AP Notes, Outlines, Study Guides, Vocabulary, Practice Exams and more!
White 1: Lesson 01 - Welcome
| 328526471 | Stand |  | |
| 328526472 | Sit |  | |
| 328526473 | Walk |  | |
| 328526474 | Stop |  | |
| 328526475 | Point |  | |
| 328526476 | Touch |  | |
| 328526477 | Door |  | |
| 328526478 | Board |  | |
| 328526479 | Table |  | |
| 328526480 | Jump |  | |
| 328526481 | Light |  | |
| 328526482 | Clap |  | |
| 328526483 | Chair |  | |
| 328526484 | Desk |  |
| 42685054 | Huguenots | protestants who fought against the Roman Catholics in France | |
| 42685055 | Edict of Nantes | granted limited toleration to protestants in France | |
| 42685056 | King Louis XVI | 1643- 1715 King of France, interested in colonies | |
| 42685057 | Quebec | France's 1st permanent colony | |
| 42685058 | Samuel de Champlain | soldier and explorer who led the Quebec exploration | |
| 42685059 | Huron | Indian tribes that were helped by the French to defeat the Iroquois | |
| 42685060 | New France | Canada- ruled directly by King | |
| 42685061 | Coureurs de bois | French fur trappers- caught mostly beavers | |
| 42685062 | Fur hunting | major industry- French fur trappers discovered many new places | |
| 42685063 | Jesuits | worked to save the Indians and convert them to Christianity | |
| 42685064 | Louisiana | found by Robert de la Salle- named in honor of Louis XIV | |
| 42685065 | Robert de la Salle | explorer who found Louisiana- later killed by men when he couldn't find it again | |
| 42685066 | New Orleans | fortified post that guarded France from the Gulf of Mexico- fur trade industry | |
| 42685067 | King William's War | British colonists against French coureurs de bois- recruted Indians- guerrila warfare | |
| 42685068 | Queen Anne's War | Similar to King William's war- the British won and recieved Nova Scotia and Hudson Bay | |
| 42685069 | Deerfield Massacre | bloody massacre during King William's War | |
| 42685070 | Treaty of Utrect | treaty that gave Britain Nova Scotia and Hudson Bay after Queen Anne's War | |
| 42685071 | Nova Scotia | "New Scotland" awarded in Treaty of Utrect | |
| 42685072 | Salutary Neglect | time after the war and before the French and Indian War when Britain allowed the colonies to run themselves | |
| 42685073 | War of Jenkins Ear | Between Britain and Spain- Carribean Sea and Georgia- ended with Louisbourg back to France | |
| 42685074 | King George's War | war of Austrian Sucession- France allies with Spain- New Englanders invade New France | |
| 42685075 | Ohio River Valley | area of contention between French and British- French and Indian War is started here | |
| 42685076 | George Washington | sent to Ohio River Valley to fight the French, killed French leader- later had to surrender | |
| 42685077 | Fort Duquesne | French fort- 1st George Washington fight- kills French leader | |
| 42685078 | Fort Necessity | after a 10 hour siege on the fort, George Washington surrenders- defeated by French | |
| 42685079 | Cajuns | French-speaking Acadians who were moved to Louisiana to protect Britain from being overthrown in the newly acquired Canadian territory- Roman Catholic | |
| 42685080 | French and Indian War | started in Ohio Valley- against French for land- ended with the Peace Treaty of Paris (1763)- Britain gets Canada, and Louisiana, French get Sugar Islands | |
| 42685081 | Seven Years' War | European version of French and Indian War- Britain and Prussia against France, Spain, Austria and Russia | |
| 42685082 | Benjamin Franklin | leading spirit of the Albany Congress | |
| 42685083 | Albany Congress | group of delegates from 7 of the 13 colonies- agreed on union through French and Indian War | |
| 42685084 | Braddock | British general- tried to capture Fort Duquesne- failed because of slow, heavy equipment | |
| 42685085 | William Pitt | British general- attacked Louisburg for 1st British victory- helped capture Quebec | |
| 42685086 | James Wolfe | led British on Plains of Abraham (died)- Quebec surrenders | |
| 42685087 | Plains of Abraham | place where the British and French faced each other in Battle of Quebec | |
| 42685088 | Marquis de Montcalm | the French general during the battle of Quebec | |
| 42685089 | Treaty of Paris | 1763- French power is thrown off North America- Spain gives up Florida, Britain gets Canada, and Louisiana, French get Sugar Islands | |
| 42685090 | Militia | name for an army or troops | |
| 42685091 | Pontiac's Rebellion | Indian cheif who wanted to expel the British colonists out of the Ohio River Valley- failed, but led colonists to set up army on frontier | |
| 42685092 | Proclamation of 1763 | prohibited settlement in an area beyond the Appalachians- tried to stop Indian problem- colonists saw as it as way to oppress them |
Professor Rein, Dickinson
| 321326844 | Cultural Anthropology | studying human society in a cross-cultural perspective | |
| 321326845 | Linguistic Anthropology | study of the form, function, and social context of language | |
| 321326846 | Biological Anthropology | deals with adaptions, variations, and evolution of human beings | |
| 321326847 | Sherwood Washburn | pioneers in primatology, helped support study of common ancestor of humans and chimps | |
| 321326848 | Subfields of biological anthropology | paleoanthropology, human biology, primatology, molecular anthropology-which living primate species share common ancestry; divergence times of different primate groups | |
| 321326849 | What is science? | empirical and self-correcting, experimentation or observation, can be interpreted in different ways, explanations can change based on new evidence | |
| 321326850 | The scientific method | observation+deduction, construct hypothesis, experimentation or analysis, hypothesis supported or refuted. | |
| 321326851 | research design and variables | Independent Variable: impact on another variable. Dependent Variable: may change from independent variable. Control Variable: held constant to test the influence of independent variable on the control variable. | |
| 321326852 | theory | a scientific hypothesis that has been supported by scientific research and evidence. Withstood repeated attempts at rejection | |
| 321326853 | fixity of species | every species was created in the past exactly as it appears today. No new species can be created or become extinct. Species diversity is just 'noise' in the system around an 'ideal type'. Part of religious doctrine from the Middle Ages | |
| 321326854 | great chain of being | all organisms exist in a hierarchical ladder with humans on the top rung. | |
| 321326855 | short geographical timescale | Archbishop Ussher. During Renaissance it was determined through geology, paleontology and astronomy that the universe is ever changing, not fixed. | |
| 321326856 | Archbishop Ussher | Natural theologian, determined world began in 4004 BC based on descendants of Adam and Eve. | |
| 321326857 | John Ray | 1627-1705. Distinguished groups of plants and animals by their ability to reproduce with one another. | |
| 321326858 | Carolus Linnaeus | 1707-1778. Systema Naturae, 1735. Binomial nomenclature to classify plant and animals that is still used today. | |
| 321326859 | Comte de Buffon | A.k.a George-Louis Leclerc 1707-1788. "Natural History" in 1749. Emphasized changing universe and changing nature of species. | |
| 321326860 | Erasmus Darwin | 1731-1802. Darwin's grandfather. Early supporter of evolution. | |
| 321326861 | Lamark | 1744-1829. Species change due to environment. Inheritance of acquired characteristics. First to try to explain HOW | |
| 321326862 | Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics | theory that characteristics developed or adaptions made over an individuals life time could be past on to next generation. | |
| 321326863 | Georges Cuvier | 1769-1832. Proposed idea of EXTINCTION to explain the disappearance from the earth of animals represented only by fossils. Theory of catastrophism. | |
| 321326864 | Theory of Catastrophism | theory that geographical changes happen all at once in catastrophic events and not gradually. | |
| 321326865 | Thomas Malthus | 1766-1834. "Essay on the Principle of Population" in 1798. Modeling human population growth. Pop. growth is controlled by resource availability, which leads to a struggle for existence. | |
| 321326866 | Charles Lyell | 1797-1875. "Principles of Geology" early 1830's. Theory of Uniformitarianism | |
| 321326867 | Theory of Uniformitarianism | "the present is the key to the past". Assumption that natural processes operating in the past are the same as those that can be observed operating in the present. | |
| 321326868 | Charles Darwin | evolution guy. | |
| 321326869 | Darwin's postulates and evidence for Natural Selection | Work with diversity in finches on the galapagos islands. Natural selection is based on the concept of 'selective breeding', in this case nature does the selecting of what genes are to be passed on. | |
| 321326870 | Alfred Russel Wallace | similar idea to Darwin, there was pop. change overtime. Decided to publish his book On the Origin of Species. | |
| 321326871 | Thomas Henry Huxley | Darwin's bulldog. | |
| 321326872 | Blending Inheritance | came up with idea to try and explain mode of inheritance, was not logical. Idea that contribution are halved at each successive generation. | |
| 321326873 | Components of the cell | nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, DNA | |
| 321326874 | Types of cells | Prokaryotes (all singled-cell organisms) and Eukaryotes (have a nucleus) | |
| 321326875 | DNA | Deoxyribonucleic Acid. Double helix structure composed of two complementary strands. Each strand is composed of a sequence of nucleotides with a sugar phosphate backbone. Two strands are connected by hydrogen bonds formed between complementary bases. | |
| 321326876 | DNA replication | For growing and healing. Separated by enzyme called helicase. Unattached nucleotides are attached to the free ends of each strand. Two new strands are formed and replication is completed. | |
| 321326877 | Protein synthesis | Gene is transcribed into mRNA which is translated into protein. | |
| 321326878 | chromosomes | discrete structures composed of DNA and protein. How DNA is organized in the cell. Chromosomes occur in pairs. Inherit one member of each pair from mother and father. | |
| 321326879 | karyotype | Total chromosomal compliments of an individual, humans have 46. | |
| 321326880 | mitosis | Simple cell division: creates 2 identical daughter cells. | |
| 321326881 | meiosis | cell division in specialized cells in ovaries and testes. Involves two divisions and results in 4 daughter cells. Develop into gametes. Recombination (crossing-over). | |
| 321326882 | Human Genome | The entire genetic make-up of an individual or species. About 3 billion nucleotide bases. | |
| 321326883 | Gene | unit of heredity in a living organism. | |
| 321326884 | Exons | coding regions. | |
| 321326885 | Introns | non-coding regions (edited out after transcription). | |
| 321326886 | Mitochondrial Genome | passed on from mother to both sexes. No introns or repetitive DNA. Does not recombine. Preserves a lot of information about ancestry because it preserves better than DNA. | |
| 321326887 | Molecular Methods | DNA can be extracted from hair, tissues, blood, feces, saliva, bone | |
| 321326888 | Gregor Mendel | Pea plants. Dichotomous variation | |
| 321326889 | Mendel's postulates for inheritance | 1. Hereditary characteristics are controlled by particulate unit factors that exist in pairs in individual organisms. 2. When an individual has two different unit factors responsible for a characteristic, only one is expressed and said to be dominant to the other, which is said to be recessive. 3. During the formation of gametes, the paired unit factors separate, or segregate, randomly so that each sex cell receives one or the other with equal likelihood. 4. During gamete formation, segregating pairs of unit factors assort independently of each other. | |
| 321326890 | Linkage | genes on the same chromosome should segregate together and find themselves in the same sex cells. | |
| 321326891 | crossing over | makes possible the independent assortment of linked genes. | |
| 321326892 | the modern synthesis | asvhilSDKn | |
| 321326893 | Mendelian traits | controlled by alleles at only one genetic locus. In contrast to polygenic traits. | |
| 321326894 | ABO blood type | aggulation: what happens when you don't get the right blood type. Different blood types has to do with different anti-bodies in the blood. | |
| 321326895 | Mutation | point mutation: when a single base in a gene is changed (sickle cell) insertion mutation: addition of one or more base pairs in the DNA deletion mutation: x-linked disorders-hemophilia -color blindness | |
| 321326896 | sickle cell anemia | point mutation. helps fight malaria | |
| 321326897 | x-linked disorders | recessive alleles, passed on and carried by women, only men express them. | |
| 321326898 | polygenic traits | result from the combined action of more than one gene with multiple alleles. | |
| 321326899 | pleiotropy | one gene has mult. phenotypic effects. Ex: achondroplasia, shortened limbs, larger head. | |
| 321326900 | heritability | measures the proportion of the phenotype that can be attributed to the genetic factors. variability caused by genes divided by (variability caused by genes + variability caused by environment). | |
| 321326901 | definition of evolution | change over time. | |
| 321326902 | allele frequencies | a measure of the relative frequency of an allele at a particular genetic locus in a population. | |
| 321326903 | genotype frequencies | AA Aa aa | |
| 321326904 | phenotype frequencies | when the trait is expressed. | |
| 321326905 | Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (and its assumptions) | Null hypothesis: evolutionary forces are not at work on a population. p squared + 2pq+q squared | |
| 321326906 | Microevolution vs. macroevolution | micro: small changes occurring within a species, such as a change in allele freq. macro: changes produced only after many generations | |
| 321326907 | gene flow | exchange of genes between populations. migrating and then mating | |
| 321326908 | genetic drift | changes in allele frequencies (evolution), produced by chance. Small populations drift more rapidly than large populations, as chance events have more of an effect. | |
| 321326909 | Founder's effect | Bottleneck. reduction in variation. Rare alleles can become more common. | |
| 321326910 | Balancing selection | maintain a genetic polymorphism with in a population. | |
| 321326911 | Directional selection | selecting for greater or lesser frequency of a given trait in a population | |
| 321326912 | Stabilizing selection | maintains a phenotype by selecting against deviations from it. | |
| 321326913 | Direct fitness | the number of offspring an individual produces and rears to reproductive age | |
| 321326914 | Inclusive fitness | an individual's total genetic contribution to the next generation, through one's own offspring and those of relatives. | |
| 321326915 | Sexual selection (and its two components) | 1. Struggle between males to gain access to mates. 2. Struggle by a female to choose the right mate. | |
| 321326916 | Human variation | phenotypic and genotypic variability in living populations of modern Homo sapiens. | |
| 321326917 | Population | an interbreeding group of organisms that is identifiable with in a particular species. | |
| 321326918 | Anthropometry | measurement of different aspects of the body | |
| 321326919 | Craniometry | used to define and explain racial variability | |
| 321326920 | John Friedrich-Blumenbach | Racial grouping: caucasian, mongolian, ethiopian, american, malayan. | |
| 321326921 | Race | Scientific racism helped to justify many bad things. | |
| 321326922 | Franz Boas | Transformed race from biological into sociological concept. !Physical variation did not necessarily coincide with racial categories. | |
| 321326923 | Cephalic index | max width divided by max length | |
| 321326924 | Skin color | not a good indicator of race | |
| 321326925 | Epicanthic fold | present in Asian and American populations. | |
| 321326926 | Study by Richard Lewontin and colleagues (1972) | study of genetic variation. Findings: 85% of total variation in world was present with in local groups. No natural subdivision of humans into groups, as variation is continuous. | |
| 321326927 | Cline | geographical distribution of a trait or allele | |
| 321326928 | Polymorphism | 2 or more alleles in a population. role of genetic drift on frequency of O allele in Americas. | |
| 321326929 | Genetic drift and polymorphisms | When Asian populations migrated to the Americas they brought a higher percentage of O blood type so O is more common in those populations. | |
| 321326930 | Gene flow and polymorphisms | There is gene flow between groups in America. gene flow from European and Af. Am. pops. was sex-biased. Can trace traits back to common ancestor to understand migration patterns and modern human origins. | |
| 321326931 | Duffy blood group | Present in Af. Am. pops. (4%-26%). Largely absent in African populations. | |
| 321326932 | Phylogey of modern human populations | ... | |
| 321326933 | Natural selection and polymorphisms | some traits advantages some not. But both are still present in a population. | |
| 321326934 | Lactose tolerance | lactose tolerance is advantages in some pops. and not others. Ex. people who have cattle. | |
| 321326935 | Maternal-fetal incompatibility complex | ... | |
| 321326936 | Adaptation | functional modification of structure, physiology, or behavior of an organism that increases fitness in a particular environment. | |
| 321326937 | Types of non-genetic adaptations | adjustments to the environment cultural, behavioral, acclimatization, adaptability | |
| 321326938 | Difference between genetic and non-genetic adaptation | genetic is over many generations and non-genetic is a single individual | |
| 321326939 | Acclimatization | physiological responses to change in environment that occurs during an individual's lifetime | |
| 321326940 | types of environmental stressors | solar radiation, thermal stress, altitudinal stress, heat and UV stress, | |
| 321326941 | high altitude adaptations | cultural: oxygen mask behavioral: walk slower acc: hyperventilation, increased blood flow, increased Hb adapt.: barrel chests, larger hearts, 20-30% larger lungs | |
| 321326942 | hypoxic ventilatory response | HVR high in lowlanders, low in Andeans, like acclimatized lowlanders. HVR is high in Tibetans, similar to lowlanders and 2 times that of Andeans | |
| 321326943 | climate adaptations | hemoglobin concentration of number of red blood cells. | |
| 321326944 | Bergmann's rule | body mass greater in pops that live in colder climates as mass increases relative surface area decreases, meaning heat los is reduced. Lost heat=lost energy, so being big is advantageous in cold environments. | |
| 321326945 | Allen's rule | colder climates= shorter appendages warmer climates=longer appendages in warmer climates surface area can be increased while keeping mass constant by assuming a more linear form | |
| 321326946 | Skin color and solar radiation | dermis: thick inner layer of collagen, hair follicles epidermis: thinner outer layer, 95% epithelial cells 5% pigment cells pops. with darker skin in tropical regions, lighter skin color as you move away from the equator | |
| 321326947 | Skin cancer | higher risk with lighter skin because more UV rays get past skin. | |
| 321326948 | Breakdown of folate | UV radiation breaks down folate. Folate is involved in DNA synthesis, sperm production, red blood cell formation, neural development. Can cause developmental problems during pregnancy | |
| 321326949 | Vitamin D and rickets | Lack of vitamin D can lead to rickets which can cause bow legged bones, deformation of pelvis with childbirth problems, major problems in early 20th century with urban children and darker skinned children in America. |
| 158925722 | Anthropology | the holistic study of the human species, its past, present, its biology, its culture, its language | |
| 158925723 | Biological Anthropology | an interdisciplinary and historical science | |
| 158925724 | Evolution | a theory, "change over time" | |
| 158925725 | European World View | a world in stasis, fixity of species, Great Chain of Being, no notion of Deep Time | |
| 159258122 | Great Chain of Being | a way to explain where every living thing fit into the ladder of relationships with everything else | |
| 159258123 | Deep Time | the essential concept donated by geology that stated that the earth was old enough for biological evolution to be a possibility | |
| 159258124 | Fixity of Species | the idea that living things are as God initially created them, and that they never changed i | |
| 158925726 | James Ussher | wanted to know the age of the earth; October 23, 4004 BC | |
| 158925727 | Count Buffon | Uniformitarianism and deeper time | |
| 158925728 | James Hutton | Uniformitarianism | |
| 158925729 | Charles Lyell | Earth evolves by uniform processes; geologist | |
| 158925730 | John Ray | concept of species and genus | |
| 158925731 | Carolus Linnaeus | first taxonomy of plants and animals by physical appearance | |
| 158925732 | Catastophism | fossil evidence indicate multiple extinctions and multiple catastrophies | |
| 159258125 | Uniformitarianism | gradual forces shaped the planet which are still at work today | |
| 158925733 | Jean Baptiste Lamark | Inhertitance of Acquired Characteristics-interaction between organisms and their environment, changes in trait are inherited (giraffe scenario) | |
| 158925734 | Thomas Malthus | most living things produce more offspring than can be expected to survive; competition for food and resources | |
| 158925735 | Darwin's Postulates | 1) There is the a "struggle for existence" b/c a population grows faster than its food supply 2) There is differential success to survive and reproduce 3) Variation in a population is present and is heritable | |
| 158925736 | Natural Selection | AKA: Differential Survival and Reproduction; when the environment changes, organisms that have characteristics that enable them to survive will do so and reproduce offspring with the same characteristics | |
| 158925737 | Darwin vs Lamark | Lamark: requires variation to arise when needed Darwin: variation already exists and nature selects those with advantageous characteristics according to their environment | |
| 158925738 | Old ideas of inheritence | blending of parents' traits, traits in blood, examples in breeding | |
| 158925739 | Gregor Mendel | Father of Genetics | |
| 158925740 | Pea Plants | inheritance | |
| 158925741 | Law of Segregation | traits are inherited as discrete units; frequent units=dominant, less frequent units=recessive | |
| 158925742 | Genes | codes for a particular trait | |
| 158925743 | Alleles | a pair of genes | |
| 158925744 | Genotype | combination of alleles | |
| 158925745 | Homozygous | same alleles | |
| 158925746 | Heterozygous | different alleles | |
| 158925747 | Phenotype | physical expression of trait | |
| 158925748 | Polygenetic Inheritance | two or more genes work together to effect a single pheotypic trait (eg. skin color); strongly affected by the environment in which they develop | |
| 158925749 | Chromosomes | where genes are located; humans :46 , 23 pairs | |
| 159258126 | Gametes | sex cells; where significant evolutionary changes occur | |
| 159258127 | Population | A group of individuals that can and do interbreed | |
| 159258128 | Evolution | A challenge in allele frequency from one generation to the next | |
| 159258129 | Fitness | an individual's reproductive success | |
| 159258130 | Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium | assumes no gene flow, mutation, genetic drift, or natural selection | |
| 159258131 | Homologies | traits which are similar in form in two species due to common ancestry | |
| 159258132 | Analogies | Similarities between organisms based only on common function with no regard to common evolutionary descent. Structures look/act alike because they exploit the same opportunities, like wings and flight. | |
| 159258133 | Punctuated Equilibrium | The idea that long periods of stasis are followed by short periods of rapid evolutionary change | |
| 159258134 | Bergman's Rule | organisms in cold climates tend to have stockier bodies | |
| 159258135 | Allen's Rule | Stipulates that in warmer climates, the limbs of the body are longer relative to body size to dissipate body heat | |
| 159258136 | Law of Segregation | Mendel; "particles" were separated into gametes that joined together during recombination, generating continuing variation | |
| 159258137 | Modern Synthesis | combination between Natural Selection and Mendelian genetics | |
| 159258138 | PTC | inability to taste is b/c it's a homozygous recessive genotype | |
| 159258139 | Human taxonomy | animalia-Primates-Hominidae-Homo-sapiens | |
| 159258140 | Genetic drift | random fluctuations of gene frequencies | |
| 159258141 | Gene flow | exchange of genes between populations, keeping them similar | |
| 159258142 | Mutation | introduce new traits into a population | |
| 159258143 | Founder effect | the random changes that occur when a small group splits off from a large population | |
| 159258144 | Fission | the splitting of one population into two | |
| 159258145 | In a population of pea plants there are 10,000 individuals; 7,000 have genotype TT, 2000-Tt, 1000-tt. The tall trait is dominant. Compute the genotype, phenotype, and allele frequencies for the initial population | Genotype frequencies: TT=.7, Tt=.2, tt=.1 Phenotype frequencies: Tall/medium=.9, short= .1 Allele frequencies: T=.8, t=.2 | |
| 159258146 | In a population of pea plants there are 10,000 individuals; 7,000 have genotype TT, 2000-Tt, 1000-tt. The tall trait is dominant. Compute the expected frequencies of the 3 genotypes and phenotypes | Genotype frequencies: TT=.25, Tt=.5, tt=.25 Phenotype frequencies: Tall/medium=.75, short=.25 | |
| 159258147 | In a cross breeding of pure breeding tall pea plants (TT) with pure breeding short plants (tt) in which the alleles are co-dominant. What are the genotyp and phenotype frequencies in the F1 generation | Genotypes(TT=0, Tt=100%, tt=0), Phenotypes (Tall/medium=100%, short=0) | |
| 159258148 | In a cross breeding of pure breeding tall pea plants (TT) with pure breeding short plants (tt) in which the alleles are co-dominant. What are the genotype and phenotype frequencies in the F2 generation. F1: Genotypes(TT=0, Tt=100%, tt=0), Phenotypes (Tall/medium=100%, short=0) | Genotypes: TT=.25, Tt=.5, tt=.25 Phenotypes: Tall= .25, medium=.5, short=.25 | |
| 159258149 | http://msjensen.cehd.umn.edu/webanatomy/skeletons_skulls/skull_lateral_3.jpeg Identify #3, #3 hole under skull, #6 lower part though | occipital lobe, foramen magnum, mandible | |
| 159258150 | http://www.proprofs.com/flashcards/upload/a2079613.jpg Identify E, G, L | sacrum, Innominate, pubic symphisis | |
| 159258151 | http://anatomycorner.com/main/wp-content/images/ulna_unlabeled.jpg Identify bone and following parts: | coronoid process, semilunar notch, olecranon, styloid process | |
| 160113619 | Single-Male/Multi-Female Society | related females, sub-adult males don't reproduce, considerable sexual dimorphism, eg. Gorillas | |
| 160113620 | Multi-Male/Multi-Female Society | dominancy hierarchy amongst males, several males reproduce, some sexual dimorphism, eg. Baboons | |
| 160113621 | Monogamous Pairs Society | single male/single female, least common among primates, minimal sexual dimorphism, not found among great apes | |
| 160113622 | Polyandry Society | one female/2 males, males are usual brothers, fairly rare, minimal sexual dimorphism, some new world monkeys | |
| 160113623 | Solitary Society | quite rare, eg. orangutans | |
| 160113624 | Arboreal Hypothesis | agility and grasping, vison (stereoscopic vision and color), big brain | |
| 160113625 | Visual Predation Hypothesis | Primates' adaptations suited for seeing and preying on small animals in branches; requires visual acuity and grasping hands | |
| 163139108 | Platyrrhines | New World Monkeys, almost exclusively arboreal | |
| 163139109 | Catarrhines | Old World Monkeys, Apes, Humans | |
| 163139110 | Subfamilies of OWM | Colobines: colubus monkeys, langurs (infanticide) Cercopiths: very diverse, macaques and vervets | |
| 163139111 | Baboons | diverse, omnivorous, multi-male/female, *adapted to same environment as our ancestors*, terrestrial, sexually dimorphic | |
| 163139112 | Apes/Hominoids | larger body size, no tail, shortened trunk, suspensory locomotion, complex behavior and cognitive abilities, increased period of infant development | |
| 163139113 | Families of Apes/Hominoids | Hylobatidae: Gibbons and Siamangs Pongidae: orangutan, gorilla, chimps, bonobos Hominidae: genus Homo | |
| 163139114 | Gibbons and Siamangs | brachiation (long arms, permanently curved fingers, short thumbs), monogamous pairs, little sexual dimorphism | |
| 163139115 | Orangutans | solitary, females+young=stability, very sexually dimorphic | |
| 163139116 | Gorillas | single male-multi female, sexually dimorphic | |
| 163139117 | Chimpanzees | less sexually dimorphic-ratio close to humans | |
| 163139118 | Rank | learned behavior, infants observe mothers | |
| 163139119 | Mother-Infant Relation | type of relationship that is the core grouping | |
| 163139120 | Arboreal | Type of Social Behavior: includes Gibbons, NWM; smaller groups, territorial between groups, little in-group aggression | |
| 163139121 | Social Behavior-Terrestrial | Baboons; larger groups and territory, less aggression between groups, more in-group aggression | |
| 163139122 | Eugene Debois | interested in finding fossil human ancestors; Java, Indonesia: Pithecanthropus erectus | |
| 163139123 | Problems with P. erectus | 1) It was believed that a large brain size was a characteristic of our ancestors 2) Europeans believed that we must have originated in Europe | |
| 163139124 | Piltdown Man | Darwin, fit preconceptions (intelligent, found in Europe), modern-looking cranium and ape-like jaws--> actually a fraud (modern human skull, orangutan jaw) | |
| 163139125 | Raymond Dart | found Australopithecus africanus-Taung Child (S. Africa), teeth not apelike (no diastema), foramen magnum underneath | |
| 163139126 | Importance of Skulls | 1) evidence of bipedalism (foramen magnum) 2)evidence for diet 3) evidence of brain size 4) similarities btw apes and humans | |
| 163139127 | Sahelanthropus tchadensis | blends apelike and human characteristics, 6-7mya, early development of bipedalism | |
| 163139128 | Orrorin tugensis | "orignial man", NW Kenya | |
| 163139129 | Ardipithecus kadabba | Ethiopia; mandible, teeth, hand, and foot bones; toe=bipedialism | |
| 163139130 | Ardipithecus ramidus | Ethiopia; skull=foramen magnum; grasping big toe= upright walker; limb proportions more monkey | |
| 163139131 | Australopithecines | bipedal, brain slightly larger than chimps, size reduction of front teeth, size increase of molars | |
| 163139132 | Australopithecus anamensis | Kenya; diastema, thicker enamel, small front teeth, bipeds, leg bones+hallux=bipedalism | |
| 163139133 | Australopithecus afarensis | Ethiopia, Tanzania; Lucy; gorilla>canine teeth>modern human; massive jaw+flaring cheek bones=ate hard fibrous food; brain slightly larger than chimp; funnel shaped rib cage; Laetoli footprints=bipedal; children had slow maturation rates | |
| 163139134 | Kenyanthropus platyops | flat faced from Kenya | |
| 163330559 | Benefits of Bipedalism | safer scavenging, carrying things (efficiency), thermal regulation | |
| 163330560 | Australopithecus africanus | Raymond Dart, Taung Child; sexually dimorphic; "gracile" | |
| 163330561 | The common ancestor had these characteristics... | vocal communication, complex social interactions, expressive faces, tactical deception, manipulated objects, slept in arboreal nests | |
| 163330562 | USOs | available in all seasons in woodlands, useful food source, hard to get, tooth wear-->thicker enamel | |
| 163330563 | Paranthropus | heavy build, massive face, sagittal crest, slightly larger brain than Australopithecus | |
| 163330564 | Paranthropus aethiopicus | small brain, 2.5mya (Paranthropus), ancestor to specialized hominines?, coarse diet | |
| 163330565 | P. boisei | "Hyperrobust", Kenya, Tanzania, sexually dimorphic | |
| 163330566 | Olduwan | very old form of stone tool, suggests good planning and understanding of stones, associated with Homo habilis | |
| 163330567 | Percussion Flaking | striking one stone with another to break pieces off | |
| 163330568 | Core | piece of rock from which flakes are removed | |
| 163330569 | Flake | pieces removed from core | |
| 163330570 | Hammerstone | stone used to strike the core and remove flakes | |
| 163330571 | Australopithecus garhi | early human that had first flaked stone tools | |
| 163330572 | Lokalalei (Kenya) | site where several flakes were found that were reconstructed | |
| 164007049 | Where Homo habilis lived (Old story) | lived in Africa | |
| 164007050 | Where Homo erectus lived (old story) | lived in Africa | |
| 164007051 | Where Homo sapiens lived (old story) | lived in Africa | |
| 164007052 | Where Homo ergaster lived (new story) | lived in Africa | |
| 164007053 | Where Homo erectus lived (new story) | lived in Asia | |
| 164007054 | Where Homo heidelbergensis lived (new story) | lived in Europe | |
| 164007055 | Evidence of hunting | trampled herds, clubs/stone weapons, mass killing sites, butchering marks on bone | |
| 164007056 | Acheulean | thinner tools, straighter edges, more complex stone tools, associated with H. erectus |
Vocab for Chapter 3
| 453367007 | polar molecule | molecule in which opposite ends have opposite electric charges | |
| 453367008 | cohesion | The phenomenon that allows water molecules to be structured by hydrogen bonds is called | |
| 453367009 | adhesion | the clinging of one substance to another Example: adhesion of water can help it to counter the downward pull of gravity | |
| 453367010 | surface tension | a measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid | |
| 453367011 | Water moderating air temperature | Absorbing heat from air that is warmer and releasing the stored heat to air that is cooler | |
| 453367012 | kinetic energy | energy of motion | |
| 453367013 | heat | a measure of the total amount of kinetic energy due to molecular motion in a body of matter | |
| 453367014 | temperature | measures the intensity of heat due to the average kinetic energy of the molecules | |
| 453367015 | calorie | amount of heat it takes to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree celsius | |
| 453367016 | heat of vaporization | quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1 gram of it to be converted from the liquid to the gaseous state | |
| 453367017 | evaporative cooling | as a liquid evaporates, the surface of the liquid that remains cools down, because the "hottest molecules" have left as gas | |
| 453367018 | solution | liquid that is completely homogeneous mixture of two or more substances is a called a solution | |
| 453367019 | solvent | dissolving agent of a solution | |
| 453367020 | solute | substance that is dissolved | |
| 453367021 | hydration shell | the sphere of water molecules around each dissolved ion | |
| 453367022 | Does a compound need to ionic to dissolve in water? | No, compounds made up of nonionic polar molecules polar molecules are also water soluble | |
| 453367023 | hydrophilic | any substance that has an affinity for water | |
| 453367024 | colloid | due to their size, large molecules that are hydrophilic can exist in water without dissolving | |
| 453367025 | hydrophobic | substances that repel water | |
| 453367026 | ph | scale runs between 0 and 14 and measures acidity | |
| 453367027 | acids | have an excess of H+ ions and ph below 7 | |
| 453367028 | bases | have an excess of OH- ions and ph above 7 | |
| 453367029 | buffers | substances that minimize changes in pH | |
| 453367030 | carbonic acid | important buffer in living systems, moderates pH changes in blood plasma and the ocean |
| 439589801 | Alberti, Leon Battista | Wrote a theory of architecture that summed up the Renaissance ideal of perfection. | |
| 439589802 | Brunelleschi, Filippo | Architect who built the dome entering into Florence (Duomo). | |
| 439589803 | Bruni, Leonardo | Italian humanist, historian and statesman, who was chancellor of Florence. He has been called the first modern historian. | |
| 439589804 | Burgundians | Part of French Royal house but built own armies, conquered land for themselves, and commanded a lot of loyalty. | |
| 439589805 | Castiglione, Baldassare | Wrote The Courtier, and etiquette book. | |
| 439589806 | city-state | Flourishing cities that dominated the political and economic life of the surrounding countryside. | |
| 439589807 | The Courtier | Etiquette book that explained how a man showed be well-mannered and know music, art, and dance. He must also be physically strong. | |
| 439589808 | David | 18 foot sculpture by Michelangelo. | |
| 439589809 | doge | Chief executive elected for life by the Senate, a body of nobility. | |
| 439589810 | Durer, Albrecht | German who blended north and south painting styles- did copper engravings and woodcuts as well. | |
| 439589811 | Erasmus, Desiderius | Writer who wrote dialogue and combined classical ideals of humanity and civic virtue with Christian virtues love and piety. | |
| 439589812 | Ferdinand and Isablella | Royal couple that combined Castile and Aragon to form Spain. | |
| 439589813 | Gutenburg, Johann | German goldsmith and printer who invented the first printing press. | |
| 439589814 | heretics | False Believers. | |
| 439589815 | humanism | The interest in the capabilities and accomplishment of individuals. | |
| 439589816 | Inquistion | A tribunal set up originally to monitor the sincerity of former Muslims and Jews who had converted to Christianity. | |
| 439589817 | Italian Renaissance | Beginning of the rebirth of the cultural and artistic side of Europe. | |
| 439589818 | Louis XI | Centralized King power in France and doubled its size when it took over Burgundian lands. | |
| 439589819 | Machiavelli, Niccolo | Wrote "The Prince" where he explained how a good ruler needs to manipulate people. | |
| 439589820 | Medici, Cosimo de' | Head of Medici family-supported by a few patrician families. | |
| 439589821 | Medici Family | Seized control of Florentine political life, building their power on great wealth from banking and manufacture and commerce of textiles. | |
| 439589822 | Medici, Lorenzo de' | Promoted family's great power with his extravagant patronage of the arts. | |
| 439589823 | Mona Lisa | Painting by Leonardo Da Vinci, which is a perfect example of humanist interest. | |
| 439589824 | More, Thomas | Wrote Utopia in which he shows his idea for a perfect society where everyone is absolute equal. | |
| 439589825 | "new monarchs" | Rulers of France, England, and Spain established centralized royal power. | |
| 439589826 | oligarchies | Governments ruled by a few merchant aristocrats from prominent families. | |
| 439589827 | Papal States | City-state of Italy that was ruled by the pope and cardinals. | |
| 439589828 | patriarchs, patriarchies | Male heads of powerful families, societies dominated by men. | |
| 439589829 | perspective | Ability to create an illusory 3-dimensional space on a 2-dimensional surface. | |
| 439589830 | Petrarch | Father of Humanism. | |
| 439589831 | popolo grasso | "Fat People" (Rich). | |
| 439589832 | The Prince | Book telling how political leaders need to be able to manipulate others in order to raise himself and his kingdom up for better. | |
| 439589833 | principalities | Ruled by hereditary despots called signori who had absolute power. | |
| 439589834 | Rapheal | Artist who is famous for The School of Athens, which shows great philosophers and scientists (Plato and Aristotle). | |
| 439589835 | Reconquista | Reconquest. | |
| 439589836 | Reichstag | The main legislature of the German state under the Second and Third Reichs. | |
| 439589837 | Renaissance | Rebirth | |
| 439589838 | "Renaissance Man" | Person who knows a great deal about many things. | |
| 439589839 | republics | Associations of free men who sought complete political and economic independence from local nobles. | |
| 439589840 | rhetoric | Concerned with the art of good speaking and writing. | |
| 439589841 | The School of Athens | Painting by Rapheal that shows great philosophers, including Michelangelo and Leonard Da Vinci as Plato and Aristotle. | |
| 439589842 | scholasticism | The attempt to reconcile the beliefs and values of Christianity with logical reasoning of Greek philosophy. | |
| 439589843 | secularism | Focus on real things in this world and not worrying so much on the next world. | |
| 439589844 | Treaty of Lodi | Strong political alliance between Italian city-states to protect themselves from foreign intruders. | |
| 439589845 | Tudors | New Royal house that emerged when House of York and House of Lancaster intermarried. | |
| 439589846 | Utopia | Book wrote Thomas More, where everyone lives in a perfect society. | |
| 439589847 | Van Eyck, Jan | Dutchman who used early proponents of oil painting on wood or canvas. | |
| 439589848 | Vasari, Giorgio | Italian painter and architect that was the first to use the word renaissance. | |
| 439589849 | vernacular | Spoken tongue. | |
| 439589850 | Vinci, Leonardo da | "Renaissance Man"- great artist, engineer, scientist, and inventor. He created the Mona Lisa. | |
| 439589851 | War of the Roses | War between House of York and House of Lancaster over the throne of England. |
| 884542934 | What was the purpose of the English Statute of Laborers of 1351? | control of wages and prices | |
| 884542935 | The English govt put in the English Statute of Laborers at the request of what group of its citizens? | upper classes | |
| 884542936 | What two nations fought in the Hundred Years War? | England and France | |
| 884542937 | What two things did the "Unam Sanctum" say? | >No salvation outside the Roman Church >Everyone subject to the Pontiff | |
| 884542938 | What was the Babylonian Captivity of the Papacy and what was the Great Schism of the West? | >Babylonian Captivity: Pope moved to France >Great Schism: Time when there was two or three popes in Avignon & Rome | |
| 884542939 | The work "Piers Plowman" was written by what English cleric? | William Langland | |
| 884542940 | William Langland, the Lollards, John Wycliff & John Huss all shared the same outlook on religion. What was that outlook? | >were disillusioned with the Church and its hypocrisy >the Church might not be the true or only way to salvation >the true Church could do without elaborate possessions >devout persons could do without priests and obtain salvation by reading the Bible | |
| 884542941 | What was the basic purpose or goal of the Conciliar Movement? | to have a council that was really in charge of the Church, lessening the power of the pope over the Church | |
| 884542942 | What did the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges do? | >French Catholic Church independent from Rome in administration & appointment of French prelates >Fr Church declared supremacy of councils over popes >declared its administrative independence from Holy See >suppressed payment of annates to Rome >Forbade papal involvement in the appointment of French prelates | |
| 884542943 | What did the Renaissance Italians mean by their concept of "Virtù"? | a man who knew what he was doing, who from the resources within himself made the best use of his opportunities, hewing his way through the world and excelling in all that he did | |
| 884542944 | What was the importance of Lorenzo Valla's founding of textual criticism on the papacy? | Donation of Constantine document was proven a forgery | |
| 884542945 | What was the purpose of sending your son for a secondary education? | prepare the boy for either university or life | |
| 884542946 | List any three (3) things a gentleman should know, do, or how he should act according to Castiglieone's "Book of the Courtier" | >should have learned how to mixing agreeably in the company of his equals >clothes neat >movements graceful >approach to other people perfectly poised >converse with facility >proficient in sports and arms >know Latin & Greek >know how to dance and appreciate music >be familiar with literary and other subjects but not be too engrossed >speak with "a certain carelessness, to hide his art and sow that what he days or does come from him without effort or deliberation >consideration for the feelings of others, incorporating some of the moral ideals of the humanists, aiming at a creditable life in active society | |
| 884542947 | Who are condottieri AND why do they exist? | >Condottieri are hired, professional fighting men >exist because in Italy, the merchants and wealthy in the city states were not interested in fighting for themselves when threatened by others, so they had to hire these condottieri mercenary soldiers | |
| 884542948 | Machiavelli wrote what famous Renaissance book? | "The Prince" | |
| 884542949 | In this above work, what does Machiavelli say makes effective rulers and governments effective? | >effective rulers/govts act only in their political interest: make/break treaties, be merciful or ruthless, be forthright or sly, be peaceable or aggressive according to their own needs | |
| 884542950 | In this work, how does Machiavelli deal with the connection between religion and government? | >he emancipated theology & moral philosophy from politics; separated the two | |
| 884542951 | Sir Thomas More, author of "Utopia", was a northern humanist. What nation was he from? | England | |
| 884542952 | Northern humanists Rabelais and John Calvin were from what nation? | France | |
| 884542953 | This invention by Johan Gutenburg in 1450 would have the unforeseen impact of becoming the most influential entity in the spreading of Protestantism to the peasant populations in the 16th century, and giving lifeblood to the Protestant Reformation at all economic levels. What did Gutenburg invent? | >movable-type printing >the modern printing press | |
| 884542954 | Who were the Fuggers, where do you find them, AND what business are they in? | A family line in Germany that was in banking | |
| 884542955 | What work did Northern Humanist and mystic Thomas à Kempis write? | "Imitation of Christ" | |
| 884542956 | In the Northern Renaissance, the Germans also led the way in laying the path towards the Protestant Reformation with mysticism. What is the basic idea of mysticism? | >the belief that the individual soul could in perfect solitude commune directly with God >the mystic had no need of reason, words, of joining with others in open worship, of the sacraments administered by the priests, or even the church >all social institutions were transcended in mysticism by the individual soul | |
| 884542957 | Gerard Groote, a lay preacher in the Netherlands, established the Sisters and the Brothers of the Common Life. What was this group all about? | >worked at relief for the poor and education of children, both boys and girls >brothers & "nuns" who lived communally but didn't take vows, wore ordinary clothing, free to leave at will | |
| 884542958 | In "Praise of Folly" and "Handbook of a Christian Knight" were two works written by this famous Northern Renaissance humanist writer. Who was he? | Erasmus of Rotterdam | |
| 884542959 | The New Monarchies were able to establish themselves because the kings quit following common law and began following law based on what? | Roman Law | |
| 884542960 | What was the purpose for the star chamber in England's Henry VII's time? | new court to deal with disputes where ordinary citizens would not be intimidated about accusing higher-ups of breaking the law | |
| 884542961 | In France, the "New Monarchy" was established by Louis XI of the Valois line of dynasty. Like the other "New Monarchs" in England and Spain, Louis took actions to help solidify his position and control. List any two (2) actions taken by Louis to achieve this. | >rounded out France's border >subdued rebellions >built up royal army >raised taxes without Estates General interference >suppressed brigands >Concordat of Bologna rescinded the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges reestablishing annates going to the pope, in exchange Pope continued to allow Fr kings to name bishops and abbots | |
| 884542962 | When talking about the New Monarchy of Spain, Spain had a few things different in how it was a "New Monarchy" when compared to either France or England. Name any two (2) of the ways Spain's new monarchy was different. | >no real kingdom >Aragon & Castile didn't unite politically >no nationalism >sense of Catholicism was the only common feeling throughout Spain >Spanish inquisition was the one common institution in both Spanish kingdoms >kingdom had 2 monarchs but no common judicial, political, or administrative institutions | |
| 884542963 | In what year was the Spanish reconquista completed and the issuance of the decree to expel the Jews? | 1492 | |
| 884542964 | Who were the Moriscos & Marranos and where would you find them? | >Moriscos were Christians of Moorish background in Spain >Marranos were Christians of Jewish background in Spain | |
| 884542965 | The Holy Roman Empire had basically 4 category types of membership for the states of the Empire. Name two (2) of the four (4) kinds of states. | > princely >ecclesiastical >imperial free cities >imperial knights | |
| 884542966 | Unlike other rulers of Europe, the Holy Roman Emperor was elected by the nobility of the Empire, thereby making it a weak monarchy compared to the rest of Europe where monarchies were hereditary. After the year 1356, how many states were involved in the election process of electing the Holy Roman Emperor? | 7 | |
| 884542967 | "Bella gerunt alii; tu, felix Austria, nubes" or "where others have to fight wars, you, fortunate Austria, marry." What does this mean? | whereas other nations fight wars to win land and expand their nation, Austria's royal family marries off its members to expand the land | |
| 884542968 | Because of his inheritances of lands and thrones from his four grandparents, the most powerful ruler of the time of the Protestant Reformation, who held the titles of Holy Roman Emperor, King of Spain, and Emperor of Austria, was whom? | Charles V Hapsburg | |
| 884542969 | What hereditary family did Holy Roman Emperor Maximillian and his grandson Charles V come from, and what was the home country of this family? | >Habsburg >Austria | |
| 884542970 | What did Luther mean by his idea "justification by faith alone"? | what "justifies" a man is not what the church knew as works, ie 'prayer, alms, the sacraments, holy living' but rather "faith alone, an inward bent of spirit given to each soul directly by God | |
| 884542971 | How did Luther view 'good works' and 'grace'? | >Good works were a consequence and external evidence of its inner grace but in no way its cause >a man did not 'earn' grace by doing good, he did the good because he possessed the grace of God | |
| 884542972 | What was Friar Tetzel doing that inspired Martin Luther to write an academic response that ended up being the opening shot of the Protestant reformation? | Tetzel was selling indulgences to raise money for the building of St. Peter's in Rome | |
| 884542973 | What is the name of the document Martin Luther nailed to the church door of Wittenburg to show his disapproval at the pope's sale of indulgences to pay for the building of St. Peter's Basilica in Rome? | 95 Theses | |
| 884542974 | In the above document Martin Luther wrote, he states that the sacrament of penance, after the person has confessed their sins to the priest, the sinner is freed not by the priest's absolution but rather by what? | by inner grace and faith alone because the priesthood performed no necessary function in the relation between man and God | |
| 884542975 | Through a series of tracts published in Germany in 1519 & 1520, Martin Luther set out the core basic beliefs of what becomes the religion of Lutheranism. List any two of these beliefs. | >the Catholic claim that the clergy to be different from the laity was wrong >demanded that monasticism be eliminated >urged people to find Christian truth in the bible for themselves, and find it only in the Bible and nowhere else >denounced the reliance on fasts, pilgrimages, saints and Masses >rejected belief in purgatory >clergy can and should marry >reduces the 7 Sacraments to 2 -baptism and the communion >invited the princes of Germany to assume control over religion >rejected transubstantiation for consubstantiation, saying that somehow God was mysteriously present in the bread and wine but the bread and wine didn't transform into the body and blood of Christ | |
| 884542976 | What was the "Diet of Worms"? | it was the meeting of the Empire's legislature (diet) in the city of Worms that Holy Roman Emperor Charles V called into meeting to bring to arrest Martin Luther for his heretical beliefs | |
| 884542977 | What was Martin Luther's view on the German Peasant Revolt of 1524 or his view on the relationship between church and state? | >crush the revolt >good Christians should be obedient to the state/established authority; Lutheranism held the state in religious awe as an almost-sacred institution itself | |
| 884542978 | Because of the way the peasants had combined his religious revolution with their wishes for an economic revolution, Martin Luther began to rethink and revise his religious tone a bit, making it more conservative. List any one of the tweeks he made to Lutheranism after the German Peasant Revolt of 1524. | >restricted the right of private judgment in matters of conscience >made a larger place for an established clergy as teachers over the laity >that while Christian liberty was an internal freedom purely spiritual known only to God, in worldly matters good Christians owe their allegiance and perfect obedience to established authority; that good Lutherans are subservient to the state | |
| 884542979 | The War of the Schmalkaldic League, a war of religion and civil war among the various states of the Holy Roman Empire, ended in 1555 with the Peace of Augsburg. What were the basic terms/ideas of this treaty in two ways: the religion of the individual states within the Holy Roman Empire and the religion of the individual citizens in each state of the Empire? | >ruler makes the religion for his state -Lutheranism or Catholic >individual has no choice, if you were Catholic in a now-Lutheran state, you are now Lutheran and are no longer Catholic | |
| 884542980 | The Peace of Augsburg of 1555, ending the War of the Schmalkaldic League, also addressed the problem of ecclesiastical changes of ownership of lands with what is known as the Ecclesiastical Reservation. What does this Ecclesiastical Reservation stipulate? | any Catholic bishop or other Catholic churchman who turned Lutheran from 1552 onward cannot carry that church-owed territory with him; he is to turn Lutheran as an individual and move away, leaving the land and its inhabitants Catholic | |
| 884542981 | Who wrote "Institutes of the Christian Religion"? | John Calvin | |
| 884542982 | How did John Calvin view the Last Supper and the Catholic idea of transubstantiation and Luther's idea of consubstantiation? | Calvin rejected transubstantiation and disagreed with Luther's consubstantiation by saying the Last Supper part of church services is just a symbolic reenactment of Jesus' actions | |
| 884542983 | Calvinism varied greatly from Lutheranism on two concepts: 1) predestination & 2)relationship of religion and the state. Explain John Calvin's ideas of Predestination or his view on the relationship between Calvinism and the State. | >Predestination: God predetermined a selected few to go to heaven, all others condemned to hell, so what you do on the planet to "live a good life" has no bearing on getting into heaven >Calvinists refused to recognize the subordination of church to the state; in fact, Calvinists insisted that the elect should Christianize the state; remake society in the image of a religious community | |
| 884542984 | John Calvin's idea of Predestination will later on in history be used to explain the "Protestant work ethic and the spirit of capitalism," the thesis of the historian Max Weber. Weber's thesis makes the connection of why so many hard-working, God-fearing people were on the boats from England that built the Puritan-run, economically successful Massachusetts Bay Colony in North America. Why is Weber able to make this connection made between Calvin's Predestination idea and the group that becomes known as the Puritans? | Weber states that Calvin said that a person could feel in his own mind that he was among the Saved if, throughout all trials and temptations, he persisted in a saintly life. Thus the idea of predestination became a challenge to unrelenting effort, a sense of burning conviction, an unrelenting effort which would be manifested in hard-working businessmen | |
| 884542985 | What European city became the "Protestant Rome" because of John Calvin? | Geneva, Switzerland | |
| 884542986 | Who brought Calvinism/Presbyterianism to Scotland? | John Knox |
plant parts
| 648773649 | ovule | a structure that develops within the ovary of a seed plant and contains the female gametophyte | |
| 648773650 | flower | in an angiosperm, a specialized shoot that has structures that function in sexual reproduction | |
| 648773651 | anther | in an angiosperm, the terminal pollen sac of a stamen (connected to a filament) where pollen grains containing sperm-producing male gametophytes form | |
| 648773652 | embryo sac | the female gametophyte of angiosperms, formed from the growth and division of the megaspore into a multicellular structure that typically has 8 haploid nuclei | |
| 648773653 | pollination | the transfer of pollen to the part of a seed plant containing the ovules | |
| 648789149 | seed | an adaptation of some terrestrial plants consisting of an embryo packaged along with a store of food within a protective coat | |
| 648789150 | sepal | a modified leaf in angiosperms that helps enclose and protect a flower bud before it opens | |
| 648789151 | stigma | the sticky part of a flower's carpel which traps pollen grains | |
| 648789152 | cross pollination | in angiosperms, the transfer of pollen from an anther of a flower on one plant to the stigma of a flower on another plant of the same species | |
| 648789153 | conifer | member of the largest gymnosperm phylum. Most conifers are cone-bearing trees, such as pines and firs | |
| 648813824 | petal | a modified leaf of a flowering plant; often colorful parts of a flower that advertise it to insects and other pollinators | |
| 648813825 | style | the stalk of a flower's carpel, with the ovary at the base and the stigma at the top | |
| 648813826 | cotyledon | a seed leaf of an angiosperm embryo. Some species have one cotyledon, others two | |
| 648813827 | micropyle | a pore in the integuments of the ovule | |
| 648813828 | stamen | the pollen-producing reproductive organ of a flower, consisting of an anther and a filament | |
| 648813829 | ovary | in flowers, the portion of a carpel in which the egg-containing ovules develop | |
| 648813830 | endosperm | In angiosperms, a nutrient-rich tissue formed by the union of a sperm with two polar nuclei during double fertilization; provides nourishment to the developing embryo in angiosperm seeds. | |
| 648813831 | integument | layer of sporophyte tissue that contributes to the structure of an ovule of a seed plant | |
| 648825547 | carpel | the ovule-producing reproductive organ of a flower, consisting of the stigma, style, and ovary | |
| 648825548 | dicot | angiosperm with two cotyledons inside its seed, flower parts in multiples of four or five, and vascular bundles in rings | |
| 648825549 | double fertilization | a mechanism of fertilization in angiosperms, in which two sperm cells unite with two cells in the embryo sac to form the zygote and endosperm | |
| 648825550 | monocot | angiosperm with one cotyledon inside its seed, flower parts arranged in multiples of three, and vascular tissues in bundles scattered throughout the stem | |
| 648825551 | filament | in an angiosperm, the stalk portion of the stamen, the pollen-producing reproductive organ of a flower | |
| 648825552 | pollen grain | in seed plants, a structure consisting of the male gametophyte enclosed within a pollen wall |
Chapter 5 Study Questions using the American Pageant 13th Edition textbook. For eleventh grade Advanced Placement United States History. Vidalia High School.
| 883979498 | How did population growth in the American colonies affect their relationship with England? | because the ration between English and American was narrowing, which set the stage for a power shift from England to the Colonies. England hated this. | |
| 883979499 | Explain why colonial America can rightly be described as a melting pot. | it was a huge mix of different types of people and cultures because there were so many nationalities (such as africans. germans, swiss, dutch, french, english, welsh, swedes, scots, irish) living there. | |
| 883979500 | Describe the structure of colonial society. | the structure of colonial society was highlighted by equality and opportunity. There wasn't a nobility class that dominated, and most people were modest,small farmers. There were a few skilled artisans. Most remarkable was the mobility of the social ladder. | |
| 883979501 | Which profession was honored in the colonies? Lease honored? | Most- christian ministry. Least- physicians. | |
| 883979502 | Why were lawyers not favorably regarded? | because they were referred to a 'noisy windbags or troublemaking rouges'. | |
| 883979503 | What were the most important economic activities in the colonies? (describe four) | agriculture (tobacco, wheat, it involved about 90% of the people), manufacturing (not too important but there were many small enterprises), and lumbering (most important manufacturing activity), ship building. | |
| 883979504 | How and why were taverns cradles of democracy? | because many people gathered there and would discuss political issues, which is a major part of democracy. | |
| 883979505 | What were the major denominations in the colonies? | Anglican and the Congregational | |
| 883979506 | What was the Great Awakening and why did it occur? | it was a religious revival. It occurred because people had grown away from the church and the suddenly more ideas about religion began popping up and people got interested | |
| 883979507 | How did Johnathan Edwards and George Whitefield influence the Great Awakening? | by being that spark that was needed to set it off. They used their passions to spread their religious views. They brought new ideas and passion | |
| 883979508 | What distinguished the Old Lights from the New Lights? | because unlike the new light the old lights were skeptical of the emotionalism and theatrics of the Great Awakening. | |
| 883979509 | Why did the NE colonies lead the way in public education? | because of the old deluder law | |
| 883979510 | What was the main purpose of establishing colleges and universities in the colonies? what was the first? | to prepare men for the ministry. Harvard. | |
| 883979511 | How did the colonies compare to England in the areas of art, literature, and science? | they had still not caught up to England. The colonies took European things and changed them. | |
| 883979512 | Who was John Peter Zenger? Why was the Zenger case so important? | a newspaper printer whose newspaper was assailed the corrupt royal governor. its important because it opened the door to freedom of the press and health of democracy. | |
| 883979513 | How were most colonial governments organized? | with a two house legislative body and governors that were appointed by the king | |
| 883979514 | Although not completely democratic, the colonies were more democratic than england. Explain. | they were 'giving freer reign to the democratic ideals of tolerance, educational advantages,equality of economic opportunity, freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of assembly, and representative gov't. | |
| 883979515 | How did the colonists amuse themselves? | militia 'musters'. frontier lesuires like quilting bes, funerals and weddings, winter sports in the north, hunting, dancing, lotteries, plays and holidays. | |
| 883979516 | How were the 13 British colonies similar? | in the fact that they all spoke English, had english customs, were Christian,had some type of religious toleration or freedom, social mobility, and self gov't |
| 497825252 | First half of the 17th century in America | -Reigns of the Stuart Kings James I and his son, Charlies I -In Chesapeake, Virginia and Maryland are homes for thousands of indentured servants -In New England, the Puritans have established the MBC as their "New Jerusalem" where Puritan values are law --Colonies of Rhode Island and Connecticut have formed from them | |
| 497825253 | English Civil War | -Caused by King Chales' desire to be an absolute ruler --Hated Parliament, didn't care about what they thought, and never let them meet -Puritans (called roundheads and have influence +like Parliament) fight the king and ultimately kill him (only king to be beheaded) --Roundheads vs cavaliers --Fear completely authority b/c does not bode well for minorities --Have money and influence, even though they don't have seats and can't vote | |
| 497825254 | Oliver Crowell | -A Puritan who becomes Lord High Protector (ruler) over England -His reign from 1648-1660 will be the height of Puritan Power, meaning Puritan laws govern England. -Purtians believe they have won. --Were a role model for England, and overthrew the king --Ppl must like + want the Puritan lifestyle --Won, so God must be on their side -Oliver Cromwell dies a natural death. --However, many people do not want to be Puritan --Only disliked Charles I for trying to get rid of Parliament, and don't want commoners on the throne ---OC's son is killed --Charles I's son, Charles II is invited back to the throne | |
| 497825255 | Stuart Restoration | -Return of a Stuart to the throne of England (Charles II) -Begins 2nd phase of colony building -Beginning of the end for the Purtians | |
| 497825256 | Charles II | -Son of the executed king -Exactly like his father, and doesn't learn from his father's death. -Also wants to be an absolute ruler, and does not respect Parliament -Hates Puritans (killed his father) and any type of elected legislature (will seek to destroy legislature) -Rewards his supporters by giving them land (Restoration colonies) or giving them the opportunity to make money in trade (Navigation Acts) --Ppl who helped him when he was unemployed and ppl who orchestrated his return | |
| 497825257 | Restoration/Proprietary Colonies | -NY, NJ, PA, Carolinas -Personal gifts, and created when Charles II was restored --Land was given away by the king to people to whom he owed money or were his friends --Owner called the Proprietor, and 3 out of the 4 proprietary colonies were formed as a result of the Stuart Restoration: Lord Baltimore - Maryland (not restoration colony) Duke of York (brother of Charles II called James)- New York (originally settled by the Dutch as New Netherlands) -Multi-ethnic, and didn't ask anyone to leave Berkely and Carteret - New Jersey Ashely and Cooper, et. al - Caronia (large, so later split) William Penn - Pennsylvania ------------------------------------- -All owners have one goal in common: To make money for themselves --Some colonies (MD and PA) have a second goal: religious toleration/religion -To make money, they can create any type of society that they desire, including a feudal society (however, could not violate English law) -Problem: It is hard to attract ppl to settle in a colony where they would work for someone else -Result: They tended to be very willing to accept anyone - just to get ppl to come - so will be some of first multi-ethnic colonies; religious relevant | |
| 497825258 | Navigation Acts | -Gave his supporters a monopoly on trade w/ colonies by preventing the Dutch + others from trading w/ America --This allowed them to get rich --All foreign ships had to go through England --In addition, shipping, warehouse, industries competing w/ Britain (taxed goods) --Huge money makers -Based on the eco. theory of mercantilism -Stated that all 13 colonies had to sell their crops (tobacco, indigo, lumber, etc.) only to England and no other nations. --England promises to buy it all (ends all foreign traffic) -All foreign goods must first stop at a British port before going to America so the goods could be taxed. -No foreign ship could bring any product to America (so if Americans wanted French wine, it must be transferred to a British crew and then brought to America) American Response: The acts were not so bad for most people -B/c England promised to buy all that the 13 colonies made, there was no downside to farmers -British ship = colonial ship --It gave a huge boost to American shipbuilding industry (British crew = American crew_ -However, MBC/New England hated them b/c they relied on trade + international relations -Smuggling in foreign goods was often easy - The British did not try to stop all ships b/c the coastline was huge. | |
| 497825259 | Mercantilism | -Eco. theory stating that colonies existed for the benefit of the mother country (among other things) -Countries wealth based on gold -Item for item trade in national trade so there is no net loss of gold. -Exports = imports -One way to stop imports is by having land all over the world to grow anything you need -Only trade w/ colonies | |
| 497825260 | Typical formation of colonial governments | 1. 3 branches -Executive - headed by a governor; in all cases, expect MBC, governor is appointed by king/prop. (owner of colony) -Legislative- Bicameral (2 houses) Upper House appointed by governor, lower house elected by ppl -Judicial - Court System 2. Voting is determined by ownership of (+white male), except in MBC when it is run by Puritans 3. Frequently the upper and lower houses did not get along -Virginia - Bacon's Rebellion -MD - Cath. upper/Protestant lower -PA - Qucker Upper/Protestant lower 4. Each colony had a written charter which spelled out ppl's rights and the powers of gov. 5. Lower house of the legislature had "power of purse" over gov. -Huge bargaining tool for pop. b/c they determined salaries | |
| 498366297 | Factors that bring about the end of the puritan power | -Occurs after the reign of OC -Puritans fade form power w/in 50 years. -Believed God is dipsleased w/ them, and believe that someone/they have sinned 1. Stuart Restoration: When King Charles II is put back on the throne - he hates Puritans w/ a passion and wants to destroy their colony -Changes the structure of their gov. -1679 - Carves out New Hampshire. --NE smaller = has less power -1684 - Charter is take away due to Puritan refusal to obey the Navigation acts (they built a smuggling operation), and MBC disappears under the Dominion of New England -This means no more Puritan laws can be passed --King appoints gov. (not Puritan), gov. appoints UH (not Puritan) --Profound changes, and ends their ability to pass religious laws. Ex. Before, only saints holding office, qualifications for voting - now landownership, not church attendance, just price laws, and mandatory church attendance will be voted down.) --Dissenters will be protected by law 2. Merchants: Complain about just price laws, and pressure the gov. to end them so they can make more money. -Just price laws don't make up for risk (ex. ship sinking) -Especially applies to non-Puritans 3. Children of saints: Some don't want to go through the conversion experience; feel it is public humiliation, and if you are not a saint, you can't hold office and your children have even less rights -The children could not be baptized, and would not even be church members. -The "Halfway Covenant" was created to prevent people from complaining about the strict rules --Designed to stop the flow of ppl out of the church. Said you could basically be a partial church member- no t vote/hold office, but can baptize child. 4. Salem Witch Trials - 1692 -Considered the final nail in the coffin for the Puritans; now seem as a bit of a joke or terrible people. ------------------------------ -All these factors combine to help end the influence of the Puritans, and they will never get their charter back. -Massachusetts Bay will remain a royal colony. -The religion essentially disappears, but their influence will be felt for decades. | |
| 498366298 | Dominion of New England | -One supercolony under one governor -Includes NE, Rhode Island, etc. -Governor is Sir Edmond Almose -Colonies lose autonomy | |
| 498366299 | Southern Colonies | -Carolina and Georgia | |
| 498366300 | Carolina | -Proprietary colony set up after the Stuart Reformation -Had several owners -John Locke: famous philosopher; wrote the Constitution Political system: so big that 2 gov. were formed; typical structures' voting by land owners. Economic: Large scale agriculture - rice, indigo, cotton. -Huge use of slaves as IS fell sick - plus slaves grew rice; boom or bust --> can't eat cotton Social: Money from rice, cotton - wealth in land + slaves -Religion not a reason for settlement; money was -Ppl spread out b/c of large farms - so less of a community feeling -From MD down, same pattern (ex. workers - headright, indentured slaves) -Further S, malaria + disease -Types of crops differed Because of large size and usual complaints tot he king, it will split the colony into N+S Carolina, and both will be royal. | |
| 498366301 | Georgia | -Last of the 13 colonies, and the only one to begin as a royal colony -Named after King George, and led after James Oglethorpe (not proprietor, even though in charge) Had strange original goals: 1. Was intended to be a colony for debtors -In England, you went to prison if you owed money, and stayed in prison until it was paid back. (Usually someone had to bail you out) -Drain on England to imprison them 2. Wanted to ban slavery + alcohol - bad influence on the ppl, and they don't want them to be morally weak 3. Hoped to go into the silk + other trades -Part of mercantilism theory to not trade much, and China was the only one making silk -Never really took off 4. Was to be a "buffer colony" - Protect Carolina from the Spanish in Florida Reality: 1. Money was to be made in crops like indigo and cotton, so slaves will be needed -Few IS could survive malaria 2. Silk doesn't work, becomes like some other colonies. -Society similar to that of Carolina- large scale agriculture w/ large # of slaves. -Ppl spread out w/ less contact + social status was determined by land wealth; religion less important | |
| 509800922 | King Charles II | -Son of Charles I (killed during Eng. C. War) -Despite being invited back to be king by Parliament, he hates any type of elected legislature - wants to be an absolute ruler (spent time in France) - he believes in the divine right of kings, so an elected body is useless in his mind (Parliament or colonial) --Doesn't let them meet - he ultimately disbands all colonial leg. -Hates Puritans in particular - father's death and willing tries to destroy them (them changed his life) --Capitalizes on general unpopularity of Puritans (strict) -When MBC refuses to obey the Nav. Acts, he punishes them by separating off New Hampshire --Smuggling easy b/c of huge coastline (Usually Caribbean --> America.) --Part of the witch trials b/c merchants caused loss of charter -Creating the Dominion of New England: a kind of "super colony" which combined MBC, NH, CI, RI into one large colony (taking away everyone's charters, worst for Puritans) (later NY + NJ added) --Governor: Sir Edmond Andros: "You shall have no rights left to you other than not to be sold as slaves" -When he dies in 1685, he has no children, so his brother James (Duke of York) becomes King James II --Leaves strife b/c no leg. + one governor --Seen as power grab by crown | |
| 509800923 | James II | -Duke of York; becomes king after Charles II dies and does not leave an heir -James also believes in the Divine Right of kings -Also hates Parliament/colonial legislature -Worst of all, he converts to RC --He's head of church he does not belong to (Final straw) --Also has child w/ RC wife --Son brought up Cath. --Ppl don't want hereditary Cath. (one is okay b/c not that long) -James adds NJ +NY to the DoNE -Parliament fires him | |
| 509800924 | Glorious Revolution | -"Bloodless Revolution" -By 1688, Parliament has had enough (Charles II converted to Cath.), so they fire the king. They ask his daughter Mary (Protestant) and her husband William to become king + queen (comanarchs) --James II is not killed - fled to France --Shows the supremacy of Parliament --Becomes the justification for the Am. Rev. --Rights of the ppl > Right of monarchy -Before accepting W + M, Parliament demanded they sign the BoR (conditions of becoming monarch) -Will and Mary sign the English Bill of Rights giving Parliament permanent power over the king and rights to ppl - ending forever ideas about absolute monarchy + divine right of kings in England --DoNE ends in America, but all colonies (including MBC) are now royal --That will mark the end of Puritan power (1688 - Before witch trials) (Puritans will get charter back) --Parliament in charge --BoR helps shape Am. Revolutino -Only monarch that survives b/c gives power (powers given to parliament) -Ant-Stuart Rebellions in AC | |
| 509800925 | Anti-Stuart Rebellion in AC | -MD - Cath. pop. there, seen as potentially dangerous/disloyal -MBC - Happy b/c Stuart took away charter -NY - Leisler's Rebellion: Tried to get rid of pro-Stuart ships | |
| 509800926 | Heigh of Colonial Era | -1688-1754 (after Glorious Revolution) -Three distinct regions develop in colonial America: --NE, Middle and S --All have distinct eco. due to geo. --All have similar gov. structures (esp. when royal) --All impacted by events in England --All benefit from the English practice of salutary neglect - meaning England pretty much left the 13 colonies alone ---England focused on their own world ----Not active kings (George I can't speak English, and was from Germany) (not activist kings) ---America not a huge drain on eco. ---End of salutory neglect leads to American revolution. -Americans benefited from some aspects of the Nav Acts (like crop sales), and those who didn't were able to smuggle (Nav. Acts weren't enforced well, so possible) --American coastline was huge, and it would cost a fortune to keep customs officials all over the place searching ships, so England din't bother tying to crack down --Allowed 13 colonies to make all their own laws- great self-governance --America sees their relationship like Ireland. Allies in time of war, part of empire, but not mother-child relation | |
| 509809165 | Influences on Colonial America | -All colonies affected by 2 great influences of 18th century: Enlightenment and Great Awakening | |
| 509809166 | The Great Awakening | -A religious revival (1740s) designed to get people more active in churches and prayer (Protestant movement) --Religious zealousness has dissipated in colonies (Ex. Puritan society) -Most famous minister: Jonathon Edwards - "Sinners in the hand of God" -George Whitefield - "Born again" --Not predestination --Inspires people to seek forgiveness. --Can be saved by prayer + talking to God -Argued against social divisions in society -Protestant ministers split into 2 camps --New lights: Revivalists - told ppl to doubt whether ministers were saved ---Question authority ---New religions + schools to train ministers (ex. Princeton, Columbia) --Old Lights: Clergy who dominated the Anglican, Presbyterian, and Congregational churches ---Yale and Harvard ---Thoughts New Lights were crazy Impact -Change in importance of churches (ex. New ones - Methodists, Baptists) -New colleges formed (Brown Princeton, etc.) -Increased # of NA + blacks become Christians due to focus on piety and oral traditions over intelligence --Not based on Bible reading (non-literate masses) --Based on personal piety. -Denomination - Acceptance of various Protestant Denominations --All Protestant religions seen as equal --Particularly on the frontier w/ travelling ministers --Didn't matter what form of Protestantism in general (nothing radically different) --Religion social activity - get together anyway | |
| 509809167 | The Enlightenmen | -Almost opposite of GA - taught ppl to use science and reason to solve problems. Not religion + God -God does not play that role in ppl's lives -Ex. Ben Franklin (Franklin stove), Thomas Jefferson (we hold these truths to be self-evident) (architect of his home - Montecello) --Examples of enlightened thinkers - will become the basis for opposition to British authority during the AR - esp. John Locke - who writes about a social contract which exists btw ppl and gov., and if the gov. is bad, ppl can overthrow it (like England did during the Glorious Revolution) -Social contract - Ppl born w/ rights, and give them up to society for protection -Natural rights: life, liberty, property -Many Enlightenment figures are deist - believe that God created the universe, and them left it alone (wound up universe, and then let it go) --Very different from Puritan views -Opposite of sinners in the hand of God -------------------------------------------------- -Enlightenment in Colonial US -Enlightenment appealed to rich -Mostly seaboard cities - had most contact w/ Europe -Rural has more great awakening b/c prayers felt comforting, science didn't (enlightenment) -Strengthening ties btw colonies (read same things) -Ppl who considered themselves to be Christian (but who trusted reason if it conflicted w/ Bible) -Religious ideas were not inborn, but learned. |
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