AP Notes, Outlines, Study Guides, Vocabulary, Practice Exams and more!

AP US History American Pagent Chapter 2 Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
893984102Elizabeth: A: Response to Catholic Irish B: Francis DrakeA: 1570's to 1580's Elisabeth brought troops into Ireland an defeated Catholics. Got rid of Catholic lands and replaced them with Protestant land lords B: Looted many different areas in Europe. Came back with lots of treasure
893984103C: Sir Walter raleigh/ Roanoke D: 1588 Sea Battle "Protestant Wind"C: Organized a petition to go to North Carolina. Landed there in 1585 and named it Virginia Queen. It was originally called Roanoke Island
893984104Reasons for Colonizationover population in England Unemployment, hoping to gain fortune in the New World Laws of Primogeniture- sons receive land in new world from parents Northwest passage- explore and to create trading route
893984105Joint Stock CompanyA company made up of a group of shareholders. Each shareholder gives some money to a company and the group receives some share of the company's profits and debts.
893984106JamestownA: Early struggles- settlers died of disease, malnutrition and starvation B: John Smith- "He shall not work shall not eat" kidnapped and fake execution by Chesapeake Native Americans. Pocahantus pretends to save him C: Powhatan Leader of Chesapeake Native Americans, father of Pocahontas, rules over smaller Native American tribes
893984107JamestownD: Pocahontas: Daughter of Bowhatan pretended to save John Smith's life E: Powhatan's Confederacy: Powhatan has control of many small tribes that are not associated with each other F: Lord De La Warr: Harsh military based system in Jamestown. Preparing to fight Native Americans
893984108JamestownG: John Rolfe: Married Pocahontas. father of tobacco company H: Irish Tactics: Lord De La Warr led the fight against the Chesapeake Native Americans. Raided the Chesapeake Villages, Burned houses and cornfields and took all necesities.
893984109JamestownI: First Anglo-Powhatan War: Involved "Irish tactics" enfed in 1614 and marriage of Pocahontas and John Wolfe J: Second Anglo-Powhatan War: 1644 Indians tried to get rid of Viriginians. Virginians were able to banish Chesapeake Native Americans from their sacred lands K: Three D's: Why the Chesapeake Native Americans lost: Disease, diorganization, disposability
893984110Tobacco "bewitching weed"A: Rolfe- Father of tobacco Industry B: Effects of Tobacco 1. Increased demand 2. Increase in desire for land 3. Needs lots of soil 4. Used in plantation system 5. demand for more laborors a. indentured servatns b. slaves
893984111Tobacco "bewitching weed"C: House of Burgesses 1. Self governments 2. Seminary of sedition a. 1624 London Company carter cancelled by royal company
893984112Maryland:A. Founded by Lord baltimore 1634 B. Catholic C. Catholics were prosecuted by Protestants so.... D. Act of toleration: Allowed toleration of all types of Christianity
893984113West IndiesA. England claimed Jamaica in 1655 after Spain moved military forces away from Caribbean 1. Sugar main trade in Jamaica B. Sugar Cane "Rich Man's Crop" 1. Took a lot to clear land C. African slaves outnumbered the White settlers in Jamaica around 1700 D. Barbados Slave Code: 1661 denied simple rights ti slaves and gave their owners complete control over their slaves
893984114CarolinasA.Became English Colony in 1670, B. Increase of Slaves to Carolinas to grow rice C. Had close connections with sugar palntation in the West Indies E. Main town: Charlestown
893984115North CarolinaA. Separated from Carolina in 1712 B. poor, strong inhabitatns C. Less aristocratiic than th other colonies D. very democratic
893984116GeorgiaA. Established: 1733 B. Buffer state between Carolinas and Flordia C. Founded by Philanthropists 1. Debters 2. No slavery until 1750 3. James Oglethorpe: soldier-statesman: helped repell spanish attacks. leadership saved the colony with sacrifice of own future 4. known as the charity colony
893984117Plantation Colonies Effect:A. Exports agricultural products B. Slaves to work on plantation C. Aristocratic, less in North Carolina and Georgia D. Limited city growth E. Limited school and church development
Powered by Quizlet.com

The American Pageant: Chapter 1 Flashcards

APUSH

Terms : Hide Images
411189888The AztecsNative Americans who that lived in what is now Mexico and routinely offered their gods human sacrifices, these people were violent, yet built amazing pyramids and built a great civilization without having a wheel.
411189889The Mound BuildersIndians of the Ohio River Valley.
411189890The Mississippian settlementAt Cahokia, near present-day East St. Louis, Illionis, was home to about 40,000 people in at 1100 A.D.
411189891HiawathaThis was legendary leader who inspired the Iroquois, a powerful group of Native Americans in the northeaster woodlands of the U.S.
411189892The NorseThese Vikings discovered America in about 1000 A.D., when they discovered modern-day Newfoundland. They abandoned it later due to bad conditions.
411189893Marco PoloItalian adventurer who supposedly sailed to the Far East (China) in 1295 and returned with stories and supplies of the Asian life there (silk, pearls, etc...)
411189894Bartholomeu DíasA Portuguese sailor, he was the first to round the southernmost tip of Africa, a feat he did in 1488.
411189895Vasco da GamaIn 1498, he reached India and returned home with a small but tantalizing cargo of jewels and spices.
411189896Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of CastileThe wedded king and queen of Spain, their marriage united the previously non-existing country.
411189897Christopher ColumbusAn Italian seafarer who persuaded Spain to give him three ships for which to sail west to look for a better route to India, he "discovered" America in 1492
411189898Vasco Nuñez BalboaDiscoverer of the Pacific Ocean in 1513.
411189899Ferdinand MagellanIn 1519, his crew began a voyage and eventually ended up becoming the first to circumnavigate the world, even though he died in the Philippines. The sole surviving ship returned to Europe in 1522.
411189900Ponce de LeónIn 1513 and 1521, this Spanish Explorer explored Florida, searching for gold (contrary to the myth of his seeking the "Fountain of Youth").
411189901Francisco CoronadoFrom 1540 to 1542, he explored the pueblos of Arizona and New Mexico, penetrating as far east as Kansas. He also discovered the Grand Canyon and enormous herds of bison.
411189902Hernando de SotoFrom 1539 to 1542, he explored Florida and crossed the Mississippi River. He brutally abused Indians and died of fever and battle wounds.
411189903Francisco PizarroIn 1532, he crushed the Incas of Peru and got lots of bounty.
411189904Bartolomé de Las CasasA Spanish missionary who was appalled by the method of encomienda, calling it "a moral pestilence invented by Satan."
411189905Hernán CortésAnnihilator of the Aztec in 1519.
411189906MalincheA female Indian slave who knew Mayan and Nahuatl, the language of the Aztec.
411189907MontezumaThe leader of the Aztecs at the time of Cortés' invasion who believed that Cortés was the Aztec god Quetzalcoatl.
411189908Giovanni CabotoAKA John Cabot, he explored the northeastern coaster of North America in 1497-98.
411189909Giovanni da VerranzoAn Italian explorer dispatched by the French king in 1524 to probe the eastern seaboard of U.S.
411189910Don Juan de OñateLeader of a Spanish group that traversed parts of Mexico, Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas in 1598, he and his men proclaimed the province of New Mexico in 1609 and founded its capital, Santa Fe.
411189911Robert de La SalleSent by the French, he went on an expedition down the Mississippi in the 1680s.
411189912Juan Rodriquez CabrilloHe explored the California coast in 1542 but failed to find anything of interest.
411189913Father Junipero SerraThe Spanish missionary who founded 21 missions in California, in 1769, he founded Mission San Diego, the first of the chain.
411189914maizethe Indian word for corn
411189915Conquistadoresthe Spanish word for "conqueror," these explorers claimed much of America for Spain, slaughtering millions of natives in the process
411189916encomiendaa euphemism for slavery in which Indians were given to colonists to be "Christianized."
411189917Día de la RazaSpanish for Columbus Day.
411189918Lake Bonnevillemassive prehistoric lake, all of which remains today in the form of the Great Salt Lake.
411189919Treaty of Tordesillastreaty that settled Spanish and Portuguese differences in the Americas, Portugal got modern-day Brazil; Spain got the rest.
411189920Popé's Rebellionrevolt in which Indians took over New Mexico and held control for nearly half a century.
411189921TimbuktuCapital of the West African kingdom of Mali, a place located in the Niger River Valley.
411189922Madeira, the Canaries, São Tomé, PricipeRegions where sugar plantations were established by Portugal then Spain where African slaves were forced to work.
411189923PotosíA rich silver mine in Bolivia that enriched Spain with lots of wealth.
411189924nation stateThe modern form of political society that combines centralized government with a high degree of ethnic and cultural unity. "No dense concentrations of population or complex nation-states...existed in North America...."
411189925matrilinearthe form of society in which family line, power, and wealth are passed primarily through the female side. "...many North American native peoples, including the Iroquois. developed matrilinear cultures...."
411189926confederacyAn alliance or league of nations or peoples looser than a federation. "The Iroquois Confederacy developed the political and organizational skills...."
411189927primevalConcerning the earliest origin of things. "...the whispering, primeval forests...."
411189928sagaA lengthy story or poem recounting the great deeds and adventures of a people and their heros. "...their discovery was forgotten, except in Scandinavian saga song."
411189929middlemenIn trading systems, those dealers who operate between the original buyers and the retail merchants who sell to consumers. "Muslim middlemen exacted a heavy toll en route."
411189930caravelA small vessel with a high deck and three triangular sails. "...they developed
411189931plantationA large-scale agricultural enterprise growing commercial crop and usually employing coerced or slave labor. "They build up their own systematic traffic in slaves to work the sugar plantations...."
411189932ecosystemA naturally evolved network of relations among organisms in a stable environment. "Two ecosystems...commingled and clashed when Columbus waded ashore."
411189933demographicConcerning the general characteristic of a given population, including such factors as numbers, age, gender, birth and death rates, and so on. "... a demographic catastrophe without parallel in human history."
411189934conquistadorA Spanish conqueror or adventurer in the Americas. "Spanish conquistadors (conquerors) fanned out across...American continents."
411189935capitalismAn economic system characterized by private property , generally free trade, and open and accessible markets. "...the fuel that fed the growth of the economic system known as capitalism."
411189936encomiendaThe Spanish labor system in which persons were help to unpaid service under the permanent control of their masters, though not legally owned by them. "...the institution known as encomienda."
411189937mestizoA person of mixed Native American and European ancestry. "He intermarried with the surviving Indians, creating a distinctive culture of mestizo...."
411189938provinceA medium sized subunit of territory and governmental administration within a larger nation or empire. "The proclaimed the area to be the province of New Mexico...."
Powered by Quizlet.com

Pyschology Flashcards

Psychology: The evolution of a science
Chapters 1,2,3

Terms : Hide Images
906053734PsychologyThe scientific study of mind and behavior
906053735Mind PsychologyA private inner experience
906053736Behavior PsychologyObservable actions of human beings and nonhuman animal
906053737Functional magnetic resonance imagingneuroimaging technique which allows one to see which parts of the brain are active during a given task
906053738William JamesFirst to take scientific approach to study psychology and wrote the principles of psychology
906053739StructuralismAnalyze the mind by breaking it down into its basic components
906053740FunctionalismStudy how mental abilities allow people to adapt to their environments
906053741NativismThe philosophical view that certain kinds of knowledge are innate or inborn
906053742Philosophical EmpiricismThe philosophical view that all knowledge is acquired through experience
906053743Rene DescartesFrench philosopher that argued for dualism between mind and body
906053744Thomas HobbesArgued against Decartes
906053745Franz Joseph GallCreated the method of Phrenology
906053746PhrenologySpecific mental abilities and characteristics are localized in specific regions of the brain
906053747Pierre FlourensSurgically removed brain pieces and argued against Gall's methods
906053748Paul BrocaStudied brain damaged patients to link localization to ability
906053749PhysiologyThe study of biological processes, especially in the human body
906053750Hermann von HelmholtzStudied human reaction time, estimated the length of nerve impulse
906053751StimulusSensory input from the environment
906053752Reaction TimeThe amount of time taken to respond to a specific stimulus
906053753Wilhelm WundtOpened the first psychological laboratory
906053754ConsciousnessA persons subjective experience of the world and the mind
906053755StructuralismThe analysis of the basic elements that constitute the mind
906053756IntrospectionThe subjective observation of one's own experience
906053757Edward TitchenerStudied under Wundt and he focused on identifying basic elements of the mind
906053758FunctionalismThe study of the purpose mental process serve in enabling people to adapt to their enviorment
906053759Natural SelectionThe features of an organism that helps it survive and reproduce are most likely than other features to be passed on to subsequent generations
906053760G. Stanely HallSet up first psychological lab in North America. Focused on development and education.
906053761Hysteriaa temporary loss of cognitive or motor functions, usually as a result of emotionally upsetting experiences
906053762Sigmund FreudHysteria caused from painful unconscious experiences
906053763UnconsciousThe part of the mind that operates outside of awareness but influences conscious thoughts, feelings and actions.
906053764Psychoanalytic TheoryApproach to understanding human behavior that emphasizes the importance of unconscious mental processes in shaping feelings, thoughts and behaviors.
906053765PsychoanalysisA therapeutic approach that focuses on bringing unconscious material into conscious awareness to better understand psychological disorders.
906053766Humanistic psychologyAn approach to understanding human nature that emphasizes the positive potential of human beings. Was pioneered by Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers
906104623BehaviorismAn approach that advocates that psychologists restrict themselves to the scientific study of objectively observable behavior
906104624John WatsonGoal to predict and control behavior through the study of observable behavior
906104625Margaret WashburnStudied behavior in different animal species and published The Animal Mind
906104626Ivan PavlovStudied the physiology of digestion and founded classical conditioning
906104627ResponseAn action or physiological changed elicited by a stimulus
906104628Burrhus Frederick SkinnerDeveloped the 'Skinner Box' or conditioning chamber to explain learning
906104629IllusionsErrors of perception, memory, or judgment in which subjective experience differs from objective reality
906104630Max WertheimerFounded induced motion phenomena
906104631Gestalt psychologya psychological approach that emphasizes that we often perceive the whole rather than the sum of the parts
906104632Sir Frederic BarlettDiscorved that memory recall is flawed
906104633Jean PiagetStudied cognitive development errors in children
906104634Kurt LewinStudied the construal of stimuli
906104635Cognitive PsychologyThe scientific study of mental processes, including perception, thought, memory and reasoning.
906104636Behavioral NeuroscienceAn approach to psychology that links psychological processed to activities in the nervous system and other body processes.
906104637Cognitive neurosciencea field that attempts to understand the links between cognitive processes and brain activity.
906104638Evolutionary PsychologyA psychological approach that explain mind and behaviors in terms of the adaptive value of abilities that are preserved over time by natural selection.
906104639Social psychologyA subfield of psychology that studies the causes and consequences of interpersonal behavior
906104640Cultural psychologyThe study of how cultures reflect and shape the psychological process of their members
906104641EmpiricismThe belief that accurate knowledge can be acquired through observation
906104642Scientific methodA set of principles about the appropriate relationship between ideas and evidence
906104643TheroyA hypothetical explanation of a natural phenomena
906104644HypothesisA falsifiable prediction made by a theory
906104645Empirical MethodA set of rules and techniques for observation
906104646ObserveUse of one's senses to learn about the properties of an event or an object
906104647Demand Characteristicsthose aspects of an observational setting that cause people to behave as they think they should
906104648Naturalistic Observationa technique for gathering scientific information by unobtrusively observing people in their natural environments
906104649Observer biasExpectations can influence observations and influence perceptions of reality
906104650Frequency distribution: a graphical representation of measurements arranged by the number of times each measurement was made
906104651Normal Distributiona mathematically defined frequency distribution in which most measurements are concentrated around the middle
906104652External validitythe property of an experiment in which the variables have been operationally defined in a normal, typical, or realistic way; are they representative of the real world
906104653Internal validitythe characteristic of an experiment that established the causal relationship between variables
906104654Random Samplinga technique for choosing participants that ensures that every member of a population has an equal chance of being included in the sample
906104655Case Methoda method of gathering scientific knowledge by studying a single individual
906185921Neuronscells in the nervous system that communicate with one another to perform information-processing tasks. The neurons do not touch each other, they transmit there messages over the nuerotrasmitters
906185922Santiago Ramon y CajalFirst stained neurons in the brain
906185923Cell bodyThe part of the neuron that coordinates information-processing tasks and keeps the cell alive
906185924DendriteThe part of the neuron that receives information from other neurons and relays it to the cell body
906185925AxonThe part of the neuron that transmits information to other neurons, muscles or glands.
906185926Myelin sheathan insulating layer of fatty material
906185927Glial CellsSupports cells found in the nervous system
906185928SynapseThe junction or region between the axon of one neuron and the dendrites or cell body of another
906185929Sensory neuronsNeurons that receive information from the external world and convey this information to the brain via the spinal cord
906185930Motor NeuronsNeurons that carry signals from the spinal cord to the muscles to produce movement
906185931Interneuronsneurons that connect sensory neurons, motor neurons or other interneurons
906185932Resting potentialThe difference in electric charge between the inside and outside of a neuron's cell membrane
906185933Action PotentialAn electric signal that is conducted along a neurons axon to a synapse.
906185934Terminal buttonsknoblike structures that branch out from an axon
906185935NeurotransmittorsChemicals that transmit information across the synapse to a receiving neuron's dendrites.
906185936ReceptorsPart of the cell membrane that receive the neurotransmitter and initiate or prevent a new electrical signal
906185937AcetylcholineInvolved in a number of functions including voluntary motor control. Causes alztimers disease
906185938DopamineRegulates motor behavior, motivation, pleasure and emotional arousal. To much of this causes parkensens disease and too little causes schizophrenia
906185939GluatmateMajor excitatory neurotransmitter involved in information transmission throughout the brain
906185940GABAMajor inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain
906185941NorepinephrineInfluences mood and arousal. This prevents the firing of neurons. This is linked to depression.
906185942SerotoninInvolved in the regulation of sleep and wakefulness, eating and aggressive behavior. This is linked to depression.
906185943EndorphinsChemicals that act within the pain pathways and emotion centers of the brain. These dull pain.
906185944AgonistsDrug that increases the action of a neurotransmitter
906185945AntagonistDrugs that block the function of a nuerotransmitter
906185946Nervous Systeman interacting network of neurons that conveys electrochemical information throughout the body
906185947Central Nervous SystemComposed of the brain and the spinal cord
906185948Peripheral Nervous SystemConnects the CNS to the bodys organs and muscles.
906185949Somatic Nervous SystemPart of the peripheral nervous system with conveys information into and out of the CNS
906185950Autonomic Nervous SystemPart of the peripheral nervous system which carries involuntary and automatic commands that control blood vessels, body organs and glads.
906185951Sympthatic Nervous SystemPart of the Autonomic Nervous System which prepares the body for action in threating situations
906185952Parasympathetic SystemPart of the Autonomic Nervous System which helps the body return to a normal resting state
906185953Spinal reflexessimple pathways in the nervous system that rapidly generate muscle contractions
906185954Cervical NervesThe upper part of the spinal cord. Controls parts like diaphragm, head and neck, wrist and triceps
906185955Thoracic NervesThe upper middle part of the spinal cord. Controls chest muscles and ab muscles.
906185956Lumbar NervesThe lower middle part of the spinal cord. Controls all leg muscles.
906185957Sacral NervesThe lowest part of the spinal cord. Controls bowel, bladder and sexual friction.
906185958Hindbraincoordinates information coming into and out of the spinal cord, and controls the basic functions of life. Controls the medulla, reticular information, cerebellum and pons.
906185959MedullaExtension of the brain into the spinal cord that coordinates heart rate, circulation and respiration.
906185960Reticular FormationRegulates sleep, wakefulness and levels of arousal
906185961Cerebellumhelps us maintain balance while walking
906185962PonsA structure that relays information from the cerebellum to the rest of the brain.
906185963MidbrainImportant for orientation and movement
906185964TectumOrients an organism in the environment
906185965tegmentumInvolved with movement and arousal
906185966ForebrainThe highest level of brain which is critical for complex thinking, emotion, sensory and motor functions.
906185967Cerebral CortexThe outermost layer of the brain, visible to the naked eye. Divided into two sections
906185968Subcortical Structuresareas of the forebrain housed under the cerebral cortex near the very center of the brain.
906185969ThalamusRelays and filters information from the senses
906185970HypothalamusRegulates body temp, hunger, thirst and sexual behavior.
906185971Pituitary GlandThe master gland that produces hormones
906185972Limbic SystemInvolved in motivation, emotion, learning and memory
906185973HippocampusResponsible for integrating new memories and integrating them into a new network of knowledge so they can be stored in the cerebral cortex.
906185974AmygdalaPlays a central role in many emotional processes, particularly the formation of emotional memories.
906185975CortexThe highest level of the brain and it is divided into left and right hemispheres
906185976Occipital LobeProcessed visual information
906185977Parietal LobeProcesses information about touch
906185978Temporal LobeResponsible for hearing and language
906185979Frontal LobeHas specialized areas for movement, thinking, planning, memory and judgment
906185980Association Areasareas of the cerebral cortex that are composed of neurons that help provide sense and meaning to information registered in the cortex
906195196Corpus CallosumConnects both sides of the brain so information is transmitted between
906195197Geneunit of hereditary transmission; sections on strands of DNA organized into chromosomes
906195198Chromosomestrands of DNA wound around each other in a double-helix configuration
906195199Heritabilitya measure of the variability of behavioral traits among individuals that can be accounted for by genetic factors
906195200Electroencephalographa device used to record electrical activity in the brain
906195201Transcranial Magnetic StimulationMethods can mimic brain damage and temporarily deactivate neurons in the cerebral cortex
Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Government Chapter 5 Flashcards

Chapter 5 vocabulary for AP Government Wilson textbook

Terms : Hide Images
615583506Red scareThe government suppression of American leftists after the 1971 Bolshevik Revolution in Russia
615583507Sedition ActA Federalist bill of 1789 criminalizing criticism of government
615583508Smith ActA 1940 act criminalizing the advocacy of violent revolution
615583509Internal Security ActA 1950 act requiring the registration of all communists
615583510Communist Control ActA 1954 act denying legal rights to the Communist party
615583511clear and present danger actA Supreme Court formula to legitimate the abridgment of the right of free speech
615583512libelHarming another by publishing defamatory statements
615583513prior restraintA government action to prevent rather than punish certain expressions
615583514preferred positionThe supposed superiority of rights of expression over other constitutional rights
615583515least meansThe use of only minimal measures to restrict potentially dangerous expression
615583516free exercise clauseThe First Amendment clause guaranteeing religious freedom
615583517establishment clauseThe First Amendment clause prohibiting an official religion
615583518creationismA teaching on the origin of the world found to be religiously inspired
615583519released timeA period during the public school day when students get religious instruction
615583520exclusionary ruleThe prohibition against the use of illegally obtained evidence in court
615583521search warrantA written authorization to police officers to conduct a search
615583522probable causeThe legal basis for the issuance of a search warrant
615583523MirandaA Supreme Court case that led to rules that police officers must follow in warning arrested persons of their rights
615583524conscientious objectorOne who refuses military service on religious or ethical grounds
615583525due process clauseProtection against arbitrary deprivation of life, liberty, or property as guaranteed in the Fifth and Fourteen Amendments
615583526freedom of expressionPart of the First Amendment protecting freedom of speech, press, assembly, and the right to petition the government
615583527freedom of religionPart of the First Amendment protecting the free exercise of religion and prohibiting an establishment of religion
615583528good-faith exceptionAdmission of illegally obtained evidence if illegality results from a technical or minor error
615583529McCarthyismOriginated during communist witch-hunt in the 1950s, unfair accusations that tarnish a person's reputation
615583530symbolic speechAn act that conveys a political message, such as burning a draft card to protest the draft
615583531wall-of-separation principleAn interpretation of part of the First Amendment that prevents government involvement with religion
Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Government Chapter 5 Flashcards

Chapter 5 vocabulary for AP Government Wilson textbook

Terms : Hide Images
615583506Red scareThe government suppression of American leftists after the 1971 Bolshevik Revolution in Russia
615583507Sedition ActA Federalist bill of 1789 criminalizing criticism of government
615583508Smith ActA 1940 act criminalizing the advocacy of violent revolution
615583509Internal Security ActA 1950 act requiring the registration of all communists
615583510Communist Control ActA 1954 act denying legal rights to the Communist party
615583511clear and present danger actA Supreme Court formula to legitimate the abridgment of the right of free speech
615583512libelHarming another by publishing defamatory statements
615583513prior restraintA government action to prevent rather than punish certain expressions
615583514preferred positionThe supposed superiority of rights of expression over other constitutional rights
615583515least meansThe use of only minimal measures to restrict potentially dangerous expression
615583516free exercise clauseThe First Amendment clause guaranteeing religious freedom
615583517establishment clauseThe First Amendment clause prohibiting an official religion
615583518creationismA teaching on the origin of the world found to be religiously inspired
615583519released timeA period during the public school day when students get religious instruction
615583520exclusionary ruleThe prohibition against the use of illegally obtained evidence in court
615583521search warrantA written authorization to police officers to conduct a search
615583522probable causeThe legal basis for the issuance of a search warrant
615583523MirandaA Supreme Court case that led to rules that police officers must follow in warning arrested persons of their rights
615583524conscientious objectorOne who refuses military service on religious or ethical grounds
615583525due process clauseProtection against arbitrary deprivation of life, liberty, or property as guaranteed in the Fifth and Fourteen Amendments
615583526freedom of expressionPart of the First Amendment protecting freedom of speech, press, assembly, and the right to petition the government
615583527freedom of religionPart of the First Amendment protecting the free exercise of religion and prohibiting an establishment of religion
615583528good-faith exceptionAdmission of illegally obtained evidence if illegality results from a technical or minor error
615583529McCarthyismOriginated during communist witch-hunt in the 1950s, unfair accusations that tarnish a person's reputation
615583530symbolic speechAn act that conveys a political message, such as burning a draft card to protest the draft
615583531wall-of-separation principleAn interpretation of part of the First Amendment that prevents government involvement with religion
Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Psychology Chapter 3 Flashcards

AP Psychology - CCA - Ms. Dunkirk - Chapter 3

Terms : Hide Images
84125778Multiple SclerosisThe loss of muscle control resulting from a deterioration of myelin sheaths.
84125779Myelin SheathInsulating material that encases some axons. It speeds up the transmission of signals that move along the axons (large myelin sheath = faster transmission).
84125780NeuronIndividual cells in the nervous system that receive, integrate, and transmit information. They are the basic links that permit communication within the nervous system. The vast majority of them communicate with other neurons.
84125781Cell Body (Soma)Contains the cell nucleus and much of the chemical machinery common to most cells.
84125782AxonsA long, thin fiber that transmits signals away from the soma to other neurons or to muscles or glands. They are often very long and branch out to communicate with a number of other cells.
84125783DendritesThe parts of a neuron that are specialized to receive information. Multiple dendrites from a single neuron branch out to form dendritic trees.
84125784GliaCells found throughout the nervous system that provide various types of support for neurons. They are much smaller than neurons, but outnumber them 10:1 and they account for over 50% of the brain's volume. They supply nourishment to neurons, help remove neurons' waste products, and provide insulation around many axons. They also play a role in developing the nervous system in the human embryo. Some studies have shown that some glia cells can detect neural impulses and send signals to other glial cells.
84125785NeurotransmittersChemicals that transmit information from one neuron to another. They are released the vesicles fuse with the membrane of the presynaptic cell and its contents spill into the synaptic cleft. They bind with molecules in the postsynaptic cell at receptor sites.
84125786Dopamine (DA)Contributes to control of voluntary movement and pleasurable emotions; decreased levels associated with Parkinson's disease; overactivity at DA synapses associated with schizophrenia; cocaine and amphetamines elevate activity at DA synapses.
84125787EndorphinsResemble opiate drugs in structure and effects; contribute to pain relief and perhaps some pleasurable emotions.
84125788Acetylcholine (ACh)Released by motor neurons controlling skeletal muscles; contributes to the regulation of attention, arousal, and memory; some ACh receptors stimulated by nicotine.
84125789Norepinephrine (NE)Contributes to modulation of mood and arousal; cocaine and amphetamines elevate activity at NE synapses.
84125790Electrical ChargeThe resting potential is a negative 70 millivolts, and the action potential creates a less negative or even positive charge in the cell.
84125791Action PotentialA very brief shift in a neuron's electrical charge that travels along an axon. The charge changes from negative (chloride ions) to positive (sodium and potassium ions). This happens when the neuron is stimulated and the channels in its cell membrane open, briefly allowing the positive ions to rush in.
84125792Synaptic CleftA microscopic gap between the terminal button of one neuron and the cell membrane of another neuron. Signals have to jump this gap to permit neurons to communicate. The presynaptic neuron sends the message and the postsynaptic neuron receives it.
84125793Synaptic VesiclesSmall sacs in which most neurotransmitters are stored. They release the neurotransmitters when they fuse with the membrane of the presynaptic cell and its contents spill into the synaptic cleft.
84125794Resting PotentialA neuron's stable, negative charge of about 70 millivolts when the cell is inactive. Negative ion: Chloride.
84125795Postsynaptic Potential (PSP)A voltage change at a receptor site on a postsynaptic cell membrane. They vary in size and they increase or decrease the probability of a neural impulse (the signal that moves through the neuron) in the receiving cell in proportion to the amount of voltage change.
84125796Inhibitory Postsynaptic PotentialA negative voltage shift that decreases the likelihood that the postsynaptic neuron will fire action potentials. Depends upon which receptor sites are activated.
84125797Excitatory Postsynaptic PotentialA positive voltage shift that increases the likelihood that the postsynaptic neuron will fire action potentials. Depends upon which receptor sites are activated.
84125798Synaptic Transmissionthe process of transferring information at a synapse - see neurotransmitter.
84125799Synaptic PruningInvolves the gradual elimination of less active synapses and it is a key process in the formation of neural networks.
84125800Parkinson'sA disease marked by tremors, muscular rigidity, and reduced control over voluntary movements that is caused by decreased levels of dopamine.
84125801Absolute Refractory PeriodThe minimum length of time after an action potential during which another action potential cannot begin (about 1-2 milliseconds). It is followed by a brief refractory period during which the neuron can fire but its threshold for firing is elevated (more stimulation is required initiate an action potential).
84125802AgonistA chemical that mimics the action of a neurotransmitter (i.e. nicotine and ACh). They "fool" the receptor sites.
84125803AntagonistA chemical that opposes the action of a neurotransmitter (i.e. curare and ACh). Key fits in the lock but doesn't turn.
84125804Terminal ButtonsThey are small knobs at the end of the axon that secrete chemicals called neurotransmitters.
84125805Central Nervous System (CNS)Consists of the brain and spinal cord.
84125806Peripheral Nervous SystemMade up of all those nerves that lie outside the brain and spinal cord. It is divided into the somatic and autonomic nervous systems.
84125807Somatic Nervous SystemMade up of nerves that connect to voluntary skeletal muscles sensory receptors. These nerves are the cables that carry information from the receptors in the skin, muscles, and joints to the CNS and carry commands from the CNS to the muscles.
84125808Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)Made up the nerves that connect to the heart, blood vessels, smooth muscles, and glands. It controls automatic, involuntary, and visceral functions that people don't normally think about.
84125809Sympathetic DivisionThe branch of the autonomic nervous system that mobilizes the body's resources for emergencies. It creates the fight-or-flight response. It slows the digestive process and drains blood from the periphery, lessening bleeding in case of injury. It also triggers the release of hormones that ready the body for exertion.
84125810Parasympathetic DivisionThe branch of the ANS that generally conserves bodily resources. It allows the body to save and store energy. It slows heart rate, reduces blood pressure, and promotes digestion.
84125811Afferent NervesAxons that carry information inward to the central nervous system from the periphery of the body.
84125812Efferent NervesAxons that carry information outward from the central nervous system to the periphery of the body.
84125813Spinal CordConnects the brain to the rest of the body through the peripheral nervous system.
84125814MeningesThe enclosing sheaths that protect the spinal cord and the brain. (Causes meningitis when inflamed.)
84125815Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Nourishes the brain and the spinal cord and provides a protective cushion for it. Ventricles are hollow cavities in the brain that are filled with CSF.
84125816LesioningInvolves destroying a piece of the brain by passing a high-frequency current through an electrode to burn the tissue and disable the structure It allows scientists to see how different parts of the brain effect behavior.
84125817Stereotaxic InstrumentA device used to implant electrodes at precise locations in the brain.
84125818Positron Emission Tomography Scan (PET)Examines function in the brain by mapping activity in the brain over time. Radioactively tagged chemicals are introduced into the brain that serve as markers for blood flow. They provide color-coded map indicating which areas of the brain become active when certain tasks are performed.
84125819Computerized Tomography Scan (CT)A computer-enhanced X-ray of brain structure. Of all the techniques it is the cheapest, but it only gives a 2-D view of the brain.
84125820Electrical Stimulation of the Brain (ESB)Involves sending a weak electric current into a brain structure to stimulate (activate) it. The electric stimulation in close enough to the actual signal in the brain to activate and to see what effect is has on behavior.
84125821Electroencephalograph Recording (EEG)A device that monitors the electrical activity of the brain over time by means of recording electrodes attached to the surface of the scalp. Measured in brain waves, the EEG recordings provide an overview of the electrical activity in the brain (different brain wave patterns are associated with different states of mental activity).
84125822Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)Uses magnetic fields, radio waves, and computerized enhancement to map out brain structure (3-D unlike CT Scans). The new fMRI also identifies area of high brain activity.
84125823Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)A new technique that permits scientists to temporarily enhance or depress activity in a specific area of the brain. A coil is used to create a magnetic field that can either increase or decrease the excitability of neurons in the local tissue. It allows for "virtual lesions." Research is usually done by having a subject work on a certain task while a certain part of the brain is suppressed.
84125824Hindbrain (47-50)Includes the cerebellum and to structures found in the lower part of the brain stem: the medulla and the pons.
84125825MedullaControls largely unconscious but vital functions, including circulating blood, breathing, maintaining muscle tone, and regulating reflexes (sneezing coughing, etc...)
84125826PonsA bridge of fibers that connects to the brainstem with the cerebellum. They also contain several clusters of cell bodies involved with sleep and arousal.
84125827CerebellumCritical to the coordination of movement and to the sense of equilibrium (physical balance). Damage disrupts fine motor skills such as writing, typing, or playing an instrument).
84125828Midbrain (51-52)The segment of the brainstem that lies between the hindbrain and the forebrain. Contains an area that is concerned with integrating sensory processes (such vision and hearing). It contains a system of dopamine-releasing neurons that is involved in the performance of voluntary movements.
84125829Reticular FormationLocated in between the midbrain and hindbrain, it contributes to the modulation of muscle reflexes, breathing, and pain perception. It is best known for its role in regulating sleep and arousal.
84125830Forebrain (53-64)The largest and most complex region of the brain, encompassing a variety of structures, including the thalamus, hypothalamus, limbic system, and cerebrum.
84125831Limbic System (54-56)A loosely connected network of structures located roughly along the boarder between the cerebral cortex (outer layer of brain) and deeper subcortical areas. It includes parts of the thalamus and hypothalamus, the hippocampus, the amygdala, and other structures.
84125832HippocampusPlays a role in memory processes. Some believe it is responsible for consolidation of memories for factual information.
84125833AmygdalaLearning of fear and processing of other basic emotional responses, such as aggression.
84125834HypothalamusA structure found near the base of the forebrain that is involved in the regulation of basic biological needs. It controls the autonomic nervous system and it serves as a vital link between the brain and the endocrine system. Regulates the 4 F's (fighting, feeding, fleeing, mating), thirst, sexual motivation, and temperature regulation.
84125835ThalamusA structure in the forebrain through which all sensory information (except smell) must pass to get to the cerebral cortex. It is a way station made up of clusters of cell bodies (somas). It integrates information from various senses.
84125836Cerebrum (59-64)Largest part of the brain, it is responsible for most complex mental activities, including learning, remembering, thinking, and consciousness itself. It is divided into 2 hemispheres: Left (Verbal processing, language, etc.) and Right (non-Verbal processing, creativity, etc.).
84125837Corpus CallosumThe structure that connects the 2 cerebral hemispheres.
84125838Frontal LobeControls the movement of muscles - primary motor cortex. Most of this cortex is given to the body parts we have fine control over (i.e. fingers). The prefrontal cortex contributes to memory.
84125839Parietal LobeRegisters the sense of touch - the primary somatosensory cortex. Also involved in integrating visual input and monitoring body's position in space.
84125840Temporal LobeDevoted to auditory processing - primary auditory cortex.
84125841Occipital LobeLocated in the back of the head, it is where must visual signals are sent and most visual processing begun. The area is called the primary visual cortex.
84125842Split-Brain SurgeryThe bundle of fibers that connects the cerebral hemispheres (corpus callosum) is cut to reduce the severity of epileptic seizures. Only performed in severe cases, it gives some understanding as to what the job of each hemisphere is.
84125843Broca's AreaA part of the left frontal lobe that plays an important role in the production of speech.
84125844Wernicke's AreaA part of the left temporal lobe that plays an important role in the comprehension of language.
84125845Endocrine SystemConsists of glands that secrete chemicals into the bloodstream that help control bodily functioning.
84125846HormonesThe messengers of the endocrine system, they are the chemical substances released by the endocrine glands.
84125847GonadsPrior to birth, they direct the formation of the external sexual organs. At puberty, the increased levels of sexual hormones are responsible for the emergence of secondary sexual characteristics (male's facial hair, female breasts, etc.)
84125848Pineal GlandSecretes melatonin, which plays a key role in adjusting biological clocks.
84125849Adrenal GlandSecrete hormones throughout the body, preparing it to cope with an emergency.
84125850Pituitary GlandReleases a great variety of hormones that fan out around the body, stimulating actions in other endocrine glands ("the master gland").
84125851Thyroid GlandSecretes hormone thyroxin, which regulates metabolism. Overactive thyroids cause sudden weight loss and insomnia. Not enough thyroxin cause extreme weight gain and desire to always sleep.
84125852Negative Feedback SystemWhen hormone levels increase to a certain level, signals are sent to the hypothalamus to inhibit further hormone output.
84125853Dominant GeneOne that is expressed when paired genes are different (i.e. brown eyes).
84125854Recessive GeneOne that is masked when paired genes are different (i.e. blue eyes).
84125855GenotypeA person's genetic makeup (twins: 100% identical).
84125856PhenotypeRefers to the ways in which a person's genotype is manifested in observable characteristics.
84125857HomozygousTwo genes in a specific pair are the same (both parents contribute same).
84125858HeterozygousTwo genes in a specific pair are different (parents contribute different genes.)
84125859DizygoticWhen two eggs are fertilized simultaneously by different sperm cells forming two separate zygotes (Fraternal twins).
84125860MonozygoticTwins emerge from one zygote that splits for unknown reasons (Identical twins).
Powered by Quizlet.com

American History: A Survey chapt.6 Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
27265406Society of CincinnatiA historic organization with branches in the United States and France founded in 1783 to preserve the ideals and fellowship of the Revolutionary War officers and to pressure the government to honor pledges it had made to officers who fought for American independence.
27265407Alexander HamiltonFirst Secretary of the Treasury, a Founding Father, economist, and political philosopher.
27265408James MadisonPolitician and political philosopher who served as the fourth President of the United States considered to be the "Father of the Constitution"
27265409The Annapolis ConventionInterstate convention called by Virginia to discuss a uniform regulation of commerce with only 5 of the 13 states
27265410The Virginia PlanNumber of delegates in Congress per state based upon that state's population.
27265411New Jersey PlanEach state has equal representation in Congress
27265412"The Great Compromise"Compromise between the New Jersey and Virginia plans in which two houses of Congress were created, one in which the number of delegates were decided by a state's population, the other in which each state had equal representation.
27265413Three-Fifths CompromiseCompromise between northern and southern states in which 3/5 of the slave population was counted for the census
27265414Checks and balancesPrinciple of government under which separate branches are empowered to prevent actions by other branches and are induced to share power
27265415Separation of PowersDivision of the legislative, executive, and judicial functions of government
27265416Washington's Farewell AddressSpeech in which Washington advised against political parties and involvement in foreign affairs
27265417Quasi War with FranceUndeclared sea war fought between France and the U.S. between 1798 and 1800
27265418XYZ AffairAgents of French foreign minister Talleyrand demanded a $250,000 bribe from American delegates in exchange for a meeting with him
27265419Alien and Sedition ActsActs designed to protect the United States from alien citizens of enemy powers and to stop seditious attacks from weakening the government. The Democratic-Republicans attacked them as being both unconstitutional and designed to stifle criticism of the administration
27265420Virginia and Kentucky ResolutionsPolitical statements in favor of states' rights and Strict Constructionism written secretly by Vice President Thomas Jefferson and James Madison.
27265421FederalistsStatesmen and public figures supporting the administrations of Presidents George Washington and John Adams, also called the Federalist Party, founded by Alexander Hamilton. It opposed the Democratic-Republican Party during the 1800s.
27265422Anti-FederalistsA political philosophy in which the central governing authority of a nation should be equal or inferior to, but not having more power than, its sub-national states
27265423The Federalist PapersA series of 85 articles advocating the ratification of the United States Constitution.
27265424The ratification processIt was required that conventions of nine of the thirteen original States ratify the constitution. Once word was received that the ninth state had ratified the constitution - New Hampshire, June 21, 1788 - a timetable was set for the start of operations under the Constitution, and on March 4, 1789, the government under the Constitution began operations.
27265425The Judiciary Act of 1789Congress provided for a Supreme Court of six members and a system of lower district courts and courts of appeal, also giving the Supreme Court the power to make the final decisions in cases involving the constitution or state laws.
27265426Assumption of state debtsPlan by Hamilton meant to tie the states more securely to fed gov; created huge national debt
27265427The Bank of the United StatesHamilton's Bill created this national establishment which produced heated debates about whether national government had authority to create it since this establishment wasn't mention in the constitution.
27265428Hamilton's bank billBill created by Hamilton to form America's first national bank
27265430Whiskey RebellionUprising of farmers in western Pennsylvania to protest a federal tariff on whiskey
27265431Bill of RightsThe first 10 amendments to the constitution(ratified in 1791)
27265432Jay's TreatyAgreement between Britain and the US where Britain agreed to pay damages for US ships they had seized - in exchange the US would repay debits they owed to Britain
27265433Pinckney's TreatyAgreement between the United States and Spain that changed Florida's borders and reopened the port of New Orleans to American merchants
27265434Revolution of 1800First peaceful change of power between political parties. Federalists lost control of both Congress and the presidency
27265435Aaron BurrServed as the 3rd Vice President of the United States. Member of the Republicans and President of the Senate during his Vice Presidency. He was defamed by the press, often by writings of Hamilton. Challenged Hamilton to a duel in 1804 and killed him.
27265436Midnight appointmentsAdams signed the commissions for these Federal judges during his last night in office. Demonstrated the Federalists' last minute attempt to keep some power in the newly Republican Government.
Powered by Quizlet.com

Scarlet Letter 1-12 Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
129735960VenerableCommanding Respect because of age0
129735961IgnominyShame1
129735962IniquityWickedness2
129735963SagacityWisdom3
129735964ManifestEvident4
129735965Expositionexplaining5
129735966PervadedSpread Throughout6
129735967PeremptoryNo opportunity for refusal7
129735968PurgePurify, Cleanse8
129735969GuiseAssumed outer appearance9
129735970CapriceSudden impulse10
129735971AnathemasCurses11
129735972InscrutableNot understood12
129735973PanoplyAn impressive array13
129735974MelancholySad14
129735975TremulousTimid or shy15
129735976ImbibesTake into the mind16
129735977ProvidentialPertaining to17
129735978AppellationA name or title18
129735979PropagateTo spread from person to person19
129735980InimicalUnfriendly20
129735981ReverenceRespect for someone or something21
129735982InfirmityBeing weak in health or body22
129735983MalevolenceHatred, ill will23
129735984SomnambulismSleep walking24
Powered by Quizlet.com

AP US Chapter 1 Checklist Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
904865948Native Americans50-75 Million in 1500. 10 Million present day USA = Clash of cultures
904865949Aztec/Inca/Mayan Civilizations1,000-2000,00 in 1500
904865950Woodland IndiansEast of the Mississippi, had rich food supply Language Groups
904865951Europe: Commerce/ Nationalism =Columbus
904865952Spanish ConquistadorsCortes (1518) 600 men/Mexico Pizarro (1530) Peru De Soto (1530) Florida Coronado (1540) New Mexico to Kansas
904865953BrutalityEncomienda/requermiento/repartimiento/presidos
904865954Ordinances of Discovery1570s Bans Brutality
904865955Pueblos: Pope's Rebellion 1680Spanish retake in 1696
904865956Columbian Exchange...
904865957Mestizo...
904865958St. Augustine 1565 / Santa Fe 1609...
904865959AfricaArrival of Slaves and slave trade. 50+% new arrivals in America 1500-1800
904865960matrilineal vs. patrilineal descent...
904865961Slaverynot chattel slavery
904865962EnglandRoyal colonies under control of king and queen. Enclosure/ Hakluyts
904865963English religionCalvin predestination Puritans/ Separatists
904865964Roanoke1585/1587 Sir Walter Raleigh/ Spanish Armada 1588
904865965FrenchCartier/ Jesuit Missionaries Coureurs de bois Inter marriage St Lawrence River , Quebec 1608
904865966Dutch1609 Henry Hudson (Northwest Passage) 1624 New Amsterdam Peter Minuet Patroons Manhattan/ Albany NY (New Orange)
904865967ConclusionClash of NA, Europe, Spanish, Africa, England, French, Dutch
904865968Compare ContrastSpanish/English/Dutch/French settlements Colonial economic/political policies Interactions with NA
Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Biology Campbell 7e Ch1 Flashcards

Exploring Life

Terms : Hide Images
599242373BiologyThe scientific study of life
599242374Five Properties of lifeOrder, Evolutionary Adaptation, Response to Environment, Regulation, Energy Processing, Growth and Developement, and Reproduction.
599242375Levels of Biological OrganizationBiosphere, Ecosystem, Communities, Population, Organisms, Organs/Organ System, Tissue, Cells, Oganelles and Molecules
599242376ProducersPlants and other photosynthetic organisms that convert light energy to chemical energy.
599242377ConsumersOrganisms that feed on producers and other consumers.
599242378Deoxyribonucleic Acid(DNA) The substance that make up the chromosomes within the nucleus of our cells that code for our genes.
599242379GenomeEntire "library" of genetic instructions that an organism inherits
599242380Eukaryotic CellsA cell subdivided by internal membranes into various membrane enclosed organelles including the chloroplast
599242381Prokaryotic CellsCells where the DNA is not seperated from the rest of the cell by enclosure in a membrane-enclosed organelles. These also lack the other kinds of membran-enclosed organelles that characterise eukaryotic cells.
599242382System"The whole is greater than the sum of its parts"....... Combination of components can form a more complex organization.
599242383Emergent PropertiesNew properties that emerge with each step upward in the hierchary of life
599242384ReductionismReducing complex systems to simplier components that are more manageable to study.
599242385Negative FeedbackA change in a physiological variable that is being monitered triggers a response that counteracts the initial fluctuation. Ex: When the body creates too much ATP, the body send feedback that will inhibit an enzyme near the beginning of the pathway.
599242386Positive FeedbackWhen the end product of a process speeds up the production of that pruduct. Ex: When a blood vessle is broken blood platelets rush to the site which leads to more platelets rushing to the site to clot the site.
599242387Domain BacteriaContains all the bacteria and are the most diverse and widespread prokaryotes
599242388Domain ArchaeaContains the prokaryotes that are known to live in the earths extreme environment such as salt lakes and boiling hot springs.
599242389Domain EukaryaContains the kingdoms of Protists, Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia. They are all unicellular.
Powered by Quizlet.com

Pages

Subscribe to CourseNotes RSS

Need Help?

We hope your visit has been a productive one. If you're having any problems, or would like to give some feedback, we'd love to hear from you.

For general help, questions, and suggestions, try our dedicated support forums.

If you need to contact the Course-Notes.Org web experience team, please use our contact form.

Need Notes?

While we strive to provide the most comprehensive notes for as many high school textbooks as possible, there are certainly going to be some that we miss. Drop us a note and let us know which textbooks you need. Be sure to include which edition of the textbook you are using! If we see enough demand, we'll do whatever we can to get those notes up on the site for you!