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Renaissance and Reformation Flashcards

736596379	What does ecclesiastical mean?	of or relating to the Christian Church (or its clergy)-- clerical
736596380	What are benefices?	church offices
736596381	What is the laity?	ordinary people -- not the clergy
732800511	What is simony?	the buying or selling of ecclesiastical privileges (church offices)
732800512	What is nepotism	the practice among those with power or influence of favoring relatives, friends, etc., especially by giving them jobs
732800513	What is pluralism?	when high churchmen held several benefices at the same time
736596382	What is absenteeism?	when high churchmen appointed to church offices rarely attended to the duties of the position appointed or didn't at all-- goes hand in hand with pluralism-- Cardinals took office and often appointed a poor parish priest to minister to the people, then paid him a pittance while they themselves raked in large sums of money from the church tax.
732800514	When did criticism of the abusive practices of the Catholic church mount?	the sixteenth century
732800515	What are indulgences?	the remission of temporal punishment due for sins (paying to not be punished for sins)
732800516	What specific action of the Church angered Luther and led to the religious split in western Christendom?	the sale of indulgences by Tetzel
732800517	What were the ninety-five theses?	posted by Martin Luther in protest of clerical abuses, especially the sale of indulgences
732800518	What was the Diet of Worms?	Series of imperial meetings at the bishop's palace at Worms in the Rhineland where Luther defended his doctrines before the emperor Charles V. On 18 April Luther declared his final refusal to recant those doctrines, and on 26 May Charles V issued an imperial Edict condemning those doctrines
732800519	What was the Peace of Augsburg?	An agreement between Charles V and an alliance of Lutheran princes which enabled the princes to choose either Lutheranism or Catholicism as the practiced religion in their respective lands. Weakened the power of the Holy Roman Emperor and strengthened that of the nobility
732800520	What is Calvinism?	major branch of Christianity-- follows practice of John Calvin--- broke with the Roman Catholic Church but differed with Lutherans on the real presence of Christ in the Lord's supper, theories of worship, and God's law, etc.
732800521	What is predestination?	the idea that eternal salvation is determined by omniscient, omnipotent, and inscrutable God
732800522	What was the Council of Trent?	a meeting of Catholic clergy designed to reform the Church and try to secure reconciliation with Protestants
732800523	Who were the Jesuits?	extreme Catholics
732800524	Who led the Jesuits?	Ignatius Loyola
732800525	What was the Inquisition?	Roman Catholic Church "fighting against heretics" Spanish -established by Ferdinand and Isabella (maintain Catholic orthodoxy)
732800526	what was the index?	a list of prohibited books by the Church
732800527	Who was Caravaggio?	Italian artist contrast, dramatic lighting, baroque WORKS: Judith Beheading Holofernes
732800528	Who was Bernini?	Italian artist and prominent architect created the Baroque style of sculpture WORKS: St. Peter's colonade ; Ecstasy of St. Theresa ; Apollo and Daphne
732800529	Who was Rubens?	prolific Flemish baroque painter emphasized movement, color, and sensuality counter-reformation altarpieces, portraits, landscapes, allegorical/mythological subjects WORKS: The Massacre of the Innocents ; Venus ; The Judgment of Paris
732800530	Who was El Greco?	painter, sculptor, and architect of the Spanish Renaissance Not concerned with classicist criteria (proportion), more concerned with grace and intuition and imagination Regarded color as the most important element of painting
732800531	What is baroque?	style of EXAGGERATED motion, drama, tension, exuberance, grandeur
732800532	Who was beheaded for refusing to acknowledge publicly Henry VIII's supremacy and not approving of his divorce and marriage?	Sir Thomas More
732800533	Who coined the term "Renaissance"?	Giorgio Vasari
732800534	What were the "isms" of the Renaissance?	rationalism, secularism, individualism, and humanism
732800535	What were condottieri?	mercenary soldiers
732800536	Who was Michelangelo?	Italian sculptor, painter, architect, poet, engineer David, The Creation of Adam, Pieta, Sistine Chapel ceiling
732800537	Who was Benvenuto Cellini?	Italian goldsmith, sculptor, and painter important artist of Mannerism WORKS: Perseus with the Head of Medusa ; Saliera ;
732800538	What work is Castiglione known for?	The Courtier
732800539	What work is Machiavelli known for?	The Prince
732800540	Who was da Vinci?	Italian painter, sculptor, architect, musician, mathematician, engineer, inventor, anatomist, geologist, botanist, writer WORKS: The Last Supper ; Mona Lisa ; Vitruvian Man ; Lady with an Ermine
732800541	Who was Raphael?	prolific Italian painter and architect of the High Renaissance work admired for clarity of form and ease of composition WORKS: The School of Athens ; The Coronation of the Virgin ; Deposition of Christ
732800542	Who was Botticelli?	Italian painter under patronage of Lorenzo de Medici WORKS: Birth of Venus ; Primavera ; Venus and Mars
732800543	Who was Lorenzo Valla?	Italian humanist, rhetorician, and educator best known for textual analysis that proved the Donation of Constantine was a forgery
732800544	Who wrote Praise of Folly?	Erasmus
732800545	Who wrote Utopia?	Thomas More
736596383	How educated were the clergy?	Although the Church had standard of education, bishops didn't enforce them Parish priests were less educated than the educated laity Many priests couldn't read or write and mumbled Latin words they didn't know
736596384	What horrified humanists most about the Church?	Clerical ignorance
736596385	What was the catalyst for the Protestant Reformation?	The Ninety-Five Theses
736596386	What is transubstantiation?	belief that in the Eucharist, the substance of the bread and wine used in sacrament is LITERALLY changed into the substance of the body and blood of Jesus
736596387	What is consubstantiation?	belief that during the sacrament the fundamental "substance" of the body and blood of Christ are present alongside the substance of the bread and wine, which remain present
736596388	Examples of the baroque style?	Rubens, Bernini, Barocci (painting/sculpture/architecture) Bach and Handel (music)
736691328	What was Decameron?	documents life in 14th century Italy by Boccaccio criticizes the churchmen
736691329	What were the Canterbury Tales?	Criticism of the Church through stories written by Geoffrey Chaucer
736691330	The Imitation of Christ was written by whom?	Thomas a Kempis
736691331	What was The Imitation of Christ?	urged readers to use the life of Christ as the perfect example of Christian living (Medieval WWJD) by Kempis
736691332	Who was Zwingli?	scholar and preacher who moved to zurich led the movement in the Swiss Confederation
736691333	Who was Johann Tetzel?	German preacher known for selling indulgences condemned (later pardoned) for immorality Martin Luther preached openly against him
736691334	What was the Book of Common Prayer?	A product of the English Reformation-- prayer book
736691335	What was the Book of Concord?	doctrinal standard of the Lutheran Church
736691336	What was the Schmalkaldic League?	defensive alliance of Lutheran princes within the Holy Roman Empire during the mid-16th century, included an army
736691337	What was the League of Torgau?	set up soon after the Imperial Diet of Speyer-- alliance of Protestant princes but was unsuccessful because it didn't have a substantial army
736691338	What was the Exsurge Domine?	issued by Pope Leo X-- response to Martin Luther, threatened to excommunicated Luther unless he recanted within a 60 day period
736691339	What is a papal bull?	charter/letter issued by a Pope of the Catholic Church
736691340	What was Luther's response to Exsurge Domine?	He refused to recant and burned a copy of it publicly
736691341	What was the Concordat of Worms?	precursor to the Treaty of Westphalia and nation-based sovereignty agreement between Pope Calixtus II and Holy Roman Emperor Henry V brought an end to the first phase of the power struggle between the Papacy and the Holy Roman Emperors
736691342	What is the Corps Reformatorum?	large collection of Reformation writings contains works of Calvin, Zwingli, and Melanchthon.
736691343	Who was Philip Melanchthon?	Protestant reformer, collaborator with Martin Luther
736691344	Who was Menno Simons?	An Anabaptist religious leader from the Friesland region of the Low Countries. Contemporary of the Protestant Reformers Followers became known as MENNONITES
736691345	Michelangelo's David was made of what?	Marble
736691346	Donatello's David was made of what?	Bronze
736691347	Who is the "father of humanism"?	Petrarch
736691348	Who discovered perspective?	Brunelleschi
736691349	Who engineered the dome of the Florence Cathedral?	Brunelleschi
736691350	Who created the bronze doors of the Baptistry of Florence Cathedral (the gates of paradise)?	Ghiberti
736691351	Who wrote Commentari?	Ghiberti
736691352	Dante wrote what major work?	The Divine Comedy
736691353	Who wrote Oration on the Dignity of Man (a humanist text)?	Pico della Mirandola
736691354	What has been called the "Manifesto of the Renaissance"?	Oration on the Dignity of Man
736707589	Who was Alberti?	He was best known as an Italian architect but also was an author, artist, poet, priest, linguist, and philosopher. wrote On Painting which contained the first scientific study of perspective
736707590	The Peasant Wedding is by whom?	Pieter Brueghel the Elder
736707591	What is mannerism?	art period/style elongated proportions, highly stylized poses, lack of clear perspective tension and instability EXAMPLE: Bronzino's "Venus, Cupid, Folly and Time"

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week 7 ap euro cdg Flashcards

week 7 agendas

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93709472	Elizabeth 1	(1533-1603) Queen of England from 1558 to 1603; a skillful politician and diplomat, she reasserted Protestant supremacy in England.
93709473	Mary Stuart	queen of Scotland from 1542 to 1567, as a Catholic she was forced to abdicate in favor of her son and fled to England where she was imprisoned by Elizabeth I; when Catholic supporters plotted to put her on the English throne she was tried and executed
93709474	Sir Francis Drake	English explorer/pirate who circumnavigated the globe from 1577 to 1580 and was sent by Queen Elizabeth I to raid Spanish ships/settlements for gold
93709475	Sea Dogs	English sea captains authorized to raid Spanish ships and towns
93709476	Philip III	Spanish ruler who agreed to a truce with England in 1609 that recognized the independence of the United Provinces (the Netherlands).
93709477	El Escorial	The palace of Philip II which reflected the emperors sold austerity. His private room in the massive complex was as simple as a monks cell.
93709478	Siglo de Oro	Golden Age of Spanish culture, 1560-1650. Cervantes - Don Quixote, artists such as El Greco, Velazquex, Murillo. Philosphy of Jesuit Suarez. Intensely catholic period for Spain - church present in all things.
93709479	"Sea Beggars"	group of calvinists that rampaged through catholic churches in many parts on the Netherlands, smashed windows, burned books, destroyed altars, and ruined all the rich ornaments
93709480	The Guises	-A family that supported one side in the French Civil War -They led Catholics in Northern France. -Catherine de Medici supported them in the first phase. -They lost in the end.
93709481	The Bourbons	hoping to extend their power and gain land at hapsburg expense, supported the protestant cause
93709482	Huguenots	French Protestants. The Edict of Nantes (1598) freed them from persecution in France, but when that was revoked in the late 1700s, hundreds of thousands of Huguenots fled to other countries, including America.
93709483	Catherine de Midici	1519--89, queen of Henry II of France; mother of Francis II, Charles IX, and Henry III of France; regent of France (1560--74). She was largely responsible for the massacre of Protestants on Saint Bartholomew's Day (1572)
93709484	St. Bartholomew Day Massacre	massacre of protestans ordered by Catherine de midici
93709485	Henry IV of Navarre	A politique whose rise to power ended the French Civil Wars; converted to Catholicism to gain loyalty of Paris, but privately remained a Calvinist and issued Edict of Nantes
93709486	Edict Of Nantes	1598, decree promulgated at Nantes by King Henry IV to restore internal peace in France, which had been torn by the Wars of Religion; the edict defined the rights of the French Protestants
93709487	Schmalkaldic League	An alliance is created between Norther German Lutheran princes and the Fench King Henry II (a Catholic) to revive the war in 1552.
93709488	Thirty Years War	(1618-48) A series of European wars that were partially a Catholic-Protestant religious conflict. It was primarily a batlte between France and their rivals the Hapsburg's, rulers of the Holy Roman Empire.
93709489	Protestant Union	(1608) alliance of German Lutheran princes alarmed at religious and territorial spread of Calvinism and Catholicism. Catholic princes responded with the Catholic League (1609). The two armed camps erupted in the Thirty Years War (1618-1648). (p. 499)
93709490	Catholic League	formed by the Guise; dominated the eastern half othe country for several years; 1584, allied with Spain's Philip II to attack hersey in France and deny the Bourbon Henry's legal right to inherit the throne
93709491	Bohemia	Czech (Bohemian) nobility was wiped out during the Bohemian phase of 30 Year's War, Ferdinand II redistributed Czech lands to aristocratic soldiers form all over Europe, serf conditions declined
93709492	Defenestration of Prague	The hurling, by Protestants, of Catholic officials from a castle window in Prague, setting off the Thirty Years' War.
93709493	United Provinces	1576, while Philip's troops rioted in Antwerp, sixteen of the seventeen provinces in the Netherlands had united behind William; following year Philip offered a compromise to the Catholic nobles, and ten southern provinces returned to Spanish rule; remaining 7 provinces formed independent United Provinces; Calvinists formed resistence against the Spanish; Maurice of Nassau, son of William who led victories during the rebellion
93709494	Albrecht Von Wallenstien	Bohemian who promised to create a vast mercenary army. Emperor Ferdinand turned to him after Duke of Bavaria.
93709495	Edict of Restitution	(1629) Emperor declared all church territories that had been secularized since 1552 to be automatically restored to Catholic Church
93709496	Gustavus Adolphus	joins Thirty Years' War in 1629, king of Sweden, Protestant leader, stands up for fellow Protestants, military genius, wins a lot for Protestant team; supported by Richelieu, who wants to end Hapsburg power; killed in 1632 at battle of Luetzen
93709497	Cardinal Richelieu	minister of King Louis XVIII, appointed by Marie de Medici , had the real power, wanted to curb power of nobility, 32 generalities, military provinces France was divided into
93709498	mercinaries	a professional soldier hired to serve in a foreign army; not neccisarly loyal to the ruler goes to the man with biggest wallet
93709499	peace of Westphalia	This was the treaty that ended the Thirty Years' War that recognized the independent authority of over three hundred German principalities
93709500	Malleus Maleficarum	book written by two monks and blessed by Pope Innocent VIII describing ways to torture 'witches' to confessions during the holy inquisition

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The Reformation Flashcards

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569697735	Christian humanism	northern humanists; preoccupied with religion; focused on early Christian writings; through education, true inner piety would bring about a reform of the church; supported schools, brought out new editions of the classics, and prepared new editions of the Bible and writings
569697736	The Praise of the Folly	Desiderius Erasmus: born in Holland; most influential Christian humanist; educated at Brothers of a Common Life school; criticized corrupt practices: abuses within the ranks of the clergy; his emphasis on education did not achieve the reform of the church he wanted
569697737	Thomas More	Utopia: "nowhere"; 1516, account of idealistic life; cooperation and reason replaced power and fame; More rejected reign of King Henry VIII and so he was beheaded
569697738	pluralism	high church officials took more than one church job to increase their revenues
569697739	absenteeism	church officeholders ignored duties and hired underlings who sometimes were unqualified for job
569697740	sacraments	Catholic's chief means of receiving God's grace; confession was one of the most important sacraments
569697741	Martin Luther	German; became a monk after surviving storm; focused on assurance of salvation: faith alone; justification becomes main doctrine of Protestant Reformation; faith and bible= twin pillars of Protestant Reformation
569697742	indulgences	Luther's disagreement with the use of indulgences: faith and good works
569697743	Johann Tetzel	Dominican salesman hired by Pope Leo X to see indulgences to people as a "ticket" to Heaven; finances of indulgences went to construction of St. Peter's Basilica; "As soon as the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory sings."
569697744	Ninety-Five Theses	Luther's argument against the sale of indulgences, nailed them to church door in Wittenberg; thousands of copes of German translations were sold and Germans supported Luther's dissatisfaction with papacy.
569697745	Edict of Worms	Luther is made outlaw within the empire by Charles V; Frederick the Wise, Elector of Saxony, takes Luther into hiding in Wartburg
569697746	Peasants' War	peasants were frustrated with papacy because they had not been benefited by the economy; peasants held religious revolt with Martin Luther as their leader but Luther did not support
569697747	transubstantiation	Luther denied Catholic doctrine: bread and wine when consumed transform into the body and blood of Jesus; Luther emphasized that real presence of Jesus's body and blood in the bread and wine are give as a testament to God's forgiveness of sin
569697748	priesthood of all believers	Luther denied priesthood since all Christians who followed the word of God were their own priests
569697749	Charles V	emperor of the Holy Roman Empire: Austrian Habsburg lands, Bohemia, Hungary, the Low Countries, and Naples; wanted to preserve Catholic faith within his empire; could not prevent spread of Lutheranism
569697750	Peace of Augsburg	end of religious warfare in Germany 1555; division of Christianity was acknowledged as Lutheranism and Catholicism; German ruler got to determine the religion of his subjects
569697751	Ulrich Zwingli	Swiss; influenced by Christian humanism; began Reformation in Switzerland; Zurich= supported Zwingli; all paintings and decorations were removed from church; Mass was replaced by liturgy; killed in battle and body was cut up into pieces and burned
569697752	Marburg Colloquy	Zwingli attempted to bring Luther and German reformers to form an alliance; they agreed on everything except the Lord's Supper; Zwingli believed Lord's Supper was meal of remembrance and that there was no body present
569697753	Anabaptists	radical Protestant group; spiritual rebirth led to baptism as an adult; complete separation of church and state; all believers were equal; suffer for faith; Munster: city of uprising of Anabaptists that determined Dutch Anabaptism
569697754	millenarianism	the end of the world was at hand and the kingdom of God was their only safe haven; Munster= New Jerusalem
569697755	Henry VIII's wives	divorces with wives caused him to start Church of England and English Reformation;
569697756	Act of Supremacy	1534: Parliament complete break of Church of England with Rome; king was "taken, accepted, and reputed the only supreme head on earth of the Church of England"; monarch controlled matters of doctrine, clerical, and discipline
569697757	Book of Common Prayer	revised Protestant liturgy created by Parliament during Edward's reign
569697758	Edward VI	son of Henry; came to throne at age 9; during his reign, Archbishop Cranmer instituted right of clergy to marry, eliminations of images, and creation of Book of Common prayer
569697759	"Bloody Mary"	Catholic Mary has more than three hundred Protestants burned; England becomes more Protestant after her reign
569697760	John Calvin	theologian and organizer of Protestant revolution; influenced by Luther; justification by faith, "decent and godly life", and baptism and communion are the only ways to salvation; Lords Supper: spiritual presence of Jesus
569697761	predestination	God has predestined some people to be saved (the elect) and others to be damned (the reprobate)
569697762	Geneva	Calvin created Ecclesiastical Ordinances: church government is both clergy and laymen; Geneva became a center of Protestantism
569697763	Catholic Reformation	Counter-Reformation: aimed to stop spread of Protestantism
569697764	Saint Teresa of Avila	Spanish Catholic mystic; visions led her to have an active life of service; founded Carmelite nuns
569697765	Ignatius Loyola	founded Society of Jesus or Jesuits; prepared for his lifework of being a solider of God by prayer, pilgrimages, going to school, and working out a spiritual program in his book, Spiritual Exercises
569697766	Jesuits	pursued highly disciplined schools, propagation of the Catholic faith among non-Christians; carry Catholic banner and fight Protestantism
569697767	Pope Paul III	continued nepotism; made commission's report in 1537 that blamed church's problems on the corrupt policies of popes and cardinals
569697768	Council of Trend	summoned by Pope Paul III; to resolve religious differences caused by Protestant revolt; traditional Catholic teachings were affirmed over Protestant teachings
569697769	Huguenots	French Calvinsts; 40-50% of french nobilty became Huguenots, including house of Bourbon; Huguenots were political threat to monarchical power
569697770	Saint Batholomew's Day	duke of Guise, extreme Catholic party, massacred Huguenots in August 1572 at marriage of sister of Valois king, Cahrles IX and Henry of Navarre
569697771	Edict of Nantes	Henry of Navarre issued edict in 1598; Catholicism is the official religion of France but Huguenots had the rights to worship and be protected
569697772	Phillip II	greatest advocate of militant Catholicism; "Most Catholic King"; wanted to make Spain dominate power in Europe but the large debts and use of military in defense of Catholicism ended his attempt
569697773	the Netherlands	17 provinces; prospered through commerce and textile industry; revolted against Phillip II and William of Orange unified all 17 provinces
569697774	Union of Utrecht	William of Orange forms Protestant union to oppose Spanish rule
569697775	Elizabeth I	Queen of England after Mary's death; daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn; religious policy was based on moderation and compromise; used title "supreme head of the church" but restored Catholic church with Act of Uniformity; Puritans and Catholics opposed religious settlement
569697776	Puritans	Protestants within Anglican Church who were inspired by Calvin and wanted to remove all Catholicism from Church of England
569697777	Spanish Armada	Spanish fleet at sea against England to try and impose Catholicism as main religion; Spanish lost and Protestantism becomes dominant in England

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Reformation and Wars of Religion Review Flashcards

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790728805	Politique	A leader who stood the middle ground when it came to differences between the Church of England and other Protestant groups, namely the Calvinists, i.e. Elizabeth I.
790728806	Adolphus, Gustavus	(1594 - 1632): King of Sweden. Led his people against the Catholic forces of the Holy Roman Empire during the Thirty Years War. Died in battle.
790728807	Bernini, Gialorenzo	(1598 - 1650): Preeminent Baroque architect and sculptor. Created the Colonnade in front of St. Peter's Basilica, the high altar canopy inside St. Peter's Cathedral, The Ecstasy of St. Teresa, and other works.
790728808	Boleyn, Anne	born about 1502 - 1536): Commoner and object of Henry VIII's desire. Became Henry's second wife after the divorce from Catherine of Aragon. Bore Elizabeth I. Was beheaded for adultery and treason.
790728809	Calvin, John	(1509 - 1564): Founder of the most prolific Protestant Reformation sect - Calvinism. Believed in predestination or that God already knows who is going to Heaven and Hell.
790728810	Caravaggio	(1571 - 1610): First of the Baroque painters. Famous for his use of tenebrism or contrasts of light and dark to create emotion. Works were controversial due to their graphic nature.
790728811	Catherine of Aragon	(1485 - 1536): Born in Spain, Catherine was the first wife of King Henry VIII of England. Her failure to bear a male heir to the throne was the impetus for the formation of the Church of England. She gave birth to Mary Tudor, aka "Bloody Mary."
790728812	Charles V	(reign 1519 - 1556): The quintessential Habsburg in every way—Holy Roman Emperor, defender of the Catholic faith in Spain, Italy and the HRE. Sought to keep his empire Catholic and destroy Protestantism.
790728813	de Medici, Catherine	(1519 - 1589): Wife of French King Henry II who died in 1559. Mother to Valois Kings Francis II, Charles IX and Henry III. A devout Catholic, served as regent and closest advisor to all three Kings. Ordered the slaughter of Huguenots on St. Bartholomew's Day in 1572.
790728814	Eck, Johann	1486-1543): Great Catholic theologian who debated Martin Luther in Leipzig in 1520. In the debate, Luther refused to agree that the papacy was perfect and claimed that the execution of Jan Hus in 1415 was wrong.
790728815	Edward VI	(1547 - 1553): Nine-year old boy king of England. England became more Protestant during his reign. Died at the age of 16.
790728816	Elizabeth I	Daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. Reigned England for over 25 years. Acted as a "politique" straddling the religious divide to bring political harmony.
790728817	Henry of Guise	(1550-1588): Considered prime suspect number one in the assassination attempt and subsequent death of Admiral Coligny.
790728818	Admiral Coligny	Part of the Bourbon family and a Huguenot leader. Becomes an adviser to Henry IX. After his attempted assassination by the Guises, caused Catherine to have the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre.
790728819	Henry IV (Henry of Navarre)	(1553 - 1610): First Bourbon king of France. Architect of the Edict of Nantes which ended the French Civil Wars.
790728820	Henry VIII	(1509 - 1547): Tudor monarch of England who desired a divorce from Catherine of Aragon because she would not bear him a male heir. Created the Church of England (Anglican Church) and made himself the supreme leader.
790728821	Loyola, Ignatius	(1491 - 1556): Founder of the Order of Jesus or the Jesuits. Trained priests as an army of God to rid Europe of heresy.
790728822	Luther, Martin	(1483 - 1546): Trained as a Catholic monk and a professor of theology. Wrote his 95 Theses as a criticism of corruption in the Catholic church. Responsible for starting the Protestant Reformation.
790728823	Pope Paul III	(1468 - 1549): Reformation Pope. Called the Council of Trent to address issues of corruption and confusion in the Catholic church.
790728824	Philip II	(1556 - 1598): Son of Charles V (Holy Roman Emperor) and King of Spain. Sought to follow in his father's footsteps by reinstituting Catholicism in Spain. The Escorial, Philip's palace, was built to model a gridiron, to pay homage to St. Lawrence who was martyred by being burned to death on a grill.
790728825	Cardinal Richelieu	(1585 - 1642): Served as First Chief Minister to the French King during Thirty Years War. Was instrumental in making the war one of territorial protection against the Habsburgs rather than a religious fight between Catholics and Protestants.
790728826	Rubens, Peter Paul	(1577 - 1640): Flemish painter heavily influenced by the works of Caravaggio. Most works were commissioned by the Habsburgs. While he is mostly known for his full figured gals (Rubenesque means overweight), more than half of his works were of religious subjects.
790728827	Seymour, Jane	(1508 - 1537): Third wife of Henry VIII and mother to Edward VI. Died two weeks after giving birth.
790728828	Stuart, Mary	(1542 - 1587): Known as Mary Queen of Scots. Cousin of Elizabeth I and believed to be the true heir to the English throne by Catholics. Was executed by Elizabeth in 1587 for treason.
790728829	Tetzel, Johann	(1465-1519): Authorized by Pope Leo X to sell indulgences to raise funds for the church. Was the main target of Martin Luther's writings.
790728830	Tudor, Mary	(1516 - 1558): Daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon. Staunchly Catholic, Mary sought to rid England of Calvinism Earned the nickname "Bloody Mary" for the Marian Persecutions of heretics and the death of some 300 Protestants.
790728831	William I	(1533 - 1584): Also known as William of Orange. The King of the Netherlands who fought to stem the Catholic Reformation from hitting his Protestant country.
790728832	Zwingli, Ulrich	(1484 - 1531): Protestant religious figure in Switzerland. Taught from the writings of Erasmus and established a virtual theocracy in Zurich. Viewed the Eucharist as merely symbolic and diverged from Luther on that point.
790728833	95 Theses	Written by Martin Luther and is widely regarded as the primary catalyst for the Protestant Reformation. It is vitally important to understand that these theses were used for the intent of displaying Luther's displeasure with the Church's indulgences
790728834	Act in Restraint of Appeals	Declared the English monarch the supreme sovereign in England and forbade judicial appeals to the papacy.
790728835	Act of Supremacy	Proclaimed King Henry VIII the supreme leader of the Church of England, which meant that the pope was no longer recognized as having any authority within the country, and all matters of faith, ecclesiastical appointment, and maintenance of ecclesiastical properties were in the hands of the king.
790728836	Anabaptists	A member of a radical movement of the 16th-century Reformation that viewed baptism solely as an external witness to a believer's conscious profession of faith, rejected infant baptism, and believed in the separation of church from state, in the shunning of nonbelievers, and in simplicity of life.
790728837	Anglican Church	Form of Protestantism set up in England after 1534; established by Henry VIII with himself as head, at least in part to obtain a divorce from his first wife; became increasingly Protestant following Henry's death
790728838	Antipope	A rival pope, elected in opposion to another, who is later judged not to be a part of the elected succession of popes. In general, it refers to the popes elected at Avignon in opposition to those at Rome during the Great Schism, and to a series of popes elected at Pisa and Basel
790728839	Antitrinitarians	Persecuted radical Protestants who used commonsense, reason, and ethics to deal with religion; denied the existence & holiness of the trinity. They were defenders of religious toleration and opposed Calvinism's emphasis on original sin and predestination. Figures include Michael Servetus, and the founders of socinianism, Lelio, and Faustus Sozzini.
790728840	Socinianism	Heterodoxy claiming that Christ's death on the cross did not have any supernatural or transcendent implications; states that god is one and the holy spirit is his spirit.
790728841	Council of Constance	In 1417, the Council of Constance ended the schism between the Avignon and Roman papal courts by removing authority from all three popes then claiming to be the true "vicar of Christ" and electing Pope Martin V, a compromise candidate. Martin subsequently returned the papacy to Rome.
790728842	Edit of Worms	issued by Charles V, he declares Luther an outlaw, a heretic and that no one should assist him
790728843	Emperor Maximilian	Holy Roman Emperor 15th century; son of Frederick III; marries Mary 1477; gives birth to Philip the Fair
790728844	Jan Hus	The leader of the Czech religious reforms, and the spiritual founder of the Protestant reformation in the 1500's. He was convicted by the Council of Constance for heresy.
790728845	John Wycliffe	(c.1328-1384) Forerunner to the Reformation. Created English Lollardy. Attacked the corruption of the clergy, and questioned the power of the pope.
790728846	Schmalkaldic Wars	Civil Wars in the HRE [Luthern princes vs Catholic princes]
790728847	Thirty-Nine Articles	Issued by Elizabeth I in 1563, these provided for the foundation of the Anglican Church, maintaining all the outward appearances of Catholicism, but implanting Protestant doctrine into the Church of England.
790728848	The Twelve Articles	1525; Set of demands raised by peasants during peasants' war in southern Germany; rights to elect preacher, equal justice, hunting, more lenient nobility
790728849	Wars of Kappel	Two conflicts fought between the Protestants and the Roman Catholic cantons of the Old Swiss Confederacy. 1531
790728850	Western Schism	Period from 1378-1417 when there were rival claimants to the title of Pope in Rome and Avignon. Parties within the Church were divided in their allegiences among who was the rightful pope. There were eventually three men that claimed the title of Pope.
790728851	Wittenberg	city in which Luther nailed his ninety five these on the church door

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The Renaissance Glossary Flashcards

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788038135	Bellini, Giovanni (1430 - 1516)	One of many important B-names in Renaissance art, was a Venetian painter of the High Renaissance period. He used deep colors and rich chiaroscuro.
788038136	Boccaccio (1313-1375)	Author of The Decameron, a work of secular stories that were actually his personal commentary on Italian society in the 14th century. The themes of sex, cheating and ambition somewhat resembled tabloid reporting or daytime television today.
788038137	Borgia, Cesare (1475 - 1507)	Italian Prince who Machiavelli used as a model for his famous treatise, The Prince. According to Machiavelli, Borgia put too much weight on his allegiance with the Pope and ultimately lost his power as a result.
788038138	Bosch, Hieronymus (1450 - 1516)	Bosch was a Dutch painter who was a surrealist before there was surrealism. He had a liking for huge, detailed scenes focused on the macabre: hell, death, and torture.
788038139	Botticelli, Sandro (1444 - 1510)	The Birth of Venus is his most recognized work. He emphasizes humanist traits by depicting an ancient Roman goddess standing in contrapposto.
788038140	Brueghel the Elder, Peter (1520 - 1569)	Brueghel the Elder, a Flemish painter, was unique in that he basically ignored the Italian styles and focused more on common subjects such as peasants and pastoral scenes.
788038141	Brunelleschi, Filippo (1377-1446)	Sometimes called the "Father of Perspective," he was also the architect of Il Duomo - at the time the largest domed structure in Europe. The dome sits atop the Santa Maria del Fiore in Florence.
788038142	Bruni, Leonardo (1370-1444)	An early Italian humanist, he coined the phrase "humanism." The term is derived from the Latin humanitas used by the ancient Roman writer Cicero to describe a course of study for "civilized" beings.
788038143	Buonarroti, Michelangelo (1475 - 1564)	One of the most prolific Renaissance artists, he is usually referred to just as Michelangelo. His works range from the David, whose well-proportioned limbs were designed to glorify the human form, to the incredible ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, and finally to the dome which sits atop St. Peter's Cathedral in the Vatican City.
788038144	Castiglione, Baldassare (1478 - 1529)	In 1528, Castiglione published The Book of the Courtier, which many consider to be the most influential work on education of the Renaissance. The idea of the "Renaissance Man" was described by him to be virtuous, refined, and a student of the liberal arts - perfectly well suited to artistic, written and spiritual pursuits.
788038145	Cereta, Laura (1469 - 1499)	Cereta was an Italian humanist and educator whose writings on feminism survive as letters.
788038146	Charles VIII (1470 - 1498)	(1470 - 1498): He was a conniving King of France who initiated the Franco-Italian Wars.
788038147	Chaucer, Geoffrey	(1343-1400): Sometimes referred to as the "Father of English Literature", Chaucer's hilarious fiction explored the line between secular and religious culture in late medieval England. The interests in secular culture and vernacular languages were key elements of the Northern Renaissance.
788038148	da Vinci, Leonardo	(1452 - 1519): Known as the quintessential "Renaissance Man" as he was a painter, sculptor, inventor, writer, scientist and engineer. Several famous works are attributed to da Vinci, but the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper are the most recognizable.
788038149	de Cervantes, Miguel	(1547 - 1616): Author of Don Quixote, which is considered one of the greatest pieces of Spanish literature, he shunned religious themes in favor of secular stories of sex, violence and intrigue.
788038150	d'Este, Isabella	(1474 - 1539): She was a wealthy courtier who ruled Mantua after the death of her husband, providing an example for other Renaissance women to break their traditional roles in Italian society.
788038151	de Medici, Cosimo	(1389 - 1464): Cosimo was the ruler of Florence during most of the Renaissance and is the "father" of the Medici dynasty.
788038152	de Medici, Giovanni	(1421 - 1463): The son of Cosimo de Medici and a heavy patron of the arts, his patronage helped to fuel the High Renaissance.
788038153	de Medici, Lorenzo	(1449 - 1492): Also known as Lorenzo the Magnificent, he was the grandson of Cosimo de Medici. He took over Florence after the death of his father Piero the Gouty. Like his uncle Giovanni before him, he was an enthusiastic patron of the arts.
788038154	della Mirandola, Pico	(1463-1494): Author of "Oration on the Dignity of Man," which explored the positive Platonic idea of human potential ("Platonic," by the way, is not just a fancy word to describe people who are just friends—it's a fancy word to describe anything based on the writings of the Greek philosopher Plato, whose ideas made a big comeback during the Italian Renaissance). Pico believed that man had the potential for greatness--but also for great failure. Man was free to choose the correct path.
788038155	de Montaigne, Michel	(1533 - 1592): French essayist who fostered the idea of skepticism—and invented the idea of the essay.
788038156	de Pizan, Christine	(c. 1363 - c. 1434): Pizan was a wealthy courtier in Venice who wrote "Humanism and the Problem of a Studious Woman," a work that opened up debate on the proper role of women in society.
788038157	Donatello	(1386 -1466): Donatello is most famous for his sculpture of David in contrapposto, which was the first instance of the use of a nude in Renaissance sculpture.
788038158	Dürer, Albrecht	(1471 - 1528): Of German heritage, Durer was known mostly for his woodcut works. He was greatly influenced by advances made in Italy in regards to perspective and the human figure.
788038159	El Greco, Domenikos	(1541 - 1614): This Greek painter who worked mostly in Spain during the Late Renaissance is considered one of the great Mannerist artists.
788038160	Erasmus	(1466 - 1536): Erasmus was a great master of Greek language and a humanist thinker who was friends with Sir Thomas More. His most famous work was In Praise of Folly where he openly criticized the Catholic church (of which he was a devout follower) and called for massive reforms.
788038161	Eyck, Jan van	(c. 1395 - 1441): Born in the Netherlands sometime on or before 1395, Van Eyck was one of the most famous Flemish painters of the Northern Renaissance. His use of oil paints and incredible detail set him apart from his contemporaries.
788038162	Ghiberti, Lorenzo	(1378-1455): Ghiberti was an artist of the Early Renaissance who sculpted the famous bronze doors Michelangelo called the Gates of Paradise, which lead into the Florence Baptistery.
788038163	Ghirlandaio, Domenico	(1449 - 1494): An Italian painter and teacher of Michelangelo, his work was too early to be a part of the High Renaissance.
788038164	Gutenberg, Johannes	(1398-1468): He was the German inventor of the first printing press used in Europe. As an invention, his system was a watershed—as a business, though, it was actually a massive failure. Gutenberg went broke. Of his 200 original Gutenberg Bibles printed in 1452 and 1453, about 50 copies survive.
788038165	Pope Julius II	(1443-1513): He spent enormous amounts of church funds to patronize artists such as Michelangelo for massive projects such as painting the famous ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in the Vatican. Much to the painter's rage, Julius II turned out to be a bit of a prude, had the exposed genitals of Michelangelo's original figures in the chapel covered up with leaves. In any case, he also hired Michelangelo create his tomb. His reign kicked off the era of the dominance of Rome in the Italian art scene.
788038166	Lefevre d'Etables, Jacques	(1454 - 1536): Lefevre was a French humanist who criticized pervious translations of the Bible and focused most of his time retranslating the Psalms.
788038167	Machiavelli, Niccolo	(1469-1527): He is the author of the famous political treatise The Prince, which influenced European and other world leaders for centuries to come. Modeled after the leadership of Cesare Borgia, The Prince stated that rulers of men had to be ruthless, sly, cunning, and aggressive to maintain power.
788038168	Marlowe, Christopher	(1564 - 1593): A contemporary of William Shakespeare, Marlowe was an English dramatist and poet who influenced the prolific genius.
788038169	Masaccio	(1401 - 1428): Masaccio's Early Renaissance works influenced the use of perspective and triangularization.
788038170	More, Sir Thomas	(1478 -1536): More used his humanist leanings to influence government in England, playing a key role in the reign of Henry VIII—that is, until Henry VIII's government had him executed for treason. He created the idea of the Utopian society with his 1516 work Utopia, which describes a perfected society free of wants and ambitions.
788038171	Petrarch	(1304-1374): Known as the "father of humanism", Petrarch was one of the first writers to emphasize literature above religious works. His work consisted mainly of analyses of ancient Greek and Roman texts written in Italian rather than in Greek or Latin.
788038172	Rabelais, Francois	(1494 -1533): His epic secular works included Gargantua and Pantagruel, which were openly satiric pieces on French society.
788038173	Shakespeare, William	(1564 - 1616): He was greatly influenced by Renaissance themes of humanism, individualism and ancient cultues. His works live on as the greatest of the English Renaissance. Oh, and he's also pretty much the most famous writer in all of world history, ever.
788038174	Valla, Lorenzo	1407 - 1457): This Italian humanist and teacher revived discussions on the Latin language and the interpretation of the Bible in use by the Catholic Church.
788038175	Vasari, Georgio (1511-1574)	(1511-1574): Vasari was a classic Italian Renaissance man of the late Renaissance, and it was he who apparently first applied the term renascità, meaning "re-birth", to the cultural changes of the era.

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Renaissance - European History Flashcards

1st group of cram packet

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162233674	Jacob Burckhardt	claimed the Renaissance period was in distinct contrast to the Middle Ages
162233675	Cosimo de' Medici	unofficial ruler of republic of Florence in late 1300-early 1400
162233676	Sforza Family	ruled Duchy of Milan; major art patron
162233677	Isabella d'Este	most famous Renaissance female ruler
162233678	Condottieri	leaders of private armies hired by cities for military purposes
162233679	Girolamo Savanarola	established a theocracy in Florence after Medici removed from power. Burned at the stake after French were removed.
162233680	Charles VIII	led French invasions of Italy (battleground between France and Spain)
162233681	Niccolo Machiavelli	The Prince, modeled after Cesare Borgia (son of Pope)
162233682	The Prince	"ends justifies the means" mentality. Served as source for gaining and maintaining power
162233683	Humanism	Revival of Great/Roman philosophy, rejected Aristotelian views and medieval scholasticism
162233684	Civic Humanism	education should prepare leaders in civic affairs
162233685	Petrarch	first modern writer and saw Medieval period as Dark Ages
162233686	Who was the Father of Humanism?	Petrarch
162233687	Who was the first to use the term humanism and to write a history of Florence?	Leonardo Bruni
162233688	Lorenzo Valla	Latin scholar who translated Roman manuscripts
162233689	Marsilio Ficino	translated Plato's works into Latin
162233690	Who founded the Platonic Academy in Florence?	Marsilio Ficino
162233691	Who wrote the Oration on the Dignity of Man?	Pico della Mirandola
162233692	Pico della Mirandola	glorified humans, in contrast with medival idea that humans were inherently sinful
162233693	Baldassare Castiglione's most famous work?	wrote the Book of the Courtier
162233694	Baldassare Castiglione's impact?	Emphasized a Renaissance man
162233695	Johann Gutenberg	made printing press; spread humanistic literature to rest of Europe
162233696	What city was the leader of Renaissance art in the 1400s?	Florence
162233697	What city became the center of Renaissance art in the 1500s until 1527?	Rome
162233698	Giorgio Vasari	Renaissance art historian who detailed lives of Renaissance artists
162233699	Pope Alexander VI, Julius II, and Leo X have what in common?	They all commissioned fortunes in Renaissance art
162233700	chairoscuro	dark and light contrast for illision of depth
162233701	Sfumato	blurring of lines in painting; developed by Leonardo
162233702	Giotto	first Renaissance artist
162233703	Mosaccio	painted first real, nude human figures
162233704	Sandro Botticelli	painter of Birth of Venus and La Primavera
162233705	Michelangelo	Sistine Chapel; sculptures: David, the Pieta
162233706	Raphael	School of Athens and painted numerous Madonna/Child works
162233707	Leonardo	Mona Lisa; The Last Supper
162233708	Titian	greatest painter of the Venetian School
162233709	Free-standing sculptures	designed to be seen in the round; glorification of human body; contrapposto stance
162233710	Ghiberti	Gates of Paradise; bronze doors
162233711	Donatello	sculpter; David
162233712	Filippo Brunelleschi	architect of cathedrals such as Il Duomo in Florence
162233713	What movement especially emphasized early church writings (New Testament)?	Christian Humanism
162233714	What movement emphasized education and the power of human intellect to bring about change/moral improvement?	Christian Humanism
162233715	Who wrote In Praise of Folly?	Erasmus
162233716	In Praise of Folly	criticized the immorality of Church; "Erasmus laid the egg that Luther hatched"
162233717	Thomas More's Utopia	created an ideal society; saw that accumulation of property/gap between rich and poor was root cause of society's evils
162233718	Jacques Lefevre d'Etables	French humanist; produced 5 versions of Psalms
162233719	Francesco Ximenes de Cisneros	reformed Spanish clergy; Grand Inquisitor of Spanish Inquisition
162233720	Francois Rableis	secular works portrayed confidence in human nature and Renaissance tastes
162233721	Who wrote Gargantua and Pantagruel, which satirized French society and monastic orders?	Francois Rableis
162233722	Michel de Montaigne	developed the essay form
162233723	Skepticism	promoted by Michel de Montaigne, stating that skeptic must be cautious before suspending judgement
162233724	William Shakespeare	English Renaissance author; Elizabethan era;
162233725	Miguel de Cervantes's Don Quixote	masterpiece of Spanish literature that was critical of religious idealism and chivalric romance
162233726	Flemish style origin?	started in Northern Renaissance of Low Countries
162233727	Characteristic of Flemish style	detailed paintings; emotional; death; influenced by Italian Renaissance; oil paints
162233728	Jan Van Eyck	most famous Flemish painter; painted Arnolfini and his Wife
162233729	Bosch	art often surreal and focused on death
162233730	Peter Brueghel the Elder	not influenced by Italian Renaissance; focused on lives of ordinary people
162233731	Albrecht Durer	Foremost N. Renaissance artist; mastered Italian Renaissance techniques (proportion, perspective, modeling)
162233732	Hans Holbein the Younger	Premier portrait artist
162233733	The Ambassadors painting	painted by Hans Holbein the Younger which expressed major themes of the era: exploration, religious discord, and death
162233734	Fugger family (Jacob Fugger)	patronized art in Northern Renaissance
162233735	Mannerism	art style against High Renaissance ideals of simplicity and realism; often used unnatural colors and exaggerated shapes
162233736	El Greco	mannerist from Spain; created the Burial of Count Orgaz

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10th World History--Enlightenment Flashcards

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140202678	Age of Reason	also known as Enlightenment
140202679	Locke	all ment were born with Natural rights and the purpose of government was to protect the rights
140202680	philosophes	were social critics fo the Enlightment
140202681	atheists	deny the existence of God
140202682	deists	believe God created the universe but totally reject the Church ritual and accept only teachings that fit with scientific understanding
140202683	Montesquieu	wrote "In Spirit of Laws" that governments should have separations of powers
140202684	Rousseau	greates of philosophes
140202685	Hobbes	a leading figure in the Enlightenment who said government should serve man not man serve the government
140202686	heliocentric	earth centered view of Copernicus
140202687	geocentric	earth centered view
140202688	Willaim Harvey	discovered that blood circulates in the body and is pumped through the vessels by the heart
140202689	Leewenhoeke	discovered one-celled living things
140202690	Linnaaeus	published system for classifying more thant 4000 animals
140202691	Vesalius	father of modern anatomy
140202692	Newton	showed that all objects in universe obey the same laws and xplained the actions of gravity and inertia
140202693	Copernicus	developed the heliocentric theory
140202694	Galileo	Italian scientist and mathematician and was one of the first people to agree with Copernicus
140202695	Galileo	was brought before the Inquisition and accused of heresy
140202696	Enlightened despots	monarchs like Catherine the Great of Russian who made reforms that reflected the Enlightenment spirit
140202697	despots	grand, ornate style of art and music
140202698	classical	art and music of the Enlightenment; reflected new emphasis on order, balance, elegance and simplicity
140202699	Hayden, Mozart, Beethoven	classical musicians
140202700	Estates General	made of of 3 estates
140202701	First Estate	clergy
140202702	Second Estate	nobility
140202703	Third Estate	all people except clergy and nobility
140202704	Louis XVI	King of France during the French Revolution
140202705	Marie Antoinette	wife of Louis XVI--a Hapsburg
140202706	bourgeoisie	middle class, consisted of the merchants, bankers, doctors, intellectuals, and governement bureaucrats
140218999	Clergy and nobles	who the philosophers of the Old Regime thought were natural leaders of society
140219000	causes of French debt	1. King Louis XIV's extravagance 2. wars caused inflation
140219001	Louis XIV	forced to agree to a new constitution when National Assembly met on the Mersailles Indoor Tennis Court
140219002	Storming of Bastille	July 14, 1789, first violent act of the French
140219003	feudalism	national Assembly ended it on August 1789
140219004	emgres	nobles whofled France after the storming of the Bastille and went to Austria
140219005	Declaration of Rights	August 1789--rights of individuals are limited only by the rights of others
140247395	women armed with sticks and farm tools	who marched 12 miles in the rain to Versailles where they forced the King and Queen to return to Paris
140247396	Constitution of 1791	marked the end of the first stage of the Revolution
140247397	Austria	revolutionaries feared they would aid the nobles and emigres to war was declared on them
140247398	September 1792	France was declared a Republic--queen and king were beheaded
140247399	Robespierre	organized a group of 12 men known as the Committed of Public Safety and they held almost unlimited power
140247400	Reign of Terror	second stage of the revolution
140247401	Results of the French Revolution	1. Old Regime was completely overturned 2. absolute monarchy ended 3. church and nobility lost special priviledges 4. new constitution adopted setting up a 5 man group of leaders called a directory 5. spirit of nationalism promoted
140247402	nationalism	deep devotion to one's country
140247403	coup de'etat	overthrow of the Directory and brought a military general to power
140247404	Napoleaon Bonaparte	overthrew the Directory
140247405	Corsica	where Napoleon was born
140247406	How did Napoleon win political support	by pleasing almost everyone at first
140247407	Napoleonic Code	1. all French men treated as equals 2. Feudalism and class privileges abolished 3. freedom of religion 4. protected property rights 5. workers considered inferior to employers 6. men had complete power over families and family property 7. women could acquire property with husband's consent
140247408	Napoleion goes from dictator to emperor and	1. kept social reforms of French Revolution but ignored some individual freedoms French had won 2. was against political liberty 3. said no to free elections 4. had his police shut down newspapers that opposed his rule 5. had spies hund down and imprison people disloyal to him 6. took title of emporer
140373253	Austria, Russia, and Sweden	formed an alliance against France in 1805
140373254	Europe	Where Napoleon wanted to rule
140373255	Battle of Trafalgar	1805, ended with half of French fleet sunk by the British
140373256	Lord Nelson	Led British fleet at Battle of Trafalgar
140373257	Things Napoleon did	1. brought reforms of French Revolution to other parts of Europe 2. reduced privileges of nobles 3. set up Napoleonic Codes 4. introduced fairer methods of taxation 5. ended feudalism 6. promoted public education 7. supported religious freedom or toleration 8. his conquered areas were forced to provide soldiers for his armies, taxes to pay for it, raw materials for French industry 9. many first welcomed him as liberator but now hated him
140373258	Continental Plan	forbade France's allies and all countries under French control to import British goods
140373259	Portugal	refused to go along with the Continental system and was then invaded by Napoleon
140381044	Thomas Hobbes	said people create government by use of a contract
140381045	Peninsular War	Napoleon took Spain and forced the Spanish
140397895	Guerilla warfare	surprise attacks by small bands of soldiers
140397896	Czar Alexander	angered Napoleon by violating Continental System

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AP European History - Wars of Religion Flashcards

AP European History

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253746816	What did the Peace of Augsburg recognized in law what had already been established in practice?	Allowed rulers to choose the religion of there subjects
253746817	The most successful politique was:	Elizabeth I
253746818	Who were the three powerful families that sought the French monarchy after the death of king Henry II?	Valois, Guise, and Bourbons
253746819	What event starkly marked the beginning of the French wars of religion	The Duke of Guise massacres Protestant worshipers in Champagne
253746820	King Henry IV stunned France, Spain, and the pope by doing what???	He publicly abandoned the protestant faith and embraced Catholicism as well as passed the edict of Nantes
253746821	Why was the Edict of Nantes criticized?	He created a state inside of a state also people did not agree with the Huguenots and the Catholics did not believe they should be recognized
253746822	between Spain and England reached a climax in 1588 when:	The defeat of the Spanish Armada by the English in 1588
253746823	Describe the general state of the Spanish economy in the late 16th and early 17th centuries.	When Phillip II took the throne, there was increased population widening the economic gap between the wealthy and the peasants. This made castilian peasants the most highly taxed people in the country
253746824	During the first half of his reign, Philip II focused on.........	Religion and the Mediterranean and Turkish threat
253746825	Despite his wishes, who was Edward VI's successor in England?	Mary Tudor (I)
253746826	Passed by Queen Elizabeth I, this was a revision of Thomas Cranmer's works that made moderate Protestantism the official religion within the Church of England.	The Thirty-Nine Articles
253746827	Which of the following events immediately triggered Pope Sixtus V to give public support to Spain?	The execution of Mary Queen of Scots
253746828	What significant event weakened the Spanish dominance in Europe, from which Spain never fully recovered?	The Defeat of the Spanish Armada
253746829	Following the weakening of Spain, which nation dominated Europe approximately in the early 17th century?	England (world naval power)
253746830	The Thirty Years' War broke out first in...	Bohemia
253746831	Explain how the Thirty Years' War began .....	Defenestration of Prague (when the protestants revolted against an unpopular King)
253746832	One of the first actions Ferdinand took as king of Bohemia was to:	Revoke the religious freedoms of the Bohemian Protestants
253746833	By 1600, the population of the Holy Roman Empire: (Describe it)	was almost equally divided among Catholics and Protestants
253746834	It was during this period of fighting that Ferdinand issued the Edict of Restitution and struck panic in the hearts of Protestants:	Danish Period
253746835	The battle at Breitenfeld in 1630 marked a turning point in the Thirty Years' War. Who won that battle?	The Swedish
253746836	This treaty brought the Swedish period of the war to and end:	Peace of Prague
253746837	By which treaty did the king of France, Francis I, recognize the supremacy of the papacy?	Concordat of Bologna
253746838	France was saved from religious anarchy when religious principles were set aside for political necessity by which king....	Henry of Navarre
253746839	The vast palace of the Spanish monarchs, built under Philip II, was called.....	Escorial
253746840	The Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis ended the.........	The war between the French and Spanish that lasted for 65 years over Italy also leaving Hapsburg Spain the dominant power there
253746841	Women during the 16th century.....(Describe this)	where considered inferior
253746842	Which of the following was the king of Sweden who intervened in the Thirty Years War?	Gustavus Adolphus
253746843	___________________________ is the French king and politque who said "Paris is worth a mass" in order to gain loyalty to Catholics.	Henry of Navarre aka Henry IV
253746844	Which of the following is the monarch of England at the time of the Spanish Armada?	Elizabeth I *
253746845	The catalyst or immediate cause of the Thirty Years' War was the........	The Protestant Revolt in Bohemia
253746846	Spain waged war against the Turks in the Mediterannean to secure the region for Christian merchants. Which of the following is the battle in which Spain defeated the Turkish navy off the coast of Greece?	The Battle of Lepanto
253746847	Which of the following tried to reimpose Catholism in England? She was married to Philip II of Spain.	Mary Tudor
253746848	Many Calvinists were murdered in Paris in 1572 in the massacre of .......	Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre
253746849	The ten southern provinces of the Netherlands, known as Spanish Netherlands, became the future...........	Belgium
253746850	Which of the following best explains Philip II's desire to crush England?	The rise of Calvinism
253746851	The Saint Bartholomew's Day massacre of 1572:	Happened on the Day of Margaret Valois wedding. It was a result of fighting between Catharine de Medici and her son Charles IX, 3000 Huguenots and 20000 Protestants were killed
253746852	Among the earliest and most consistent goals of Spain's King Phillip II was a:	Re-imposed Catholism (Catholic Crusades)
253746853	The Elizabethian religious settlement in England:	Attempted to Make England Protestants without totally alienating the portion of the population that had supported Catholicism under Mary Tudor.
253746854	During the reign of Elizabeth, the Puritan movement involved:	The Clash with the authorities of the Church of England
253746855	The witchcraft trials of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries reflected:	Religious uncertainties
253746856	The region most devasted by the Thirty Years' War:	Germany
253746857	What are results of the Thirty Years' War.	Calvinism was recognized, the rise of France as the dominant European power; accelerated the rise of Britain and the Netherlands, and there was a balance of power diplomacy emerged in Europe
253746858	What was the central compromise included in the Peace of Augsburg in 1555?	The Ruler would pick the religion of their subjects
253746859	Key to the commercial success of the Dutch in the seventeenth century was their......	Edict of Restitution and Albert Van Wallenstein
253746860	The Thirty Years' War was largely fought against which royal dynasty in Europe?	Tudor
253746861	During the Thirty Years' War, Sweden pursued a policy of........	Peace of Prague
253746862	The Peace of Westphalia was part of the settlement of the......	Thirty Years War
253746863	The Netherlands during the Reformation were divided into northern and southern provinces. Which area during the second half of the sixteenth century made peace with Spain and remained largely Catholic?	Southern
253746864	What was a major consequence of the Hundred Years' War?	Left France badly divided and depopulated, Charles VII got the crown
253746865	The fall of Constantinople in 1453 had a significant impact on Renaissance humanism in Italy Because.......	it allowed for enthusiasm of classical culture
253746866	One of the great accomplishments of Erasmus was his......	Praise of Folly
253746867	"A man who wishes to make a profession of goodness in everything must necessarily come to grief among some many who are not good. Therefore it is necessary for a prince, who wishes to maintain himself, to learn how not to be good, and to use this knowledge and not use it, according to the necessity of the case." The above quotation is most likely by:	Machiavelli ("The Prince")
253746868	Describe "new monarchs" in early modern Europe.	Consolidated power, created foundations for Europe's first modern nation states in France, England, and Spain, they never achieved absolute power
253746869	What was an important tool in helping the English monarchy increase its power during the late-fifteenth century?	The Court of the Star Chamber
253746870	What was a direct result of the Spanish reconquista?	The last stronghold of Muslims wasremoved from the Iberian peninsula.
253746871	Which of the following uprisings was partially motivated by new religious ideas?	The Peasants Revolt
253746872	What best explains the decline of witch hunts in the seventeenth century?	Witch trials often got out of control and political authorities could become one of accused.
253746873	"We herewith permit, those of said religion called Reformed to live and abide in all the cities and places of this our kingdom and countries of our sway, without being annoyed, molested, or compelled to do anything in the matter of religion contrary to their consciences...It is permitted to all lords, gentlemen, and other persons making profession of the said religion called Reformed, holding the right of high justice, to exercise the said religion in their houses." The above quote was most likely made by.....	The Edict of Nantes
253746874	Describe the Treaty of Westphalia.	It ended the Thirty Years War, did away with the edict of Restitution, put the Peace of Augsburg back in place, and officially recognized Calvinism
253746875	Which of the following countries provided the greatest degree of religious toleration during the seventeenth century?	The Dutch Republic.
253746876	Which of the following were used to reduce the power of the nobility in early modern Europe	the Star Chamber, the Table of Ranks, hermandades, and the intendant system
253746877	Into which of the following countries did Protestantism NOT spread significantly during the sixteenth century?	Sweden
253746878	The Thirty Years' War most dramatically affected the civilian population in....	Germany*
253746879	During the Thirty Years' War, France pursued a policy of....	supporting the Prostestant Princes and Rulers against the Hapsburgs.
253746880	The Peace of Westphalia (1648) resulted in which of the following?	The end of the 30 Years war, did away with the edict of Restitution, put the Peace of Augsburg back in place, and officially recognized Calvinism
253746881	In seventeenth-century western Europe, marriage patterns showed a tendancy toward....	Parents often played a large role in arranging the marriages of their children. Whenever property was involved, parents tended to arrange marriages for their children. While this practice was pervasive in wealthier families, arranged marriages in common families were not unusual
253746882	Successor of Mary Tudor; assisted by her shrewd adviser, William Cecil; built a true kingdom on the ruins of Mary's reign; passed the act of Uniformity	Elizabeth I
253746883	Executed by Elizabeth I; daughter of King James V of Scotland and Mary of Guise; resided in France from the time she was six years old; watched closely by John Knox; her execution dashed all hopes of a re-conversion of Catholicism in England	Mary Stuart
253746884	English sea captain, privateer, navigator, slaver, and politician of the Elizabethan era	Sir Francis Drake
253746885	King of Spain; married to Mary Tudor; helf religious celebrations in response to the Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre	Phillip II
253746886	The palace built by Elizabeth I	El Escorial
253746887	The Spanish Golden Age; a period of flourishing in arts and literature in Spain, coinciding with the political rise and decline of the Spanish Hapsburg dynasty	Siglo de Oro
253746888	In the Gulf of Corinth; over a third of the Turkish fleet had been sunk or captured; allowed for Spanish control over the Med. Sea	Battle of Lepanto
253746889	Defended by England (credit given to the "Protestant Wind") under Elizabeth I	Spanish Armada
253746890	King of Spain, son of Philip II and his fourth wife, Anne Boleyn	Phillip III
253746891	was the first foothold on land for the rebels, who would conquer the northern Netherlands and become independent as the Dutch Republic.	Sea Beggers
253746892	The next family in line to inherit the crown if the Valois failed to produce an heir.	The Bourbons
253746893	French Protestants	Huguenots
253746894	Wife of Henry II; dominated her three sons after the death of her husband; staunchly Catholic	Catherine de Medici
253746895	Inspired by Catharine de Medici's desire to crush the Protestant forces in fear that swift execution of Protestant leaders was needed due to a fear of a Protestant attack on Paris	St. Batholomew's Day Massacre
253746896	First Line of the Bourbon dynasty. Converted to Catholicism; example of a politique," Paris is well worth a mass!"	Henry (IV) of Navarre
253746897	Granted Religious toleration to Huguenots in France, issued by Henry IV	Edict of Nantes
253746898	was a defensive alliance of Lutheran princes within the Holy Roman Empire	Schmalkaldic League
253746899	Most destructive of all of the Wars of Religion; had four distinguished periods; sparked in Bohemia after the ascension of Ferdinand II	Thirty Year's War
253746900	An alliance of German Protestant leaders of cities and states, founded in 1608 for the purpose of defending the lands, people, and rights of each individual member. Also known as the Evangelical League	Protestant Union
253746901	Maximilian I, Duke of Bavaria organized a group to counter Protestant alliances in the HRE	Catholic League
253746902	a region formed in the western part of the Czech Republic	Bohemia
253746903	Ferdinand II inherited the throne ordering moves of suppression on all of the Protestant churches, when the cronies go into the Protestant church, they are literally thrown out the window.	Defenestration of Prague
253746904	Dutch republican government body - one among several republican govt. in Europe (Switzerland, Genoa, Venice and England Cromwell)	United Provinces
253746905	powerful mercenary; gained a great deal of territory by joining Ferdinand during the conquest of Bohemia	Albrecht von Wallenstein
253746906	The Emperor declared all church territories had been secularized since 1552 to be automatically restored to the Catholic Church	Edict of Restitution
253746907	deeply pious king of a unified Lutheran nation -- Sweden; new leader of the Protestant forces within the empire	Gustavus Adolphus

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Unit 2 European Expansion and Absolutism Flashcards

Portuguese and Africa

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474226129	What was the Portuguese's original goal when they came to Africa?	) -to get direct access to the gold fields of West Africa without going through the middle man, Muslim Kingdoms of the Sudan who dominated trade there.
474226130	What did the Portuguese want from the Kingdom of Mali? How did they try to accomplish that? How did the King of Mali respond?	) -wanted to be involved in direct trade of gold with mali -sent representatives with Muslim Dyula traders to Mali -rejected by King
474226131	What did Portugal do after being rejected by mali?	) -1482, tried to form relationship with Akan kingdom by exchanging firearm, copper and brass objects, textiles, slaves, and later cowrieshells for gold in return for 20,000 ounces of gold each year as long as they stay honost
474226132	What is the Gold Coast?	) -present day Ghana -place of major gold trading business (?) -Potrugal arrived there looking for gold in 1471
474226133	What is the Kingdom of Benin and its relationship with Portugal?	) -kingdom of sw Nigeria, call their kings obas, strong gov and army, unimaginable art -1486, Portuguese entered oba Ozuola's court and received Maltese-type cross as gift = hope to convert them to Christianity, did a little and traded a little but never fully trusted by Benin, kept at a distance -traded their stuff for pepper, ivory, cloth, beads, and slaves then traded slaves with Akan states for gold
474226134	What is the Kongo Kingdom and how did it react to Portugal?	) -vast kingdom largely influenced by queen mother -first thought of P as earth/water spirits but King Nzinga Nkuwu looked to them as a major ally against neighboring African states inviting them to send teachers, technicians, missionaries, and sldiers -His son Nzinga Knuwu (d. 1543) converted himself and the state to Catholicism and official language to Portuguese, encouraging European traditions and changing name to Don Afonso
474226135	What happened to the Kongo-Portuguese relationship?	) -Portugal upset with cloth products from Kongo went crazy kidnapping people as slaves and weakening Kongo -Afonso begged King Manuel to help but was shot by slavers -started war -1571, Portugal established colony on boarder of Kongo, meant to be white colony but nothing really happened there, became Afro-Portuguese
474226136	Why where the Swahili city-states tempting targets for the Portuguese? How did they conquer them?	) -they were located in a good place for trade with Asia -they were rarely engaged in war or had large military forces so they were easy to conquer with P naval force -invaded and burnt most states, made alliance with Malinda
474226137	What did Portugal do after cnquering the Swahili city-states?	) -tried to keep internal trade going -built fort in Mombasa to intimidate other cities and support naval operations against Turks and Arabs in Red Sea -trade stayed normal but local industries disappeared -1698, Omani Arabs expel P, Swahili happy
474226138	Why were the P drawn to the Zimbabwe Plateau? What did they do there?	) ++++++ -needed their gold mines (really only rumer) -needed gold to get spices from Indian Ocean -1506, seized Sofala taking over Muslim's gold trade -established relationship with Mutapa but ended when M king ordered death of Jesuit Missionary in 1560 -trading settlement in Zambazi went bad anyways because no gold there -later Mutapa needed help from P in war, signing treaty in 1607 -eventually M got powerful and kicked P out
474333413	Prestor John	)+++++ -tale of mythical Ethiopian christian monarch holding Muslims at bay
474333414	Eleni	)+++++ -Duaghter of muslim king who married ethiopian emperor Baeda Maryam -wrote treaty to Portugal for alliance against Turks
474333415	Summary of Portugal	+++++++
474333416	Hispaniola	)+++ -where most of spanish conquering occured
474333417	aztecs	)+++ -S had issues with this powerful tribe in the gulf coast
474333418	Hornando cortez	) +++ -sent to beat Aztecs, made allies, surprised them with weapons -Moctezuma = aztec emperor, heald off cortez until cortez's lutienant attached unarmed nobles causing religious war -cortez lost at first but with help from indians and smallpox epidemic, won, took over aztects land and made new spain
474333419	Ferdinand Magellan	++++ -encouaged by Vasco de Balboa -1520 took 99 day voyage to phillipines, got involved in their conflicts and disease killed most of his men, only one baot returned
474333420	Atagualpa	)++ -took throne of inca state, issues with succession weakened imperial unity and allowed spanish to take over
474333421	Francisco Pizzaro	)+++ - along with Almagro conquered Cuzco -took over Peru -Almagro murdered Pizzaro= civil war
474333422	Summary of Spain	+++++

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Absolutism and Constitutionalism In Western Europe (ca 1589 - 1715) Flashcards

These flashcards/notes based on the Advanced Placement European History Textbook "A History Of Western Society", 8th Edition. McKay. Houghton Mifflin.Chapter 16.

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247084589	Absolutism	form of government in which sovereignty is vested in a single person, the king or queen; the divine right of king
247084590	Cabinet System	political system where heads of governmental administrative departments serve as a group to advise the head of state
247084591	Constitutionalism	implies a balance between authority and power of the government on the one hand, and on the other hand the rights and liberties of the subject or citizen
247084592	Dutch East India Company	a joint stock company chartered by the States-General of the Netherlands to expand trade and promote relations between the Xdutch government and its colonial ventures. It established a colony at the Cape of Good Hope (1652), and in the 1630s it paid a return of 35% on investments.
247084593	French Classicism	style of French art, architecture, and literature (ca. 1600-1750), based on admiration and imitation of Greek and Roman models but with greater exuberance and complexity.
247084594	Fronde	series of violent uprisings during the minority of Louis XIV triggered by oppressive taxation of the common people; the last attempt of the French nobility to resist the king by arms.
247084595	Mercantilism	prevailing economic theory that rested on the premise that a nations power and wealth were determined by its supply of precious metal which were to be acquired by increasing exports (paid for with gold) and reducing imports to achieve domestic self-sufficiency; remained the dominant theory until the Industrial Revelation
247084596	Peace of Utrecht	series of treaties that ended the War of the Spanish Succession, ended French expansion in Europe, and marked the rise of the British Empire.
247084597	Puritans	members of a reform movement within the Church of England that advocated purifying it of Roman Catholic elements, such as bishops, elaborate ceremonial, the wedding ring. Calvinist in theology, Puritanism had broad social, ethical and political implications.
247084598	Raison Detat	political theory articulated by French statesmen Richelieu (1585-1642) that holds that the interests and needs of the state may take precedence over traditional moral and international law.
247084599	Republican Government	non-monarchial government
247084600	Second Treatise on Civil Government	by English political philosopher John Locke, a justification of the Glorious Revolution of 1688-89 and of the peoples right of revolution; a defense of the rights of property; it supported a system of checks and balances as (later) embodied in the U.S. Constitution.
247084601	Sovereignty	the supreme authority in a political community
247084602	Stadholder	its representative, or chief executive officer in each province; in the 17 th century that position was held by the sons of William the Silent of the House of Orange and was largely ceremonial.
247084603	States General	term used by the national assembly of the United Provinces of the Netherlands where the wealthy merchant class held real power; because many issues had to be refereed back to the provinces, the United Provinces was a confederation, or weak union of a strong states.
247084604	Who was the devout Catholic leader of Spain who's palace was named "El Escorial"?	Philip II
247084605	What was "El Escorial"?	Philip II's grand palace
247084606	Who married Philip II? Philip's first cousin	"Bloody" Mary Tudor
247084607	What was the "Dutch" Century?	17th century; mostly Protestants; stable, thriving economy
247084608	What are Joint-Stock Companies?	Basically investors
247084609	Why was there a "Golden Age" of artists and thinkers after Capitalism was instituted?	Because with Capitalism there was less censorship.
247084610	What was the "Protestant Work Ethic"?	Thrift and frugality; the idea that those who work hard get rewarded by God with success
247084611	Who did Japan allow to trade with them although Japan was xenophobic at that time?	The Dutch
247084612	Who was Rene Descartes?	a French philosopher
247084613	Regents held ________	virtually all power in the Dutch Federation
247084614	Stadholders were responsible for ____________	defense and order in the Dutch Federation
247084615	States General was associated with __________	foreign affairs in the Dutch Federation
247084616	Who turned to the institution of Parliament in order to get the people of England to trust her as a lone queen ruler?	Elizabeth I
247084617	Who came after Elizabeth I, was her opposite, and believed in the Divine Right of Kings?	James Stewart; James VI of Scotland; James I of England
247084618	Magna Carta	a list of demands made by the nobility that established limited power of the king
247084619	Who alienated the Puritans by his strong defense of the Anglican Church?	James I
247084620	Gunpowder Plot	an attempt by some provincial Catholics to kill King James I and most of the Parliament aristocracy; Guy Fawkes
247084621	Who attempted to force the Anglican Book of Common Prayer - formally for England - onto Scottland? Also, he clashed with Parliament.	Charles I
247084622	Petition of Rights	In return for money to fund his wars, Charles I agreed to this, but then ignored it, dissolving Parliament.
247084623	The Interregnum Period	England's period without a king; Oliver Cromwell ruled with the Rump Parliament after Charles was beheaded
247084624	Instrument of Government	Constitutional Republic; constitution created by Oliver Cromwell
247084625	Who was so unlike his father in that he favored religious toleration yet had secret Catholic sympathies?	Charles II
247084626	The Glorious Revolution	Throne was offered jointly to James II's daughter Mary who was raised a Protestand and her husband William of Orange
247084627	How did the Thirty Years' War basically begin?	as struggles between the religion groups of Catholics, Lutherans, and Calvinists
247084628	Where did the Thirty Years' War begin?	Bohemia
247084629	Defenestration	literally, "to be thrown out a window"; the Defenestration of Prague
247084630	Who helped Bohemians convert to Protestantism?	Jan Huss
247084631	Who made up the Holy Roman Empire in the Thirty Years' War?	The Austrian and Spanish
247084632	Who made up the Protestant side of the Thirty Years' War?	The Danish, Dutch, and, above all, France and Sweden
247084633	The Thirty Years' War started off __________ and ended _____________.	religious; political
247084634	Marauder	soldier who lives off civilians' farms and stores; took what he wanted
247084635	What did the Marauders help result in during the Thirty Years' War?	civilians having nothing, therefore starving to death; 7 1/2 million died
247084636	The Thirty Years' War limited the power of the _____________ and decentralized _________.	Holy Roman Empire; Germany
247084637	Spain weakened and was forced to accept the independence of the __________ in 1648.	Dutch Republic
247084638	___________ became the dominant power in Europe after the Thirty Years' War.	France
247084639	_____________ became independent after the Thirty Years' War.	Switzerland
247084640	______ and ______ emerged as local superpowers after the Thirty Yeras' War.	Sweden; Austria
247084641	Serfdom	feudal system, the use of serfs, slaves, to work the land in return for protection against barbarian invasions
247084642	Europe in 1740 was mostly _______, __________, and __________.	Prussia; Russia; Austria
247084643	Themes in Russian History	Expansion by conquest; The necesity of a strong, central government
247084644	Who imposed a quite ludicrous "Beard Tax" in order to follow English style?	Peter the Great
247084645	__________ modernized Russia and introduced them to the West.	Peter the Great
247084646	Which country followed the Portuguese lead and explored the Atlantic, soon surpassing its Iberian neighbor in colonies, wealth and military power?	Spain
247084647	Under the intelligent guidance of __________, prime minister to Louis XIII, the central government brought peace, prosperity, and stability to the realm during the first half of the 17th century.	Cardinal Richelieu
247084648	The Austrian ______ confronted the powerful Muslim_________ in an attempt to expand their control of Eastern Europe	Hapsburgs; Ottoman Turks
247084649	Ivan the Terrible	an autocratic expansionist who limited the power of the nobles - boyars -, expanded the realm, and solidified the role of czar.
247084650	Mercantilism insisted on a favorable balance of ________.	trade
247084651	French Protestants tended to be ________ 1. poor peasants. 2. the power behind the throne of Louis XIV. 3. a financial burden for France. 4. clever business people.	4. clever business people
247084652	The War of the Spanish Succession began when Charles II of Spain left his territories to ___________, thus making possible the union of the French and Spanish Crowns. Charles II endangered the balance of power in Europe.	the French heir
247084653	Cardinal Richelieu's most notable accomplishment was __________________.	the creation of a highly effective administration system
247084654	The English Long Parliament enacted legislation _________ - for or against - absolutism.	against
247084655	The Peace of Utrecht in 1713 represented the ____________ principle in action.	balance-of-power
247084656	The downfall of Spain in the seventeenth century can be blamed on weak and ineffective ___________s.	monarch
247084657	John Locke	was a proponent of the idea that the purpose of government is to protect life, liberty, and property
247084658	While the years in this chapter were dark days for Spain, France, Germany, and England, ___________ saw their own golden age.	the Netherlands
247084659	In the German Empire, the ____________________ placed territorial sovereignty in the princes' hands.	Peace of Westphalia

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