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Principles of Biology II Flashcards

Peter Melcher and Susan Swenson
Final Exam Study
Campbell Biology Chapters 23, 52, 53, 54, 55 and 56

384567786	Ecology	the scientific study of the interactions between organisms and their environment
384567787	climate	the long-term prevailing weather conditions in a given area
384567788	biosphere	the sum of all the planet's ecosystems and landscapes
384567789	global ecology	examines how the regional exchange of energy and materials influences the functioning and distribution of organisms across the biosphere
384567790	landscape	mosaic of connected ecosystems
384567791	landscape ecology	focuses on the factors controlling exchanges of energy, materials, and organisms across multiple ecosystems
384567792	ecosystem	the community of organisms in an area and the physical factors with which those organisms interact
384567793	ecosystem ecology	emphasizes energy flow and chemical cycling between organisms and the environment
384567794	community	a group of populations of different species in an area
384567795	community ecology	examines how interactions between species such as predation and competition affect community structure and organization
384567796	population	a group of individuals of the same species living in an area
384567797	population ecology	analyzes factors that affect population size and how and why it changes through time
384567798	organismal ecology	concerned with how an organism's structure, physiology, and behavior meet the challenges posed by its environment
384567799	Tropics	regions that lie between 23.5 degrees north and 23.5 degrees south
384567800	macroclimate	climate patterns on the global, regional, and landscape level
384567801	microclimate	very fine, localized climate patterns
384567802	biomes	major life zones characterized by vegetation type or by the physical environment
384567803	climograph	a plot of the annual mean temperture and precipitation in a particular region
384567804	ecotone	an area of intergradation in climate
384567805	canopy	the upper layer in a forest
384567806	disturbance	an event such as a storm, fire, or human activity that changes a community, removing organisms from it and altering resource availability.
384567807	turnover	sends oxygenated water from a lake's surface to the bottom and brings nutrient-rich water from the bottom to the surface in both spring and autumn
384567808	ogliotrophic	nutrient poor and oxygen-rich bodies of water
384567809	eutrophic	nutrient rich and oxygen depleted bodies of water
384567810	littoral zone	the shallow, well lit waters close to shore
384567811	dispersal	the movement of individuals or gametes away from their area of origin or from centers of high population density
384567812	population density	the number of individuals per unit area or volume
384567813	demography	the study of the vital statistics of populations and how they change over time
384567814	life tables	age specific summaries of the survival pattern of a population
384567815	cohort	a group of individuals of the same age
384567816	survivorship curve	a plot of the proportion or numbers in a cohort still alive at each age
384567817	reproductive table	an age specific summary of the reproductive rates in a population
384567818	carrying capacity	the maximum population size that a particular environment can sustain
384567819	logistic population growth	a model in which the per capita rate of increase approaches zero as the carrying capacity is reached
384567820	semelparity	reproduction (usually a population) in a single, "one-shot" manner
384567821	iteroparity	repeated reproduction
384567822	K-selected	populations with high density, many individuals and usually smaller sized individuals
384567823	r-selected	populations with low density, few individuals and usually larger sized individuals
384567824	density independent	a population whose birth or death rate does not change with population density
384567825	density dependent	a population whose birth or death rate changes with population density
384567826	population dynamics	population fluctuations from year to year or place to place
384567827	metapopulation	multiple local populations that become linked
384567828	demographic transition	the movement from high birth and death rates towards low birth and death rates
384567829	ecological footprint	the amount of land and water area required by each person, city or nation to produce all the resources it consumes and absorb all the waste it generates
384567830	interspecific interactions	interactions between species which include competition, predation, herbivory, symbiosis and facilitation
384567831	resource partitioning	the differentiation of niches that enables similar species to coexist in a community
384567832	character displacement	the tendency for characteristics to diverge more in sympatric that in allopatric populations of two species
384567833	cryptic coloration	camoflage
384567834	aposematic coloration	warning coloration
384567835	batesian mimicry	a palatable or harmless species mimics and unpalatable or harmful one
384567836	parasitism	+/- interations (one benefits, one is harmed)
384567837	endoparasites	parasites that feed on the external surface of a host
384567838	ectoparasites	parasites that feed on the inside of a host
384567839	mutualism	+/+ interations (both benefit)
384567840	commensalism	+/0 interactions (one benefits, other is not effected)
384567841	facilitation	a kind of mutualism or commensalism where the two species do not directly interact
384567842	species diversity	the variety of different kinds of organisms that make up the community
384567843	species richness	the number of different species in the community
384567844	relative abundance	the proportion each species represents of all individuals in the community
384567845	shannon diversity index	one way of determining the diversity of a population
384567846	energetic hypothesis	suggests that the length of a food chain is limited by the inefficiency of energy transfer along the chain
384567847	biomass	the total mass of all individuals in a population
384567848	dynamic stability hypothesis	proposes that long food chains are less stable than short chains
384567849	nonequilibrium model	describes most communities as constantly changing after being affected by a disturbance
384567850	intermediate disturbance hypothesis	states that moderate levels of disturbance foster greater species diversity than do low or high levels of disturbance
384567851	ecological succession	the process by which species are gradually replaced by other species in an area
384567852	primary succession	the first life forms to inhabit a newly formed environment
384567853	secondary succession	the second life forms to inhabit a newly formed environment
384567854	evapotransportation	the evaporation of water from soil plus the transpiration of water from plants.
384567855	species area curve	a model in which, all factors being equal, the larger the geographic area of a community, the more species it has
384567856	primary producers	the tropic level that ultimately supports all others which consists of autotrophs
384567857	primary consumers	herbivores
384567858	secondary consumers	carnivores that eat herbivores
384567859	tertiary consumers	carnivores that eat carnivores
384567860	detritivores	organisms that eat dead and decaying organic matter
384567861	detritus	dead and decaying organic matter
384567862	GPP	gross primary production
384567863	NPP	net primary production
384567864	NEP	net ecosystem production
384567865	limiting nutrient	the element that must be added for production to increase
384567866	eutrophication	the impacts of increased primary producer populations
384567867	production efficiency	the percentage of energy stored in assimilated food that is not used for respiration
384567868	turnover time	the time it takes for a generation of organisms to pass
384567869	bioremediation	using organisms, usually prokaryotes, fungi or plants, to detoxify polluted ecosystems
384567870	biological augmentation	using organisms to add essential materials to a degraded ecosystem
384567871	conservation biology	a study that integrates ecology, physiology, molecular biology, genetics and evolutionary biology to conserve biological diversity at all levels
384567872	ecosystem services	all the processes through which natural ecosystems help sustain human life
384567873	introduced species	species that have been introduced by humans either accidentally or intentionally
384567874	minimum viable population (MVP)	the estimated population size that can be sustained
384567875	extinction vortex	the vicious cycle of smaller and smaller population sizes which eventually leads to extinction
384567876	movement corridor	a narrow strip or series of small clumps of habitat connecting otherwise isolated patches of a population
384567877	zoned reserve	an extensive region that includes areas relatively undisturbed by humans surrounded by areas that have been changed by human activity
384567878	critical load	the amount of added nutrient that can be absorbed by plants without damaging the ecosystem integrity
384567879	biological magnification	the concentration of toxins in successive trophic levels
384567880	microevolution	evolution on the smallest scale
384567881	genetic variation	differences among individuals in the composition of their genes or other DNA segments
384567882	average heterozygosity	the average percentage of loci that are heterozygous
384567883	geographic variation	difference in the genetic composition of separate populations
384567884	cline	a graded change in a character along a geographic axis
384567885	gene pool	all copies of every type of allele at every locus in all members of the population
384567886	hardy-weinberg principle	states that the frequencies of alleles and genotypes in a population will remain constant from generation to generation, provided that only mendelian segregation and recombination of alleles are at work
384567887	genetic drift	the process, extreme in small populations, where allele frequencies fluctuate unpredictably from one generation to the next
384567888	founder effect	when a few individuals from a population establish a new population elsewhere who's gene pool differs from the source population
384666113	bottleneck effect	when a population encounters when a population encounters a setback which stifles the population such that when it grows back to pre-bottleneck levels, the gene pool has changed
384666114	gene flow	the transfer of alleles into or out of a population
384666115	relative fitness	the contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation relative to the contributions of other individuals
384666116	directional selection	when conditions favor individuals exhibiting one extreme of a phenotypic range, thereby shifting a population's frequency curve for the phenotypic character in one direction or the other
384666117	disruptive selection	occurs when conditions favor individuals at both extremes of a phenotypic range over individuals with intermediate phenotypes
384666118	stabilizing selection	acts against both extreme phenotypes and favors intermediate variants
384666119	sexual selection	a form of selection in which individuals with certain inherited characteristics are more likely than other individuals to obtain mates
384666120	sexual dimorphism	a difference between two sexes in secondary sexual characteristics
384666121	intrasexual selection	selection within the same sex, individuals of one sex compete directly for mates of the opposite sex
384666122	intersexual selection	individuals of one sex are choosy in selecting their mates from the other sex
384666123	neutral variation	differences in DNA sequences that do not confer a selective advantage or disadvantage
384666124	heterozygote advantage	when natural selection tends to maintain two or more alleles at that locus
384666125	frequency dependent selection	the fitness of a phenotype depends on how common it is in the population
385802007	allantois	a dispursal sac for metabolic wastes produced by the embryo
385802008	chorion	a membrane which exchanges gasses between the embryo and the air
385802009	yolk sac	a membrane which contains the yok
385802010	amnion	a membrane which protects the embryo
385802011	albumen	whites of the egg
385802012	paraphyletic	pertaining to a common ancestor and some of its descendants
385802013	monophyletic	pertaining to a common ancestor and all of its descendants
385802014	polyphyletic	pertaining to two or more ancestors but no descendants
385802015	viviparous	a type of development in which the young are born alive inside the mother after being nourished by a placenta
385802016	oviparous	a type of development in which young hatch from an egg outside of the mother
385802017	oviviparous	a type of development in which young are born alive after having hatched from an egg inside the mother

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Chapter 8 and 9 Test Vocabulary Flashcards

Biology Test #3 8 and 9 vocabulary!!!

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1007004895	Cell division	Process by which a cell divides into two new daughter cells
1007004896	Chromosomes	A single piece of coiled DNA and associated proteins found in linear forms in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells and circular forms in the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells; contains genes that encode traits. Each species has a characteristic number of chromosomes.
1007004897	Asexual Reproduction	A reproductive process that involves only one parent and produces offspring that are identical to the parent.
1007004898	Sexual Reproduction	A reproductive process that involves two parents that combine their genetic material to produce a new organism, which differs from both parents
1007004899	Binary Fission	A form of asexual reproduction in single-celled organisms by which one cell divides into two cells of the same size
1007004900	Chromatin	Complex of DNA and proteins hat makes up eukaryotic chromosomes. When the cell is not dividing, chromatin exists in its dispersed form, as a mass of very long, thin fibers
1007004901	Sister Chromatids	Replicated forms of a chromosome joined together by the centromere and eventually separated during mitosis or meiosis II.
1007004902	Centromere	Area where the chromatids of a chromosome are attached
1007004903	Cell Cycle	An ordered sequence of events in the life of a eukaryotic cell, from its origin in the division of a parent cell until its own division into two.
1007004904	Interphase	Cell grows, performs its normal functions, and prepares for division; consists of G1, S, and G2 phases
1007004905	Mitotic Phase	Cell division occurs during this short phase, which generally involves two discrete processes: the contents of the nucleus (mainly the duplicated chromosomes) are evenly distributed to two daughter nuclei, and the cytoplasm divides in two.
1007004906	Mitosis	A process of asexual reproduction in eukaryotic cells
1007004907	Cytokinesis	Division of the cytoplasm during cell division
1007004908	Prophase	Chromosomes become visable, nuclear envelop dissolves, spindle forms
1007004909	Prometaphase	The second stage of mitosis, in which discrete chromosomes consisting of identical sister chromatids appear, the nuclear envelope fragments, and the spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochores of the chromosomes.
1007004910	Metaphase	Centromeres of duplicated chromosomes are aligned at plate. Fully formed spindle attach to the sister chromatids from opposite poles
1007004911	Anaphase	Begins as the centromeres duplicate themselves allowing each one of the chromatids to separate from it's double. These separated chromatids(new chromosomes) move apart and migrate to the opposite poles of the cell
1007004912	Telophase	Cell finishes dividing, chromosomes lengthen and become thinner, nuclear membrane reappears, cytoplasm gets divided up evenly
1007004913	Mitotic Spindle	An assemblage of microtubules and associated proteins that is involved in the movements of chromosomes during mitosis.
1007004914	Centrosomes	Clouds of cytoplasmic material that in animal cells contain centrioles
1007004915	Cleavage Furrow	The first sign of cleavage in an animal cell; a shallow groove in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate.
1007004916	Cell plate	A double membrane across the midline of a dividing plant cell, between which the new cell wall forms during cytokinesis.
1007004917	Growth Factor	A protein secreted by certain body cells that stimulates other cells to divide
1007004918	Density Dependent Inhibition	The phenomenon observed in normal animal cells that causes them to stop dividing when they come into contact with one another.
1007004919	Anchorage Dependence	the requirement that to divide, a cell must be attached to a solid surface.
1007004920	Cell cycle control system	A cyclically operating set of molecules in the eukaryotic cell that both triggers and coordinates key events in the cell cycle.
1007004921	Tumor	A swelling; an abnormal cell mass resulting from excessive multiplication of cells, varying in size, shape, and color.
1007004922	Beningn Tumor	does not have potential to kill host but may be life threatening depending on location. doesnt invade adjacent tissue or spread to distant sites. many do not spread. more closely resemble original tissue type, grows slowly and has little vascularity.
1007004923	Malignant Tumor	A cancerous tumor containing cells that have significant genetic and cellular changes and are capable of invading and surviving in new sites. Malignant tumors can impair the functions of one or more organs.
1007004924	Metastasis	Is the spread of cancer from its primary site to other places in the body
1007004925	Carcinoma	Cancer of the epithelial cells such as skin, lining of the lungs, glands, lining of the digestive tract, urinary.
1007004926	Sarcoma	Cancer of the supportive tissues, such as bone, cartilage, and muscle.
1007004927	Leukemia	This is a cancer of the blood-forming organs. Bone marrow, spleen, lymph system, characterized by abnormal increase of WBCs. Most common form of cancer in children.
1007004928	Lymphoma	A group of malignant neoplasms composed of lymphocytes
1007004929	Cancer	any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division
1007004930	Gametes	A haploid cell such as an egg or sperm. Gametes unite during sexual reproduction to produce a diploid zygote.
1007004931	Zygote	Fertilized egg
1007004932	Meiosis	(genetics) cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms
1007004933	Centrioles	Are located near the nucleus and help to organize cell division.
1007004934	Microtubules	A hollow rod composed of tubulin proteins that makes up part of the cytoskeleton in all eukaryotic cells and is found in cilia and flagella.
1007004935	Kinetochore	A disc-shaped protein on the centromere that attaches the chromatid to the mitotic spindle during cell division
1007004936	Nuclear Envelope	A double membrane that encloses the nucleus, perforated with pores that regulate traffic with the cytoplasm
1007004937	Vesicles	A membranous sac in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell.
1007004938	Signal Transduction	In cell biology, a series of molecular changes that converts a signal on a target cell's surface to a specific response inside the cell
1007004939	Somatic cell	Body cells
1007004940	homologous chromosomes	Chromosomes that have the same sequence of genes, that have the same structure, and that pair during meiosis.
1007004941	Locus	A specific place along the length of a chromosome where a given gene is located.
1007004942	gene	A discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA (or RNA, in some viruses).
1007004943	Diploid number	Two sets of chromosomes (2n); the diploid number for a human cell is 46 (2x23)
1007004944	Haploid	An organism or cell having only one complete set of chromosomes
1007004945	Meiosis 1	a division during meiosis in which the homologous chromosomes are seperated into seperate cells
1007004946	Meiosis 2	-- The second division of meiosis, during which centromeres divide and the two chromatids of one chromosome become independent chromosomes.
1007004947	Metaphase Plate	An imaginary plane during metaphase in which the centromeres of all the duplicated chromosomes are located midway between the two poles
1008652699	Prophase 1	Chromosomes become visible; nuclear envelope breaks down; crossing-over occurs.
1008652700	Metaphase 1	(Step) Paired homologous chromosomes line up across the center of the cell
1008652701	Anaphase 1	Chromosomes seperate and move to diff. sides; Sister chromatids stay together
1008652702	Telophase 1	nuclei from at opposite sides of the cell and a cleavage furrow starts to form. Each cell still has duplicated chromosome. Half of tetrad.
1009449899	Genetic Recombination	General term for the production of offspring with combinations of traits that differ from those found in either parent.
1009449900	XXY (male)	Klinefelter Syndrome. Testes will be abnormally small and will have breast enlargement and other feminine characteristics.
1009449901	XYY (male)	Males with an extra Y chromosome. They appear to be taller
1009449902	XXX (female)	Females with an extra X chromosome. Can't be distinguished from other females other than by karyotype.
1009449903	XO (female)	Turner Syndrome. Females lack second X chromosome. The females are usually short and can't have babies because their sex organs are not fully developed. Only 45 chromosomes.
1009800971	Hybrid	An organism that has two different alleles for a trait
1009800972	P Generation	Parental generation, the first two individuals that mate in a genetic cross
1009800973	True breeding	If an organism has a certain characteristic that is always passed on to its offspring, we say that this organism bred true with respect to that characteristic.
1009800974	Monohydrid Cross	a cross between individuals that involves one pair of contrasting traits
1009800975	Laws of Segregation	Mendel's first law, stating that 1) organisms inherit two copies of genes, one from each parents, and 2) organisms donate only one copy o each gene in their gametes because the genes separate during gamete formation
1009800976	Law of Independent assortment	The alleles of different genes separate independently of one another during gamete formation

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Biology 1 - Chp 12 - Review - DNA & RNA Flashcards

Prentice Hall Biology 1 — Chapter 12 Review for test — DNA & RNA

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703514087	transformation	process in which one strain of bacteria changes into another one
703514088	bacteriophage	virus that infects bacteria
703514089	histone	protein that DNA wraps around in eukaryotic chromosomes
703514090	replication	process in which DNA makes a copy of itself
703514091	DNA polymerase	the principal enzyme involved in DNA replication
703514092	promoter	region of DNA that indicates to an enzyme where to bind to make RNA
703514093	introns	sections of RNA molecules that are not involved in coding for proteins
703514094	codon	three nucleotides that specify a single amino acid to be added to a polypeptide
703514095	mutation	a change in the genetic material
703514096	polyploidy	condition in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes
703514097	operon	a group of genes that operate together
703514098	differentiation	process in which cells become specialized in structure and function
703570409	A ____________ is made up of three parts: a deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.	nucleotide
703570410	The principle of ___________________ states that hydrogen bonds can form only between certain bases in DNA.	base pairing
703570411	Eukaryotic chromosomes contain both DNA and protein tightly packed together to form a substance called...	chromatin
703570412	During the process of _______________ RNA molecules are produced by copying part of the nucleotide sequence of DNA into a complementary sequence in RNA.	transcription
703570413	The enzyme that uses one strand of DNA as a template to assemble nucleotides into a strand of RNA is called...	Polymerase
703570414	After introns have been cut out of RNA molecules, the remaining pieces called __________ are spliced together.	exons
703570415	The decoding of an mRNA molecule that are complementary to one of the mRNA codons are called an ...	anticodon
703570416	When the "lac" repressor protein binds to the ______________, the "lac" operon is turned off.	operator
703570417	A series of genes, called the ______________, controls the development of organs and tissues in various parts of an embryo.	hox genes
703570418	The three main types of RNA, are...	- messenger - ribosomal - transfer
703570419	Copying part of a nucleotide sequence of DNA into a complementary sequence in RNA is called...	transcription
703570420	An enzyme that binds to DNA and separates the DNA strands during transcription is RNA __________________.	polymerase
703570421	During the process of ______________, the information carried by mRNA is used to produce proteins.	translation
703570422	Each tRNA molecule contains three unpaired bases, called the ____________, which are complementary to one mRNA codon.	anticodon
703570423	Who concluded that the genetic material of bacteriophage is DNA?	Hershey and Chase
703570424	Who concluded that DNA was the factor that caused one bacterium to transform into another?	Avery
703570425	Who concluded that bacteria could be transformed from harmless to disease-causing by an unknown factor?	Griffith
703570426	The structure of a DNA molecule can be described as a...	double helix
703570427	The structure of DNA was discovered by ____________ and _____________.	Hershey and Chase
703570428	During DNA replication, the DNA molecule _____________ into two strands.	separates
703570429	At the end of DNA replication, _________ strands of DNA have been produced, giving a total of _______ strands of DNA.	- two - four
703570430	New DNA is replicated in strands complementary to old DNA because production of new DNA follows the rules of _________________.	base pairing
703570431	Genetic information is altered when changes in the DNA sequence, called ___________, occur.	mutations
703570432	Changes in the DNA sequence of a single gene are called __________.	gene mutations
703570433	The DNA sequence of an entire chromosome is affected by a ...	nitrogen base
703570434	What causes the "lac" genes in E. coli to turn off?	A lac repressor turns off the lac genes by binding to the operator.
703570435	What causes the "lac" genes in E. coli to turn on?	the Lactose is present
703570436	Are most eukaryotic genes controlled individually or as groups?	individually
703570437	Are most Prokaryote genes controlled individually or as groups?	groups
704850517	Contrast DNA and RNA.	- RNA has ribose sugar & DNA has deoxyribose - RNA is single-stranded & DNA is double-stranded - RNA contains uracil & DNA contains thymine
704850518	Explain all types of mutations.	- Deletion: the loss of all or part of a chromosome - Duplication: A segment of a chromosome is repeated - Inversion: Part of a chromosome become oriented in the reverse of its usual direction - Translocation: Part of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another chromosome
704850519	Tell about what Hershey and Chase did and what they found out.	They used different radioactive markers to label the DNA and proteins of bacteriophages. They concluded that the genetic material of bacteriophage is DNA
704850520	Describe transcription.	Copying part of a nucleotide sequence of DNA into a complementary sequence in RNA
704850521	Describe translation.	Process where the information carried by mRNA is used to produce proteins.
704850522	What are the three types of RNA and their functions.	- Messenger RNA: Carries copies of the instructions for assembling amino acids from DNA to the rest of the cell. - Ribosomal RNA: is a part of ribosomes - Transfer RNA: Transfers each amino acid to the ribosome to help assemble proteins.

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CLEP Biology Chemistry of Biology Flashcards

Study items for Chemistry of Biology on the clep exam.

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149110244	atoms	The building blocks of all matter.	0
149110245	properties of matter	results of the structure of atoms and their interactions with each other.	1
149110246	element	A substance that can't be broken down into any other substance. The simplest form of an element is an atom.	2
149110247	Protons	Positive charged particles in the nucleus of an atom.	3
149110248	Neutron	Neutral charged particles in the nucleus of an atom.	4
149110249	electrons	Negative charged particles of an atom. They orbit the nucleus. They have much less mass than protons and neutrons.	5
149110250	Nucleus	Center of an atom. The number of protons in the nucleus is the same as the atomic number on the periodic table of elements.	6
149110251	Uncharged atom	An atom that has the same number of protons and electrons.	7
149110252	Electron cloud	Also referred to as the electron shell and orbital. It is the 3 dimensional space that electron orbit the nucleus.	8
149110253	Energy level	The amount of energy in a electron cloud. The weakest level is the shell closest to the nucleus. As the shell gets stronger more electrons may fill it. Electron fill the shell closest to the nucleus.	9
149110254	Valence shell	The last shell of the electron cloud. Atoms are more stable when this shell is full.	10
149110255	Covalent bond	a chemical bond between atoms when they share electrons between their valence shells. These are the strongest chemical bonds.	11
149110256	What is the strongest chemical bond?	A Covalent bond.	12
149110257	molecule	two or more atoms held together by a covalent bond.	13
149110258	compound	When two or more atoms form a unique substance via a chemical bond. Water is an example.	14
149110259	ion	A charged atom. More protons that electrons makes a positive ion and more electrons than protons makes a negative ion.	15
149110260	ionic bond	When positive and negative ions are attracted to each other. Weaker than a covalent bond. Table salt is an ionic bond.	16
149110261	polar molecules	molecules that have regions of a partial charge. Water molecules have a positive hydrogen charge.	17
149110262	Hydrogen bond	The force of attraction between water molecules that hold them together . A weak chemical bond.	18
149110263	Chemical reaction	When two or more molecules react with each other to form one or more moleculte types.	19
149110264	Reactants	The reacting molecules of a chemical reaction.	20
149110265	Products (Chemical Reaction)	The result of a chemical reaction.	21
149110266	Decomposition (Chemical reaction)	In a chemical reaction when a compound breaks down into components	22
149110267	Combination (Chemical reaction)	When compounds combine.	23
149110268	Replacement	When a compund breaks apart and forms a new compund with a free reactant.	24
149110269	Endothermic reaction	A reaction that requires energy	25
149110270	Exothermic reaction	A reaction that produces energy	26
149110271	First law of thermodynamics	That matter and energy is neither created nor destroyed.	27
149110272	Second law of thermodynamic	All reaction spread energy which tend to diminish it's availability.	28
149110273	A compund that is able to dissolve many types of organic and inorganic compunds	Water.	29
149110274	acid	A chemical that donates protons when dissolved in water. Below 7 on the pH scale	30
149110275	base	A chemical that accepts protons when dissolved in water. Above 7 on the pH scale.	31
149110276	Neutralize each other when combined in water.	Acids and bases. When combined in water they produce water and a salt (ionic compound)	32
149110277	Organic compounds	compounds that contain carbon.	33
149110278	Organic molecules	contain hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosporus, and some metal ions.	34
149118089	Carbohydrates	Made of Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. The Ratio of H and O is always 2:1. Just like water.	35
149118090	Sugar	A type of carbohydrate	36
149118091	Starch	A type of carbohydrate	37
149118092	monosaccharide	The basic sugar unit.	38
149118093	hexo monosaccharide	six carbon sugars. The most commone monosaccharide. They are usually ring shaped.	39
149118094	disaccharide	When two monosaccharide units form together. Glucose and fructose make table sugar. A water molecule is liberated when one is formed.	40
149118095	trisaccharide	When threee monosaccharide's combine.	41
149118096	polysaccharide	When four or more monosaccharide's combine.	42
149118097	Starches	A polysaccharide. Plant's store starches in their cell's for future energy. Also used for structure in a plant's cell. The most common is cellulose	43
149118098	Cellulose	Most common starch in a plant cell. It is a long chain of water insoluable polysaccharides	44
149118099	Glycogen.	A polysaccharide made of joined glucose units. Used by many animals for short term energy. Found in muscle and liver tissue.	45
149118100	lipids	Organic compound made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Ratio of H to O is alway greater than 2:1. Includes waxes, steroids, phospholipids, and fats.	46
149118101	phospholipids	form components of cel membranes.	47
149118102	waxes.	provide a moisture barrier.	48
149118103	Fats	long term energy storage.	49
149118104	proteins	In every living cell. Large chains of amino acids.	50
149118105	monomer	a single amino acid	51
149118106	polymers	connected monomers (Amino Acids).	52
149118107	Amino Acids	Contain Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur and phospoirus. 20 common amino acids that make thousands of different proteins.	53
149118108	peptide bonds	The bond that holds monmers together to form polymers.	54
149118109	polypeptide	Another name for proteins. Nameds this because of the peptide bonds that monomers use to connect together.	55
149118110	Enzymes	A special protein. It functions as a catalyst for reactions	56
149118111	Catalyst	A substance that changes the speed of a reaction. The catalyst is not affected at all during this reaction. All catalyst end in -ase.	57
149118112	-ase (Ending of compound)	This is a catlyst. All catalysts end with this.	58
149118113	Nucleic Acids	DNA and RNA. These are polymers (proteins)	59
149118114	DNA	Deoxyribonucleic acid. Two strands that pair up via a hydrogen bond. They form a double helix shape.	60
149118115	RNA	ribonucleic acid. Generally a single strand	61
149118116	nucleotides	monomers that form nucleic acids. Each one has a sugar group and a phosphate group with a nitrogen base.	62
149118117	deoxyribose	sugare molecule in DNA	63
149118118	ribose	sugar molecule in RNA	64
149118119	Watson Crick model	The double helix model of DNA.	65

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Honors Biology Review Terms Flashcards

Ms. Rankin, Honors Biology.

Episcopal School of Jacksonville, 2012-2013.

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781578499	Genetic Information	Information in DNA that tells a cell how to function.
781578500	Chromosome	Pieces of DNA in the nucleus of a cell.
781578501	DNA Replication	DNA is copied in preparation for cell division.
781578502	Double Helix	Shape of DNA.
781578503	DNA Polymerase	Enzyme that lines up corresponding nucleotides on the strand of DNA.
781578504	Somatic Cells	Bodily cells (non-sex cells).
781578505	Homologous Pairs	Two nearly identical chromosomes - each from one parent.
781578506	Diploid Cell	A cell that has two sets of chromosomes.
781578507	Ribose	Sugar contained in RNA.
781578508	Uracil	Nucleotide unique to RNA.
781578509	Transcription	The process of copying DNA information onto RNA.
781578510	RNA Polymerase	Enzyme that creates a complimentary strand of RNA off a strand of DNA.
781578511	mRNA	RNA that carries information from DNA to the ribosomes.
781578512	rRNA	RNA that interacts with ribosomes so protein synthesis can occur.
781578513	tRNA	RNA that carries amino acids during protein synthesis.
781578514	Translation	The process otherwise known as protein synthesis.
781578515	Codon	A series of three nucleotides.
781578516	Anticodon	Region on tRNA that pairs with mRNA codons during protein synthesis.
781578517	Ribosome	Organelle that synthesizes protein.
781578518	Interphase	The longest phase of the cell cycle.
781578519	S-phase	Portion of interphase during which DNA is replicated.
781578520	Centromere	The place at which two chromatids are attached to each other to form a chromosome.
781578521	Chromosome	One centromere connecting two chromatids.
781578522	Prophase	Centrioles migrate to poles. Mitotic spindle is formed. Chromosomes condense. Nuclear membrane begins to break up.
781578523	Metaphase	Chromosomes line up on the center of the cell.
781578524	Metaphase Plate	Equator of the cell. This is where chromosomes line up during cell division.
781578525	Anaphase	Centromeres are split. Chromatids are separated and move toward separate sides of the cell.
781578526	Telophase	Cleavage furrow is present. Membrane begins to split.
781578527	Cytokinesis	Cytoplasmic division.
781578528	Zygote	Cell formed from an egg and sperm.
781578529	Tetrad	Two chromosomes, four chromatids.
781578530	Gametes	Sex cells.
781578531	Haploid Cell	Cell that has only one set of chromosomes.
781578532	Crossing Over	The time at which segments on chromosomes are exchanged. Takes place during Prophase I.
781578533	Phenotype	A physical trait of an organism.
781578534	Allele	A gene that expresses a certain trait.
781578535	Homozygous	A pair of alleles that agree on how a trait will be expressed.
781578536	Heterozygous	A pair of alleles that do not agree on how a trait will be expressed.
781578537	Codominance	Expressed when multiple alleles are expressed by a mixture of the two.
781578538	Genotype	The genetic type of an organism.
781578539	Autosomes	Non-sex chromosomes (not the X and Y chromosomes).
781578540	Sex Chromosomes	Chromosomes that determine whether an organism is male or female.
781578541	Law of Dominance	Law that states that a trait will be dominant and, if placed with a recessive trait, will be expressed.
781578542	Law of Segregation	Law that states that alleles separate and recombine during fertilization.
781578543	Law of Independent Assortment	Law that states that traits will not only segregate, but will do so randomly.
781578544	Monohybrid Cross	A cross in which only one trait is being studied.
781578545	Dihybrid Cross	A cross in which two separate traits are being studied at the same time.
781578546	Sex-linked Traits	Traits whose alleles are carried on one of the sex chromosomes.
781578547	X-linked Traits	Traits whose alleles are carried on the X chromosome. X-linked conditions are more common in men.
781578548	Hemophilia	A condition in which blood does not clot. Can result in bleeding out and death.
781578549	Carrier	An organism that carries, but does not display, a certain trait.
781578550	Pedigree	A chart that shows the presence of a particular phenotype in a given family over two or more generations.

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Science of Life, The Flashcards

Honors
Unit 1: Foundations of Biology
Chapter 1: The Science of Life
Section 1: The World of Biology
Section 2: Themes in Biology
Section 3: The Study of Biology
Section 4: Tools and Techniques

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473852603	biology	the scientific study of living organisms and their interactions with the environment
473852604	organization	the high degree of order within an organism's internal and external parts and in its interactions with the living world
473852605	cell	in biology, the smallest unit that can perform all life processes; cells are covered by a membrane and contain DNA and cytoplasm
473852606	unicellular	describes an organism that consists of a single cell
473852607	multicellular	describes a tissue, organ, or organism that is made of many cells
473852608	organ	a collection of tissues that carry out a specialized function of the body
473852609	tissue	a group of similar cells that perform a common function
473852610	organelle	one of the small bodies that are found in the cytoplasm of a cell and that are specialized to perform a specific function
473852611	biological molecule	chemical compound that provides physical structure and brings about movement, energy use, and other cellular functions
473852612	homeostasis	the maintenance of a constant internal state in a changing environment; a constant internal state that is maintained in a changing environment by continually making adjustments to the internal and external environment
473852613	metabolism	the sum of all chemical processes that occur in an organism
473852614	cell division	the formation of two cells from one existing cell
473852615	development	the process by which an organism grows
473852616	reproduction	the process of producing offspring
473852617	gene	the most basic physical unit of heredity; a segment of nucleic acids that codes for a functional unit of RNA and/or a protein
481747500	domain	in a taxonomic system based on rRNA analysis, one of the three broad groups that all living things fall into
481747501	kingdom	the highest taxonomic category, which contains a group of similar phyla
481747502	ecology	the study of the interactions of living organisms with one another and with their environment
481747503	ecosystem	a community of organisms and their abiotic environment
481747504	evolution	generally, in biology, the process of change by which new species develop from preexisting species over time; at the genetic level, the process in which inherited characteristics within populations change over time; the process defined by Darwin as "descent with modification"
481747505	natural selection	the process by which individuals that are better adapted to their environment survive and reproduce more successfully than less well adapted individuals do; a theory to explain the mechanism of evolution
481747506	adaptation	the process of becoming adapted to an environment; an anatomical, physiological, or behavioral change that improves a population's ability to survive
481747507	scientific method	a series of steps followed to solve problems, including collecting data, formulating a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, and stating conclusions
481747508	observation	the process of obtaining information by using the senses; the information obtained by using the senses
481747509	hypothesis	a testable idea or explanation that leads to scientific investigation
481747510	prediction	a statement made in advance that expresses the results that will be obtained from testing a hypothesis if the hypothesis is supported; the expected outcome if a hypothesis is accurate
481747511	experiment	a procedure that is carried out under controlled conditions to discover, demonstrate, or test a fact, theory, or general truth
481747512	control group	in an experiment, a group that serves as a standard of comparison with another group to which the control group is identical except for one factor
481747513	experimental group	in an experiment, a group that is identical to a control group except for one factor and that is compared with the control group
481747514	independent variable	in an experiment, the factor that is deliberately manipulated
481747515	dependent variable	in an experiment, the factor that changes as a result of manipulation of one or more other factors (the independent variables)
481747516	theory	a system of ideas that explains many related observations and is supported by a large body of evidence acquired through scientific investigation
481747517	peer review	the process in which experts in a given field examine the results and conclusions of a scientist's study before that study is accepted for publication
481752470	compound light microscope	an instrument that magnifies small objects so that they can be seen easily by using two or more lenses, one lens to magnify the object and the other lens to magnify the first lens's image
481752471	eyepiece	the part of a compound light microscope that magnifies an image, usually 10 times, also called an ocular lens
481752472	objective lense	the part of a compound light microscope that is located directly above the specimen and that magnifies the image of the specimen
481752473	stage	a platform of a compound light microscope that supports the slide holding the specimen
481752474	magnification	the increase of an object's apparent size by using lenses or mirrors
481752475	nosepiece	the part of a compound light microscope that holds the objective lenses in place above the specimen
481752476	resolution	in microscopes, the ability to form images with fine detail
481752477	scanning electron microscope	a microscope that produces an enlarged, three-dimensional image of an object by using a beam of electrons rather than light
481752478	transmission electron microscope	a microscope that transmits a beam of electrons through a very thin slice of specimen and that can magnify up to 200,000 times (abbreviation, TEM)
481752479	metric system	a decimal-based standard system of measurement that is used by scientists; similar to the Systeme Internationale (abbreviation, SI)
481752480	base unit	one of the fundamental units of measurement that describes length, mass, time, and other quantities and from which other units are derived

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Chapter 24: The Industry Comes of Age Flashcards

Industry Comes of Age, 1865-1900

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1081473618	federal land grants	During industrialization in America, the transcontinental railroads served as major contributing factors in advancing America's economical development. Congress encouraged railroad expansion by giving 20 square miles of land for each mile of railroad track laid. Irish immigrants provided most of the labor for the Union Pacific Railroad. While the Central Pacific Railroad's force was made up of predominantly Chinese immigrant workers. Hundreds died in explosions and many more died fending off Indian obstruction. The transcontinental line was completed when the two railroads met int Utah in 1869.
1081473619	Great Northern Railroad	The Great Northern, ran from Duluth to Seattle and was created by James J. Hill. In comparison to the other railroads, the Great Northern Railroad received no generous grant of land from the federal government. Sig: How the federal gov generously gave land to other railroads -> James J. Hill
1081473620	"stock watering"	Railroads were not safe from corruption. Jay Gould and other manipulators would use "stock watering", the process of exaggerating claims about a railroad's profitablilty to sell stocks/bonds higher than actual value.
1081473621	J.P. Morgan	J. P. Morgan's financed the reorganization of railroads, insurance companies, and banks. In 1900, Carnegie was eager to sell his holdings of his company. At that time, Morgan was starting to manufacture steel pipe tubing. Carnegie threatened to ruin his rival (Morgan) by invading the same business if Morgan did not buy him out. Finally Morgan agreed to buy out Carnegie for $400 million. Morgan expanded his industrial empire and created the United States Steel Corporation in 1901. It was America's first billion-dollar corporation. Carnegie dedicated the rest of his life to donating the rest of his money to charities.
1081473622	"vertical integration"	Carnegie used the tactic of "vertical integration" to combine all phases of manufacturing into one organization. He and his business controlled every aspect of production, from mining to marketing. His goal was to improve efficiency.
1081473623	"horizontal integration"	When former competitors were brought under a single corporate umbrella.(It was all owned by one company). So basically Standard Oil borrowed credibility of Rockefeller. (Corporate umbrellas help promote a new product/company.) Since they were the same corporation they had a monopoly so Standard Oil's profits soared and so did Rockefeller's. SIG: Standard Oil, Rockefeller, monopoly,
1081473624	Sherman Anti-Trust Act	it gave the government the power to control monopolistic corporations in the event that those corporations were using their position of power unfairly.
1081473625	National Labor Union	it paved the way for other organizations, such as the Knights of Labor and the AFL (American Federation of Labor). It was led by William H. Sylvis. The National Labor Union followed the unsuccessful efforts of labor activists to form a national coalition of local trade unions
1081473626	Union Pacific Railroad	It was a railraod comisseioned by Congress to push west from Omaha, Neb. For each mile of track, the company was granted 20 squared miles of land and a generous federal loan. Insiders of the Credit Mobiler company that were building this railroad subpayed themselves and bribed members of Congress to look the other way. The people that worked on the rail raod were Irish "Paddies". Sig: Comparison to Pacific Railroad.
1081473627	Cornelius Vanderbilt	Back east where railroads were already built, improvements were still being made. Vanderbilt replaced the old iron track of N.Y. Central with steel and offered superior railway service at low rates. Sig: Railroads and industry were still being improved even after they were built <-> Other inventions (Standard track, air brakes...)
1081473628	ICC	Created by the Interstate Commerce Act to outlaw rebates (Given to large companies to ensure traffic) and pools (an agreement to divide business in an area, and share profit). The Act required rates to be openly published for railraods, forbade discrimination on rates. The Interstate Commerce Commission was established to enforce system. It was the first large-scale attempt by Washington to regulate business in the interest of society
1081473629	Alexander G. Bell	Alexander G. Bell creates the telephone, which not only made America a gigantic communications network, but also the starting point of bring women to industry. At first boys used the switchboards, but people were disgusted at their usage of profanity, and women eventually replaced them. Both the type writer and the switchboard gave women a women a job, but the wages were pitifully poor
1081473630	Andrew Carnegie	Used "vertical integration" to expand company to each step of the process. Bought businesses in process to eliminate middleman's fee and controlled efficiency, reliability, and quality of his products. He eventually sells his steel company to J.P Morgan and retires.
1081473631	trust	Rockefeller used "trust" to gain his power with his Standard Oil Company. Trust is defined as a large scale business combination. Other trusts besides oil developed, such as tobacco or sugar. States tried to control trusts, but were stopped by Congress. Finally, Congress passes the Sherman Anti-Trust Act to forbade it, but it initially stopped labor unions.
1081473632	Knights of Labor	The second national labor union following the National Labor Union. Started by Terence V. Powderly in1869 as a secret society. (To avoid attention of employers.) Went public in 1881. Powderly had a couple of reforms (1) worker cooperatives "to make each man his own employer," (2) abolition of child labor (3) abolition of trusts and monopolies. The Knights of Labor grew rapidly in the early 1880 but declined just as rapidly when violence of the Haymarket riot in Chicago in 1886 turned public opinion against the union. SIG: Haymarket, Terence V. Powderly, labor union, trusts.
1081473633	Terence V. Powderly	Powderly led the Knights of labor, a labor union. Unlike the National Labor Union and the American Federation of Labor, The Knights of Labor accepted all workers regardless of race or sex, and campaigned for health, safety codes, and 8 hour work days. Sig: Comparison to N.L.U and A.F.L
1081473634	Central Pacific RR	is the former name of the railroad network built between California and Utah, USA that formed part of the "First Transcontinental Railroad". During 19th century national proposals to build a transcontinental railroad failed because of the energy consumed by political disputes over slavery. With the secession of the South, the modernizers in the Republican Party controlled the US Congress. They passed legislation authorizing the railroad, with financing in the form of government railroad bonds. The government and the railroads both shared in the increased value of the land grants, which the railroads developed. The construction of the railroad also secured for the government the economical "safe and speedy transportation of the mails, troops, munitions of war, and public stores."
1081473635	time zones	Times zones were established for railroad operators to keep schedule and avoiding wrecks. At this time, most people used their own time based off the position of the sun. The U.S was split into four time zones for specifically the railroads, but was eventually adopted. Sig: Improvements because of railroads
1081473636	Wabash Case	State legislatures tried to regular the monopolizing practices of the railroad corparations. Congress said that individual states had no power to regulate interstate trade.
1081473637	Thomas A. Edison	Makes the light bulb, allows for work at night. Less hours of sleep, changed people's perspective.
1081473638	John D. Rockefeller	Used "vertical integration" and "trust" to establish a monopoly in the oil industry. Rockefeller would force a competitor out of business or buy them out. Rockefeller had the thought that God gave him his money.
1081473639	"Gospel of Wealth"	is an article written by Andrew Carnegie in 1889 that describes the responsibility of philanthropy by the new upper class of self-made rich. Carnegie proposed that the best way of dealing with the new phenomenon of wealth inequality was for the wealthy to redistribute their surplus means in a responsible and thoughtful manner
1081473640	AF of L	The American Federation of Labor, (AF of L) founded in 1886, concentrated on attaining practical economic goals. Samuel Gompers led the union from 1886 to 1924. He told "skilled" workers skilled workers to walk out until the employer agreed to negotiate a new contract through collective bargaining. By 1901 AF of L was the largest union. SIG: labor union
1081473641	Haymarket Square	Do the vocabulary free loaders

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Colonies Flashcards

This is about traits of the New England, Southern, and Middle Colonies in America. It also includes important events and dates in colonial times as well as key locations and vocabulary. In addition, it will have the locations of the 13 colonies.

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984366028	Rocky soil, cold climate, long winters	NE (New England Colonies)
984366029	Mild climate, fertile soil	M (Middle Colonies)
984366030	Warm climate, very fertile soil	S (Southern Colonies)
984366031	Shortest growing season	NE (New England Colonies)
984366032	Longest growing season	S (Southern Colonies)
984366033	Region with the most slaves	S (Southern Colonies)
984366034	Region with the fewest slaves	NE (New England)
984366035	Many plantations that required many slaves	S (Southern Colonies)
984366036	Many small farms (so, slavery isn't important)	NE (New England)
984366037	Traded mainly with England and the Caribbean	NE (New England)
984366038	Traded mainly with only England	S (Southern Colonies)
984366039	Traded with England and the other colonies	M (Middle Colonies)
984366040	Puritans	NE (New England Colonies)
984366041	Home of Roger Williams	NE (New England Colonies)
984366042	"Bread basket" of colonies (exported/grew lots of wheat)	M (Middle Colonies)
984366043	Town meetings were very important	NE (New England Colonies)
984366044	Exported fish, fur, and rum	NE (New England Colonies)
984366045	Successful nautical work/ shipbuilding	NE (New England Colonies)
984366046	Lumber was important	NE (New England Colonies)
984366047	Most religious tolerance	M (Middle Colonies)
984366048	Agriculture was VERY important	S (Southern Colonies)
984366049	Successful businesses and craftspeople	M (Middle Colonies)
984366050	Many large cities, most diverse culture and customs, most cosmopolitan	M (Middle Colonies)
984366051	Biggest colonies (in terms of geographical size)	S (Southern Colonies)
984366052	Home of William Penn	M (Middle Colonies)
984366053	Cash crops such as: tobacco, rice, and indigo	S (Southern Colonies)
984366054	When did the first English Colonial period in America begin (hint: Think Jamestown)?	1607
984366055	When was Plymouth founded?	1620
984366056	When was New York City founded?	1664
984366057	When was the Salem Witch Trials?	1692
984366058	When was the French and Indian War?	1754- 1763
984366059	When was the American Revolution?	1775- 1783
984366060	Lack of fresh water, starvation, uncomfortable heat, hostile natives, saltwater poisoning, inexperienced workers, death of leaders, threat of Spanish spies, sickness, and dangerous weapons	Problems that the Jamestown settlers faced
984366061	New York	M (Middle Colonies)
984366062	Pennsylvania	M (Middle Colonies)
984366063	Delaware	M (Middle Colonies)
984366064	New Jersey	M (Middle Colonies)
984366065	Massachusetts	NE (New England Colonies)
984366066	Connecticut	NE (New England Colonies)
984366067	Rhode Island	NE (New England Colonies)
984366068	New Hampshire	NE (New England Colonies)
984366069	Virginia	S (Southern Colonies)
984366070	Georgia	S (Southern Colonies)
984366071	North Carolina	S (Southern Colonies)
984366072	South Carolina	S (Southern Colonies)
984366073	Maryland	S (Southern Colonies)
984366074	Differences between the French and English colonies	French invested in fur, English colonized
984366075	What were the four (4) main reasons for English colonists to come to the New World?	Political freedom, religious tolerance, economic opportunity, and land
984366076	To respect other beliefs, practices, or traits of others	Tolerance
984366077	To disrespect others beliefs, practices, and traits	Intolerance
984366078	An irrational belief; a belief, practice, or rite held in spite of evidence to the contrary, resulting from ignorance of the laws of nature of from faith in magic, chance, and fate	Superstition
984366079	A group of people who leave their native country to form in a new land a settlement subject to, or connected with, the parent nation	Colony
984366080	To have variety and diversity of culture	Ethnic Diversity
984366081	A group of strict, religious people who lived in the New England Colonies and strove to be the "perfect society"	Puritans
984366082	Crops that are grown to be sold	Cash crops
984366083	Worldly and diverse	Cosmopolitan
984366084	Hatred or intolerance of another race or other races	Racism
984366085	A group of colonists who settled at Plymouth	Pilgrims
984366086	Farming for economic purposes	Agriculture
984366087	Large farms that typically grew cash crops	Plantations
984366088	Someone who gives years in service in exchange for passage to America	Indentured servant
984366089	Someone who is working for a skilled craftsman/master for a number of years in order to learn that person's skill	Apprentice
984366090	A series of mountain ranges in North America, spreading all over Eastern America	Appalachian Mountains
984366091	A system of government where the leaders (government officials) are Church officials who lead in the name of God	Theocracy
984366092	A person who plants	Planter
984366093	A plant that can be made into blue dye	Indigo
984366094	"Green Gold"	Tobacco
984366095	A man from New England who believed in fair rights for Native Americans, religious toleration, the of religion in state, and the founder of Rhode Island	Roger Williams
984366096	Person who lives in the colonies of a "mother country"	Colonist
984366097	To establish a colony	Colonize
984366098	The idea/concept that a nation success depends on being wealthy. The concept is also about using successful colonies to increase wealth	Mercantilism
984366099	The country from which colonists came from and are still a part of	"Mother Country"
984366100	Occupation/trades that required specialized skills and talents	Crafts

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GAP AP USH Exam Prep 2 Flashcards

Barron's AP US History, partial list

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757807143	Christopher Columbus	-Italian-born navigator who found fame when he landed in the Americas (October 12, 1942) -Set sail on behalf of Spain with three ships: The Nina, The Pinta, and his flagship, The Santa Maria -Originally, he had sailed west across the Atlantic Ocean to find a water route to Asia -Columbus was convinced that he had found the waterway and that the Americas were actually an extension of China -Returned from his expedition with gold, encouraging future exploration
757807144	Amerigo Vespucci	-Italian member of a Portuguese expedition -Explored South America -Discovery suggested that the expedition had discovered a "New World" -After an account of Vespucci's 1497 expedition was published, a cartographer mistakenly thought that Vespucci had led the expedition and had landed in the New World before Christopher Columbus; the cartographer named the continent America
757807145	Treaty of Tordesillas	-1493 -commitment between Spain and Portugal -created a Papal line of Demarcation, which divided the New World: east of the line for Portugal and west of it for Spain -Portugal also recieved the easternmost part of what is currently Brazil, when it "discovered" the land in 1500 -Later, the Papal line affected colonization in Africa and Asia
757807146	New Spain	-Spain's tightly controlled empire in the New World -Mainly located in North and Central America, including the Caribbean and Spanish East Indies -To deal with labor shortages, the Spaniards developed a system of large manors (encomiendas) using Native American slaves under conquistadors -Wih the death of Native American slaves, Spaniards began importing African slaves to supply their labor needs
757807147	Mercantilism	-Prevailing economic philosophy of the 1600s that held that colonies existed to serve their mother country -Founded on the belief that the world's wealth was sharply limited and, therefore, one nation's gain was another nation's loss -Each nation's goal was to export more than it imported in a favorable balance of trade; the difference would be made up in their possession of gold and silver, which would make the nation strong both economically and militarily -Mercantilists believed economic activity should be regulated by the government
757807148	Queen Elizabeth I	1533-1603 -Protestant successor to Queen Mary (England) -Popular leader and the first woman to successfully hold the throne -Invested in English raids on the Spanish New World; Spain responded with the Spanish Armada -Established Protestantism in England and encouraged english business
757807149	The Spanish Armada	-1588 -Fleet established by King Phillip II of Spain to invade England -The Armada was defeated by the skill of British military leaders and by rough seas during the assault -England's victory over Spanish forces was one of the great achievements of Queen Elizabeth I, as it established England as an emerging sea power -Its defeat helped bring about the decline of the Spanish empire
757807150	Charter Colony	-Type of colony in the New World -Colonists were essentially members of a corporation, and electors among the colonists controlled the government based on an agreed-upon charter
757807151	Royal Colony	-Type of colony in the New World -had a governor selected by England's king; the governor served in the leadership role and chose additional, lower-ranking officers
757807152	Proprietary Colony	-Type of colony in the New World -owned by individuals with direct responsibility to the king; each proprietor selected a governor, who served as the authority figure for the colony
757807153	English Puritanism	-Movement by those who wished to reform the Church of England to be more in line with their ideology -Though King Henry VIII had set out to separate his own Church of England from papal authority, many Roman Catholic traditions and practices remained -Puritans rejected these Roman Catholic holdovers and sought to make the English Chuch "pure" -Puritans held Calvinist beliefs, such as predestination and the authority of Scripture over papal authority -Puritanism echoes throughout American culture in the ideas of self-reliance, moral fortitude, and an emphasis on intellectualism
757807154	Joint-Stock Company	-A type of businss structure used by some colonial explorers to raise money for their expeditions -These private trading companies sold shares to investors who provided start-up funding -In return for taking on the risk of the investment, investors were paid based on the profits of the expedition -Many modern business structures, such as the American corporation, are founded on principles of this business structure
757807155	Dutch West India Company	-The joint-stock company that ran the colonies in Fort Orange and in New Amsterdam, which later became New York -Carried on a profitable fur trade with the Native American Iriquois -Instituted the patroon system
757807156	Patroon System	-large states were given to wealthy men who transported at least 50 families to New Netherland to tend the land -few seized the opportunity
757807157	Sir Walter Raleigh	-Selected Roanoke Island as the site for the first English settlement -Returned to England to secure additional supplies, but he found the colony deserted upon his return; it is not known what became of the Roanoke settlers -Raleigh abandoned his attempts to colonize Virginia after the failure at Roanoke -Held back by a lack of financial resources and the war with Spain, English colonization in America was impeded for fifteen years
757807158	St. Augustine, Florida	-French Protestants (Huguenots) went to the New World to freely practice their religion, and they formed a colony near modern-day St. Augustine, Florida -Spain, which oversaw Florida, reacted violently to the Huguenots because they were trespassers and because they were viewed as heretics by the Catholic Church -Spain sent a force to the settlement and massacred the fort's inhabitants -The settlement at St. Augustine, Florida is considered to be the first permanent European settlement in what would become the United States
757807159	Jamestown	-Named for James I (1566-1625), Queen Elizabeth's successor in England -James I granted charters for charter colonies in the New World -In 1607, the Virginia Company of London settled Jamestown, the first permanent English settlement -Swampy location led to disease and contaminated water source -Despite its location and hostile relations with Native Americans, John Smith's harsh, charismatic leadership of the colony helped keep it from collapsing -In 1619, African slaves arrived at Jamestown, becoming the first group of slaves to reach a British settlement
757807160	Starving Time	-1609-1610 -A period of starvation endured by teh Jamestown colonists -The colonists depended on trade with the local Native Americans for their food supplies -A series of conflicts between the colonists and the Native Americans limited the colonists' ability to trade for supplies and farm their own food -A large number of colonists died and others tried to flee to England; however, boats arriving with supplies from England intercepted the colonists and forced them to return to Jamestown -Additional support from England, the development of new industries, and the creation of new trade partnerships helped ensure the settlement's long-term survival
757807161	Indentured Servitude	-Poor workers, convicted criminals, and debtors received immigration passage and fees in return for a number of years at labor on behalf of a planter or company -servants entered into their contracts voluntarily and kept some legal rights -However, servants had little control over the conditions of their work and living arrangements, and the system led to harsh and brutal treatment -It remained the predominant system of labor until the 1670s; Bacon's Rebellion made the practice seem more risky to planters and owners, and improving economic conditions in England decreased the supply of servants -Many owners relied on slave labor instead
757807162	John Rolfe	-1585-1622 -English colonist in Jamestown, Virginia -Married Pocahantas -Created process for curing tobacco, ensuring economic success for Jamestown
757807163	House of Burgesses	-1619 -Representative assembly in Virginia -Election to a seat was limited to voting members of the charter colony, which at first was all free men; later rules required that a man own at least fifty acres of land to vote -First representative house in America -Instituted the private ownership of land but maintained the rights of colonists
757807164	Headright System	-System used by the Virginia Company to attract colonists -It promised them parcels of land (roughly fifty acres) to immigrate to America -Also gave nearly fifty acres for each servant that a colonist brought, allowing the wealthy to obtain large tracts of land -The system solidified the use of indentured servitude for the time being
757807165	Separatists	-Puritans who believed the Church of England was beyond saving and that they must break away from it -One group that suffered harrassment from the government fled to Holland and then to America -members of this group traveled on the Mayflower and became known as the Piglrims, a term used for voyagers seeking to fulfill a religious mission
757807166	Plymouth	-The Mayflower set sail from Plymouth, England, in September 1620 and landed in Provincetown Harbor, settling in what became Plymouth, Massachusetts -Before landing in the New World, the Pilgrims formed the Mayflower Compact, which provided for a government guided by teh majority -William Bradford (1590-1657) served as the Plymouth Colony's first governor
757807167	Massachussetts Bay Company	-1629 -joint-stock company chartered by a group of Puritans escaping King James I -led by John Winthrop, who taught that the new colony should be a model of Christian society -These Puritans carefully organized their venture and, upon arriving in Mass., did not undergo the "starving time" that had often plagued other first-year colonies -The government of Mass. developed to include a governor and a representative assembly
757807168	Delaware	-1631 Dutch patroons established the first settlement in Delaware -that settlement was destroyed by Native American attacks -The Dutch West India Company and Dutchmen, including Peter Minuit, began to trade and settle in Delaware during the mid-to-late 1630s -Between 1664 and 1674, Delaware switched between Dutch and English ownership, wnding with English ownership in 1674
757807169	Maryland	-1632 became the first proprietary colony to serve as a refuge for English Catholics George Calvert (Lord Baltimore) applied for the charter to create the Province of Maryland -Calvert's son, Caecilius, helped establish a representative assembly -Marylan passed its Act of Toleration in 1649, guaranteeing religious freedom to all Christians in the colony; this set an important precedent for later characterization of the United States and the Constitution
757807170	Anne Hutchinson	-claimed to have had sepcial revelations from God that superseded the Bible, contrary to Puritan doctrine -the leadership of New England accused her of antimonian teachings -tried and banished form Massachussetts Bay Colony -with her followers, she founded Portsmouth in the Aquidneck region (1638) in what is now known as Rhode Island
757807171	Antimonianism	-the belief that salvation os attained through faith and divine grace and not through strict adherence to rules or moreal laws
757807172	Roger Williams	-1603 to 1683 -Puritan preacher who fled Massachussetts after his views on religious observance became too extreme for the colonists -Williams bought land from the Native Americans and founded Providence in 1636, and it was soon populated by many of his followers
757807173	Rhode Island	-formed in 1644 as a combination of Providence, Portsmouth, and other settlements that had sprung up in the area -through Roger Williams, the colony granted complete religious toleration -tended to be populated by exiles and troublemakers and was sometimes calles "Rogue's Island" -suffered constant political turmoil
757807174	English Civil War	-1641 to 1651 -Conflict was based in the struggle between King Charles I (son of King James I) and the English Parliament -led to outright conflict between Royalist military forces and forces opposing Charles I -Parliament's victory in 1651 resulted in the trial and execution of Charles I and the exile of his son Charles II -The english monarchy was replaced with the commonwealth of england (1649-1653) and then with a protectorate under Oliver Cromwell's rule (1653-1659)
757807175	Sides of the English Civil War	-Charles claimed to rule by divine right; Parliament argues that its membership had rights that were separate from those granted to the king -parliament's members were mostly Puritan and had the backing of the merchant class and lesser land owners -wealthy nobles tended to support Charles I, who opposed Puritans on questions of religion
757807176	Connecticut	-corporate colony established in 1662 -Thomas Hooker led a large group of Puritans to settle in the Connecticut River Valley after they had slight religious disagreements with the leadership of Massachussetts -the major colonies in the Connecticut River Valley agreed to unite as the Connecticut Colony
757807177	Fundamental Orders	-in 1639, Connecticut Colony formed a set of laws known as the Fundamental Orders -provided for a representative government by those who were permitted to vote -when the corporate colony was established and recognized by england, its charter was founded on the fundamental orders -imporant example of the growth of political democracy
757807178	Quakers	-believed human religious institutions were largey unnecessary -thought they could receive revelationg directly form God and placed little importance on the Bible -pacifists and declined to show customary deference to their alleged social superiors -their aggressiveness in denouncing established institutions brought them trouble in both britain and america -opposed slavery and favored decent treatment of Native Americans -elements of the culture would play a role in shaping the characterization of a United States that valued independence and social equality
757807179	New York	-Last duth governor of New York was Peter Stuyvesant -after the british conquered the dutch lands in america, english king Charles II gave the title to the lands between New England and Maryland to his brother, James, Duke of York -James was adamantly opposed to representative assemblies -residents continue to call for self-government until James relented, only to break his promise when he became JamesII, King of England
757807180	New Jersey	the region that would become New Jersey was ruled as a separate propritary colony; it eventually became a royal colony
757807181	The Carolinas	-King Charles II rewarded loyal noblemen with these lands after the 20 year puritan revolution in england -in hoped of attracting settlers, the proprietor planed for a hierarchial society -they experimented with silk manufacturing and with crops such as rice and indigo, but this proved unworkable and the Carolinas grew slowly as a result -large groups of colonists in the Carolinas came from Barbados; the form of slavery that this group employed was very harsh -While North Carolina became a separate colony in 1712, the same proprietors retained ownership -rebellion against the proprietors in 1719 led to royal intervention, and both North and South Carolina became royal colonies in 1729
757807182	William Penn	-1644 to 1718 -founded Pemmsylvania as a refuge for his fellow Quakers -advertised his colony widely in Europe and offered generous terms on land -guaranteed a representative assembly and full religious freedom -settlers flocked to Pennsylvania form all over Europe
757807183	Black Slaves in the 1600s	-because black slaved were only a small percentage of the population, they began at almost the same level as indentured servants -later in the century, increased importation and population of blacks in the southern colonies began -slaves, called "chattel," came to be seen as lifelong property whose status would be inherited by their children
757807184	Before John Locke	-Isaac Newton theorized Natural Law in the realm of science -Locke followed Newton by trying to identify Natural Law in the human realm -there had previously been a theory of social contract in which people would accept certain restrictions on themselves for the benefit of their society, and these restrictions would be upheld by a sovereign power
757807185	John Locke	-1632 to 1704 -major English political philosopher of the Enlightenment -his assertion of Natural Law changed the perspective of the social contract theory -believed that if life, liberty, and property were not protected, governments could be overthrown justly -his ideas became the indirect theory of American political activity for leaders such as Benjamin Franklin, and they influenced Thomas Jefferson in writing the Declaration of Independence
757807186	Triangular Trade (Atlantic Trade)	-created as a result of mercantilism -european merchants purchased african slaves with good manufactured in europe or imported from asian colonies -these merchants sold slaved in the caribbean for commodities (sugar, cotton, tobacco) -caribbean commodities were late sold in europe and North America -trade thrived because each partner could get the resources it wanted by exchanging resources that it had available
757807187	Navigation Acts	-dictated that certain goods shipped from a New World port were to go only to Britain or to another New World port -served as the foundation of england's worldwide commercial system -came out of the economis philosophy of mercantilism -though it was meant to benefit the whole british empire, its provisions helped some New World colonies at the expense of others -intended as a weapon in england's ongoing struggle against its rival, Holland -led to increased tension between britain and the colonies
757807188	Effects of the Navigation Acts	-boosted the prosperity of New Englanders, who engaged in large-scale shipbuilding -hurt the residents of the Chesapeke by driving down the price of tobacco -transferred wealth from america to britain by increasing the prices americans had to pay for british goods and lowering the prices americans received for the goods they produced -mercantilism also helped bring on a series of wars between england and holland in the late 1600s
757807189	Bacon's Rebellion	-1676 -Virginia's Royal governor, William Berkeley, received strict instructions to run the colony for the benefit of Britain -Nathaniel Bacon was a leader of colonial frontiersmen in Virginia -Bacon objected to the rights granted to Virginia's wealthy inner circle and was angered by Governor Berkeley's inability to protect Virginia from attacks by the Native Americans -Bacon commanded two unauthorized raids on Native American tribes, increasing his popularity; Berkeley had him arrested -Soon after, Bacon gathered his forces, opposed the Royal governor, and set fire to Jamestown to defend his forces' position -Berkely ended the rebellion with te aid of British military forces -After Bacon's rebellion, American colonies turned increasingly away from indentured servants and toward slave labor
757807190	New Hampshire	-king charles II established it as a royal colony -the colony remained economically dependent on Massachussetts, and britain continued to appoint a single person to rule both colonies until 1741 -weeks before the signing of the declaration of independence by the second continental congress, New Hampshire established a temporary constitution for itself that proclaimed its independence from britain
757807191	Dominion of New England	-an administrative body created by king james II that oversaw british colonies in the new england colonies -put in place to implement the navigation acts and to assist the colonies in defending themselves against french and native american forces -the dominion governor-in-chief, edmund andros, outlawed

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757803707	What was the major Indian Nation that the Europeans first came in contact with that was civilized? (Was also the most powerful Indian alliance)	Iroquois Confederacy
757803708	What was the exchange of foods, plants, animals, and diseases between Europe and the New World called?	Columbian Exchange
757803709	What were the three most prominent diseases that the Europeans brought to America?	Smallpox, flu, and measles
757803710	What was the European concept of owning land that the Native Americans did not believe in?	Private Property
757803711	What was the Virginia Company considered?	Joint-Stock Company
757803712	What was the primary role of the various joint-stock companies?	Make a Profit
757803713	What was the cash crop that made in the Chesapeake region that was extremely valuable on the world market?	Tobacco
757803714	Who were the chief source of agricultural laborers in the southern colonies?	Indentured Servants
757803715	By the late seventeenth century, who had replaced the indentured servants in number of workers?	Slaves
757803716	What was the rebellion that exposed tensions between the poor, former indentured servants and the rich class called the gentry?	Bacon's Rebellion
757803717	What was one of the things slaves brought with them from Africa?	Cultural Practices
757803718	What was the most important crop in South Carolina?	Rice
757803719	What was the earliest act of rebellion against slavery in America?	Stono Rebellion
757803720	Why did the Puritans immigrate to the New England area?	Religious Persecution and Political Repression
757803721	Who was the leader of the first groups of Puritans? What did he call the Puritans to be?	John Winthrop, "City on a Hill"
757803722	Other than religion, what was extremely important to the Puritans?	Education
757803723	What made the Puritans hypocrites about religion?	They moved for religious freedom but did not accept other religions
757803724	Who is the Puritan woman who is best know for her petition of the gender roles in society and said she had revelations from god?	Anne Hutchinson
757803725	Who founded Rhode Island?	Roger Williams
757803726	What was the rule that eased the requirements for church membership into the Puritan church?	Half-Way Covenant
757803727	What is the religious movement in the 1730s that swept through all of the colonies?	First Great Awakening
757803728	Who were the ministers that budded from the First Great Awakening that pulled on emotions, caused divisions from the church (new denominations) and lead to an increase in the woman attendance?	"New Light"
757803729	Who founded Pennsylvania and what kind of colony was it considered?	William Penn; Liberal
757803730	What was the people group that believed in Pacifism and freedom of religion and acceptance? (first abolitionists)	Quakers
757803731	What did most colonial cities serve as?	Merchant Centers
757803732	What was England's economic philosophy that pushed for a favorable balance of trade?	Mercantilism
757803733	What was the British policy that said colonial products could only be shipped to England?	Navigation Acts
757803734	During the colonial time period, what rights did women have?	None
757803735	What is the belief that government should be based on the consent of the governed people?	Republicanism
757803736	Who was the first notable American poet and the first woman to be published in the colonies?	Anne Bradstreet
757803737	Who was the first published African American poet?	Phillis Wheatly
757803738	What was the biggest benefit to the colonies from the French and Indian War?	France gave up their lands
757803739	What was the pivotal point that allows Great Britain to impose taxes on the colonists?	French and Indian War
757803740	What forbade the colonists to cross the imaginary boundary created by the Appalachian Mountains?	Proclamation of 1763
757803741	What was the primary purpose of the Stamp Act?	Raise Revenue to support troops
757803742	What is the saying the colonists used against Britain?	"No taxation without representation"

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