AP WORLD HISTORY Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
AP WORLD HISTORY Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
AP WORLD HISTORY Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
AP Enviormental (Chptr. 2) Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 432987810 | Science | A process for producing knowledge methodically and logically | |
| 432987811 | Reproducibility | Making an observation or obtaining a particular set result more than once | |
| 432987812 | Replication | Repeating studies or tests to verify reliability | |
| 432987813 | Significant Number | Meaningful numbers whose accuracy can be verified | |
| 432987814 | Deductive Reasoning | Deriving testable predictions about specific cases from general principles | |
| 432987815 | Inductive Reasoning | Inferring general principles from specific examples | |
| 432987816 | Hypothesis | A provisional explanation that can be tested scientifically | |
| 432987817 | Scientific Theory | An explanation supported by many tests and accepted by a general consensus of scientists | |
| 432987818 | Natural Experiment | A study of events that have already happened | |
| 432987819 | Manipulative Experiment | One in which some conditions are deliberately altered while others are held constant to study cause-and-effect relationships | |
| 432987820 | Controlled Study | Those in which comparisons are made between experimental and control populations that are identical except for the variable being studied | |
| 432987821 | Blind Experiment | Those in which those carrying out the experiment don't know until after data has been gathered and analyzed which was the experimental treatment and which was the control | |
| 432987822 | Double- Blind Experiment | One in which neither the experimenters or the the subjects know until after the data has been gathered and analyzed which was the experimental treatment and which was the control | |
| 432987823 | Dependent Variable | A variable that is affected by the condition being altered in a manipulative experiment | |
| 432987824 | Independent Variable | A factor not affected by the condition being altered in a manipulative experiment | |
| 432987825 | Model | Simple representations of a more complex situation | |
| 432987826 | Systems | Networks of interactions among many independent factors | |
| 432987827 | Throughput | A flow of energy and matter into, through, and out of a system | |
| 432987828 | Positive Feedback Loop | A situation in which a factor or condition causes changes that further enhance that condition or factor | |
| 432987829 | Negative Feedback Loop | A situation in which a factor or condition causes a change that reduce that factor or condition | |
| 432987830 | Homeostasis | Maintaing a dynamic, steady state in a living system through opposing, compensating adjustments | |
| 432987831 | Disturbances | Periodic, destructive events such as fires or floods: changes in an ecosystem that affects the organisms living there | |
| 432987832 | Resilience | The ability of a community or ecosystem to recover from a disturbance | |
| 432987833 | State Shift | A permanent or long-lasting change | |
| 432987834 | Emergent Properties | Characteristics of whole, functioning systems that are quantitively or qualitatively greater than the sum of the systems' parts | |
| 432987835 | Scientific Consensus | A general agreement among informed scholars | |
| 432987836 | Paradigm Shifts | A model that provides a framework for interpreting observations |
AP US History Review Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
By:
Course-Notes.Org
Aug 11, 2013
College
Comments
When it comes to back to school shopping for freshman students there's no need to make a list with the obvious items like notebooks, pencils, erasers and pens. You probably have a whole drawer stuffed full of school supplies like those that you can re-use. Within this article we'll be mentioning 5 supplies every freshman student should buy and we want you to focus on items that might not have immediately come to mind. If you can't think of any off of the top of your head then all you have to do is read the rest of article to find out what they are!
Concepts of Evolution Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 594498914 | Hutton | Said that layers of rock are formed by earth's movement. And the hint of rain and temperature give the formations we see. | |
| 594498915 | Lyell | Past events that still occur till these days: uniformitarianism | |
| 594498916 | Structure of the Earth | Deduced from the action resulted by an earthquake. | |
| 594498917 | Primary Waves Secondary Waves | Travel through any material Only travel through solids | |
| 594498918 | Core | Composed by inner and nickel | |
| 594498919 | Inner Core | The high temperature could reach the liquid state but a big pressure keeps it solid. | |
| 594498920 | Outer Core | Less pressure, therefore is liquid. Can travel, producing earth's magnetic field. | |
| 594498921 | Mantle | The largest layer. Really hot. Defined as plastic | |
| 594498922 | Asthenosphere | More plastic than the rest of the upper mantle because it contains liquid (plastic)from the lower mantle | |
| 594498923 | Lithosphere | From the mantle to the crate. It's rigid and broken up into plates | |
| 594498924 | Crust | Uppermost part of the lithosphere | |
| 594498925 | Oceanic Crust | The denser part of the Crust because it is so compact. Also called basalt | |
| 594498926 | Continental Crust | Most above sea level. Lower density | |
| 594498927 | Plate tectonics | Has caused the creation of large scales on the earth | |
| 594498928 | Divergent Plate Boundary | Also known as spreading centers because it's where new cross is formed. Plates move toward divergent (opposite) directions | |
| 594498929 | Convergent Plate Boundary | Plates move toward convergent (the same) directions | |
| 594498930 | Oceanic-oceanic convergence | One plate slide under another. Form volcanos under the water that can become islands | |
| 594498931 | Oceanic-continental convergence | The oceanic plate will slide under the continental plate. Form continental volcanos. | |
| 594498932 | Continental-continental convergence | Small amount of subduction because the plates have the same density. The plates collide and mountains occur. | |
| 594498933 | Transform Boundaries | Plates slide past each other | |
| 594498934 | Continental Drift - Wegner | Purposed that the continents used to be together and formed a large continent called pangea. Theory not really accepted because Wegner did not have the mechanisms to prove it. | |
| 594498935 | Seafloor Spreading - Hess | Noticed polarities on the sea floor. The different polarities altern and this is important because provides the mechanism for continental drift | |
| 594498936 | Lamarck | Theory of use and disuse. All species have tendency toward complecity and perfection. Some organisms will become prominent by use and disuse Organ system that allows survivement and reproduction and can be passed to the offspring Theory proved wrong because acquired characteristics can't be passed to offspring | |
| 594498937 | Malthus | Realized that human grows more than dies and only catastrophic events could stop it | |
| 594498938 | Theory of Evolution | Theory made by Darwin after his trip awound the world | |
| 594498939 | Obs #1 | All populations would grow exponentially if all individuals reproduced successfully | |
| 594498940 | Obs #2 | Populations tend to be stable except for when the season changes and they migrate | |
| 594498941 | Obs #3 | Resources are limited | |
| 594498942 | Interference #1 | More individuals than the environment can support causes a struggle for surviving among the population and only some survive | |
| 594498943 | Obs #4 | Individuals of a populations change their characteristics. No individuals are exactly alike. | |
| 594498944 | Obs #5 | Much of the variation in heritable | |
| 594498945 | Interference #2 | Individuals whose inherited high traits have more chances to leave more offspring than others | |
| 594498946 | Interference #3 | The differences among individuals will lead to a change among the population. They can leave good characteristics accumulating over generations. | |
| 594498947 | Natural Selection | Organisms take over a habitat, fill the niches, change with each generation and the last allows them to take more adventages over the habitat. | |
| 594498948 | Called adaptations | Species are thought to have descended with changes of other species | |
| 594498949 | Artificial Selection | Humans modify individuals according to what they want to produce. This is not a natural change, is ARTIFICIAL | |
| 594498950 | Fossil Record | Fossils found in layers of rocks are proof of change over time | |
| 594498951 | Geographic Distribution | Or biogeographic. Found that animals in different continents had the same behaviors and body structures. According to him, it was the environment that adapted these animals to the behaviors and bodies. | |
| 594498952 | Analogous Structures | The same functions of biogeography (animals adapted to behaviors and body structures by the environment and pressures of natural selection) | |
| 594498953 | Homologous Structures | Individuals with different form and function but constructed by the same basic bones. Ex: four-limbed creatures with back bones come from the same ancestors | |
| 594498954 | Similarities in early development | Vertebrates that look the same. Evolutionists believe that the common cells and tissues, that grow in similar ways, are a proof of homologous structures and so are a proof of evolution | |
| 594498955 | Patterns of Evolution | Is the evolutionary changes that take place over a lonmg period of time. | |
| 594498956 | Mass Extinctions | A huge number of species disappearing really fast and ecosystems wiped out, what causes the disruption of energy flow and the collapse of food webs | |
| 594498957 | K-T Boundary | A layer of clay around the whole world that has a concentration of an element that does not occur is earth, it occured when we had the dinosaurs' extinction | |
| 594498958 | Adaptie Radiation | When some species take adventages over a niche and developt adaptions to better explore it. | |
| 594498959 | Evolution Modalities | Three ways of evolution that produce analogous structures | |
| 594498960 | Divergent Evolution | An ancestral species that changes overtime | |
| 594498961 | Converging Evolution | Completely different environments that apply the same pressure and so create individuals similiar to each other | |
| 594498962 | Parallel Evolution | Also lives to analogous structures | |
| 594498963 | Co-Evolution | Process by which two species evolve and respond to changes over time | |
| 594498964 | Gene for Gene Resistance | Ex: AVR: the disease R: the resistance - immune the receptor (can protect from AVR) | |
| 594498965 | Punctuated Equilibrium | Rapped evolution that occurs after a period of no evolution. It's not gradualism, species do not evolve gradually | |
| 594498966 | Mutation in Developmental Genes | Genes called HOX specify the body plan. Changes in these genes could produce a new body plan | |
| 594498967 | Speciation I | Species are a group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring. Population is a group of individuals from the same species in one location. Gene pool is the combined info of all member of a pop. Evolution is complete when two species can no more produce viable offspring. | |
| 594498968 | Speciation II | Two species reproductively isolated from each other | |
| 594498969 | Pre-zigotic | Speciation that occurs before the zygote is formed | |
| 594498970 | Behavioral Isolation | Are able to produce fertile offspring but because of their different mating habits, they dont mate and therefore are reproductively isolated | |
| 594498971 | Geographic Isolation | Or habitat isolation. Two populations separated by geography so they do not mate. | |
| 594498972 | Temporal Isolation | Are phiscally able to mate but are fertile at distinct times | |
| 594498973 | Mechanical Isolation | They do not match | |
| 594498974 | Non Viability of the Embryo | Has so many genetic problems that the embryo dies as soon as it gets formed | |
| 594498975 | Sterility of the Offspring | Can be produced and have a healthy life, but it can not produce offspring. | |
| 594498976 | Microevolution | Change in a an allele frequencies over time | |
| 594498977 | Genetic drift | A change in a population allele frequencies do to chances | |
| 594498978 | Bottleneck effect | Drastic reduction in population size | |
| 594498979 | Founder effect | Formation of a new colony | |
| 594498980 | Natural Selection | Accumulation and maintaing favorable genotypes in a pop. Due to diffrential success and reproduction and acts on phenotypes | |
| 594498981 | Single Gene Traits | A single gene produces a phenotype that can be EITHER: for or against. | |
| 594498982 | Polygenic Traits | Produced by more than one gene. Represented by Bell Curve. | |
| 594498983 | Directional Selection | One extreme of the population (curve) is selected against | |
| 594498984 | Stabilizing Selection | Two extremes are selected against, what results in more of the average. | |
| 594498985 | Disrupted | The average (middle) is selected against and the extremes live to fight again. | |
| 594498986 | Gene flow | A change in allele frequences caused by a migration of fertille individuals into or out for a population | |
| 594498987 | Mutation | Change in organisms' DNA. To affect the population in must occur in a gamete and this gamete must be used to create another individual | |
| 594498988 | Hardy-Weinberg Theorem | Population that is not evolving. 5 causes? Random mating Population must be large No gene flow No net mutation of alleles Natural selection not acting on individuals | |
| 594498989 | Hardy | Equations used to calculate genetic frequencies of a population. | |
| 594498990 | BB - 1st B dominant allele - P Bb bb - 1st B recessive allele - Q | Homozygous dominant Heterozygous Homozygous recessive | |
| 594498991 | P+Q=1 | To calculate allele frequencies ex: P = 0.8 Q=? Q=0.2 | |
| 594498992 | P2+2PQ+Q2=1 | To calculate genotypic frequencies |
Exam Bio Test Ch 32 Flashcards
Introduction to Animals
Terms : Hide Images
| 799244454 | Tissues | groups of cells working together for a common function | |
| 799244455 | Organs | groups of tissues working together for a common function | |
| 799244456 | Hermaphrodites | who produces both male and female gametes? | |
| 799244457 | embryos | where do germ layers exist in? | |
| 799244458 | tissues/organs | what do germs give rise to? | |
| 799244459 | differentiation | this important process occurs during development and allows animals to develop into complex multicellular organisms | |
| 799244460 | backbone | this major characteristic separates vertebrates from invertebrates | |
| 799244461 | heterotrophic animals | what kind of animal gets organic compounds from outside sources? | |
| 799244462 | nervous system | this tissue type is responsible for detecting stimuli from the environment | |
| 799244463 | indirect development | this type of development usually involves a larval stage | |
| 799244464 | segmentation | this term refers to a body composed of similar, repeating units | |
| 799244465 | ingestion | animal takes in food | |
| 799244466 | digestion | animal takes carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids and other organic molecules from the material or cells it ingested | |
| 799244467 | symmetry | body arrangement in which parts that lie on opposite sides of an axis are identical. | |
| 799244468 | asymmetry | no symmetry | |
| 799244469 | radial symmetry | a top and bottom side, but no front, back, left or right end - parts are organized in a circle around the axis | |
| 799244470 | bilateral symmetry | two similar halves on either side of a central plane | |
| 799244471 | gills | gas exchange occurs in the _____ of aquatic vertebrates | |
| 799244472 | lungs | gas exchange occurs in the _____ of terrestrial vertebrates | |
| 799244473 | closed | vertebrates have a ____ circulatory system with a multichambered heart | |
| 799244474 | open | some invertebrates have a ____ circulatory system in which fluid is pumped by the heart through vessels and into the body cavity and then back to vessels | |
| 799244475 | body cavity | a fluid-filled space that forms between the digestive tract and the outer wall of the body during development | |
| 799244476 | body cavity | functions of the _____ ______: 1. aids in movement by providing a firm, fluid filled structure against which muscles can contract 2. acts as a reservoir and medium of transport for nutrients and wastes | |
| 799244477 | integument | outer covering of a vertebrate | |
| 799244478 | integument | functions of the ______: gas exchange, protection, and insulation | |
| 799244479 | cephalization | the concentration of sensory and brain structures in the anterior end of the animal. |
bio test one 32 Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 52819002 | all protostomes must have | 3 germ layers, bilateral symmertry in at least one life stage, anterior brain that surrounds the entrance to the digestive tract, ventral nervous system with pair parallel nerve cords | |
| 52819003 | protosomes may have | spiral and determinate cleavage, schizocoelous body cavity formation, mouth develops from blastopore | |
| 52819004 | two groups of protostomes | lophotrochozoans and ecdysozoans | |
| 52819005 | lophotrochozoans | - internal skeletons, many have a trochophore larva, and some have a lophophore (a specialized feeding structure). | |
| 52819006 | ecdysozoans | external skeletons, grow by molting (ecdysis) | |
| 52819007 | arrow worms | Small predaceous worms that are common components of the marine plankton, | |
| 52819008 | lophophorates | polyphyletic, U-shaped fold in the body, lack distinct head | |
| 52819009 | phyla of lophophorates | ectoprocts, phoronids, brachiopods | |
| 52819010 | Ectoprocts | (moss animals) - microscopic, mostly marine forms that form branched colonies. | |
| 52819011 | phoronids | Distinctive U-shaped digestive tract. Both Phoronids and Brachiopods use lophophores for feeding. 20 species (all marine | |
| 52819012 | brachiopods | Have a mollusk-like bivalve shell, except that it is dorsal-ventral rather than lateral. | |
| 52819013 | Platyhelminthes | bilateral symmetry and no body cavity include flatworms fluckes and tapeworms | |
| 52819014 | Rotifers | small freshwater pseudocoelomates | |
| 52819015 | ribbon worms | a unique body cavity that houses a feeding organ | |
| 52819016 | Annelids | segmented coelomates with little body specialization | |
| 52819017 | annelid classes | oligochaete worms (earth worms) polychaete worms and leeches | |
| 52819018 | Mollusks | are unsegmented, but have a true coelom and most have shells and Soft-bodies in 3 parts: head-foot, visceral mass, and mantle | |
| 52819019 | mollusca classes | chitons (8 plates for shells) gastropods (snails) Bivalves (oysters) Cephaopods (squid) | |
| 52819020 | Ecdysozoans | have an external skeleton that periodically is shed (ecdysis) for growth. | |
| 52819021 | nematodes | include unsegmented free living and parasitic worms | |
| 52819022 | Onychophorans | closely are related to arthropods but lack specialization in appendages and body organization | |
| 52819023 | Arachnids (spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites) | Body having one or two main parts; six pairs of appendages (chelicerae, pedipalps, and four pairs of walking legs); nearly all terrestrial. | |
| 52819024 | Millipedes (class Diplopoda) | Body with distinct head bearing antennae and chewing mouthparts, segmented body with two pairs of walking legs per segment; terrestrial; herbivorous. | |
| 52819025 | Centipedes | Body with distinct head bearing large antennae and three pairs of mouthparts; appendages of first body segment modified as poison claws; trunk segments bear one pair of walking legs each; terrestrial; carnivorous. | |
| 52819026 | most successful arthropods | insects and crustacea | |
| 52819027 | insects | Body divided into head, thorax, and abdomen; 1 pair of antennae; mouthparts modified for chewing, sucking, or lapping; usually with two pairs of wings and three pairs of legs; mostly terrestrial, some freshwater. | |
| 52819028 | Crustacea | Body of two or three parts; 2 pairs of antennae; chewing mouthparts; three or more pairs of legs; mostly marine, some freshwater. | |
| 52819029 | success of insects because | good body, small size, high reproductive potential, wings for dispersal, complete metamorphosis |
LCCS Campbell Bio (8e) Chpt 32 Flashcards
chp32
Terms : Hide Images
| 735216116 | Anterior | Pertaining to the front, or head, of a bilaterally symmetrical animal. | |
| 735216117 | Archenteron | The endoderm-lined cavity, formed during gastrulation, that develops into the digestive tract of an animal. | |
| 735216118 | Anthropod | A segmented ecdysozoan with a hard exoskeleton and jointed appendages. Familiar examples include insects, spiders, millipedes, and crabs. | |
| 735216119 | Bilateral Symmetry | Body symmetry in which a central longitudinal plane divides the body into two equal but opposite halves. | |
| 735216120 | Bilaterian | Member of a clade of animals with bilateral symmetry and three germ layers. | |
| 735216121 | Blastopore | In a gastrula, the opening of the archenteronthat typically develops into the anus in deuterostomes and the mouth in protostomes. | |
| 735216122 | Blastula | In a gastrula, the opening of the archenteronthat typically develops into the anus in deuterostomes and the mouth in protostomes. | |
| 735216123 | Body Cavity | A fluid- or air-filled space between the digestive tract and the body wall. | |
| 735216124 | Body Plan | In animals, a set of morphological and developmental traits that are integrated into a functional whole—the living animal. | |
| 735216125 | Cambrian Explosion | A relatively brief time in geologic history when large, hard-bodied forms of animals with most of the major body plans known today appeared in the fossil record. This burst of evolutionary change occurred about 535-525 million years ago. | |
| 735216126 | Cell Wall | A protective layer external to the plasma membrane in the cells of plants, prokaryotes, fungi, and some protists. Polysaccharides such as cellulose (in plants and some protists), chitin (in fungi), and peptidoglycan (in bacteria) are an important structural component of cell walls. | |
| 735216127 | Cephalization | An evolutionary trend toward the concentration of sensory equipment at the anterior end of the body. | |
| 735216128 | Chordate | Member of the phylum Chordata, animals that at some point during their development have a notochord; a dorsal, hollow nerve cord; pharyngeal slits or clefts; and a muscular, post-anal tail. | |
| 735216129 | Clade | A group of species that includes an ancestral species and all its descendants. | |
| 735216130 | Cleavage | (1) The process of cytokinesis in animal cells, characterized by pinching of the plasma membrane. (2) The succession of rapid cell divisions without significant growth during early embryonic development that converts the zygote to a ball of cells. | |
| 735216131 | Coelom | A body cavity lined by tissue derived only from mesoderm. | |
| 735216132 | Coelomate | An animal that possesses a true coelom (a body cavity lined by tissue completely derived from mesoderm). | |
| 735216133 | Determinate Cleavage | A type of embryonic development in protostomes that rigidly casts the developmental fate of each embryonic cell very early. | |
| 735216134 | deuterostome development | In animals, a developmental mode distinguished by the development of the anus from the blastopore; often also characterized by radial cleavage and by the body cavity forming as outpockets of mesodermal tissue. | |
| 735216135 | Diploblastic | Having two germ layers. | |
| 735216136 | ecdysozoan | Member of a group of animal phyla identified as a clade by molecular evidence. Many ecdysozoans are molting animals. | |
| 735216137 | Ectoderm | The outermost of the three primary germ layers in animal embryos; gives rise to the outer covering and, in some phyla, the nervous system, inner ear, and lens of the eye. | |
| 735216138 | Endoderm | The innermost of the three primary germ layers in animal embryos; lines the archenteron and gives rise to the liver, pancreas, lungs, and the lining of the digestive tract in species that have these structures. | |
| 735216139 | Eukarya | The domain that includes all eukaryotic organisms. | |
| 735216140 | Eumetazoan | Member of a clade of animals with true tissues. All animals except sponges and a few other groups are eumetazoans. | |
| 735216141 | Gastrula | An embryonic stage in animal development encompassing the formation of three layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. | |
| 735216142 | Gastrulation | In animal development, a series of cell and tissue movements in which the blastula-stage embryo folds inward, producing a three-layered embryo, the gastrula. | |
| 735216143 | Grade | A group of organisms that share the same level of organizational complexity or share a key adaptation. | |
| 735216144 | Heteroptroph | An organism that obtains organic food molecules by eating other organisms or substances derived from them. | |
| 735216145 | Larva | A free-living, sexually immature form in some animal life cycles that may differ from the adult animal in morphology, nutrition, and habitat. | |
| 735216146 | Lophophore | In some lophotrochozoan animals, including brachiopods, a crown of ciliated tentacles that surround the mouth and function in feeding. | |
| 735216147 | Lophotrochozoan | Member of a group of animal phyla identified as a clade by molecular evidence. Lophotrochozoans include organisms that have lophophores or trochophore larvae. | |
| 735216148 | Mesoderm | The middle primary germ layer in an animal embryo; develops into the notochord, the lining of the coelom, muscles, skeleton, gonads, kidneys, and most of the circulatory system in species that have these structures. | |
| 735216149 | Metamorphorsis | The middle primary germ layer in an animal embryo; develops into the notochord, the lining of the coelom, muscles, skeleton, gonads, kidneys, and most of the circulatory system in species that have these structures. | |
| 735216150 | Molting | A process in ecdysozoans in which the exoskeleton is shed at intervals, allowing growth by the production of a larger exoskeleton. | |
| 735216151 | Protostone Development | In animals, a developmental mode distinguished by the development of the mouth from the blastopore; often also characterized by spiral cleavage and by the body cavity forming when solid masses of mesoderm split. | |
| 735216152 | Pseudocoelomate | An animal whose body cavity is lined by tissue derived from mesoderm and endoderm. | |
| 735216153 | Radial Clealage | A type of embryonic development in deuterostomes in which the planes of cell division that transform the zygote into a ball of cells are either parallel or perpendicular to the vertical axis of the embryo, thereby aligning tiers of cells one above the other. | |
| 735216154 | Radial Symetry | Symmetry in which the body is shaped like a pie or barrel (lacking a left side and a right side) and can be divided into mirror-imaged halves by any plane through its central axis. | |
| 735216155 | Spiral Cleavage | A type of embryonic development in protostomes in which the planes of cell division that transform the zygote into a ball of cells are diagonal to the vertical axis of the embryo. As a result, the cells of each tier sit in the grooves between cells of adjacent tiers. | |
| 735216156 | Triploblastic | Possessing three germ layers: the endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. Most eumetazoans are triploblastic. |
Pages
Need Help?
We hope your visit has been a productive one. If you're having any problems, or would like to give some feedback, we'd love to hear from you.
For general help, questions, and suggestions, try our dedicated support forums.
If you need to contact the Course-Notes.Org web experience team, please use our contact form.
Need Notes?
While we strive to provide the most comprehensive notes for as many high school textbooks as possible, there are certainly going to be some that we miss. Drop us a note and let us know which textbooks you need. Be sure to include which edition of the textbook you are using! If we see enough demand, we'll do whatever we can to get those notes up on the site for you!
