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Culture Unit Flashcards

Words for the 9th grade intro unit on Culture.

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81335213Culturea learned way of life that is passed down from generation to generation0
81335214SocietyAn organized group of people living as members of a community1
81335216Customsactions that are typical to a group/society2
81335217Traditionspractices that are common to a group of people3
81335218Artifactan object made by humans that represents a culture4
81335219Human Naturethe qualities and traits shared by all humans5
81335221World Viewa set of beliefs about how the world works6
81335222Xenophobiaa fear of foreigners7
81335223Ethnocentricthe belief that your own culture is better than others8

Amsco Chpt. 27 Eisenhower Years Flashcards

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363117765Modern RepublicanismPresident Eisenhower's views. Claiming he was liberal toward people but conservative about spending money, he helped balance the federal budget and lower taxes without destroying existing social programs.0
363117766Highway Act (1956)Authorized the construction of 42,000 miles of interstate highways linking all the nation's major cities1
363117767Dulles' "brinkmanship"If the U.S. pushed Communist powers to the brink of war, they would back down because of American nuclear superiority2
363117768Massive RetaliationDulles advocated placing greater reliance on nuclear weapons and air power, and spending less on conventional forces of the army and navy3
363117769Domino Theorythe political theory that if one nation comes under Communist control then neighboring nations will also come under Communist control4
363117770Suez Canal CrisisNasser took over the Suez Canal to show separation of Egypt from the West, but Israel, the British, Iraq, and France were all against Nasser's action. The U.S. stepped in before too much serious fighting began.5
363117771CIA Involvement in Iran and GuatemalaIn 1953, the CIA helped overthrow the government in Iran that had tried to nationalize the holding of foreign oil companies In 1954, the CIA overthrew a leftist government that threatened American business interests6
363117772Eisenhower DoctrineThe policy of the U.S. that it would defend the Middle East against attack by any Communist country7
363117773Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO)A regional defense pact pulled together by Dulles to prevent the "fall" to communism of South Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia8
363117774SputnikThe world's first space satellite. This meant the Soviet Union had a missile powerful enough to reach the US.9
363117775U-2 IncidentThe incident when an American U-2 spy plane was shot down over the Soviet Union. The U.S. denied the true purpose of the plane at first, but was forced to when the U.S.S.R. produced the living pilot and the largely intact plane to validate their claim of being spied on aerially. The incident worsened East-West relations during the Cold War and was a great embarrassment for the United States.10
363117776Military-industrial ComplexEisenhower first coined this phrase when he warned American against it in his last State of the Union Address. He feared that the combined lobbying efforts of the armed services and industries that contracted with the military would lead to excessive Congressional spending.11
363117777Brown v. Board of Education of TopekaA team of NAACP lawyers led by Thurgood Marshall argues that segregation of black children in the public schools was unconstitutional because it violated the 14th amendment's guarantee of "equal protection of the laws."12
363117778Rosa ParksUnited States civil rights leader who refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man in Montgomery (Alabama) and so triggered the national civil rights movement (born in 1913)13
363117779Montgomery Bus BoycottIn 1955, after Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a city bus, Dr. Martin L. King led a boycott of city buses. After 11 months the Supreme Court ruled that segregation of public transportation was illegal.14
363117780Martin Luther King Jr.U.S. Baptist minister and civil rights leader. A noted orator, he opposed discrimination against blacks by organizing nonviolent resistance and peaceful mass demonstrations. He was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee. Nobel Peace Prize (1964)15
363117781Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)An organization founded by MLK Jr., to direct the crusade against segregation. Its weapon was passive resistance that stressed nonviolence and love, and its tactic direct, though peaceful, confrontation.16
363117782Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)Organized in the fall of 1960 by Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr. as a student civil rights movement inspired by sit-ins, it challenged the status quo and walked the back roads of Mississippi and Georgia to encourage Blacks to resist segregation and to register to vote.17
363117783Sit-in MovementLed by NAACP Youth Council, 1960 launched a wave of anti-segregation sit-ins across the South and opened a national awareness of the depth of segregation in the nation18
363117784BeatniksMade up by a group of rebellious writers and intellectuals in the 1950s. Led by Jack Kerouac, they advocated spontaneity, use of drugs, and rebellion against social reforms.19

Atlantic Charter Flashcards

The Atlantic Charter was a pivotal policy statement first issued in August 1941 that early in World War II defined the Allied goals for the post-war world.

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676086894Iron Curtain SpeechThe Iron Curtain symbolized the ideological conflict and physical boundary dividing Europe into two separate areas from the end of World War II in 1945 until the end of the Cold War in 1991.
676086896Cairo DeclarationAgrees to issue the Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam that will serve as a general guidance for Member States in the Field of human rights.
676086898Tehran ConferenceThe Tehran Conference was a meeting between U.S. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin in Tehran, Iran, between November 28 and December 1, 1943.
676086900Yalta ConferenceThe meeting was intended mainly to discuss the re-establishment of the nations of war-torn Europe. Within a few years, with the Cold War dividing the continent, Yalta became a subject of intense controversy. To some extent, it has remained controversial.
676086902PotsdamPotsdam is the capital city of the German federal state of Brandenburg and part of the Berlin/Brandenburg Metropolitan Region.
676086904Bretton Woods AgreementThe year was 1944. For the first time in modern history, an international agreement was reached to govern monetary policy among nations.
676086907Dumbarton Oaks Conference.The Dumbarton Oaks Conference or, more formally, the Washington Conversations on International Peace and Security Organization was an international conference at which the United Nations was formulated and negotiated among international leaders.
676086909United Nations CharterThe Charter of the United Nations is the foundational treaty of the international organization called the United Nations.
676086911Universal Declaration Of Human Rights(UDHR) is a declaration adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on 10 December 1948 at Palais de Chaillot, Paris. The Declaration arose directly from the experience of the Second World War and represents the first global expression of rights to which all human beings are inherently entitled.
676086913Berlin BlockadeThe Berlin blockade (24 June 1948 - 12 May 1949) was one of the first major international crises of the Cold War.
676086915Berlin AirlifAt the end of WWII, a defeated Germany was divided amongst the victors, the United States, the Soviet Union, Great Britain, and France. The Soviet Union took control of the Eastern half of Germany, the Western half was divided amongst the US, Great Britain, and France.
676086917Truman DoctrineThe Truman Doctrine, which President Harry S. Truman issued in March 1947, was the basis of American foreign policy toward the Soviet Union until 1991.
676086920Marshall PlanMarshall Plan or European Recovery Program, project instituted at the Paris Economic Conference to foster economic recovery in certain European.
676086922National Security Actwas an Act of Congress signed by President Truman on 26 July 1947, which realigned and reorganized the U.S. Armed Forces, foreign policy, and Intelligence Community apparatus in the aftermath of World War II.
676086924NATOAn alliance of countries from North America and Europe committed to fulfilling the goals of the North Atlantic Treaty signed on 4 April 1949.
676086926Warsaw PactThe Warsaw Pact is the name commonly given to the treaty between Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and the Soviet Union, which was signed in Poland in 1955 and was officially called 'The Treaty of Friendship, Co-operation and Mutual Assistance.
676086927Soviet Atomic Bombwas a clandestine research and development program begun during and post-World War II, in the wake of the Soviet Union's discovery of the United States and British nuclear project.
676086928A-BombThe Cold War. The first Russian Atomic Bomb. The seeds of hostility between the United States and the USSR began near the end of World War.
676086929H-BombThe first thermonuclear ("hydrogen") bomb test released the same amount of energy as ..... During the Cold War.
676086930SputnikSputnik, meaning "satellite" and roughly translated as "fellow traveler," was ... Union and helped propel the rapid acceleration of the Cold War nuclear arms race.
676086931Korean ConflictKorean Conflict While not directly committing forces to the conflict, the Soviet Union provided material aid to both the North Korean and Chinese armies.
676086932Korean ArmisticeThe Korean Armistice Agreement is an agreement signed by U.S. Army Lieutenant General William Harrison, Jr., representing the United Nations Command and North Korean General Nam Il, representing the North Korean People's Army and the Chinese People's Volunteer Army.
676086933East German UprisingSoviet forces however remained in East Germany throughout the Cold War, and in 1953 they helped the GDR police to suppress a popular uprising.
676086934Hungarian Revolutionwas a spontaneous nationwide revolt against the government of the People's Republic of Hungary and its Soviet-imposed policies, lasting from 23 October until 10 November 1956.
676086935Second Berlin CrisisMay 1959, US has six months to get out of Berlin or there will be war. Eventually, Khruschev meets with Eisenhower and they agree to a summit conference.
676086936Cuban Revolution(1958) A political revolution that removed the United States supported Fugencio Batista from power. The revolution was led by Fidel Castro who became the new leader of Cuba as a communist dictator.
676086937Operation PBSuccessA covert operation organized by the United States Central Intelligence Agency to overthrow Jacobo Arbenz (Guatemala). Put Col. Carlos Enrique Castillo Armas into power.
676086938Bay Of PigsAn unsuccessful invasion of Cuba in 1961, which was sponsored by the United States. Its purpose was to overthrow Cuban dictator Fidel Castro.
676086939Cuban Missile CrisisThe 1962 confrontation bewteen US and the Soviet Union over Soviet missiles in Cuba
676086940Joseph StalinRussian leader who succeeded Lenin as head of the Communist Party and created a totalitarian state by purging all opposition (1879-1953)
676086941Nikita Khrushchev'The leader of the Soviet Union following Stalin ruling from 1953-1964. He created the Cuban Missile Crisis, and favored a peaceful co-existence with the west.
676086942Harry TrumanPresident of the US after Roosevelt's death; approved the use of the atomic bomb against Japan.
676086943Dwight Eisenhowerleader of the Allied forces in Europe during WW2--leader of troops in Africa and commander in DDay invasion-elected president-president during integration of Little Rock Central High School.
676086944John F. KennedyPresident of the US during the Bay of Pigs Invasion and the Cuban Missile Crisis.
676086945Khrushchev's Visit to USAHis visit was during 1959. He visited for a two week tour and a meeting with the President of the United States who was President Eisenhower.
676086946Leonard BrezhnevLeader of the Soviet Union after Khrushchev; tightens government control, Ussr leader in 1964.
676086947Operation Ajax(1953) The British and the CIA reinstate the Shah of Iran in order to protect oil interests after the Iranians tried to nationalize their oil.
676086948Pahlavi DynastyThe name of the dynasty that ruled Iran between 1921 and 1979. Reza Pahlavi (1921-41) the founder of the monarchy and the initiator of Iran's development during the twentieth century. Muhammad Pahlavi second ruler (1941-79).
676086949Espionage Actfines and imprisonment for aiding the enemy or hindering U.S. military; forbade any form of criticism of the government and military.

Unit 9 VOCABULARY: Digestion, Circulatory, Respiratory System: EGHS Biology 9 Flashcards

Unit 9
Vocabulary
EGHS Biology 9

Terms : Hide Images
682123306physical digestionUsing muscles and organs to break down food; Occurs mostly in your mouth (chewing) and stomach and small intestine.
682123307chemical digestionthe digestion process in which enzymes are used to break foods into their smaller chemical buiding blocks
682123308extracellular digestiondigestion that takes place outside of the cell
682123309digestive tractthe organs through which the food passes during the process of being digested, these include the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum and anus.
682123310intracellular digestionDigestion inside of a cell
682123311ingestionthe process of taking food into the body through the mouth (as by eating)
682123312saliva/salivary glandsA liquid in the mouth that starts to break down the food.
682123313esophagusa tube that connects the mouth to the stomach
682123314gallbladderthe organ that stores bile after it is produced by the liver
682123315pancreasa small gland behind the stomach that releases fluids and enzymes that aid in digestion
682123316chymesemi-liquid mixture of food, enzymes and digestive fluids
682123317small intestinea long narrow tube in which most digestion takes place
682123318large intestinethe last section of the digestive system, where water is absorbed from food and the remaining material is eliminated from the body
682123319rectumThe last part of the digestive tract, through which stools are eliminaed
682123320anusA muscular opening at the end of the rectum through which waste material is eliminated from the body
682123322liverproduces bile
682123323stomacha muscular sac that continues physical and chemical digestion
682123324peristalsisinvoluntary waves of muscle contraction that keep food moving along in one direction through the digestive system
682123330villi (villus)microscopic projections in the wall of the small intestine that absorb nutrients into the bloodstream.
682123331capillariestiny blood vessels that transport blood to and from the cells of the body. Only 1 cell thick, materials can easily diffuse into and out of them.
682178494alveolitiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange (O2-CO2) occurs
682178495lungthe organs that absorb oxygen from the air you inhale
682178496pharynxthroat; passageway for food traveling to the esophagus and for air traveling to the larynx
682178497epiglottisa flap of tissue that seals off the larynx and prevents food from entering lungs
682178498tracheaThe windpipe; a passage through which air moves in the respiratory system.
682178499larynxvoice box; passageway for air moving from pharynx to trachea; contains vocal cords
682178500inspirationBreathing in
682178501expirationBreathing out
682178502diaphragma dome-shaped muscle at the base of the rib cage that controls the flow of air into and out of the lungs
682178503plasmaclear yellowish fluid, about 90% water, makes up about 55% of blood.
682178504red blood cellcells in the capillaries that pick up oxygen in the lungs and deliver it to all of the body's cells
682178505hemoglobiniron rich protein that gives blood its reddish color. blood becomes bright red only when it absorbs oxygen.
682178506diffusiongases move by diffusion from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. Oxygen diffuses from the lungs to the capillaries and CO2 from blood to alveoli
682178507atriumthe two smaller chambers of the heart
682178508ventriclethe two larger chambers of the heart
682178509valveflaps of tissue in the heart that prevent blood from blowing backward
682178510aortathe large trunk artery that carries blood from the left ventricle of the heart to branch arteries
682178511pulsethe rate at which the heart beats
682178512arteryblood vessels that carry blood away from the heart to the rest of the body
682178513veinblood vessels that carry blood from the rest of the body back to the heart
682178514atherosclerosisClogging, narrowing, and hardening of the body's large arteries

Biology Semester 2 Final review Flashcards

Biology 1 Miller and Levine

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789249580dominanta trait that will show up in an organism's phenotype if gene is present0
789249581recessivea trait that will only appear in the phenotype if organism inherits two of them; covered up by the dominant gene1
789249582diploidan organism or cell having two sets of chromosomes or twice the haploid number2
789249583haploidan organism or cell that contains only a single set of genes3
789249584heterozygousan organism that has two different alleles for the same trait4
789249585homozygousan organism that has two identical alleles for a particular trait5
789249586incomplete dominancesituation in which one allele is not completely dominant over another allele, a type of blending of the two alleles occurs (red flower x white flower = pink flower)6
789249587codominancesituation in which both alleles of a gene contribute to the phenotype of the organism (A and B of the human blood types)7
789249588multiple allelesa gene that has more than two alleles (A, B, O blood types in humans)8
789249589crossing-overthe interchange of sections of homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis9
789249590linked genesgenes located on the same chromosome that tend to be inherited together10
789249591Watson and Cricknobel prize winners for correctly describing the structure of DNA as a double helix11
789249592Rosalind FranklinWoman who generated x-ray images of DNA, she povided Watson and Crick with key data about DNA12
789249593point mutationgene mutation involving changes in one or a few nucleotides13
789249594gene mutationA change in the sequence of the nucleotides in a gene14
789249595chromosomal mutationmutation that occurs at the chromosomal level resulting in changes in the gene distribution to gametes during meiosis; caused when parts of chromosomes break off or rejoin incorrectly15
789249596hox genesregulatory genes that control the expression of other genes, they control what structures appear where16
789249597genotypegenetic makeup of an organism, represented by letters (TT, Tt, tt)17
789249598phenotypethe physical traits that appear in an individual as a result of its gentic make up.18
789249599non-disjunctionmeiosis in which there is a failure of paired homologous chromosomes to separate19
789249600restriction enzymescuts DNA at a specific sequence of nucleotides20
789249601promotera specific nucleotide sequence in DNA that binds RNA polymerase and indicates where to start transcribing RNA.21
789249602ligasejoins together fragments of DNA22
789249603DNA polymeraseenzyme involved in DNA replication that joins individual nucleotides to produce a DNA molecule.23
789249604RNA polymerasean enzyme that starts (catalyzes) the formation of mRNA by using a strand of a DNA molecule as a template during transcription24
789249605polymerase chain reaction (PCR)used to make copies of a desired fragment of DNA. Steps: 1. separate the DNA strands using heat. 2. annealing the primers to a specific sequence on each strand to be amplified. 3. elongation DNA polymerase replicates the DNA sequence following each primer. (REPEATED MANY TIMES to get the desired amount of the DNA fragment).25
789249606genetic engineeringprocess of making changes in the DNA code of living organisms26
789249607primersused in PCR these small sequences of DNA provide a place for the DNA polymerase to start working27
789249608recombinant DNADNA made by recombining fragments of DNA from different organisms28
789249609plasmidsthe smalll, circular segments of DNA that are found in bacteria and that stay sparate from the bacterial chromosomes; used in genetic engineering.29
789249610DNA microarraya method to detect and measure the expression of thousands of genes at one time30
789249611gametesreproductive cells such as eggs and sperm they are haploid, having only half the number of chromosomes as body cells31
789249612nucleic acidsDNA and RNA, complex macromolecules that store and transmit genetic information32
789249613Chargaff's rulethe idea that [A]=[T] and [G]=[C], they pair up across from one another forming two strands also called base pairing.33
789249614Central Dogma of molecular biologythe idea that genetic information flows from the DNA sequence, to the RNA sequence to the protein sequence, DNA -> RNA-> protein.34
789249615lac operongene system with a promoter, an operator gene, and three structural genes that control lactose metabolism in E.coli35
789249616E. colia common bacteria often used in molecular biology36
789249617prokaryotea unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles (bacteria).37
789249618eukaryotea cell that contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles (animal and plant cells).38
789249619Barr bodyinactivated X chromosome visible in the nucleus of human normal females.39
790321830codona specific sequence of three adjacent bases on a strand of DNA or RNA that provides genetic code information for a particular amino acid (i.e. AAA, AUC, CGG)40
790321832anticodongroup of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon41
790400327amino acidbasic building blocks of protein molecules, carried by the tRNA to the ribosome (arg, ile, or tyr for example)42
792985446meiosiscell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms, resulting in 4 genetically different cells43
792985447mitosiscell division of somatic cells, resulting in 2 genetically identical cells44
792988331Lamarcknaturalist who proposed that evolution resulted from the inheritance of acquired characteristics45
792988332Darwinnaturalist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection46
808395707GM cropgenetically modified47
808395708transformationmodification of a bacteria or other cell by the uptake and expression of foreign DNA48
808397110transgenicorganism whose genome has been altered to contain one or more genes from another organism or species49

Honors Biology Genetics Flashcards

Scientists and their achievements, Laws, Genetics, and Genetic Disorders

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813873470Mendel-worked with Pisum sattivum to discover who traits were passed from parent to offspring -developed 3 laws -no intermediate genes
813873471mendelian laws-law of segregation -law of dominance -law of independent assortment
813873472emasculationremoval of anthers to ensure a cross-pollination
813873473law of segregationthe law proved by back crossing
813873474law of dominanceone trait is shown over the other (anaphase)
813873475law of independent assortmentthere is no linkage between the traits
813873476co-dominanceneither trait is dominant over the other/ both or many alleles are expressed
813873477lack of dominancea new phenotype that neither parent has
813873478sex-linked traits-color blindness -muscular dystrophy -hemophilia
813873479pedigreedisplay of traits through several generations -tells whether X or y linked -dominant or recessive -single or multi-genes
813873480cystic fibrosis-pleitropy -channel is not working and doesn't bring water through the membrane with the chloride -malnutrition and breathing issues
813873481pleitropyone gene causes multiple systems
813873482sickle cell disorder(anemia) -mutant hemoglobin protein can't hold O2 -affects red blood cells and capillaries, clogging the blood paths
813873483protein electrophoresismoves molecules through the matrix of agarose based on their shape and size
813873484hypercholesterolemia-LDL abundance at a young age that creates too much cholesterol leading to early heart attacks -can't be prevented by diet -has to do with Receptor Mediated Endocytosis
813873485virus-not living -needs to invade a host -can't metabolize or self-replicate -bacteriophage
813873486bacteriophagea virus that attacks bacteria to spread the virus
813873487dna compositionCarbon Hydrogen Oxygen Phosphate Nitrogen
813873488Chargoff's Rules-for every purine there is a prymidine -A=T; C=G
813873489nucleotideis composed of a nitrogen ring and phosphate
813873490T4a bacteriophage
813873491S-35sulfur found in many amino acids but not all.
813873492P-32phosphorus found in DNA -makes radioactive and can be followed
813873493Hershey and ChaseThey discovered whether DNA or bacteria was the host of infection through the creation of a pellet. They discovered that the P-32 radioisotope was radioactive and found within DNA itself and not the bacteriophage.
814666167Fred Griffith-wants to develop a vaccine for pneumonia -works with mice -works with Avery's molecules
814666168vacinea collection of materials from a pathogen that is no longer virulent
814666169anigenscomponents foreign to the body that trigger the cells to make antibodies
814666170clonal expansionmakes more cells
814666171production of antibodiesproteins that attach to anigen
814666172T cellsphagocytes cause allergies
814666173killer T cellsphagocytes that stop cancers
814666174helper T cellshelp in general (HIV invade)
814666175B cellsplasma (make antibodies) memory cells that remember the disease
814666176macrophageeats bacteria and puts receptors -anigen presenter cell notifies the immune system of anigens/ notify B-cell to provide antibodies
814666177transformation factorGriffithe and Avery worked together to discover the ___________ factor.
814666178How do we know the structure of DNA?1. Chargaff's Data G=C base pairing 2. Rosalind Franklin (X-ray crystallography) 3. Maurice Wilkins (mathematician) 4. Watson and Crick (built a model)
814666179Rosalind FranklinX-ray crystallography
814666180semi-conservative replicationHow DNA copies keeping one old stand and adding one new strand.
814666181helicaseenzyme that un-zips or un-winds the DNA
814666182ligaseenzyme that makes the final connection of the DNA strands
814666183polymerasecloses the replication bubbles, fully splitting the DNA strands in two/
814666184nucleosomesmade up of eight histones that come apart before replication
814666185histonesDNA is wrapped around them by an ionic reaction

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