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AP Economics 100 Terms Set #12 (1-100) Flashcards

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560808104ScarcityThe limited nature of society's resources
560808105EconomicsThe study of how society manages its scarce resources
560808106EfficiencyProperty of society getting the most it can from its scarce resources
560808107EquityThe property of distributing economic prosperity fairly among the members of society
560808108Opportunity CostWhatever must be given up to obtain some item
560808109Market EconomyAn economy that allocates resources throughout the decentralized decisions of many firms and households as they interact in markets for goods and services
560808110ExternalityThe impact of one person's actions on the well-being of a bystander
560808111InflationAn increase in the overall level of prices in the economy
560808112Phllips CurveA curve that shows the short-run tradeoff between inflation and unemployment
560808113Business CycleFluctuations in economic activity, such as employment and production
560808114Circular-Flow DiagramA visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through markets and firms
560808115Production Possibilities CurveA graph that show the combinations of output that the economy can possibly produce given the available factors of production and the available production technology
560808116MicroeconomicsThe study of how households and firms make decisions and how they interact in markets
560808117MacroeconomicsThe study of economy-wide phenomena, including inflation, unemployment, and economic growth
560808118Positive StaementsClaims that attempt to describe the world as it is
560808119Normative StatementsClaims that attempt to prescribe how the world should be
560808120InterdependenceA reciprocal relation between interdependent entities (objects or individuals or groups)
560808121SpecializationTo focus on a particular area.
560808122Absolute AdvantageThe comparison among producers of a good according to their productivity
560808123Comparative AdvantageThe comparison among producers of a good according to their opportunity cost
560808124ImportsGoods produced abroad and sold domestically
560808125ExportsGgoods produced domestically and sold abroad
560808126The Law of DemandThe claim that, other things equal, the quantity demanded of a good falls when the price of the good rises
560808127Normal GoodA good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to an increase in demand
560808128Inferior GoodA good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to a decrease in demand
560808129SusbstitutesTwo goods for which an increase in the price of one leads to an increase in the demand for the other
560808130ComplimentsTwo good for which an increase in the price of one leads to a decrease in the demand for the other
560808131The Law of SupplyThe claim that, other things equal, the quantity supplied of a good rises when the price of the good rises
560808132EqulibriumA situation in which the price has reached the level where quantity supplied equals quantity demanded
560808133SurplusA situation in which quantity supplied is greater than quantity demanded
560808134ShortageA situation in which quantity demanded is greater than quantity supplied
560808135Adam SmithScottish political economist whos works helped to create the modern academic discipline of economics and provided one of the best-known intellectual rationales for free trade and capitalism.
560808136John KeynesAn English economist, whose radical ideas had a major impact on modern economic and political theory. Most remembered for advocating interventionist government policy, by which the government would use fiscal and monetary measures to aim to mitigate the adverse effects of economic recessions, depressions, and booms.
560808137ElaticityA measure of the responsiveness of quantity demanded or quantity supplied to one of its determinants
560808138Price Elasticity of DemandA measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in the price of that good, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in price
560808139Income Elasticity of DemandA measure of how much the quantity demand3ed of a good responds to a change in consumers' income, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in income
560808140Cross-Price Elasticity of DemandA measure of how much the quantity demanded of one good responds to a change in the price of another good, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded of the first good divided by the percentage change in the price of the second good
560808141Price Elasticity of DemandA measure of how much the quantity supplied of a good responds to a change in the price of that good, computed as the percentage change in quantity supplied divided by the percentage change in price
560808142Price CeilingA legal maximum on the price at which a good can be sold
560808143Price FloorA legal minimum on the price at which a good can be sold
560808144Tax IncidenceThe manner in which the burden of a tax is shared among participants in a market
560808145Welfare EconomicsThe study of how the allocation of resources affects economic well-being
560808146Consumer SurplusA buyers' willingness to pay minus the amount the buyer actually pays
560808147Producer SurplusThe amount a seller is paid for a good minus the seller's cost
560808148CostThe value of everything a seller must give up to produce a good
560808149Deadweight LossThe fall in total surplus that results from a market distortion, such as a tax
560808150The Laffer CurveA curved graph that illustrates the theory that, if tax rates rise beyond a certain level, they discourage economic growth, thereby reducing government revenues.
560808151Supply Side EconomicsThe branch of economics that concentrates on measures to increase output of goods and services in the long run. The basis of supply-side economics is that marginal tax rates should be reduced to provide incentives to supply additional labor and capital, and thereby promote long-term growth.
560808152TariffA tax on goods produced abroad and sold domestically
560808153Import QuotaA limit on the quantity of a good that can be produced abroad and sold domestically
560808154Coase theoremThe proposition that if private parties can bargain without cost over the allocation of resources, they can solve the problem of externalities on their own
560808155Pigovian TaxA tax enacted to correct the effects of a negative externality.
560808156Private goodsGoods that are both excludable and rival.
560808157PublicGoods that are neither excludable nor rival
560808158Free RiderA person who receives the benefit of a good but avoids paying for it
560808159Budget SurplusAn excess of government receipts over government spending
560808160Budget DeficitA shortfall of tax revenue from government spending
560808161Average Tax RateTotal taxes paid divided by total income
560808162Marginal Tax RateThe extra taxes paid on an additional dollar of income
560808163Lump-sum TaxA tax that is the same amount for every person
560808164Proportional TaxA tax for which higher income taxpayers and low income tax payers pay the same fraction of income
560808165Regressive TaxA tax for which higher income taxpayers pay a smaller fraction of their income than do low income taxpayers
560808166Progressive TaxA tax for which high-income taxpayers pay a larger fraction of their income than do low income taxpayers.
560808167Total Revenuea. in a market-the amount paid by buyers and received by sellers of a goods, computed as the price of the good times the quantity sold b. for a firm-the amount a firm receives for the sale of its output
560808168Total CostThe value of the inputs a firm uses in production
560808169ProfitTotal revenue minus total cost
560808170Explicit CostsInput costs that require an outlay of money by the firm
560808171Implicit CostsInput costs that do not require an outlay of money by the firm
560808172Economic ProfitTotal revenue minus total cost including both explicit and implicit costs
560808173Accounting ProfitTotal revenue minus total explicit cost
560808174Production FunctionThe relationship between quantity of inputs used to make a good and the quantity of output of that good
560808175Marginal ProductThe increase in output that arises from an additional unit of input
560808176Diminishing Marginal ProductThe property whereby the marginal product of an input declines as the quantity of the input increases
560808177Fixed CostsCosts that do not vary with the quantity of output produced
560808178Variable CostsCosts that vary with the quantity of output produced
560808179Average Total CostTotal cost divided by the quantity of output
560808180Average Fixed CostFixed costs divided by the quantity of output
560808181Average Variable CostVariable costs divided by the quantity of output
560808182Marginal CostAn increase in total cost that arises from an extra unit of production
560808183Efficient ScaleThe quantity of input that minimizes average total cost
560808184Economies of ScaleThe property whereby long run average total cost falls as the quantity of output increases
560808185Diseconomies of ScaleThe property whereby long run average total cost rises as the quantity of output increases
560808186Constant Return to ScaleThe property whereby long run average total cost stays the same as the quantity of output changes
560808187Competitive marketA market with many buyers and sellers trading identical products so that each buyer and seller is a price taker
560808188Average RevenueTotal revenue divided by the quantity sold
560808189Marginal RevenueThe change in total revenue from an additional unit sold
560808190Sunk CostA cost that has already been committed and cannot be recovered
560808191MonopolyQ firm that is the sole seller of a product without close substitutes
560808192Natural MonopolyA monopoly that arises because a single firm can supply a good of service to an entire market at a smaller cost than could two or more firms
560808193Price DiscriminationThe business practice of selling the same good at different prices to different customers
560808194OligopolyA market structure in which only a few sellers offer similar or identical products
560808195Monopolistic CompletionA market structure in which many firms sell products that are similar but not identical
560808196CollusionAn agreement among firms in a market about quantities to produce or prices to charge
560808197CartelA group of firms acting in unison
560808198Nash EquilibriumA situation in which economic actors interacting with one another each choose their best strategy given the strategies that all the other actors have chosen.
560808199Game TheoryThe study of how people behave in strategic situations
560808200Factors of ProductionThe inputs used to produce goods and services
560808201Marginal Product of LaborThe increase in the amount of output from an additional unit of labor
560808202Lorenz CurveA curve showing the distribution of income in an economy. The cumulated percentage of families (income receivers) is measured along the horizontal axis and the cumulated percentage of income is measured along the vertical axis.
560808203CapitalThe equipment and structures used to produce goods and services
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AP Biology, Chap 20-DNA Technology & Genomics Flashcards

Campbell 7th ed

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694824788bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC)An artificial version of a bacterial chromosome that can carry inserts of 100, 000 to 500, 000 base pairs.
694824789biotechnologyThe manipulation of living organisms or their components to produce useful products
694824790cDNA libraryA limited gene library using complementary DNA. The library includes only the genes that were transcribed in the cells examined
694824791clone(1) A lineage of genetically identical individuals or cells. (2) In popular usage, a single individual organism that is genetically identical to another individual. (3) As a verb, to make one or more genetic replicas of an individual or cell. See also gene cloning.
694824792cloning vectorAn agent used to transfer DNA in genetic engineering. A plasmid that moves recombinant DNA from a test tube back into a cell is an example of a cloning vector, as is a virus that transfers recombinant DNA by infection.
694824793complementary DNA (cDNA)A DNA molecule made in vitro using mRNA as a template and the enzyme reverse transcriptase. A cDNA molecule therefore corresponds to a gene, but lacks the introns present in the DNA of the genome.
694824794denaturationIn proteins, a process in which a protein unravels and loses its native conformation, thereby becoming biologically inactive. Occurs under extreme conditions of pH, salt concentration, and temperature
694824795DNA fingerprintAn individual's unique collection of DNA restriction fragments, detected by electrophoresis and nucleic acid probes.
694824796DNA ligaseA linking enzyme essential for DNA replication; catalyzes the covalent bonding of the 3' end of a new DNA fragment to the 5' end of a growing chain
694824797DNA microarray assayA method to detect and measure the expression of thousands of genes at one time. Tiny amounts of a large number of single-stranded DNA fragments representing different genes are fixed to a glass slide. These fragments, ideally representing all the genes of an organism, are tested for hybridization with various samples of cDNA molecules.
694824798electroporationA technique to introduce recombinant DNA into cells by applying a brief electrical pulse to a solution containing cells. The electricity creates temporary holes in the cells' plasma membranes, through which DNA can enter.
694824799expression vectorA cloning vector that contains the requisite prokaryotic promoter just upstream of a restriction site where a eukaryotic gene can be inserted
694824800gel electrophoresisThe separation of nucleic acids or proteins, on the basis of their size and electrical charge, by measuring their rate of movement through an electrical field in a gel
694824801gene cloningThe production of multiple copies of a gene
694824802gene therapyThe alteration of the genes of a person afflicted with a genetic disease
694824803genetic engineeringThe direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes
694824804genetically modified (GM) organismAn organism that has acquired one or more genes by artificial means; also known as a transgenic organism
694824805genomic libraryA set of thousands of DNA segments from a genome, each carried by a plasmid, phage, or other cloning vector.
694824806genomicsThe study of whole sets of genes and their interactions
694824807Human Genome ProjectAn international collaborative effort to map and sequence the DNA of the entire human genome
694824808in vitro mutagenesisA technique to discover the function of a gene by introducing specific changes into the sequence of a cloned gene, reinserting the mutated gene into a cell, and studying the phenotype of the mutant
694824809linkage mapA genetic map based on the frequencies of recombination between markers during crossing over of homologous chromosomes
694824810nucleic acid hybridizationBase pairing between a gene and a complementary sequence on another nucleic acid molecule
694824811nucleic acid probeIn DNA technology, a labeled single-stranded nucleic acid molecule used to tag a specific nucleotide sequence in a nucleic acid sample. Molecules of the probe hydrogen-bond to the complementary sequence wherever it occurs; radioactive or other labeling of the probe allows its location to be detected
694824812physical mapA genetic map in which the actual physical distances between genes or other genetic markers are expressed, usually as the number of base pairs along the DNA.
694824813polymerase chain reaction (PCR)A technique for amplifying DNA in vitro by incubating with special primers, DNA polymerase molecules, and nucleotides
694824814proteomicsThe systematic study of the full protein sets (proteomes) encoded by genomes
694824815recombinant DNAA DNA molecule made in vitro with segments from different sources
694824816restriction enzymeA degradative enzyme that recognizes and cuts up DNA (including that of certain phages) that is foreign to a bacterium.
694824817restriction fragmentDNA segment resulting from cutting of DNA by a restriction enzyme
694824818restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs)Differences in DNA sequence on homologous chromosomes that can result in different patterns of restriction fragment lengths (DNA segments resulting from treatment with restriction enzymes); useful as genetic markers for making linkage maps
694824819restriction siteA specific sequence on a DNA strand that is recognized as a cut siteby a restriction enzyme
694824820RNA interference (RNAi)A technique to silence the expression of selected genes in nonmammalian organisms. The method uses synthetic double-stranded RNA molecules matching the sequence of a particular gene to trigger the breakdown of the gene's messenger RNA.
694824821single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)One base-pair variation in the genome sequence.
694824822Southern blottingA hybridization technique that enables researchers to determine the presence of certain nucleotide sequences in a sample of DNA
694824823sticky endA single-stranded end of a double-stranded DNA restriction fragment.
694824824Ti plasmidA plasmid of a tumor-inducing bacterium that integrates a segment of its DNA into the host chromosome of a plant; frequently used as a carrier for genetic engineering in plants.
694824825yeast artificial chromosome (YAC)A vector that combines the essentials of a eukaryotic chromosome--an origin for DNA replication, a centromere, and two telomeres--with foreign DNA.
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GRE Psychology Test: Language (FOR GAME PLAYING) Flashcards

GRE Psych prep, psychology, psycholinguistics, Language

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608320885languagethe meaningful arrangement of sounds
608320886psycholinguisticsthe study of the psychology of language
608320887phonemessounds that make up words but have no meaning
608320888morphemeswords or parts of words that have meaning; the smallest unit of meaning in language
608320889phrasea group of words that function when put together as a single syntactic part of a sentence
608320890syntaxthe arrangement of words into sentences as prescribed by a particular language
608320891grammarthe overall rules of the interrelationship between morphemes and syntax
608320892morphology or morphological rulesgrammar rules; how to group morphemes
608320893prosodytone inflections, accents, and other accepts of pronunciation that carry meaning
608320894Chomskymost important figure in psycholinguistics
608320895Chomskydeveloped theory of TRANSFORMATIONAL GRAMMAR
608320896Chomskydeveloped theory of LANGUAGE ACQUISITION DEVICE
608320897deep structurethe underlying meaning of words
608320898surface structurethe way words are organized
608320899transformational grammardifferentiates between surface structure (organization of words) and deep structure (underlying meaning of words)
608320900Language Acquisition DeviceChomsky's idea of innate language acquisition positing that children have inborn ability to adopt generative grammar rules of the language they hear, they only need be exposed to language in order to apply this
608320901overregulationoverapplication of grammar rules; "I founded the toy," "I love eating toasts"
608320902overextensiongeneralizing with names of things done through characteristics and not logic; a child calling all furry things "doggie"
608320903telegraphic speechspeech without articles or extras, similar to how it may appear in a telegram; "me go"
608320904holophrastic speechwhen a child uses one word to convey a whole sentence; "me!" meaning "give that to me"
608320905girls_________ are faster and more accurate with language learning (girls or boys)
608320906bilingual children_________ are slower at language learning
608320907reading and writing_________ and _________ are processed in the same regions of the brain as producing and understanding speech
608320908alexiathe inability to read
608320909agraphiathe inability to write
608320910TrueTrue or False? People who have alexia may have no problems speaking or understanding speech.
608320911Nounschildren usually use _______ first.
608320912one noun and one verbChildren usually speak this pattern as their first phrases: _________________
608320913one yeartime when a child first speaks word(s)
608320914two yearstime when a child speaks >50 words, usually in two-three word phrases
608320915three yearstime when a child speaks ~1,000 word vocabulary, but has many grammatical errors in use
608320916four yearstime when a child's grammar problems when using language are random exceptions
608320917Whorfstudied Hopi language
608320918Whorfposited the Whorfian hypothesis
608320919Whorfposited that how a culture says things influences a culture's perspective
608320920whorfian hypothesisidea that how a culture says things and uses language influences a culture's perspective
608320921nonsexist languagethe whorfian hypothesis is often used to support the argument for _________________
608320922HopiBenjamin Whorf studied this language: __________
608320923Roger Brownresearch found that children's use of grammar proceeds through the formation of hypothesis about syntax and then self-correction with experience
608320924Katherine Nelsonfound that language begins to develop with onset of ACTIVE SPEECH, rather than during first year of only listening
608320925Nelsonthis psycholinguistic discovered that baby's language development doesn't occur during their first year of life, when they are only listening
608320926Labovstudied "Black" English (Ebonics)
608320927Labovfound that Ebonics has a complex internal structure and isn't just incorrect English
608320928Vygotsky and LuriaRussia's best known psycholinguistics
608320929Vygotsky and Luriafound that word meanings are altered by interpersonal experience
608320930Vygotsky and Luriaasserted that language is a tool involved in (and not merely a byproduct of) the development of ABSTRACT THINKING
608320931Osgoodcreated SEMANTIC DIFFERENTIAL CHARTS
608320932Osgoodresearch found that subcultures form different connotations (implied meanings) of words
608320933ConnotationOsgood's SEMANTIC DIFFERENTIAL CHARTS research showed the existence of _______________ for subcultures
608320934connotationimplied meaning of a word, shared by subcultures, as shown through Osgood's Semantic Differential Chart research
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Chapter 42 Campbell Vocab Flashcards

Anderson AP Bio

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568477744AlveolusOne of the dead-end, multilobed air sacs where gas exchange occurs in a mammalian lung.
568477745AmphibianMember of the tetrapod class Amphibia, including salamanders, frogs, and caecilians.
568477746ArterioleA vessel that conveys blood between an artery and a capillary bed.
568477747ArteryA vessel that carries blood away from the heart to organs throughout the body.
568477748AtheroclerosisA cardiovascular disease in which fatty deposits called plaques develop in the inner walls of the arteries, obstructing the arteries and causing them to harden.
568477749Atrioventricular (AV) NodeA region of specialized heart muscle tissue between the left and right atria where electrical impulses are delayed for about 0.1 second before spreading to both ventricles and causing them to contract.
568477750Atrioventricular (AV) ValveA heart valve located between each atrium and ventricle that prevents a backflow of blood when the ventricle contracts.
568477751AtriumA chamber of the vertebrate heart that receives blood from the veins and transfers blood to a ventricle.
568477752B CellsThe lymphocytes that complete their development in the bone marrow and become effector cells for the humoral immune response.
568477753BloodA connective tissue with a fluid matrix called plasma in which red blood cells, white blood cells, and cell fragments called platelets are suspended.
568477754Body PlanIn animals, a set of morphological and developmental traits that are integrated into a functional whole—the living animal.
568477755Bohr ShiftA lowering of the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen, caused by a drop in pH. It facilitates the release of oxygen from hemoglobin in the vicinity of active tissues.
568477756BreathingVentilation of the lungs through alternating inhalation and exhalation.
568477757Breathing Control CenterA brain center that directs the activity of organs involved in breathing.
568477758BronchioleA fine branch of the bronchi that transports air to alveoli.
568477759BronchusOne of a pair of breathing tubes that branch from the trachea into the lungs.
568477760CapillaryA microscopic blood vessel that penetrates the tissues and consists of a single layer of endothelial cells that allows exchange between the blood and interstitial fluid.
568477761Capillary BedA network of capillaries in a tissue or organ.
568477762Cardiac CycleThe alternating contractions and relaxations of the heart.
568477763Cardiac OutputThe volume of blood pumped per minute by each ventricle of the heart.
568477764Cardiovascular SystemA closed circulatory system with a heart and branching network of arteries, capillaries, and veins. The system is characteristic of vertebrates.
568477765Closed Circulatory SystemA circulatory system in which blood is confined to vessels and is kept separate from the interstitial fluid.
568477766Counter Current ExchangeThe exchange of a substance or heat between two fluids flowing in opposite directions.
568477767Diaphram(1) A sheet of muscle that forms the bottom wall of the thoracic cavity in mammals. Contraction of the diaphragm pulls air into the lungs. (2) A dome-shaped rubber cup fitted into the upper portion of the vagina before sexual intercourse. It serves as a physical barrier to the passage of sperm into the uterus.
568477768DiastoleThe stage of the cardiac cycle in which a heart chamber is relaxed and fills with blood.
568477769Diastolic PressureBlood pressure in the arteries when the ventricles are relaxed.
568477770Double CirculationA circulatory system consisting of separate pulmonary and systemic circuits, in which blood passes through the heart after completing each circuit.
568477771ElctrocardiogramA record of the electrical impulses that travel through heart muscle during the cardiac cycle.
568477772EndothelinA peptide produced by a blood vessel's endothelium that causes the vessel to constrict.
568477773EndotheliumThe simple squamous layer of cells lining the lumen of blood vessels.
568477774ErythrocyteA blood cell that contains hemoglobin, which transports oxygen; also called a red blood cell.
568477775Erythropoietin (EPO)A hormone that stimulates the production of erythrocytes. It is secreted by the kidney when body tissues do not receive enough oxygen.
568477776FibrinThe activated form of the blood-clotting protein fibrinogen. Fibrin aggregates into threads that form the fabric of the clot.
568477777Gas ExchangeThe uptake of molecular oxygen from the environment and the discharge of carbon dioxide to the environment.
568477778HeartA muscular pump that uses metabolic energy to elevate the hydrostatic pressure of the circulatory fluid (blood or hemolymph). The fluid then flows down a pressure gradient through the body and eventually returns to the heart.
568477779Heart AttackThe damage or death of cardiac muscle tissue resulting from prolonged blockage of one or more coronary arteries.
568477780Heart MurmurA hissing sound that most often results from blood squirting backward through a leaky valve in the heart.
568477781Heart RateThe frequency of heart contraction
568477782HemoglobinAn iron-containing protein in red blood cells that reversibly binds oxygen.
568477783HemolymphIn invertebrates with an open circulatory system, the body fluid that bathes tissues.
568477784High-density LipoproteinA particle in the blood made up of cholesterol and other lipids surrounded by a single layer of phospholipids in which proteins are embedded.
568477785HypertensionA disorder in which blood pressure remains abnormally high.
568477786Interstitial FluidThe fluid filling the spaces between cells in an animal.
568477787LarynxThe portion of the respiratory tract containing the vocal cords; also called the voice box.
568477788LeukocyteA blood cell that functions in fighting infections; also called a white blood cell.
568477789Low-density LipoproteinA particle in the blood made up of cholesterol and other lipids surrounded by a single layer of phospholipids in which proteins are embedded.
568477790LungAn infolded respiratory surface of a terrestrial vertebrate, land snail, or spider that connects to the atmosphere by narrow tubes.
568477791LymphThe colorless fluid, derived from interstitial fluid, in the lymphatic system of vertebrates.
568477792Lymph NodeAn organ located along a lymph vessel. Lymph nodes filter lymph and contain cells that attack viruses and bacteria.
568477793Lymphatic SystemA system of vessels and nodes, separate from the circulatory system, that returns fluid, proteins, and cells to the blood
568477794LymphocyteA type of white blood cell that mediates acquired immunity. The two main classes are B cells and T cells.
568477795MucusA viscous and slippery mixture of glycoproteins, cells, salts, and water that moistens and protects the membranes lining body cavities that open to the exterior.
568477796MyoglobinAn oxygen-storing, pigmented protein in muscle cells.
568477797Negative Pressure BreathingA breathing system in which air is pulled into the lungs.
568477798Nitric Oxcide (NO)A gas produced by many types of cells that functions as a local regulator and as a neurotransmitter.
568477799Open Circulatory SystemA circulatory system in which fluid called hemolymph bathes the tissues and organs directly and there is no distinction between the circulating fluid and the interstitial fluid.
568477800Partial PressureThe pressure exerted by a particular gas in a mixture of gases (for instance, the pressure exerted by oxygen in air).
568477801PlasmaThe liquid matrix of blood in which the cells are suspended.
568477802PlateletA pinched-off cytoplasmic fragment of a specialized bone marrow cell. Platelets circulate in the blood and are important in blood clotting.
568477803Positive Pressure BreathingA breathing system in which air is forced into the lungs.
568477804Pulmocutaneous CircuitA branch of the circulatory system in many amphibians that supplies the lungs and skin.
568477805Pulmonary CircuitThe branch of the circulatory system that supplies the lungs.
568477806PulseThe rhythmic bulging of the artery walls with each heartbeat.
568477807Residual VolumeThe amount of air that remains in the lungs after forceful exhalation.
568477808Rspiratory PigmentA protein that transports oxygen in blood or hemolymph.
568477809Semilunar ValveA valve located at each exit of the heart, where the aorta leaves the left ventricle and the pulmonary artery leaves the right ventricle.
568477810Single CirculationA circulatory system consisting of a single pump and circuit, in which blood passes from the sites of gas exchange to the rest of the body before returning to the heart.
568477811Sinoatrial (SA) NodeA region in the right atrium of the heart that sets the rate and timing at which all cardiac muscle cells contract; the pacemaker.
568477812Stem CellAny relatively unspecialized cell that can produce, during a single division, one identical daughter cell and one more specialized daughter cell that can undergo further differentiation.
568477813StrokeThe death of nervous tissue in the brain, usually resulting from rupture or blockage of arteries in the head.
568477814Stroke VolumeThe volume of blood pumped by a heart ventricle in a single contraction.
568477815SurfactantA substance secreted by alveoli that decreases surface tension in the fluid that coats the alveoli.
568477816Systemic SystemThe branch of the circulatory system that supplies all body organs except those involved in gas exchange.
568477818SystoleThe stage of the cardiac cycle in which a heart chamber contracts and pumps blood.
568477820Systolic PressureBlood pressure in the arteries during contraction of the ventricles.
568477821ThrombusA fibrin-containing clot that forms in a blood vessel and blocks the flow of blood.
568477823Tidal VolumeThe volume of air a mammal inhales and exhales with each breath.
568477824TrancheaThe portion of the respiratory tract that passes from the larynx to the bronchi; also called the windpipe.
568477826Trancheal SystemIn insects, a system of branched, air-filled tubes that extends throughout the body and carries oxygen directly to cells.
568477828Trans FatAn unsaturated fat containing one or more trans double bonds.
568477829VasoconsrictionA decrease in the diameter of blood vessels caused by contraction of smooth muscles in the vessel walls.
568477831VasolidationAn increase in the diameter of blood vessels caused by relaxation of smooth muscles in the vessel walls.
568477832Vein(1) In animals, a vessel that carries blood toward the heart. (2) In plants, a vascular bundle in a leaf.
568477834VentilationThe flow of air or water over a respiratory surface.
568477836Ventricle1) A heart chamber that pumps blood out of the heart. (2) A space in the vertebrate brain, filled with cerebrospinal fluid.
568477837VenuleA vessel that conveys blood between a capillary bed and a vein.
568477838Vital CapacityThe maximum volume of air that a mammal can inhale and exhale with each breath.
568477839Vocal CordOne of a pair of bands of elastic tissue in the larynx. Air rushing past the tensed vocal cords makes them vibrate, producing sounds.
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Chap. 32: The Politics of Boom and Bust Flashcards

American Pageant - AP US History

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591080080Warren G. Hardinghe had a mediocre mind and he did not like to hurt people's feelings; could not detect the corruption within his administration, president after World War I who promised to return the US to normalism
591080081Charles Evans HughesSecretary of State under Harding, Proposed a 10-year moratorium on the construction of major new warships at the Washington Conference
591080082Andrew MellonSecretary of the Treasury. Successfully pushed congress to lower taxes
591080083Charles R. Forbeshead of the Veterans Bureau, was caught stealing $200 million from the government, chiefly in connection with the building of veterans' hospitals.
591080084Herbert HooverU.S. president during stock market crash, who rejected the Progressive emphasis on activist government to pursue a program of minimal business regulation, low taxes, and high tariffs; encouraged businesses to regulate themselves, his belief in "rugged individualism" kept him from giving people direct relief during the Great Depression.
591080085Albert B. FallScheming anti-conservationist. Secretary of Interior who got oil reserves transferred to Interior Dept. (wolf hired to protect the sheep), corrupt.
591080086Harry M. DaughertyHarding's Attorney Gen. was supposed to prosecute wrong dooers but instead was a big time crook in "Ohio Gang" accused of illegal sale of pardons & liquor permits. Forced to resign but not convicted.
591080087Calvin CoolidgeBecame president when Harding died. Tried to clean up scandals. Business prospered and people's wealth increased. Shy, dour serious visage. Called "silent Cal" - known for brilliant flashes of silence. Mediocre leadership skills, boring speeches. High priest of the great god Business.
591080088John W. DavisDemocratic - nominee for President. Wealthy corporation lawyer connecting with wall street banking house of JP Morgan & co.
591080089Robert La FolletteProgressive Wisconsin governor who attacked machine politics and pressured the state legislature to require each party to hold a direct primary
591080090Alfred E. SmithGovernor of New York who ran as a Democrat for the 1928 elections: a man who was blanketed by scandal (he drank during a Prohibitionist era,and was hindered politically by being a Roman Catholic).
591080091"Ohio Gang"accused of illegal sale of pardons & liquor permits
591080092trade associationSet up by big industrialists, these agencies used to agree upon standardization of product, publicity campaigns and a united front in dealing with railroads and labor... ran counter to spirit of anti-trust legislation but creation was encouraged by H. Hoover.
591080093American LegionWorld War 1 veterans group that promoted patriotism and economic benefits for former servicemen
591080094Washington Conference(1921) Conference of major powers to reduce naval armaments among Great Britain, Japan, France, Italy, and the United States.
591080095Kellogg-Briand Pactaka Pact of Paris. "outlawry of war" - quarreling nations should take a pledge not to use war as an instrument of foreign policy
591080096Fordney-McCumber Tariffspurred by fear of flood of cheap foreign goods from Europe. raised tariff rates
591080097Teapot Dome scandala government scandal involving a former United States Navy oil reserve in Wyoming that was secretly leased to a private oil company in 1921 - led to conviction & prison for sec. of interior Albert Fall.
591080098McNary-Haugen BillKept agricultural prices high by authorizing gov. to buy crops to sell to abroad - Coolidge vetoed the bill twice
591080099Dawes PlanA plan to revive the German economy, the United States loans Germany money which then can pay reparations to England and France, who can then pay back their loans from the U.S. This circular flow of money was a success.
591080100Muscle Shoals BillBills that would allocate funds to dam the Tennessee River and provide employment, is vetoed by Hoover
591080101Reconstruction Finance CorporationCongress set up $2 billion. It made loans to major economic institutions such as banks, insurance companies and railroads.
591080102Bonus ArmyWWI veterans who marched on Washington demanding their $1,000 bonus pay before the 1945 due date.
591080103Hawley-Smoot Tariff(HH) 1930 , charged a high tax for imports thereby leading to less trade between America and foreign countries along with some economic retaliation, HIGHEST EVER
591080104farm blockThis bi-partisan congressional voting block guaranteed farmers favorable congressional treatment.
591080105Agricultural Marketing ActEstablished the first major government program to help farmers maintain crop prices with a federally sponsored Farm Board that would make loans to national marking cooperatives or set up corporations to buy surpluses and raise prices. This act failed to help American farmers.
591080106Black FridayOctober 29, 1929: Stock Market Crash
591080107Stimson doctrine1932, Hoover's Secretary of State said the US would not recognize territorial changes resulting from Japan's invasion of Manchuria
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Chapter 40: Homeostasis Flashcards

Homeostasis ~ Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function

Terms : Hide Images
325722065anatomythe structure of an organism
325722066physiologythe processes and functions of an organism
325722067interstitial fluidthe fluid filling the spaces between cells in most animals
325722068tissuean integrated group of cells with a common structure, function, or both
325722069organa specialized center of body function composed of several different types of tissues
325722070organ systema group of organs that work together in performing vital body functions
325722071epithelial tissuesheets of tightly packed cells that line organs and body cavities as well as external surfaces
325722072stratified squamous epitheliummultilayered and regenerates rapidly
325722073pseudostratified columnar epitheliumsingle layer of cells, varying in height
325722074simple squamous epitheliumsingle layer of platelike cells
325722075simple columnar epitheliumlarge, brick-shaped cells
325722076cuboidal epitheliumdice-shaped cells
325722077connective tissueanimal tissue that functions mainly to bind and support other tissues, having a sparse population of cells scattered through an extracellular matrix
325722078fibroblasta type of cell in loose connective tissue that secretes the protein ingredients of the extracellular fibers
325722079macrophagea phagocytic cell present in many tissues that functions in innate immunity by destroying microbes and in acquired immunity as an antigen-presenting cell
325722080loose connective tissuemost widespread connective tissue in the vertebrate body
325722081fibrous connective tissuedense with collagenous fibers
325722082tendona fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone
325722083ligamenta fibrous connective tissue that joins bones together at joints
325722084bloodconnective tissue
325722085cartilageflexible, connective tissue with an abundance of collagenous fibers embedded in chondroitin sulfate
325722086adipose tissuespecialized loose connective tissue that insulates the body and serves as a fuel reserve;contains fat-storing cells called adipose cells
325722087bonemineralized, connective tissue consisting of living cells held in a rigid matrix of collagen fibers embedded in calcium salts
325722088muscle tissuetissue consisting of long muscle cells that can contract, either on its own or when stimulated by nerve impulses
325722089skeletal muscletype of striated muscle that is generally responsible for the voluntary movements of the body
325722090smooth muscletype of muscle lacking the striations of skeletal and cardiac muscle because of the uniform distribution of myosin filaments in the cells
325722091cardiac muscletype of striated muscle that forms the contractile wall of the heart
325722092nervous tissuetissue made up of neurons and supportive cells
325722093neuronnerve cell
325722094gliaplural of glial cell
325722095hormoneone of many types of secreted chemicals that are formed in specialized cells, travel in body fluids, and act on specific target cells in other parts of the body, changing the target cells' functioning
325722096regulatoran animal for which mechanisms of homeostasis moderate internal changes in a particular variable in the face of external fluctuation of that variable
325722097conformeran animal for which an internal condition conforms to (changes in accordance with) changes in an environmental variable
325722098homeostasisthe steady-state physiological condition of the body
325722099set pointIn homeostasis in animals, a value maintained for a particular variable, such as body temperature or solute concentration
325722100stimulusIn feedback regulation, a fluctuation in a variable that triggers a response
325722101sensorIn homeostasis, a receptor that detects a stimulus
325722102responseIn feedback regulation, a physiological activity triggered by a change in a variable
325722104positive (reinforcing) feedbacka form of regulation in which an end product of a process speeds up that process
325722105circadian rhythma physiological cycle of about 24 hours that persists even in the absence of external cues
325722106acclimatizationphysiological adjustment to a change in an environmental factor
325722107thermoregulationthe maintenance of internal body temperature within a tolerable range
325722108endothermicorganisms that are warmed by heat generated by their own metabolism
325722109ectothermicorganisms for which external sources provide most of the heat for temperature regulation
325722110integumentary systemouter covering of a mammal's body
325722111countercurrent exchangeexchange of a substance or heat between two fluids flowing in opposite directions
325722112hypothalamusventral part of the vertebrate forebrain
325722113bioenergeticsoverall flow & transformation of energy in an organism
325722114metabolic ratetotal amount of energy an animal uses in a unit of time
325722115basal metabolic rate (BMR)the metabolic rate of a resting, fasting, and non-stressed endotherm at a comfortable temperature
325722116standard metabolic rate (SMR)metabolic rate of a resting, fasting, and non-stressed ectotherm at a particular temperature
325722117torpora physiological state in which activity is low and metabolism decreases
325722118hibernationa long-term physiological state in which metabolism decreases, the heart and respiratory system slow down, and body temperature is maintained at a lower level than normal
327310636poikilotherman animal whose body temperature varies with its environment
327310637homeotherman animal that has a relatively constant body temperature
330190904stratified squamous epitheliumnew cells form by division near the basal lamina, push outward, and replace cells that are sloughed off
330190905stratified squamous epitheliumcommonly found on surfaces subject to abrasion, such as the outer skin and the linings of the mouth, anus, and vagina
331248389pseudostratified columnar epitheliumciliated cells form a mucous membrane that lines portions of the respiratory tract - beating cilia sweep the film of mucus along the surface
331277821bioenergeticsstudy of how energy flows through organisms
331277822hypothalamusfunctions in maintaining homeostasis, especially in coordinating the endocrine and nervous systems
331277823hypothalamussecretes hormones of the posterior pituitary and releasing factors that regulate the anterior pituitary
331277824integumentary systemEXAMPLE: skin
331277825integumentary systemEXAMPLE: hair
331277826integumentary system`EXAMPLE: nails
331277827integumentary systemEXAMPLE: claws
331277828integumentary systemEXAMPLE: hooves
331277829endothermicorganism whose internal heat usually maintains a relatively stable body temperature higher than that of the external environment
331277830positive (reinforcing) feedbackin physiology, a control mechanism in which a change in a variable triggers a response that reinforces or amplifies the change
331277831simple squamous epitheliumfunctions in the exchange of material by diffusion
331277832simple squamous epitheliumthin and leaky tissue
331277833simple squamous epitheliumlines blood vessels and air sacs of lungs
331277834simple columnar epitheliumtissue found where secretion or active absorption is important
331277835simple columnar epitheliumEXAMPLE: lines the intestines, secreting digestive juices and absorbing nutrients
331277836cuboidal epitheliumtissue specialized for secretion
331277837cuboidal epitheliummakes up the epithelium of the kidney tubules
331277838cuboidal epitheliummakes up many glands, including the thyroid gland and salivary gland
331277839loose connective tissuebinds epithelia to underlying tissues & holds organs in place
331277840loose connective tissuegets its name from loose weave of fibers
331277841fibrous connective tissuefound in tendons and ligaments
331277842bloodconsists of water, salts, and dissolved proteins in a liquid, extracellular matrix called plasma
331277843bloodcontains Erythrocytes (red blood cells), which carry oxygen
331277844bloodcontains Leukocytes (white blood cells), which function in defense
331277845bloodcontains Platelets, which aid in blood clotting
331277846erythrocytesred blood cells
331277847erythrocytescarry oxygen through bloodstream
331277848leukocyteswhite blood cells
331277849leukocytescells in blood that function in defense
331277850plateletsaid in blood clotting
331277851smooth muscleresponsible for involuntary body activities
331277852smooth musclefound in the walls of the bladder, arteries, & other internal organs
331277853cardiac musclecells are joined by intercalated disks that relay the electrical signals underlying each heartbeat
331277854negative (stabilizing) feedbacka form of regulation in which accumulation of an end product of a process slows the process
331277855negative (stabilizing) feedbackin physiology, a primary mechanism of homeostasis, whereby a change in a variable triggers a response that counteracts the initial change
331283391neuronfundamental unit of the nervous system
331283392neuronstructure & properties allow this to conduct signals by taking advantage of the electrical charge across its plasma membrane
331283393hormoneimportant in long-distance signaling
331283394glial cellcell of the nervous system that supports, regulates, and augments the functions of neurons
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Chapter 40 Campbell Reece Biology 8th Edition Vocabulary Flashcards

Vocabulary from Chapter 40 of Campbell Reece Biology 8th Edition for AP Biology.

Terms : Hide Images
134796617AnatomyBiological Form
134796618PhysiologyBiological Function
134799716Epithelial TissueSheets of cells that cover the outside of the body and lines organs and cavities within the body
134799717Simple EpitheliumSingle layer
134799718Stratified EpitheliumMultiple tiers of cells
134799719Psuedostratified EpitheliumA single layer of cells varying in height
134799720Cuboidal EpitheliumRing of cells
134799721Columnar EpitheliumColumns of 1 large cell in each column
134799722Squamous EpitheliumCells that can be stacked in the shape of a square or a simple layer of normal sized and shaped cells
134799723Stratified Squamous EpitheliumSkin is composed of this and it regenerates new skin cells by rapid cell division near the Basal Laminu. New cells are pushed out to replace older or sloughed off cells
134799724Connective TissueBind and support other tissues in the body
134799725Loose ConnectiveCollagenous, elastic, and reticular fibers bind epithelium to underlying tissues and hold organs in place
134799726BoneMineralized connective tissue
134799727Adipose TissueSpecialized loose connective tissue that stores fat in adipose cells distributed throughout its matrix. Each cell contains a large fat droplet that swells when fat is stored and shrinks when the body uses that fat as fuel
134803125Skeletal Muscle TissueVoluntary Movements
134803126Cardiac Muscle TissueContractions of the heart
134803127Smooth Muscle TissueInvoluntary body activities
134803128Nervous TissueSense stimuli and transmit signals in the form of nervous impulse
134803129NeuronsExtensions called axons uniquely specialized to transmit nerve impulses
134803130GliaHelp nourish, insulate, and replenish neurons
134803131StimulusFluctuation in the variable above or below the set point
134803132Receptor/SensorDetects the stimulus and triggers a response
134803133ResponseA physiological activity that helps return the variable to the set point
134803134Negative Feedback ExampleNervous system triggers sweat to counteract the heat produced by exercise
134803135Positive Feedback ExampleThe baby's head hitting the receptors of a mother's uterus, causing the opening of the uterus, and great pressure until childbirth
134803136ThermoregulationProcess by which animals maintain an internal temperature within a tolerable range
134803137EndothermicAnimals warmed by heat generated by the metabolism
134803138EctothermicSpecies that get their heat from external sources
134803139PoikilothermicAn animal's body temperature varies with the environment
134803140HomeothermicAn animal's body temperature is constant
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America in the Gilded Age and Industrial Revolution Flashcards

Events and terms that have to do with the post-civil war/reconstruction era of America's history

Terms : Hide Images
132257529Vertical IntegrationClaiming ownership for everything that is necessary for a company's business; includes production, transport, refining, and marketing
132257530Horizontal IntegrationThe buying of smaller companies
137706025Waving the Bloody ShirtReliving Civil War glory in order to envoke enthusiasm from voters. 1st used by the Grand Administration in the Republican Party
137706026Pendleton Act of 1883Testing people to make sure that they were really qualified to take federal positions
137706027MugwumpsRepublicans who were "on the fence" during the competition for Republican Party Patronage between the Stalwarts and the Halfbreeds
137706028"Cross of Gold" SpeechGold is becoming the rapid downfall of the people and that people are making unnecessary sacrifices in order to obtain gold; people are basically crucifying themselves on a golden cross
137706029Sherman Antitrust ActAbolition of major companies getting together and agreeing on fixed prices in order to bring about the downfall of minor competative companies
137706030Jacob CoxeyA Populist who led Coxey's Army to Washington and demanded that the government invests $500M in creating new jobs
137706031Jane AddamsEstablished the Hull House which enabled a shelter for immigrants and offered immigrants education, counceling, Childcare, and Cultural Activities
137706032Thomas NastA political cartoonist who made cartoons to point out that there was alot of political corruption that was going on that the people were not adressing as well as they could
137706033The Wabash CaseIndividual states were not to have the power to regulate interstate commerce
137706034Booker T WashingtonDid not desire to adress issues of social inequality and desired to push African-American youths to learn about the trades
137706035W.E.B. DuboisDemanded complete equality for all and helped produce the NAACP
137706036Dawes Severalty ActNative Americans had to either act as though they were civilized white men or else lose their land; this was basically a forced assimilation where the options for either side are bleak
137706037The GrangeAn alliance of farmers dedicated initially to individual betterment but eventually became devoted to breaking free from the clutches of the Trust System
137706038Credit Mobilier ScandalMembers of a railroad company hired themselves at high prices to lay railroad lines and bribed key congressmen to keep quiet
137706039Plessy vs FergusonThe idea of "Seperate but Equal" facilities became legalized and thus caused legal discrimination
137706040Gospel of WealthThe rich are wealthy because God blessed them for their strenuous efforts and the poor are in poverty because they are lazy and not trying as hard as they could be; the rich feel as though it is their duty to help those who are unable to help themselves
137706041Populist PartyFarmers Alliance that desired to provide farmers with loaned crops in government warehouses where they will be safe during times of elevated prices; they also supported unlimited silver coinage
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Post Civil War Era Flashcards

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310475631Why was the US so economically successful after 1865?natural resources, immigration, high wages, laissez-faire, railroads
310475632the #1 reason the US was economically successfulrailroads
310475633company of transcontinental railroad that built westward from Nebraska using mainly Irish laborUnion Pacific
310475634company of transcontinental railroad that built eastward from San Francisco using mainly Chinese laborCentral Pacific
310475635these provided the railroad with moneygovernment subsidies
310475636effects of transcontinental railroadmass immigration to cities, industrialization, growth of agriculture
310475637the division of businessespools
310475638how was the railroad corrupt?stocks were inflated, monopolies (pools) were created, people were overcharged, and officials were bribed
310475639stated that states could not regulate interstate because it required federal action; outlawed poolsInterstate Commerce Act
310475640what was the main significance of the Interstate Commerce Act?the first attempt to regulate big business
310475641revolutionized the steel industry in PittsburghAndrew Carnegie
310475643a company controls every stage of the industrial processvertical integration
310475645owner of Standard Oil; controlled 95% of nation's oil refineriesJohn D. Rockefeller
310475648owning every company of a certain industryhorizontal integration
310475650which integration is legal today?[??]
310475653businessmen who dominate their respective industries and amassed huge personal fortunes typically as a direct result of pursuing various allegedly anti-competitive or unfair business practicesrobber barons
310475655a market containing a single firmmonopoly
310475657a situation where many companies join together to make business decisionstrust
310475660establishing the price of a product or service rather than allowing it to be determined naturally through free market forcesprice fixing
310475662selling the same product at different prices to different peopleprice discrimination
310475664putting your officers on the board of directors of other companiesinterlocking directorates
310475667selling a product at very low price with the intent of driving competitors out of the market or create a barrier to entry into the market for potential new competitorspredatory pricing
310475669America's business philosophybusiness should not be regulated by the government (laissez faire)
310475671survival of the fittest in societysocial darwinism
310475674the idea that wealth is a gift from God due to hard workGospel of Wealth
310475676government attempt to stop trusts; was against bigness, not badness; curbed the power of unionsSherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890
310475679inventor of the phonograph, the light bulb, the motion picture cameraThomas Edison
310475681inventor of the air brake and the TransformerGeorge Westinghouse
310475684inventor of the telephoneAlexander Graham Bell
310475686impacts of innovationsurbanization, women workers, immigrants, factory jobs
310475688first attempt to organize workers nationwide; gave 8hr work days, higher wages, and some rights for womenNational Labor Union
310475690closing a factorylockout
310475693list of union membersblacklists
310475695agreements not to join unionsyellow-dog contracts
310475698who had the upper hand?employers
310475700four largest railroad companies cut wages by 10% so workers went on strikeGreat Railroad Strike of 1877
310475702results of organized laborsome work improvements; loss of support of unions
310475704goals of Knights of Laborend child labor, end trusts and monopolies
310475706pro-labor rally in Chicago; bomb was thrown which killed 7 policemenHaymarket bombing
310475709result of the Haymarket bombingloss of support and popularity for Knights of Labor
310475711promoted "bread and butter" issuesThe American Federation of Labor
310475713what were "bread and butter" issues?better wages, better hours, better working conditions
310475715legacy of American Federation of Labor23,000 strikes, labor day created, unions would not prosper until the 1930s
310475718first truly organized labor strikeHomestead Steel Strike
310475720Eugene Debs organized a rail workers boycott of Pullman train cars due to wage cutsPullman strike
310475722how many Americans lived in a large city?1 out of every 3
310475724what was the world's 2nd largest city?New York
310475727largest problem for New Yorklots of horses, lots of manure, lots of urine
310475729what invention allowed the skyscraper to become commonplace?[???]
310475732from northern and western Europe, Protestant, English speakingOld Immigrants
310475735from southern and eastern Europe, Catholic, Orthodox, Jewish, uneducated, non-English speakingNew Immigrants
310475737which type of immigrant assimilated better?Old
310475740what percent of population was immigrant in 1900?15%
310475743attempted to spread ProtestantismChristian Socialists
310475745created the most prominent settlement house called Hull House designed to assimilate immigrants into American lifeJane Addams
310475748fiercely anti-Catholic group that feared immigrants would bring socialism or communismnativists
310475750started teh Tuskegee Institute to teach black useful trades; pushed for economic equality over social equalityBooker T. Washington
310475752founding member of the NAACP; demanded immediate full equality for the "talented tenth" of the black communityW.E.B. Dubois
310475754provided public lands to the states for education and created 'land grant' colleges, most state universitiesMorrill Act of 1862
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Learning Chapter 6 Flashcards

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687579113StimulusProduces a reaction or a response from a person or animal
687579114ResponseA bodily process occurring due to the effect of some foregoing stimulus or agent
687579115ConditioningA type of learning that involves stimulus- response connections
687579116Classical conditioningOne stimulus calls forth the response that calls forth another stimulus
687579117Unconditioned stimulusStimulus that causes a response that is automatic; response can not be learned
687579118Unconditional responseThe automatic response by instinct or nature
687579119Conditioned stimulusLearned stimulus through repeated association
687579120Conditioned responseLearned response to a stimulus that was previously meaningless or neutral
687579121ExtinctionConditioned stimulus is disconnected from the unconditioned stimulus, no reaction occurs
687579122Spontaneous recoveryDisplay responses that were extinguished earlier
687579123GeneralizationResponding to a stimuli that seems similar to the initial stimulus
687579124DiscriminationResponding differently to stimuli that are not similar
687579125FloodingExposed to a stimulus until fear responses to that stimulus disappear
687579126Systematic desensitizationPeople are relaxed and then expose to fearful stimulus gradually over time
687579127Taste aversionLearned avoidance of a particular food
687579128Operant conditioningLearn from the consequences of actions
687579129ReinforcementStimulus increases the chance of the preceding behavior happening again
687579130Primary reinforcerReinforcers that function due to the biological makeup of an organism
687579131Secondary reinforcerInitially acquire their value through being paired with established reinforcers
687579132Positive reinforcerIncrease the frequency of the behavior they follow when they are applied
687579133Negative reinforcerIncreases the frequency of the behavior that follows when they are removed
687579134Schedule of reinforcementWhen and how often the reinforcement occurs
687579135Continuous reinforcementReinforcement of a behavior every time the behavior occurs
687579136Partial reinforcementBehavior is not reinforced every time it occurs, behavior tends to last longer this way when reinforcement does not occur anymore
687579137ShapingA way of teaching complex behaviors in which one first reinforces small streps in the total activity
687579138Latent learningLearning that remains hidden until it is needed
687579139Observational learningAcquire knowledge and skills by observing and imitating others
687579140ChainingEach step of a sequence must be learned and must lead to the next until the final action is achieved
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