north carolina; after the tuscaroras were defeated, remaining indian survivors migrated northward, eventually joining the iroquois confederacy as its sixth nation
436918166	Yamasee Indians	defeated by the south carolinians in the war of 1715-1716; the defeat devastated the last of the coastal indian tribes in the southern colonies
436918167	buffer	in politics, a territory between two antagonistic powers, intended to minimize the possibility of conflict between them; in british north america, georgia was established as a "insert word here" colony between british and spanish territory
436918168	Henry VIII	...
436918169	Elizabeth I	...
436918170	Sir Francis Drake	...
436918171	Sir Walter Raleigh	...
436918172	James I	...
436918173	Captain John Smith	...
436918174	Powhatan	...
436918175	Pocahontas	...
436918176	Lord De La Warr	...
436918177	John Rolfe	...
436918178	Lord Baltimore	...
436918179	Oliver Cromwell	...
436918180	James Oglethorpe	...
436918181	Hiawatha	...
436918182	Calvinism	dominant theological credo of the new england puritans based on the teachings of john calvin; "insert word here" believe in predestination--that only "the elect" were destined for salvation
436918183	predestination	calvinist doctrine that god has foreordained some people to be saved and some to be damned; though their fate was irreversible, calvinists, particularly those who believed they were destined for salvation, sought to lead sanctified lives in order to demonstrate to others that they were in fact members of the "elect"
436918184	conversion	intense religious experience that confirmed an individual's place among the "elect," or the "visible saints"; calvinists who experienced "insert word here" were then expected to lead sanctified lives to demonstrate their salvation
436918185	Puritans	english protestant reformers who sought to purify the church of england of catholic rituals and creeds; some of the most devout "insert word here" believed that only "visible saints" should be admitted to church membership
436918186	Separatists	small group of puritans who sought to break away entirely from the church of england; after initially settling in holland, a number of english "insert word here" made their way to plymouth bay, massachusetts in 1620
436918187	Mayflower Compact	agreement to form a majoritarian government in plymouth, signed aboard the mayflower; created a foundation for self-government in the colony
436918188	Massachusetts Bay Colony	established by non-separating puritans, it soon grew to be the largest and most influential of the new england colonies
436918189	Great Migration	migration of 70,000 refugees from england to the north american colonies, primarily new england and the caribbean; the 20,000 migrants who came to massachusetts largely shared a common sense of purpose--to establish a model christian settlement in the new world
436918190	antinomianism	belief that the elect need not obey the law of either god or man; most notably espoused in the colonies by anne hutchinson
436918191	Fundamental Orders	drafted by settlers in the connecticut river valley, document was the first "modern constitution" establishing a democratically controlled government; key feature of the document were borrowed for connecticut's colonial charter and later, its state constitution
436918192	Pequot War	series of clashes between english settlers and pequot indians in the connecticut river valley; ended in the slaughter of the pequots by the puritans and their narragansett indian allies
436918193	King Philip's War	series of assaults by metacom, king "insert name here", on english settlements in new england; the attacks slowed the westward migration of new england settlers for several decades
436918194	New England Confederation	weak union of the colonies in massachusetts and connecticut led by puritans for the purposes of defense and organization, an early attempt at self-government during the benign neglect of the english civil war
436918195	English Civil War	armed conflict between royalists and parliaments, resulting in the victory of pro-parliament forces and the execution of charles i
436918196	Dominion of New England	administrative union created by royal authority, incorporating all of new england, new york, and east and west jersey; placed under the rule of sir edmund andros who curbed popular assemblies, taxed residents without their consent, and strictly enforced navigation laws; its collapse after the glorious revolution in england demonstrated colonial opposition to strict royal control
436918197	Navigation Laws	series of laws passed, beginning in 1651, to regulate colonial shipping; the acts provided that only english ships would be allowed to trade in english colonial ports, and that all goods destined for the colonies would first pass through england
436918198	Glorious (or Bloodless) Revolution	relatively peaceful overthrow of the unpopular catholic monarch, james ii, replacing him with dutch-born william iii and mary, daughter of james ii, william and mary accepted increased parliamentary oversight and new limits on monarchial authority
436918199	salutary neglect	unofficial policy of relaxed royal control over colonial trade and only weak enforcement of navigation laws; lasted form the glorious revolution to the end of the french and indian war in 1763
436918200	patroonships	vast tracts of land along the hudson river in new netherlands granted to wealthy promoters in exchange for bringing fifty settlers to the property
436918201	Quakers	religious group known for their tolerance, emphasis on peace, and idealistic indian policy, who settled heavily in pennsylvania in the 17th and 18th centuries
436918202	blue laws	also known as sumptuary laws, they are designed to restrict personal behavior in accord with a strict code of morality; "insert word here" were passed across the colonies, particularly in puritan new england and quaker pennsylvania
436918203	Martin Luther	...
436918204	John Calvin	...
436918205	William Bradford	...
436918206	John Winthrop	...
436918207	Anne Hutchinson	...
436918208	Roger Williams	...
436918209	Massaoit	...
436918210	Metacom (King Philip)	...
436918211	Charles II	...
436918212	Sir Edmund Andros	...
436918213	William III	...
436918214	Mary II	...
436918215	Henry Hudson	...
436918216	Peter Stuyvesant	...
436918217	Duke of York	...
436918218	William Penn	...
436918219	indentured servants	migrants who, in exchange for transatlantic passage, bound themselves to a colonial employer for a term of service, typically between four and seven years; their migration addressed the chronic labor shortage in the colonies and facilitated settlement
436918220	headright system	employed in the tobacco colonies to encourage the importation of indentured servants, the system allowed an individual to acquire fifty acres of land if he paid for a laborer's passage to the colony
436918221	Bacon's Rebellion	uprising of virginia backcountry farmers and indentured servants led by planter nathaniel bacon; initially a response to governor william berkeley's refusal to protect backcountry settlers from indian attacks, the rebellion eventually grew into a broader conflict between impoverished settlers and the planter elite
436918222	Royal African Company	english joint-stock company that enjoyed a state-granted monopoly on the colonial slave trade from 1672 until 1698; the supply of slaves to the north american colonies rose sharply one the company lost its monopoly privileges
436918223	middle passage	transatlantic voyage slaves endures between africa and the colonies; mortality rates were notoriously high
436918224	slave codes	set of laws defining racial slavery beginning in 1662, including establishing the hereditary nature of slavery, and legally limiting the right and learning of slaves
436918225	New York slave revolt	uprising of approximately two dozen slaves that resulted in the deaths of non whites and the brutal execution of twenty-one participating blacks
436918226	South Carolina slave revolt (Stono River)	uprising, also known as the stone rebellion, of more than fifty south carolina black along the stone river; the slaves attempted to reach spanish florida but were stopped by the south carolina militia
436918227	Congregational Church	self-governing puritan congregations without the hierarchical establishment of the anglican church
436918228	jeremiad	often-fiery sermons amending the waning piety of parishioners first delivered in new england in the mid-seventeenth century; named after the doom-saying old testament prophet jeremiah
436918229	Half-Way Covenant	agreement allowing unconverted offspring of church members to baptize their children; signified a waning of religious zeal among second and third generation puritans
436918230	Salem witch trials	series of witchcraft trials launched after a group of adolescent girls in salem, massachusetts, claimed to have been bewitched by certain older women of the town; twenty individuals were put to death before the trials were put to and end by the governor of massachusetts
436918231	Leisler's Rebellion	armed conflict between aspiring merchants led by jacob leisure and the ruling elite of new york; of of many uprisings that erupted across the colonies when wealthy colonists attempted to recreate european social structures in the new world
436918232	William Berkeley	...
436918233	Nathaniel Bacon	...
436918234	Anthony Johnson	...

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