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Chapter 6-Making War and Republican Governments, 1776-1789 Flashcards

925179967	War in the North	Causes: British government had access to wealth generated by the South Atlantic System and the emerging Ind. Rev. Cherokees resisted colonists' demands for their lands by allying with Brits. Americans-lacked a strong central government and a reliable source of tax revenue. George Washington-commander of Continental army.
925179968	Battle of Long Island	Causes: Lord North ordered General Howe to capture NYC to demonstrate Britain's military superiority. Effect: Howe defeated the Americans. The British army pushed the rebels back into Pennsylvania. Washington led a surprise attack, forcing the surrender of German soldiers.
925179969	Howe	Thanks to Howe, the rebellion survived. He opposed the Coercive Acts of 1774, hoped for pol. compromise. He wanted to persuade the Continental Congress to give up the struggle.
925179970	Military Draft	VA gentry imposed this draft and three years of service on propertyless men. The legislature had to pay them substantial bounties and agree to shorter terms of service. The Continental army was poorly supplied, held in suspicion by Radical Whig Patriots-believed standing army was a threat to liberty.
925179971	Victory at Saratoga	Germain planned a three-pronged attack involving John Burgoyne, Iroquois, and Howe and his troops. Howe's slow capaign against Phil. contributed to defeat of Burgoyne's army at Saratoga. Americans led by General Gates, forced Burgoyne to surrender. Significance: this victory was the turning point of the war. It ensured the diplomatic success of Am. reps in Paris, who won a military alliance with France. Effect: A Br. navy blockade cut off supplies of European manufactures. Farmers and artisans adapted to a war economy.
925179972	War economy	Asked citizens for coats, shirts, and soldiers. Patriot women assumed the burdens of farm work. British and American armies forced Patriot and Loyalist families to flee their homes to escape arrest. War divided farm communities.
925179973	Financial crisis	This defiance exposed weakness of Patriot governments. Paper money lost its worth. The finances of Cont. Congress collapsed, despite Morris, the government's chief treasury official's efforts. Cong. lacked authority to impose taxes. The exchange rate deteriorated, sparking social upheaval. Patriot leaders feared the rebellion would collapse.
925179974	Valley Forge	Washington's army retreated to Valley Forge, soldiers suffered. Baron von Steuben-raised readiness of American army by instituting a strict drill system.
925179975	War of Independence	Cont. Cong. concluded a mil. alliance with France. Gave Americans money, supplies, and troops.
925179976	The French Alliance	Cause:The Comte of Vergennes persuaded King Louis XVI to provide the rebellious colonies with a secret loan and much-needed gunpowder. When they heard of the Victory at Saratoga, Vergennes sought a formal alliance.
925179977	Treaty of Alliance of February 1778	once France entered the war, neither partner would sign a separate peace without "liberty, sovereignty, and independence" of the United States. In return, Cont. Con. recognized any French conquests in the West Indies.
925179978	George III	Cause: the war had become unpopular in Britain. Effect: He authorized North to seek a negotiated settlement. North persuade Parliament to repeal Tea and Prohibitory acts and to renounce its power to tax the colonies.
925179979	War in the South	Cause of entering war: Fr. hoped to seize all of Britain's sugar islands. Br. effect: Br. defended the west Indies and captured the rich tobacco-and rice-growing colonies. Sir Clinton launched a seaborne attack on Savannah, Georgia. 1780- Br. forces marched from victory to victory. Southern strategy-working for Br. Fr. effect: Marquis de Lafayette of France dispatched troops to Am. mainland. Lafayette persuaded King Louis XVI to send troops to R.I. Threatened the Br. forces holding NYC.
925179980	Warfare in the Carolinas	Wash. dispatched Gen. Greene to recapture the Carolinas. Patriot milita defeated a regiment of Loyalists at King's Mt, South Carolina. Br. general decided to concede the Carolinas to Greene and seek a decisive victory in VA. The Franco-American victory broke the resolve of the Br. govnt. The Br. ministry gave up active prosecution of the war on the Amer. mainland.
925179981	Rampant inflation	Cause: Wash. won support of Cont. Con. and the state govnts. He pursued a defensive strategy. Effect: every paper dollar held for a week lost value, imposing a hidden "currency tax" on those who accepted the paper currency. The Currency taxes paid by ordinary citizens financed the Am. mil. victory.
925179982	Diplomatic Triumph	Cause: Fr. and Sp. tactics infuriated Am. diplomats. Effect: Am. negotiated secretly with the British. Parliament wanted peace, and they feared the loss of a rich sugar island.
925179983	Treaty of Paris, 1783	Br. formally recognized Am. independence and relinquished claims to lands south of Great Lakes and east of Miss. R. Cherokees forced to relinquish claims. Effect: granted Americans fishing rights, prohibited Br. from carrying away negroes or property, and guaranteed freedom of navigation. Significance: officially ends war.
925179984	Treaty of Versailles	Br. made peace with Fr. and Sp. Spain reclaimed FL. France received the Caribbean island of Tobago. Only Americans profited.
925179985	Republicanism	meant more than ousting the king. The Dec. of Ind. stated the principle of pop. sovereignty. voters elected.
925179986	Pennsylvania's Controversial Const.	What is it? these insurgents ousted every officeholder of the Penn family's proprietary government, abolished prop ownership as a qualification of voting, granted all taxpaying men the right to vote and hold office. Effect: This democ. constitution alarmed many leading Patriots and they denounced the unicameral leg.
925179987	Adams	Effect of Penn: To counter appeal of Penn. Const., published the Thoughts on Government. Legislatures would make laws, executives would administer them, judiciary would enforce them, demanded a bicameral legislature.
927156726	Women during the Revolutionary era	Effect of Revolutionary era: women did not insist on civic equality with men; they sought only an end to restrictive customs and laws. Abigail Adams demanded equal legal rights for married women. Significance: In the new American republic, only white men enjoyed full citizenship. Judith Sargent Murray argued for equality for sexes. 1790s: attorney general of Massachusetts declared that girls had an equal right to schooling under the state constitution. 1850- women challenged their subordinate legal and political status.
928036338	The Loyalist Exodus	Effect of success of republican institutions: departure of 100,000 monarchists suffered severe financial losses. Refugees suffered psychologically. Significance: When state governments did seize Loyalist property, they often auctioned it to the highest bidders, who were usually wealthy Patriots rather than ambitious yeoman farmers or propertyless foot soldiers. The Revolution did not drastically alter the structure of rural society. Effect: The war replaced a traditional economic elite-who invested profits from trade in real estate-with a group of republican entrepreneurs who promoted new trading ventures and domestic manufacturing. This shift facilitated America's economic development.
928036339	The Articles of Confederation	Cause: The Patriots envisioned a central government with limited powers. Effect: These articles provided for a loose union in which "each state retains its sovereignty, freedom, and independence." The delay of ratification stemmed from conflicts over western lands.
928036340	Continuing Fiscal Crisis	The Confederation had a weakness: it lacked the power to tax either the states or the people. Significance: So, General Washington called for a national tax system led by Robert Morris.
928036341	Robert Morris	He led the national tax system. Significance: He created a central bureaucracy that paid army expenses, apportioned war costs among states, and assumed responsibility for the Confederation's debts. He proposed an import tax of 5%.
928036342	The Northwest Ordinance	The Confederation Congress banned slavery north of the Ohio River. The Ordinances established the principle that territories could become states as their populations grew and prohibited slavery and earmarked funds from land sales for the support of schools. What is it?: the land ordinances of the 1780s were an achievement of the Confederation Congress and provided for orderly settlement and admission of new states on the basis of equality. Significance: These extended the geographical division between slave and free areas which haunted the nation in the coming decades.
928596142	Shay's Rebellion	Cause: The war had crippled American shipping and cut exports of tobacco, rice, and wheat, and the fiscal condition of the state governments was dire, primarily because of the war debts. The new state constitutions apportioned seats on the basis of population. What is it? To protect their livelihoods, farmers called extralegal conventions to protest high taxes and property seizures. Significance: This revolt against taxes imposed by a distant government resembled American resistance to the British Stamp Act. The rebellion failed, however it showed that many middling Patriot families felt that American oppressors had replaced British tyrants. After: American leaders urged purposeful action to save their republican experiment.
928596143	The Constitution of 1787	What is it? It was a controversial document, acclaimed for solving the nation's woes and condemned for perverting its republican principles. Advocates stated that the Constitution extended republicanism by adding another level of government added by the people. It was a new two-level political federation in which the national government would exercise limited, delegated power.
928596144	Nationalists	What is it? There was a rise of nationalists who aimed to undercut the democratic majorities in the state legislatures, creditors joined the movement for a stronger central government. Significance: This rise of nationalists was caused by Shays's Rebellion. After this, nationalists in Congress secured a resolution calling for the convention to revise the Articles of Confederation.
928596145	The Philadelphia Convention	What is it? 55 delegates arrived in Philadelphia, mostly strong nationalists. Some insisted on increased national authority. The delegates elected Washington as their presiding officer. They decided not to revise the Articles but to consider the Virginia Plan. Significance: The convention created a powerful national government.
928596146	Virginia Plan	What is it? a scheme for a powerful national government devised by James Madison. This differed from the Articles of Confederation. Significance: A majority of the states agreed to use Madison's Virginia Plan as the basis of discussion.
928596147	New Jersey Plan	What is it? This as a plan devised by William Paterson which gave the Confederation much power. Significance: This plan was vigorously opposed by the more populous states.
928596148	The Great Compromise	What is it? Some of the delegates proposed that the national legislature's upper chamber (Senate) have two members from each state, while seats in the lower chamber (House of Reps) be apportioned by population. Significance: This was the compromise between big and small states, and it is still in use today. By allowing states to have important roles in the new constitutional system, the delegates hoped that their citizens would accept limits on state sovereignty.
928596149	Negotiations over Slavery	What is it? The delegates devised slavery-related compromises resulting in a "fugitive clause" that allowed masters to reclaim enslaved blacks (or white indentured servants) who fled to other states. Significance: The delegates ultimately agreed that each slave would count as three-fifths of a free person, which made southern planters dominate the national government.
928596150	Ratification	What is it? The Federalists vs. Antifederalists. Significance: The procedure for ratifying the new constitution was controversial, but resulted in the "Thoughts on Government" which Madison, Jay, and Hamilton pointed out that authority would be divided among a president, a bicameral legislature, and a judiciary. This was the beginning of the system of checks and balances we have today.
928596151	Federalists	Who are they? They were nationalists who suggested that they supported a federal union- a loose, decentralized system, and obscured their commitment to a strong national government. Launched a campaign in newspapers to justify the Philadelphia constitution. Significance:
928596152	Antifederalists	Who are they? The opponents of the Constitution who feared that the central government would be run by wealthy men. They argued that republican institutions were best suited to small polities. Significance:
928596153	The Constitution Ratified	What is it? Eleven states ratified the Const. Significance: Most Americans accepted the verdict of the ratifying conventions.

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Chapter Six: Making war and Republican Governments Flashcards

1776- 1778

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481427782	British Advantages	more supplies, larger population, wealthier, experienced military officers, large army, most powerful navy in the world, and the support of natives
481427783	British Disadvantages	unfamiliar with land, solider fighting for paycheck, far from home and supplies must be transferred
481427784	Hessians	german mercenaries
481427785	Colonial Advantages	home field advantage, fighting for a cause
481427786	Colonial Disadvantages	divided population ( loyalist vs patriots), lack of supplies, no navy, poorly trained army, small population, inexperienced officers
481427787	British strategy	isolate radical colonist and keep them away from other colonists, use loyalists in south
481427788	Battle of Long Island	americans lost, but great hero nathan hale caught as a British spy and killed.
481427789	Nathan Hale	"regret that I have but one life to lose for my country"
481427790	Battle of Trenton	( washington knew colonists needed a victory) On Christmas day at night, Washington's soldiers began crossing the Deleware River under heavy fog. The next morning, they suprise attacked the British Hessians.
481427791	Ben Franklin to france	to get alliance; france would not ally themselves until colonists prove they could defeat the british
481427792	Battle of Saratoga	fall 1777 the turning poing of the war: october british forces surrender proving to franec that colonists could win
481427793	Fraco American Alliance	France promised canada if colonists won; spain allied with France and promised the strait of Gibraltar ( britian currently controlled)
481427794	colonial homefront	( what was happening in the war) economy stiffled by war, trade blocked, goods scare, conflict between tories and patriots, people forced out of homes to aviod battles
481427795	continentals	printed paper currency
481427796	continental congress did not have the power to ___	tax
481427797	* fiances	...
481427798	Molly Pitcher	civil war hero and noncommisioned officer; took her husbands place on the battle feild
481427799	women in war effort	traveled with army, provided medical support and food, homespuns, disguised as men and fought
481427800	Valley Forge	winter 1777-1778 PA; very little money for troops and can't afford to buy supplies; harsh conditions. thousnads of soliders die. washignton used some of his own money to help buy supplies
481427801	The Crisis	written by thomas paine to boost moral
481427802	Baron Friedrich von Steuben	prussian millitary general that brought renforcements to valley forge; helped drill and train
481427803	Marquis de Lafayette	french military officer helped train and command troops

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Chapter 6: Making War and Republican Governments Flashcards

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933775999	Saratoga	A battle that took place in New York where the Continental Army defeated the British. It proved to be the turning point of the war. This battle ultimately had France to openly support the colonies with military forces in addition to the supplies and money already being sent.
933776000	Valley Forge	Place where Washington's army spent the winter of 1777-1778, a 4th of troops died here from disease and malnutriton, Steuben comes and trains troops
933776001	Abigail Adams	Wife of John Adams. During the Revolutionary War, she wrote letters to her husband describing life on the homefront. She urged her husband to remember America's women in the new government he was helping to create.
933776002	on the Equality of the sexes	I don't know so go do it yourself you lazy piece of crap
933776003	Articles of Confederation 1781	1st Constitution of the U.S. 1781-1788 (weaknesses-no executive, no judicial, no power to tax, no power to regulate trade)
933776004	Northwest territory	-a region of the United States bounded by Ohio and Mississippi rivers and the Great Lakes. The Treaty of Paris gave the region to the United States in 1783.
933776005	Land Ordinance of 1785	A law that divided much of the United States into a system of townships to facilitate the sale of land to settlers.
933776006	Northwest Ordinance of 1787	Created the Northwest Territory (area north of the Ohio River and west of Pennsylvania), established conditions for self-government and statehood, included a Bill of Rights, and permanently prohibited slavery
933776007	Shays' rebellion	- In 1786, farmers in Massachusetts were in debt because the legislature placed a tax on their land. If you could not pay, you were put on trial or put in jail, and you would lose your land
933776008	Virigina Plan	Would have a two-house legislature where representation would be based on a state's population
933776009	James Madison	(1809-1813) and (1813-1817) The War of 1812, the US declares war on Great Britain. In 1814, the British (technically the Canadians) set fire to the Capitol. The Treaty of Ghent ends the war in 1814., The fourth President of the United States (1809-1817). A member of the Continental Congress (1780-1783) and the Constitutional Convention (1787), he strongly supported ratification of the Constitution and was a contributor to The Federalist Papers (1787-1788), which argued the effectiveness of the proposed constitution. Favored strict interpretation of the Constitution.
933776010	New Jersey Plan	A framework for the Constitution proposed by a group of small states; its key points were a one-house legislature with one vote for each state, the establishment of the acts of Congress as the
933776011	Great Compromise	1787; This compromise was between the large and small states of the colonies. The Great Compromise resolved that there would be representation by population in the House of Representatives, and equal representation would exist in the Senate. Each state, regardless of size, would have 2 senators. All tax bills and revenues would originate in the House. This compromise combined the needs of both large and small states and formed a fair and sensible resolution to their problems.
933776012	"three-fifths" compromise	allowing each slave to be counted as three-fifths of a person when determining number of representatives for a state in the House; brought the slaves a tiny bit closer to equality with the whites
933776013	Federalists	A term used to describe supporters of the Constitution during ratification debates in state legislatures.
933776014	Anti-Federalists	Anti-Federalists rose up as the opponents of the Constitution during the period of ratification. They opposed the Constitution's powerful centralized government, arguing that the Constitution gave too much political, economic, and military control. They instead advocated a decentralized governmental structure that granted most power to the states
933776015	The Federalists papers	collection of essays by John Jay, Alexander Hamilton, and James Madison, explained the importance of a strong central government published to convince New York to ratify the Constitution
933776016	"federalist No. 10"	An essay composed by James Madison which argues that liberty is safest in a large republic because many interests (factions) exist. Such diversity makes tyranny by the majority more difficult since ruling coalitions will always be unstable.
933776017	Civil Religion	A set of sacred beliefs so commonly accepted by most people that it becomes part of the national culture

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Federalist and Republican Era Flashcards

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248575237	Years of the Federalist and Republican Era	1796-1828
248575238	1st political election with 2 parties	Election of 1796
248575239	Candidates in the Election of 1796	John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, Thomas Pinckney, Aaron Burr
248575240	Amendment that designates party ballot and distinction between presidents and VP	12
248575241	1796 President	John Adams
248575242	1796 VP	Thomas Jefferson
248575248	1796 Sec of State	Thomas Pickering
248575243	Only Federalist President and only serves one term	John Adams
248575244	Jefferson and Adams die hours apart on what day?	July 4, 1826
248575245	Starts and ends the Republican Era (1800-1826)	Adams (John Adams, John Quincy Adams)
248575246	Adams attempt to secure a favorable treaty with France	XYZ Affair (1797)
248575247	The XYZ Affair came because of these treaties	Jay's and Pinckney's Treaties
248575249	Thomas Pickering anti- (2 things)	anti-French, anti-Federalist
248575250	Adams sends 3 dignitaries to meet with French foreign minister	John Marshall, Elbridge Gerry, C.C. Pinckney
248575251	French foreign minister	Talleyrand
248575252	How much does Talleyrand demand?	$35,000
248575253	Created in reaction to the XYZ Affair	Department of Navy
248575254	A prolonged undeclared war with France which the US gets the better of by capturing and destroying over 85 french ships	Quasi War
248597035	Years of the Quasi War	1797-1801
248575255	Problems with France subsides after who comes to power in 1800?	Napolean
248597036	Passed in response to a PA Quaker who negotiated peace with France as a civilian through letters, prevented future private citizens from negotiating foreign affairs without permission or authorization from the administration	Logan Acts
248577789	Passed after the repeated critisms from the Dem-Reps, opressive act that limited our freedoms	Alien and Sedition Acts
248597037	4 things Alien and Sedition Acts did	1. made it illegal to criticize the govt 2. imprisonment for sedition 3. imprisonment and deportation if a foreign citizen 4. increased the period of naturalization from 7 to 14 years.
248597038	Term: anti-govt speech	Sedition
248597039	How many indicted for sedition?	25
248597040	How many convicted for sedition?	15
248597041	Congressman from VT re-elected in prison	Matthew Lyon
248597042	The 2 resolutions for the Alien and Sedition Acts that were passed	Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
248597043	Proposed the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions	Thomas Jefferson, James Madison
248597044	Term: not binding, don't have to follow it	null and void
248605980	Part of the Constitution the VA and KY Resolutions challenged	Supremacy Clause (Article 6)
248605981	Bloodless revolution	Election of 1800
248605982	Term: violent overthrow	Coup-coup d'état
248605983	Term: opposite of violent overthrow	Loyal opposition
248623700	Candidates for Election of 1800	John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, C.C. Pinckney, Aaron Burr
248623701	Party that loses the presidency and both the houses of Congress in the Election of 1800	Federalists
248623702	THE REASON THE FEDERALISTS LOSE THE PRESIDENCY AND BOTH THE HOUSES OF CONGRESS IN THE ELECTION OF 1800	ALIEN AND SEDITION ACTS
248623703	Tied for President in the Election of 1800	Thomas Jefferson (VA), Aaron Burr (NY)
248623704	Where the vote for the Election of 1800 goes because of the tie	Congress
248623705	Encourages to choose Jefferson as "the lesser of two evils" for the Election of 1800	Alexander Hamilton
248623706	President after the Election of 1800	Thomas Jefferson
248623707	VP after the Election of 1800 for only 1 term	Aaron Burr
248623708	Sec of State (1800-1801)	John Marshall
248623709	Passed after the Election of 1800 by the Adams Administration before they were out which increased the size of the lower courts	Judiciary Act of 1801
248623710	# of judges in Supreme Court after Judiciary Act of 1801	5
248623711	Appointed Chief Justice in 1801	John Marshall
248623712	Why is Adams filling seats in the courts til the last day?	so the Federalists could control one branch of govt
248623713	Jefferson's Sec of State	James Madison
248646644	Who Adam appointed as Justice of the Peace that Madison tried to stop	Marbury
248646645	Trial that showed the power of the law "judicial review"	Marbury Vs. Madison
248646646	Trial that upheld the sanctity of contracts	Fletcher Vs. Peck (1810)
248646647	Trial that showed grants are contracts must be upheld	Dartmouth Vs. Woodward (1819)
248646648	Trial that showed federal courts can override state courts	Cohens Vs. Virginia
248646649	Trial that showed states can't tax the Federal Govt, for the power to tax is the power to destroy	McCullough Vs. Maryland
248646650	Trial that showed the govt regulates interstate trade	Gibbons Vs. Ogden
248646651	What was the criticism of the Marshall Court?	too powerful, made rules rather than interpreted them
248646652	People Jefferson believed were the best people	Farmers
248646653	Jefferson's plantation in VA	Monticello
248646654	Some characteristics of Jefferson	deist, republican, inventor/scientist, man of contradiction, author of the Dec of Ind, Ambassador to France, supported public school system
248646655	Why Jefferson was a man of contradiction	1. Slavery/Dec of Ind 2. Sally Hemming 3. Republican ideals/Administrative practices
248670785	1800 President	Thomas Jefferson
248670786	1800 VP (1st term Jefferson)	Aaron Burr
248670787	1804 VP (2nd term Jefferson)	George Clinton (NY)
248670788	1800 Sec of State	James Madison
248670789	1800 Sec of Treasury	Albert Gallatin
248670790	Defeated by Jefferson in 1804 Election	C.C. Pinckney
248670791	Drastically reduced govt spending and national debt	Jefferson, Gallatin
248670792	Govt Spending	$83 mil to $45 mil
248670793	National Debt	$64 mil to $32 mil
248670794	Especially suffers from the reduced budget	Navy
248723368	Cuts navy from ___ ships to ___ frigates and ___ small boats	25, 7, 200
248723369	Cuts the army from ___ troops to ___	4000, 2500
248723370	Established by Jefferson	Military College
248723371	Where military college was established	West Point
248723372	Jefferson's inaugural address	"We are all Federalists and Republicans"
248723373	Term: radical republicans	Quids
248723374	GA/Govt dispute surrounding sale contracts	Fletcher Vs. Peck
248723375	What GA and the Govt disputed about	Vazoo Land Claims
248723376	People from the countries of North Africa that forced countries using the Mediterranean Sea to bribe them	Barbary Pirates
248723377	Countries in North Africa that bribed	Algeria, Tunis, Morocco, Tripoli
248723378	Country Jefferson denied payment to	Tripoli
248723379	When Tripoli declares war on USA	1801
248723380	One of the original ships that was sent with others to fight the Barbary Pirates	USS Philadelphia
248723381	Ransom for captured soldiers from USS Philadelphia	$60,000
248723382	Hero against the Barbary Pirates	Stephen Decatur
248723383	Their first fight in battle was against the Barbary Pirates	Marines
248723384	Shows the weakness of the US Military	treaty with the Barbary Pirates
248723385	Greatest land deal in American history	Louisiana Purchase
248734437	What Napoleon lost money, time, and men in	Guerilla tactics and malaria
248734438	Where the Santo Domingo slave uprising was	In the West Indies
248734439	Led the Santo Domingo slave uprising	Toussaint L' Overture
248734440	Where France hassled the US	New Orleans, Mississippi River
248734441	Bought New Orleans	Thomas Jefferson, Robert Livingston
248734442	New Orleans cost	$10 mil
248734443	Louisiana's cost	$15 mil
248734444	Bothered Jefferson	Louisiana Purchase because it contradicted Republicanism
248734445	Louisiana's cost by acre	less than 3 cents
248745516	# of states Louisiana Purchase adds	8-10
248745517	Small exploration party for new territory for an overland route to the Pacific Ocean	Lewis & Clark
248745518	One of the greatest stories of American history	Journal of Lewis & Clark
248745519	Slave who helped Lewis & Clark	York
248745520	Shoshoni Indian who helped Lewis & Clark	Sacajawea
248745521	Suffered from depression later in life and committed suicide	Lewis
248745522	Explored the southwest and was briefly captured by the Spanish	Zebulon Pike
248745523	Mountain named after Zebulon Pike	Pike's Peak
248745524	Where Pike's Peak is	Colorado
248745525	Lake Pike found	Cass Lake/Lake Itasca
248745526	Where the lake Pike found is	Minnesota
248745527	Where Pike was killed	Battle of Plattsburg (1815)
248745528	War Pike was killed in	War of 1812
248745529	District judge from NH Jefferson impeached	John Pickering
248745530	Federalist Supreme Court Justice Jefferson had impeached	Salmon P. Chase
248745531	Federalist approached Burr to run for Gov of NY and secede from US	Burr Conspiracy
248745532	Criticized Burr and challenged him to a duel	Alexander Hamilton
248745533	Where they Hamilton and Burr dueled	Weehawken, NJ
248745534	Killed in duel	Hamilton
248745535	Gov of Louisiana Territory who betrayed Burr	General James Wilkerson
248745536	Acquitted Burr in NY	John Marshall
248754140	The US ship _____ was stopped by British warship _____	USS Chesapeake, Leopard
248754141	Where the US ship was captured by the British in 1807	off coast of VA
248754142	# killed from Leopard's open fire	4
248754143	Why Leopard open fired	to find deserted sailors
248754144	MOST SIGNIFICANT EVENT THAT LED TO THE WAR OF 1812	CHESAPEAKE AFFAIR
248754145	#1 CAUSE OF WAR OF 1812	IMPRESSMENTS
248754146	How Jefferson responded to the Chesapeake Affair	Peaceable coercion
248754147	Limited boycotts that hurt Americans more then the British	Non-Importation Agreements
248754148	#1 trading partner	England
248754149	Very unpopular policy, especially in NY	Embargo
248754150	Embargo saying	"O Grab Me"
248754151	What Jefferson looked like instead of a Republican	Dictator
248754152	1808 President/Father of the Constitution	James Madison (VA)
248754153	Defeated in the Election of 1808	C.C. Pinckney (SC)
248754154	Madison's beautiful wife	Dolly (NC)
248754155	Last ditch effort to avoid war and stop impressments	Macon's Bill #2
248754156	English proclamation right to stop our ships	Orders of Council
248754157	2 confusing letters Napoleon appears to agree with	Cardore Letters
248771566	Made it much easier to buy land	Harrison Land Law (1800)
248771567	Governor of Indiana Territory	William Henry Harrison
248771568	Entered as a state in 1803	Ohio
248771569	States after Ohio in 1812	Indiana & Illinois
248771570	KY Speaker of the House that led the War Hawks	Henry Clay
248771571	People of the War Hawks	Young Republicans who want war primarily from the west
248771572	Why War Hawks were uprising	They were tired of paying high prices to the east
248771573	Caused there to be high prices	England and greedy merchants
248771574	Never left the west	British
248771575	Armed Indians to attack settlers	British
248771576	Shawnee war chief who with his blind brother began to organize a confederacy of western tribes	Tecumseh
248771577	Tecumseh's nickname	Shooting Star
248771578	Confederacy of western tribes	Prophet Town
248771579	Defeats The Prophet	William Henry Harrison
248771580	Where Harrison defeats The Prophet	Battle of Tippecanoe
248771581	Event that destroyed Prophet Town	the defeat of The Prophet
248771582	Defeats Tecumseh	William Henry Harrison
248771583	Where Harrison defeats Tecumseh	Canada
248771584	Battle Harrison defeats Tecumseh at	Battle of Thames
248771585	Radical Creeks that attack settlers in south	Redsticks
248773882	Where Redsticks murdered settlers	Fort Mims
248773883	# of settlers murdered by Redsticks	Over 500
248773884	Where Fort Mims is at	Alabama
248773885	Defeats the Creeks	Andrew Jackson
248773886	Where the Creeks are defeated	Battle of Horseshoe Bend (1814)
248773887	Where the Battle of Horseshoe Bend took place	Western Florida
248773888	What land Madison took over	Western Florida up to the Pearl River (Alabama)
248775287	What US takes over during the War of 1812	Perdido River to Pensacola, Florida
248854518	Date Madison declares war on England and date it passes	June 1, 1812, June 18, 1812
248854519	Work against Madison throughout the war	New England, NY, Federalists
248854520	1812 President	James Madison
248854521	defeated by James Madison in Election of 1812	DeWitt Clinton
248854522	expires in 1811 while people are caught up in events and wars	National Bank
248854523	2 other names for War of 1812	Mr. Madison's War, America's 2nd War for Independence
248854524	Rally cry for War of 1812	"Free goods make free ships"
248854525	Started the War of 1812	Failed Canadian Campaign
248854526	3 Prolonged Attacks from the beginning of War of 1812	Detroit, Lake Champlain, Niagra,
248854527	Ship that brings about naval victories at the beginning of War of 1812	USS Constitution
248854528	Nickname for USS Constitution	Old Iron Sides
248854529	Defeats the British naval forces in the War of 1812, "we have met the enemy and he is ours"	Captain Oliver Hazard Perry
248854530	Where the British naval forces were defeated by Cpt. Oliver Hazard Perry	Lake Eerie
248854531	Battles British naval forces were defeated by Cpt. Oliver Hazard Perry	Battle of Put-In-Bay
248854532	Later also defeats the British navy	Admiral McDonough
248854533	Where Admiral McDonough defeats the British navy	Battle of Lake Champlain
248854534	Where British march into in 1814	Washington DC
248854535	The bay the British entered through to get to Washington DC	Chesapeake Bay
248854536	British term for Americans	Dirty Shirts
248854537	Saved portrait of George Washington during the British march towards PA	Dolly Madison
248854538	Helped Dolly Madison save the GW portrait	Gilbert Stuart
248854539	What British burn and destroy	Capitol
248854540	Where Britain marches after burning Capitol, key harbor on Chesapeake Bay	Baltimore
248854541	Held by US forces and prevented British invasion of the harbor	Fort McHenry
248854542	Wrote the Star Spangled Banner	Francis Scott Key
248854543	Battle Star Spangled Banner was wrote for	Battle of Baltimore
248854544	Stanzas of Star Spangled Banner	4
248854545	Climax of War of 1812	British invasion of Canada
248854546	Turning point in War of 1812	Battle of Plattsburgh
248854547	Where the Battle of Plattsburgh is	New York
248854548	Refuses to pay for troops and trades openly with British during the war	Federalists
248854549	Formally ended the fighting on Dec. 24 1814	Treaty of Ghent
248854550	Final blow that kills Federalist Party	Hartsford Convention
248855317	3 things that killed the Federalist	1. Alien and Sedition Acts 2. Death of Hamilton 3. Hartford Convention
248855318	Led Battle of New Orleans	Andrew Jackson
248855319	3 of Redcoats slaughtered at Battle of New Orleans	over 2300
248855320	How long after the treaty was signed did the Battle of New Orleans occur	2 weeks
248855321	#1 hit for Johnny Horton	Battle of New Orleans
248855322	Hero of the war	Andrew Jackson
248855323	Where treaty entailed fishing rights	Nova Scotia
248855324	building of national system of roads, canals, bridges, infrastructure, and a fair tariff	American System
248855325	sponsored American System	John C. Calhoun, Henry Clay
248855326	Proposed by John C. Calhoun and Henry Clay to pay for the American System	Bonus Bill
248855327	Vetoes Bonus Bill	James Madison
248855328	When Congress calls for a recharter of the National Bank	1816
248855329	How much National Bank had to pay Fed Govt for recharter	$1.5 mil

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Ch.6 Making War and Republican Governments Flashcards

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496263118	War of attrition	a type of war in which one side inflicts continuous losses on the other in order to wear down its strength.
496263119	Republicanism	A philosophy of limited government with elected representatives serving at the will of the people. The government is based on consent of the governed.
496263120	Free Market	economic system in which individuals decide for themselves what to produce and sell.
496263121	First Continental Congress	Delagates from all colonies except georgia met to discuss problems with britain and to promote independence.
496307554	Federalist	a member of a former political party in the United States that favored a strong centralized federal government
496307555	Battle of Bunker Hill	First major battle of the Revolutions. It showed that the Americans could hold their own, but the British were also not easy to defeat. Ultimately, the Americans were forced to withdraw after running out of ammunition, and Bunker Hill was in British hands. However, the British suffered more deaths.
496307556	Second Continental Congress	They organized the continental Army, called on the colonies to send troops, selected George Washington to lead the army, and appointed the comittee to draft the Declaration of Independence
496307557	Continental Army	The official army of the colonies, created by second continental congress and led by George Washington
496307558	Joseph Brant	Mohawk leader who supported the British during the American Revolution.
496307559	Valley Forge	Place where Washington's army spent the winter of 1777-1778, a 4th of troops died here from disease and malnutriton, Steuben comes and trains troops
496307560	John Adams	He was the second president of the United States and a Federalist. He was responsible for passing the Alien and Sedition Acts. Prevented all out war with France after the XYZ Affair. His passing of the Alien and Sedition Acts severely hurt the popularity of the Federalist party and himself
496307561	Abigail Adams	Wife of John Adams. During the Revolutionary War, she wrote letters to her husband describing life on the homefront. She urged her husband to remember America's women in the new government he was helping to create.
496307562	Patriots/Whigs	American colonists who were determined to fight the British until American independence was won
496307563	Loyalists/Tories	American colonists who remained loyal to Britain and opposed the war for independence
496307564	Articles of Confederation	This document, the nation's first constitution, was adopted by the Second Continental Congress in 1781 during the Revolution. The document was limited because states held most of the power, and Congress lacked the power to tax, regulate trade, or control coinage.
496307565	Northwestern Ordinance	Process of territories becoming new states in the union. They were initiated as a territory, but when the population grew large enough, could become a state. Slavery was prohibited in these new territories.
496307566	Shay's Rebellion	this conflict in Massachusetts caused many to criticize the Articles of Confederation and admit the weak central government was not working; uprising led by Daniel Shays in an effort to prevent courts from foreclosing on the farms of those who could not pay the taxes
496307567	The Constitution of 1787	Provided a seperation of power between the legislative, judicial, and executive branches of government, Defines, empowers, and limits the U.S. government. It prevents any one group from having total power by making the three branches of government depend on one another from their authority.
496307568	Philadelphia Convention	1787--12 colonies send delegates to revise the Articles of Confederation; Delegates soon agree the United States needs a new Constitution
496307569	Virginia plan	Initial proposal at the Constitutional Convention made by the Virginia delegation for a strong central government with a bicameral legislature dominated by the big states.
496307570	New Jersey Plan	Opposite of the Virginia Plan, it proposed a single-chamber congress in which each state had one vote. This created a conflict with representation between bigger states, who wanted control befitting their population, and smaller states, who didn't want to be bullied by larger states.
496307571	Great Compromise	Compromise made by Constitutional Convention in which states would have equal representation in one house of the legislature and representation based on population in the other house
496307572	Antifederalists	Opponents of a strong central government who campaigned against the ratification of the Constitution in favor of a confederation of independant states
496307573	George Washingtion	one of the Founding Fathers of the United States, serving as the commander-in-chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War and later as the new republic's first President. He also presided over the convention that drafted the Constitution.
496307574	James Madison	Strict constructionist, 4th president, father of the Constitution, leads nation through War of 1812
496307575	Patrick Henry	Outspoken member of House of Burgesses; inspired colonial patriotism with "Give me liberty or give me death" speech
496307576	Alexander Hamilton	1789-1795; First Secretary of the Treasury. He advocated creation of a national bank, assumption of state debts by the federal government, and a tariff system to pay off the national debt.
496307577	The Federlist	1787-1788 A reoccurring newspaper created by: - John Jay - James Madison - Alexander Hamilton in support of ratification of Constitution.

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APUSH Chapter 6 "Making War and Republican Governments" Flashcards

Mr. Russel's APUSH class 2012 Chapter 6 terms

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438955066	The Second Continental Congress	occured in 1775. all 13 colonies present-delegates still are not interested in independence but rather rederessing of grievances (conservative position). most significant act of Congress: selected George Washington to be the head of the continental army (selection was made largely by political northerners who wanted to bring Virginia into the war
438955067	Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking up Arms	document drafting 2nd set of appeals to the king and British people for the redress of American grivances written by Jefferson and Dickinson. Seen as intermediate step towards the Declaration of Independence--(Declaration and Resolves from 1st Continental Congress was earlier step). Adopted measures to raise money and to create an army and navy.
438955068	Olive Branch Petition	document written largely by John Dickinson. It was the last ditch effort by moderates in the Continental Congress to prevent an all-out war. Once again, it professed their loyalty to the crown; sought to restore peace. Appealed to the king to intercede with Parliament to reconsider the "Intolerable Acts". The King refused to recognize Congress, however, and the war raged on.
438955069	Ticonderoga and Crown Point	Battle in May 1775. Tiny forces under Ethan Allen and his Freen Mountain Boys of Vermont and Benedict Arnold of Connecticut surprised and captured Br. Garrisons.
439826170	Battle of Bunker Hill	Battle on June 17th, 1775. First major battle of the revolution. Colonials seized Breed's Hill-commanded a strong position overlooking Boston. Over 1000 oncoming redcoats in ill-conceived frontal assault were mowed down by 1500 American sharpshooters.--Americans had 140 killed and 441 wounded. American supply of gunpowder ran out and were forced to abandon the hill in disorder.Viewed as an American victory for the frightful British casualties inflicted. French even noticed how badly the British were defeated. Bloodiest battle of the War for Independence. British Army left Boston to conduct the war from New York. Olive Branch petition was written at this time
439829062	King George III	After the Olive Branch Petition he refused to recognize Congress and the war raged on. King of England at the time of the American Revolution. Following Bunker Hill, he formally proclaimed the colonies in open rebellion.
440383000	Hessians	German mercenary soldiers who fought for the British in the American Revolution. Bringing them into the war was especially shocking to the colonists because they thought of it as a war between "Anglo-Saxon cousins".
440383001	Loyalists	also called tories. They made up about 20% of the American population during the American revolution. They were colonists who fought for the return to colonial rule and were loyal to the king. Usually conservative, educated, wealthy, and fearful of "mob rule". The Older generation were more apt to belong to this party. Consisted of King's officers, beneficeries of the crown, and Anglican clergy and a large portion of their followers. They were well entrenched in aristocratic New York, Charleston, Quaker Pennsylvania, and New Jersey, and were least numerous in New England. Ultimately ineffective at gaining allegiance of neutral colonies, and were largely ignored by Great Britain.
440383002	Patriots	also called whigs (after British opposition party). They were American rebels who fought both British soldiers and loyalists, most numerous in New England. They consitutued a minority movement and were more adept at gaining support from colonials.
440383003	The Loyalist Exodus	the Loyalists regarded Patriots as traitors and as a result about 80,000 loyalists were driven out or fled colonies. Their estates were confiscated and sold, helping to finance the war. 50,000 of them fought for the British.
440383004	Robert Morris	"The financer of the Revolution". He helped Congress finance the war. , an American merchant and a signer to the United States Declaration of Independence, the Articles of Confederation, and the United States Constitution. Significance: He played an important role in personally financing the American side in the Revolutionary War from 1781 to 1784. Hence, he came to be known as the 'Financier of the Revolution'.
440383005	Seizing Loyalist Properties and Persecuting the Loyalists	80,000 loyalists were driven out of or fled the colonies, leaving their estates to be confiscated and sold, playing part in the finance of the Revolution. The Patriots saw the Loyalists as traitors and treated them thus.
440383006	Battle of Long Island	Battle in the Summer and Fall of 1776. Washington's army allowed to escape from Long Island to Manhattan and then to New Jersey. The British Lost a great opportunity to crush the Americans early on.
440383007	Battle of Trenton	Battle in December of 1776. Washington crossed the ice-clogged Delaware River on December 26, 1776. At Trenton, they surprised and captured about 1000 Hessians who were sleeping off their Christmas partying.
440383008	Battle of Princeton	Battle in January 1777. One week after Trenton, Washington defeated a smaller British force at Princeton. The British were forced to pull his outposts back to New York. Trenton and Princeton were both a gamble by Washington to achieve quick victories to revive the disintegrating Continental Army.
440383009	Battle of Saratoga	Most important battle in the revolution. The British sought to capture New York and sever New England from the rest of the colonies. Benedict Arnold saved New England by slowing down British invasion of New York. General Burgoyne surrended the entire command at Saratoga on October 17th, 1777 to American General Horatio Gates. One of history's most decisive bat
440656561	Benedict Arnold	Was originally a war hero, helping out significantly in the Battle of Saratoga by slowing down British invasion of New York, but became a traitor in 1780. He was frustrated with his treatment by his superiors despite his heroic service, and persuaded Washington to make him head of West Point. He then plotted with the British to sell out the key stronghold of West Point commanding the Hudson River, but the plot was accidentally discovered by Washington
440656562	Unsuccesful Invasion of Canada	Americans failed to successfully invade Canada in 1775
440656563	American Advantages during the Revolution	The Americans had outstanding leadership e.g. George Washington, Benjamin Franklin, etc., and had economic aid from France at the outset; later military aid was decisive. Defensive military tactics worked to their advantage, they were agriculturally self-sustaining, colonials were competent marksmen (better than redcoats) and they had moral advantage from belief in a just cause.
440656564	Declaration of Independence	A document declaring the US to be independent of the British Crown, signed on July 4, 1776, by the congressional representatives of the Thirteen Colonies, including Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, and John Adams. This was the turning point for French aid, as it showed the Americans "meant business", and the victory at Saratoga also helped Americans gain French aid, as it displayed an excellent change for defeating England. First time the colonies actually want to not be a part of England.
440656565	Ethan Allen and his mountain boys	fought the British in Vermont and took Fort Ticonderoga; Gen. Montgomery and Benedict Arnold attacked Canada. Lead by Ethan Allen.
440656566	George Washington	commander of the colonial army; while not a military genius, his integrity and judgment kept the army together. Ultimately, he was indispensable to the colonial cause. Led the Americans in multiple victories, such as Saratoga, Princeton, Long Island, and Trenton. Eventually became the first president.
440656567	Battle of Manhattan	goes along with Battle of Long Island-Washington's army escaped from Long Island to Manhattan and then to New Jersey.

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Chapter 20: Girding for War: The North and the South 1861-1865 Flashcards

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554823568	Fort Sumter	+ among the two forts in the South that didn't relinquished their power to the Confederacy. And since its supplies were running out against a besieging South Carolinian army, Lincoln had deal with the situation. + provisions were reinforcements, and on April 12, 1861, cannons were fired onto the fort; after 34 hours of non-lethal firing, the fort surrendered
554823569	Border States	+ (Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland) + doubled the manufacturing capacity of the South and increased its supply of horses and mules by half. + they are on the North-South border and... + they are slave-states. They have not seceded, but at any moment, they just might.
554823570	West Virginia	the mountain white area that tore itself from a state and became a free state
554823571	Trent affair	+ Late in 1861, a Union warship stopped the British mail steamer and forcibly removed two Confederate diplomats bound for Europe. + Britain was outraged at the upstart Americans and threatened war, but luckily, Lincoln released the prisoners and tensions cooled. "One war at a time," he said.
554823572	Alabama	+ In 1862, which escaped to the Portuguese Azores, took on weapons and crew from Britain, but never sailed into a Confederate base, thus using a loophole to help the South. + One of the ships that British built for the South which captured over 60 Union ships until it was destroyed by a Union cruiser off the coast of France in 1864 + caused the Union divert its own ships from the blockade to hunt down Confederate commerce raiders
554823573	Laird rams	Confederate warships that could destroy wooden Union ships and wreak havoc on the North, but after the threat of war by the U.S., Britain backed down and used those ships for its Royal Navy.
554823574	Dominion of Canada	which the British Parliament established in 1867 to bolster Canadians both politically and spiritually against the possible vengeance of the United States
554823575	writ of habeas corpus	+ One of Lincoln's tyrannical acts + the suspension of which so that anti-Unionists could be arrested without a formal charge
554823576	New York draft riots	the uproar in 1863 touched by underprivileged and antiblack Irish Americans against the conspiracy of a federal conscription law
554823577	Morrill Tariff Act	increasing tariff rates by about 5 to 10%, but war soon drove those rates even higher by the North in 1861
554823578	greenbacks	+ the printing press currency which was inadequately supported by gold and whose value was determined by the nation credits + paper money totaling nearly $450 million, but this money was very unstable and sank to as low as 39 cents per gold dollar.
554823579	National Banking System	+ the first step toward a unified national banking network since 1836, when the Bank of the United States was killed by Andrew Jackson. + where unreliable state-banks could purchase federal bonds and issue standardized paper money backed by bonds
554823580	Homestead Act	+ the stimulus of westward expansion in 1862 which provided free land
554823581	U.S Sanitary Commission	+ organized by Elizabeth Blackwell + assisted Union armies in the field, trained nurses, collected medical supplies, equipped hospitals
554823582	Charles Francis Adams	+ The Union's Minister to Great Britian who warned that it would mean war if the rams were released to the south. + persuaded Britain not to build any more ships for the Confederacy, since they might someday be used against England. + caused the Britain relented the release of the two of Laird rams and brought them for its own army
554823583	Napoleon III	who dispatch the French army to occupy Mexican city and installed Austrian archduke Maximilian
554823584	Maximilian	Napoleon III of France also installed a puppet government in Mexico City, putting in the Austrian_____________ as emperor of Mexico, but after the war, the U.S. threatened violence, and Napoleon left __________ to doom at the hands of a Mexican firing squad.
554823585	Jefferson Davis	the president of the Confederacy
554823586	Elizabeth Blackwell	the first female physician who organized U.S Sanitary Commission
554823587	Clara Barton	helped transform nursing from a lowly service to a respected profession
554823588	Sally Tompkins	ran a Richmond infirmary for wounded Confederate soldiers and was awarded the rank of Captain by Jefferson Davis.

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American Pageant 14th Edition Chapter 9 Constitution making in the states Flashcards

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915268567	Continental Congress of 1776:	called upon colonies to draft new constitutions
915268568	Massachusetts	called a special convention to draft the constitution. The constitution could then only be changed by calling another convention.
915268569	Many states:	had written documents supporting fundamental law
915268570	Many had:	bill of rights and an anual election of legislators
915268571	ALL had:	a weak executive and judicial branch
915268572	In Most states:	legislative branch was given sweeping powers. Thomas Jefferson warned that the many would be as oppresive as one.
915268573	State capitals followed	migration of people and moved westward

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Campbel Biology 9th: Chapters 1 through 5 w/ lecture additions Flashcards

additions from bio 241 lecture

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900341373	Macromolecules	Huge molecules: carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids.
900341374	Polymer	A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds.
900341375	Monomers	The repeating units that serve as the building blocks of a polymer.
900341376	Enzymes	Specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions.
900341377	Dehydration Reaction	A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule.
900341378	Hydrolysis	A chemical reaction that involves splitting a compound into two or more other compounds through the addition of water.
900341379	Carbohydrates	Include both sugars and polymers of sugars. Made up of a 1:2:1 ratio of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen (CH2O)n Some Functions: Quick fuel Short-term energy storage Structure of organisms Cell to cell recognition
900341380	Monosaccharide	The simplest carbohydrate.
900341381	Trioses	3-carbon sugars (C₃H₆O₃)
900341382	Pentoses	5-carbon sugars (C₅H₁₀O₅)
900341383	Glucose	Aldose The body's blood sugar; a simple form of carbohydrate.
900341384	Galactose	Aldose A simple sugar found in lactose.
900341385	Fructose	Ketose A simple sugar found in honey and in many ripe fruits.
900341386	Hexoses	6-carbon sugars (C₆H₁₂O₆)
900341387	Disaccharide	Two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage. (sucrose = glucose + fructose)
900341388	Glycosidic Linkage	A covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction.
900341389	Polysaccharide	A macromolecule formed from thousands of monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages.
900341390	Starch	A storage polysaccharide in plants consisting entirely of glucose. Formed from glucose monomers joined by 1-4 linkages. Two forms: amylose and amylopectin.
900341391	Amylose	The simplest form of starch; unbranched.
900341392	Amylopectin	A more complex, branched form of starch with 1-6 linkages at branch points.
900341393	Maltose	Glucose + Galactose
900341394	Sucrose	Glucose + Fructose
900341395	Glycogen	An extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch.
900341396	Cellulose	A structural polysaccharide that is a major component of the tough walls that enclose plant cells. Never branched.
900341397	α Glucose	Forms starch.
900341398	β glucose	Forms cellulose.
900341399	Chitin	A structural carbohydrate used by arthropods to build their exoskeletons.
900341400	Lipid	Nonpolar, insoluble macromolecule made mainly from carbon and hydrogen atoms; includes fats, phospholipids, and steroids. Some Functions: Energy Storage Found in the plasma membrane Component of steroid hormones
900341402	Fat	Also called triacylglycerol. Constructed from two kinds of smaller molecules: glycerol and fatty acids. Purpose: storage, cushioning, insulation.
900341407	Glycerol	An alcohol found in fats; each of its three carbons bears a hydroxyl group.
900341410	Fatty Acid	A long carbon chain carboxylic acid. vary in length and in the number and location of double bonds; three fatty acids linked to a glycerol molecule form fat.
900341411	Ester Linkage	A bond between a hydroxyl group and a carboxyl group.
900341417	Saturated Fatty Acid	A fatty acid in which all carbons are connected by single bonds, thus maximizing the number of hydrogen atoms that can attach to the carbon skeleton.
900341418	Unsaturated Fatty Acid	A fatty acid that has one or more double bonds. Nearly all double bonds in natural fatty acids are cis bonds, which cause a kink in the chain.
900341419	Trans Fats	Unsaturated fats with trans double bonds.
900341420	Phospholipids	Essential lipds that form cell membranes. Has two fatty acids and one phosphate group attached to a glycerol. When added to water, form double-layered structures called "bilayers."
900341421	Steroids	Lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings. Distinguished by the particular chemical groups attached.
900341422	Cholesterol	A common component of animal cell membranes and the precursor from which other steroids are synthesized. Synthesized in the liver.
900341423	Catalysts	Chemical agents that selectively speed up chemical reactions without being consumed by the reaction.
900341424	Polypeptides	Polymers of amino acids.
900341425	Protein	A biologically functional molecule that consists of one or more polypeptides, each folded and coiled into a specific three-dimensional structure.
900341426	Enzymatic Proteins	Function: selective acceleration of chemical reactions.
900341427	Storage Proteins	Function: storage of amino acids (ex - casein in milk, ovalbumin in egg whites)
900341428	Hormonal Proteins	Function: coordination of an organism's activities. (ex - insulin causes other tissues to take up glucose)
900341429	Contractile and Motor Proteins	Function: movement. Responsible for undulations of cilia and flagella, contraction of muscles.
900341430	Defensive Proteins	Function: protection against disease. (ex - antibodies)
900341431	Transport Proteins	Function: transport of substances (ex - transport of oxygen by hemoglobin in blood, transport of molecules across cell membranes)
900341432	Receptor Proteins	Function: response of cell to chemical stimuli (ex - nerve cell receptors detect signaling molecules)
900341433	Structural Proteins	Function: support (ex - keratin in hair, collagen and elastin in connective tissue)
900341434	Amino Acid	An organic molecule possessing both an amino group and a carboxyl group. There are 20 types.
900341435	Peptide Bond	The covalent bond between the carboxyl group on one amino acid and the amino group on another, formed by a dehydration reaction.
900341436	Primary Structure	Linear chain of amino acids.
900341437	Secondary Structure	Regions stabilized by hydrogen bonds between atoms of the polypeptide backbone. Two types: α helix (hair) and β sheet (silk).
900341438	Tertiary Structure	Three-dimentional shape stabilized by interactions between side chains. Reinforced by disulfide bridges.
900341439	Hydrophobic Interaction	Water surrounding the protein causes nonpolar side chains to cluster at the core of the protein.
900341440	Disulfide Bridges	Form where two cysteine monomers, which have sulfhydryl groups, are brought close together by the folding of the protein. The sulfur of one cysteine bonds to the sulfur of the second.
900341441	Quaternary Structure	Association of multiple polypeptides, forming a functional protein.
900341442	Sickle-cell Disease	An inherited blood disorder caused by the substitution of one amino acid (valine) for the normal one (glutamic acid) at a particular position in the primary structure of hemoglobin.
900341443	Denaturation	Loss of normal shape of a protein due to heat, transfer from an aqueous environment to a nonpolar solvent, or chemicals that disrupt the hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, and disulfide bridges that maintain a protein's shape.
900341444	Chaperonins	Protein molecules that assist in the proper folding of other proteins, but do not specify the final structure of a polypeptide.
900341445	X-ray Crystallography	Used to determine the 3-D structure of proteins.
900341446	Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)	A method for analyzing protein structure that does not require protein crystallization.
900341447	Bioinformatics	A newer approach that predicts the 3-D structure of polypeptides from their amino acid sequences.
900341448	Peptidoglycan	A protein-carbohydrate compound that makes the cell walls of bacteria rigid.
900341449	Organic Chemistry	The study of carbon compounds.
900341450	Vitalism	The belief in a life force outside the jurisdiction of physical and chemical laws. (obsolete)
900341451	Mechanism	The view that physical and chemical laws govern all natural phenomena, including the processes of life.
900341452	Methane	CH₄
900341453	Ethane	C₂H₆
900341454	Ethene	C₂H₄
900341455	Length	One way that carbon skeletons can vary.
900341456	Branching	One way that carbon skeletons can vary.
900341457	Double Bond Position	One way that carbon skeletons can vary.
900341458	Presence of Rings	One way that carbon skeletons can vary.
900341459	Hydrocarbons	Organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen.
900341460	Isomers	Compounds that have the same numbers of atoms of the same elements but different structures and hence different properties.
900341461	Structural Isomers	Differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms. Carbons must be single-bonded.
900341462	Cis-Trans Isomers	Formerly called geometric isomers. Carbons have covalent bonds to the same atoms, but these atoms differ in their spatial arrangements due to the inflexibility of double bonds.
900341463	Cis Isomer
900341464	Trans Isomer
900341465	Enantiomers	Isomers that are mirror images of each other and that differ in shape due to the presence of an asymmetric carbon. Two types: L (levo) and D (dextro).
900341466	Asymmetric/Chiral Carbon	A carbon that is attached to four different atoms or groups of atoms.
900341467	Functional Groups	Chemical groups that affect molecular function by being directly involved in chemical reactions.
900341468	Hydroxyl	Polar; forms H-bonds with water molecules, helping dissolve organic compounds. Compound: alcohols.
900341469	Alcohol
900341470	Carbonyl	>CO Compound: ketones, aldehydes
900341471	Ketone	If the carbonyl group is within a carbon skeleton.
900341472	Aldehyde	If the carbonyl group is at the end of the skeleton.
900341473	Carboxyl	-COOH Acts as an acid: can donate an H⁺ because the covalent bond between O and H is so polar. Compound: carboxylic/organic acid.
900341474	Carboxylic Acid	Can donate an H⁺ because the covalent bond between O and H is so polar.
900341475	Amino	-NH₂ Acts as a base; can pick up H⁺ from the surrounding solution. Compound: Amine
900341476	Amine	Acts as a base; can pick up H⁺ from the surrounding solution.
900341477	Sulfhydryl	-SH Two sulfhydryl groups can react to form a disulfide bridge that stabilizes protein structure (tertiary structure). Compound: Thiol
900341478	Cysteine	An important sulfur-containing amino acid. Two sulfhydryl groups can react to form a disulfide bridge that stabilizes protein structure (tertiary structure).
900341479	Phosphate	-OPO₃²⁻ Contributes negative charge to the molecule (2- at the end, 1- internally)
900341480	Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)	When three phosphates are present, one may split off to react with water. Becomes adenosine diphosphate (ADP).
900341481	Methyl	-CH3 Affects gene expression, sex hormones.
900341482	Acid	A substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution.
900341483	Base	A substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution.
900341484	Buffer	A solution that contains a weak acid and its corresponding base. A buffer minimizes changes in pH when acids or bases are added to the solution.
900341485	Calorie	The amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1°C; also the amount of heat energy that 1 g of water releases when it cools by 1°C. The Calorie (with a capital C), usually used to indicate the energy content of food, is a kilocalorie.
900341486	Celsius Scale	A temperature scale (°C) equal to 5/9(°F - 32) that measures the freezing point of water at 0°C and the boiling point of water at 100°C.
900341487	Cohesion	The linking together of like molecules, often by hydrogen bonds.
900341488	Colloid	A mixture made up of a liquid and particles that (because of their large size) remain suspended rather than dissolved in that liquid.
900341490	Evaporative Cooling	The process in which the surface of an object becomes cooler during evaporation, a result of the molecules with the greatest kinetic energy changing from the liquid to the gaseous state.
900341493	Heat	The total amount of kinetic energy due to the random motion of atoms or molecules in a body of matter; also called thermal energy. Heat is energy in its most random form.
900341494	Joule	A unit of energy: 1 J = 0.239 cal; 1 cal = 4.184 J.
900341496	Kinetic Energy	The energy associated with the relative motion of objects. Moving matter can perform work by imparting motion to other matter.
900341499	Molarity	A common measure of solute concentration, referring to the number of moles of solute per liter of solution.
900341501	Mole	The number of grams of a substance that equals its molecular weight in daltons and contains Avogadro's number of molecules.
900341503	Molecular Mass	The sum of the masses of all the atoms in a molecule; sometimes called molecular weight.
900341504	Ocean Acidification	Decreasing pH of ocean waters due to absorption of excess atmospheric CO2 from the burning of fossil fuels.
900341506	Polar Covalent Bond	A covalent bond between atoms that differ in electronegativity. The shared electrons are pulled closer to the more electronegative atom, making it slightly negative and the other atom slightly positive.
900341508	Solute	A substance that is dissolved in a solution.
900341510	Solution	A liquid that is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances.
900341512	Solvent	The dissolving agent of a solution. Water is the most versatile solvent known.
900341514	Specific Heat	The amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1 g of a substance to change its temperature by 1°C.
900341515	Surface Tension	A measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid. Water has a high surface tension because of the hydrogen bonding of surface molecules.
900341517	Temperature	A measure of the intensity of heat in degrees, reflecting the average kinetic energy of the molecules.
900341519	Heat of Vaporization	The amount of energy required for the liquid at its boiling point to become a gas.
900341522	Hydrophilic	Having a strong affinity for water.
900341524	Hydrophobic	Lacking affinity for water.
900341525	pH	A measure of hydrogen ion concentration equal to -log [H+] and ranging in value from 0 to 14.
900341527	Buffer	A solution that is resistant to large changes in pH
900341529	Acid Precipitation	Rain containing acids that form in the atmosphere when industrial gas emissions (especially sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides) combine with water.
900341531	Element	...
900341532	Compound	...
900341534	Atom	The smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element.
900341536	Atomic Number	The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom, unique for each element and designated by a subscript to the left of the elemental symbol.
900341539	Atomic Mass	The total mass of an atom, which is the mass in grams of 1 mole of the atom.
900341540	Dalton	A measure of mass for atoms and subatomic particles; the same as the atomic mass unit, or amu.
900341541	Isotope	One of several atomic forms of an element, each with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons, thus differing in atomic mass.
900341542	Electron Shell	...
900341543	Valence Shell	The outermost energy shell of an atom, containing the valence electrons involved in the chemical reactions of that atom.
900341544	Orbital	The three-dimensional space where an electron is found 90% of the time.
900341545	Chemical Bond	An attraction between two atoms, resulting from a sharing of outer-shell electrons or the presence of opposite charges on the atoms. The bonded atoms gain complete outer electron shells.
900341546	Covalent Bond	A type of strong chemical bond in which two atoms share one or more pairs of valence electrons.
900341547	Molecule	...
900341548	Electronegativity	...
900341549	Nonpolar Covalent Bond	A type of covalent bond in which electrons are shared equally between two atoms of similar electronegativity.
900341550	Polar Covalent Bond	...
900341551	Ion	An atom or group of atoms that has gained or lost one or more electrons, thus acquiring a charge.
900341552	Ionic Bond	A chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions.
900341553	Hydrogen Bond	A type of weak chemical bond that is formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule or in another region of the same molecule.
900341554	Van der Waals Interactions	Weak attractions between molecules or parts of molecules that result from transient local partial charges.
900341555	Chemical Reaction	The making and breaking of chemical bonds, leading to changes in the composition of matter.
900341556	Reactant	A starting material in a chemical reaction.
900341557	Product	...
900341558	Chemical Equilibrium	In a chemical reaction, the state in which the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction, so that the relative concentrations of the reactants and products do not change with time.
900341559	Trace Element	An element indispensable for life but required in extremely minute amounts.
900341560	Evolution	The process of change that has transformed life on Earth from its earliest beginnings to the diversity of organisms living today.
900341561	Biology	The study of life.
900341562	Emergent Properties	New properties that emerge with each step upward in the hierarchy of life, owing to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases.
900341563	Reductionism	The approach of reducing complex systems into simpler components that are more manageable to study.
900341564	Systems Biology	An approach that attempts to model the dynamic behavior of whole biological systems based on a study of the interactions among the system's parts.
900341565	Global Climate Change	A broad term that refers to changes in the earth's climate mostly as a result of changes in temperature and precipitation.
900341566	Eukaryotic Cell	A type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. Examples of organisms with these cells are protists, plants, fungi, and animals.
900341567	Prokaryotic Cell	A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles; found only in bacteria and archaea.
900341568	DNA	A nucleic acid molecule, usually a double-stranded helix, in which each polynucleotide strand consists of nucleotide monomers with a deoxyribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T); capable of being replicated and determining the inherited structure of a cell's proteins.
900341569	Genes	The units of inheritance that transmit information from parents to offspring.
900341570	Gene Expression	Conversion of the information encoded in a gene first into messenger RNA and then to a protein.
900341571	Genome	The entire "library" of genetic instructions that an organism inherits.
900341572	Genomics	The study of whole sets of genes and their interactions within a species, as well as genome comparisons between species.
900341573	Bioinformatics	The use of computers, software, and mathematical models to process and integrate biological information from large data sets.
900341574	Feedback Regulation	The output, or product, of a process regulates that very process.
900341575	Negative Feedback	Accumulation of an end product of a process slows the process; a primary mechanism of homeostasis, whereby a change in a variable triggers a response that counteracts the initial change.
900341576	Positive Feedback	Accumulation of an end product speeds up its own production; less common than negative feedback.
900341577	Taxonomy	The branch of biology that classifies plants and animals into groups of increasing breadth, based on the degree to which they share characteristics. Domain> Kingdom> Phylum> Class> Order> Family> Genus> Species
900341578	Domain	The inclusive taxonomic group, larger than kingdom: bacteria, archaea, eukarya
900341579	Bacteria	One of two prokaryotic domains, the other being Archaea.
900341580	Archaea	One of two prokaryotic domains of life; are typically now found in extreme environments.
900341581	Eukarya	Domain of all organisms whose cells have nuclei, including protists, plants, fungi, and animals.
900341582	Kingdom	Second largest taxonomic group, distinguished partly by modes of nutrition: animalia, plantae, protista, eubacteria, archaebacteria, fungi.
900341583	Charles Darwin	Made three observations from nature: 1) individuals in a population vary in traits, many heritable. 2) a population can produce far more offspring than can survive to produce offspring of their own. 3) species generally suit their environments.
900341584	Natural Selection	A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits.
900341585	Science	a way of knowing that seeks to understand the natural world within the limits of naturalistic explanations.
900341586	Inquiry	The search for information and explanation, often focusing on specific questions.
900341587	Data	Recorded observations.
900341588	Qualitative	Data in the form of recorded descriptions rather than numerical measurements.
900341589	Quantitative	Data generally recorded as measurements.
900341590	Inductive Reasoning	A type of logic in which generalizations are based on a large number of specific observations.
900341591	Hypothesis	A rational, tentative answer for a set of observations, based on the available data and guided by inductive reasoning. Must be TESTABLE and FALSIFIABLE.
900341592	Deductive Reasoning	A type of reasoning in which specific results are predicted from a general premise; "if...then" logic.
900341593	Scientific Method	An idealized process of inquiry.
900341594	Warning Coloration	Distinctive patterns that stand out against the background, used by poisonous animals to ward off predators.
900341595	Controlled Experiment	An experiment that compares an experimental group with a control group. Ideally, the two groups differ only in the factor the experiment is designed to test.
900341596	Theory	An explanation that is broader in scope than a hypothesis, generates new hypotheses, and is supported by a large body of evidence.
900341597	Model Organism	A species that is easy to grow in the lab and lends itself particularly well to the questions being investigated.
900341598	Technology	The practical application of science to commerce or industry.
900341599	Jakob Bohme (1575-1624)	The doctrine of signatures
900341600	Scripture & Creation	God's two books of Revelation
900341601	Theology	a human discipline created to study the Scriptures.
900341602	Science	a human discipline created to study the Creation.
900341603	methodological	using natural methods
900341604	metaphysical	no supernatural exists
900341605	naturalism	nature is everything
900341606	materialism	matter is everything
900341607	Discovery Science	describes structures and processes using observation and analysis. It produces general conclusions (based on observations) via inductive reasoning
900341608	Hypothesis-Based Science	seeks explanations of phenomena by proposing and testing hypotheses. It moves from general observations to specific conclusions. Hypotheses are tested using deductive reasoning. Hypotheses must be testable and falsifiable.
900341609	polar	-water unequal sharing of electrons
900341610	four properties of water	1.Cohesive behavior 2.Ability to moderate temperature 3.Expansion upon freezing 4.Versatility as a solvent
900341611	Organic Compound	- compound containing carbon and (usually hydrogen); originally thought to be made only by living organisms (also frequently O, N, S, & P)
900341612	Structural isomers	have different covalent arrangements of their atoms
900341613	Geometric isomers	have the same covalent arrangements but differ in spatial arrangements
900341614	nucleic acids	Genetic Information and Energy (ATP, etc.)
900341615	Fats	Usually of animal origin Solid at room temperature
900341616	Oils	Usually of plant origin Liquid at room temperature
900341617	components of a nucleotide	Phosphate Pentose sugar Nitrogen-containing base

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Campbell Biology Key Terms (Chapter 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 13, 21) Flashcards

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838007467	Suspension Feeders	Sift food out of air/water (whales)
838007468	Substrate Feeders	Live in or on their food source. (caterpillar on a leaf)
838007469	Bulk Feeders	Ingest large pieces of food.
838007470	Fluid Feeders	Suck nutrient-rich fluids from a living host.
838007471	Alimentary Canal	Digestive tract w/ two openings mouth and anus
838007472	Large Intestine	Reclaims water and compacts feces
838007473	A healthy human diet includes 13 _____ and many ______ minerals.	Vitamins, essential
838007474	Obesity	Excessive accumulation of fat
838007475	Evolution	All animals today have ancestors with similar traits.
838007476	Artificial Selection	Humans breeding animals and plants for a desired trait.
838007477	Natural Selection	"Survival of the fittest" If a long neck gets food, that animal survives, mates, and the gene continues. If it doesn't, the animal dies, doesn't mate, and the gene stops.
838007478	Biogeography	Geographic distribution of species.
838007479	Homology	Similarity in characteristics that results from common ancestry is known as homology.
838007480	Vestigial Structures	Remnants of features that served important functions in the organism's ancestors.
838007481	Population	A group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and interbreed.
838007482	Gene Pool	Total collection of genes in a population at any one time.
838007483	Microevolution	Relative frequencies of alleles in a population change over a number of generations.
838007484	Genetic Drift	Fluctuating gene freq.
838007485	Founder effect	Few individuals colonize or go into isolation.
838007486	Bottleneck effect	Natural disaster kills most of the population, leaving little people and varying genes.
838007487	Heredity	Transmission of traits from one generation to the next.
838007488	Genetics	The scientific study of heredity.
838007489	P generation	Parental
838007490	F1 Generation	Offspring of P generation
838007491	F2 Generation	Offspring of F1 generation
838007492	Monohybrid Cross	The parent plants differ in one trait. (i.e. all the same except color of flower)
838007493	Allele	Different versions of the same trait.
838007494	Law of Segregation	Sperm and egg only carry one allele for a trait. When sperm and egg unite are fertilization, each contributes its allele, restoring the paired condition in the offspring.
838007495	Dihybrid Cross	Mating of parental varieties differing in two characteristics. (i.e. flower color and height)
838007496	Law of Independent Assortment	Inheritance of one character has no effect on the inheritance of the other.
838007497	Testcross	Known recessive genotype is mated with an unknown genotype. (i.e. brown dog mated with black dog, turns out black dog was Bb)
838007498	Carriers	People who carry the recessive allele for a disorder but are not too afflicted. (such as Aa, Bb, Cc, Dd, etc)
838007499	Achrondroplasia	Dwarfism in arms and legs. (dominant disorder) AA = dead embryo :C Aa = living but affected
838007500	Amniocentesis	Needle is insert through abdomen to extract amniotic fluid. (karyotype babies - note: dangerous for babies)
838007501	Incomplete Dominance	Mixing of traits. (Red x White) (RR x rr) Rr = pink RR = red rr = white
838007502	Pleiotropy	One gene influences multiple characteristics.
838007503	Chromosome Theory of Inheritance	Genes occupy specific loci on chromosomes and it is the chromosomes that undergo segregation and independent assortment.
838007504	Linkage Map	Diagram of relative gene locations.
838007505	Human Gender	XX or XY XO or XXY female or male
838007506	Grasshopper Gender	X or XX Male or female
838007507	Bee Gender	Males are haploid, females are diploid
838007508	Chicken Gender	ZZ or ZW Male or female
838007509	Sex-Linked Gene	Gene located on either sex chromosome.
838007510	Hemophilia	X-linked recessive trait (blood clotting is hard/doesn't happen)
838007511	Photosynthesis	Plants convert CO2 and H2O through their own organic molecules and release O2 as a product.
838007512	Autotrophs	Organisms that make their own food.
838007513	Heterotrophs	Organisms that consume other plants or animals or decompose organic material.
838007514	Chlorophyll	Light-absorbing pigment.
838007515	Mesophyll	Green tissue in the interior of a plant leaf.
838007516	Stroma	Thick fluid in the chloroplast.
838007517	Thylakoids	Interconnected membranous sacs.
838007518	Grana (granum)	Concentrated stacks of thylakoids.
838007519	Carbon Fixation	Incorporation of carbon from CO2 into organic compounds.
838007520	Photon	Fixed quantity of energy. (shorter wavelengths of light = greater E)
838007521	Photophosphorylation	Chemiosmotic production of ATP in photosynthesis.
838007522	Global Climate Change (usually higher)	Increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases.
838007523	Bacteriophages	Viruses that exclusively infect bacteria.
838007524	Molecular Biology	The study of heredity at the molecular level.
838007525	Nucleotides	Long chains of (polymers) of chemical units (monomers).
838007526	DNA	Deoxyribonucleic acid
838007527	T	Thymine
838007528	C	Cytosine
838007529	G	Guanine
838007530	A	Adenine
838007531	U	Uracil (RNA's "T" when duplicating) for example: GCATGCCCGAT - dna CGUACGGGCUA - rna
838007532	G pairs with	C
838007533	A pairs with	T (U if RNA)
838007534	Okazaki Fragments	Synthesis of a new strand in short pieces are the "fork" opens up.
838007535	Semiconservative Model	1 strand of original DNA goes with each duplicated strand
838007536	DNA Polymerase	Enzymes that link DNA nucleotides to a growing daughter strand.
838007537	Daughter strand can only grow from ___' to ___'.	5' to 3'
838007538	DNA strand (no context to definition)	5' to 3' 3' to 5' ends partner up
838007539	Transcription	The synthesis of RNA under the direction of DNA.
838007540	Translation	The synthesis of protein under the direction of RNA.
838007541	Codon	Groups of base pairs in 3. AAAGGG - AAA is a codon, GGG is a codon each codon codes for a specific amino acid
838007542	RNA nucleotides are linked by transcription enzyme ______ __________.	RNA polymerase
838007543	Start codon	Promoter
838007544	Stop codon	Terminator
838007545	Messenger RNA (mRNA)	Encodes amino acid sequences.
838007546	Transfer RNA (tRNA)	Converts the words of codons to the amino acids words of proteins. (interpreter)
838007547	Anticodon	Group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon.
838007548	Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)	Type of RNA that makes up most of the ribosomes.
838007549	Silent Mutation	Change in base has no change in amino acid.
838007550	Missense Mutation	Change in base changes the amino acid.
838007551	Nonsense Mutation	Change in base changes amino acid into a stop codon, thus not functioning properly.
838007552	Lysogenic Cycle	Virus inserts its DNA into bacteria, it doesn't destroy the cell until after it duplicated many times
838007553	Lytic Cycle	Creates copies of the phage inside the one bacteria; lyses.
838007554	Prions	Infectious proteins (i.e. mad cow disease)
838007555	Chromosomes	Structures that contain most of a cell's DNA.
838007556	Chromatin	DNA in a loose state.
838007557	Sister Chromatids	Two identical copies of a single chromosome. (two in total, including the original)
838007558	Interphase	High metabolic activity in cell, many functions performed.
838007559	Phases of Cell Division (in order)	Prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase.
838007560	Telophase	Division of nuclei
838007561	Cell Plate	Start of cell wall in plant cells.
838007562	Cleavage Furrow	Shallow indentation in the cell surface.
838007563	Homologous Chromosomes	Two chromosomes of a matching pair. (both carry genes controlling the same inherited characteristics)
838007564	Locus	Particular band on chromosome that controls a characteristic.
838007565	Diploid	2n=46
838007566	Haploid	n=23
838007567	What is a gamete? What type of "loid" is a gamete?	Sperm or ova/egg Haploid n=23
838007568	What is a zygote? Is it diploid or haploid?	Fertilized egg Diploid 2n=46
838007569	What does meiosis do?	It reduces the chromosome number from diploid to haploid.
838007570	Chiasma	Sites of crossing over on nonsister chromatids of homologous chromosomes.
838007571	What trisomy is Down syndrome?	Trisomy 21
838007572	What is trisomy?	3 of a chromosome
838007573	Nondisjunction	Members of a chromosome pair fail to separate.
838007574	Klinefelter Syndrome	XXY (male)
838007575	XYY	Male
838007576	XXX	Female
838007577	Turner Syndrome	XO (female)
838007578	Normal Male	XY
838007579	Normal Female	XX
838007580	Deletion	Segment of a chromosome is removed.
838007581	Inversion	Segment of a chromosome is removed then reinserted "backwards" to its original orientation.
838007582	Duplication	A segment of a chromosome is copied and inserted into the homologous chromosome.
838007583	Reciprocal Translocation	Segments of two non-homologous chromosomes swap locations with each other.
838007584	Cellular Respiration	O2 is consumed as glucose is broken down to Co2 and H2o; the cell captures the energy released in ATP.
838007585	Redox Reaction	The movement of electrons from one molecule to another.
838007586	Oxidation	The loss of electrons from one substance.
838007587	Reduction	The addition of electrons to another substance.
838007588	NAD+	A coenzyme useful for oxidizing glucose. (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)
838007589	Electron Transport Chain	NADH delivering electrons to the rest of the staircase.
838007590	Glycolysis	Breaking glucose into two three-carbon compounds called pyruvate. (occurs in cytoplasm)
838007591	Citric Acid Cycle	Completes the breakdown of glucose. (occurs in mitochondria)
838007592	Oxidative Phosphorylation	An enzymatic process in cell metabolism that synthesizes ATP from ADP.
838007593	Chemiosmosis	The potential energy of the concentration gradient is used to make ATP.
838007594	Fluid Mosaic	Membranes are composed of a bilayer of phospholipids with embedded and attached proteins.
838007595	Selectively Permeable (or Semi Permeable)	Cell membranes allow some substances to cross more easily than others.
838007596	Diffusion	The tendency for particles of any kind to spread out evenly in an available space.
838007597	Concentration Gradient	Diffusing from high to low concentrated areas.
838007598	Passive Transport	Cells requiring no energy to diffuse molecules across the membrane.
838007599	Osmosis	Diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane.
838007600	Tonicity	The ability of a surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water.
838007601	Isotonic	A solution where the cell's volume will remain constant. (balance)
838007603	Hypotonic	A solution where the cell's volume will increase. (bloating/"exploding")
838007614	Hypertonic	A solution where the cell's volume will decrease. (shrivel)
838007615	Osmoregulation	The control of water balance.
838007616	Facilitated Diffusion	The transport of substances through a cell membrane along the concentration gradient with the aid of carrier proteins.
838007617	Aquaporin	Protein channel.
838007618	Active Transport	Cells using energy to move a solute against its concentration gradient.
838007619	Exocytosis	How a cell gets bulky molecules out of the cell.
838007620	Endocytosis	How a cell takes in large molecules. (there are 3 types)
838007621	Phagocytosis	"Cellular eating"
838007622	Pinocytosis	"Cellular drinking"
838007623	Receptor-mediated Endocytosis	Selective uptake of molecules into a cell by vacuole formation after they bind to specific receptor proteins in the plasma membrane.
838007624	Energy	The capacity to cause change or perform work.
838007625	Kinetic Energy	The energy of motion.
838007626	Thermal/Heat Energy	Type of kinetic energy associated with the random movement of atoms or molecules.
838007627	Potential Energy	Energy that matter possesses as a result of its location or structure. (i.e. bike on hill, water behind dam, etc)
838007628	Chemical Energy	The potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction.
838007629	Thermodynamics	The study of energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter.
838007630	First Law of Thermodynamics	Energy in the universe is consent. Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed. (aka law of energy conservation)
838007631	Entropy	Measure of disorder.
838007632	Second Law of Thermodynamics	Energy conversions increase the entropy/disorder of the universe.
838007633	Cellular Respiration	Stored chemical energy in organic molecules is converted to a useable form.
838007634	Exergonic Reaction	A chemical reaction that releases energy.
838007635	Endergonic Reaction	A chemical reaction that absorbs energy.
838007636	Metabolism	The total of an organism's chemical reactions.
838007637	Metabolic Pathway	A series of chemical reactions that either build complex molecules or break down a complex molecule into more simple compounds.
838007638	Energy Coupling	The use of energy released from exergonic reactions drive essential endergonic reactions.
838007639	ATP	Adenosine triphosphate ~ adenine (nitrogen base), ribose, five carbon sugar, and a chain of three phosphates.
838007640	Phosphorylation	Phosphate transfer.
838007641	Activation Energy	Needed energy to start a reaction.
838007642	Enzymes	Molecules that function as biological catalysts. (increase rate of retain w/o being consumed by reaction)
838007643	Substrate	The reactant on which an enzyme works.
838007644	Active Site	Where the substrate fits in to.
838007645	Induced Fit	The active site changing shape slightly to embrace the substrate more snugly.
838007646	Cofactors	Nonprotein helpers.
838007647	Coenzyme	An organic molecule that is a cofactor.
838007648	Competitive Inhibitor	Blocks active site to reduce rate of reaction.
838007649	Noncompetitive Inhibitor	Connects to allosteric(not active) site. This causes the active site to change, thus making the substrate go elsewhere.
838007650	Feedback Inhibition	The end product of a metabolic pathway shuts down the pathway.

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