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Great Depression & New Deal Flashcards

143018225	New Deal	The _____ was Roosevelt's plan for getting out of the Depression (relief, recovery, and reform).
143018226	lame-duck	time period between FDR's election in November and his inauguration in March
143018227	Fear	What FDR said we should fear.
143018228	Hundred days	_____- the 1st 100 days Roosevelt was in office. This was a time of many new programs to try to improve the economy.
143018229	Bank Holiday	_____- time when Roosevelt closed all U.S. banks to see if the banks were financially healthy. He wanted to restore confidence in the banking system.
143018230	Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)	The _____ insured bank deposits up to $2,500 initially
143018231	Securities and Exchange Comission (SEC)	The _____ regulated the stock market.
143018232	FERA (Federal Emergency Relief Administration)	Roosevelt's relief organization called _____ which helped people find jobs.
143018233	Public works programs	_____ were government-funded projects to build public facilities.
143018234	CWA; 4;	The _____ employed __ million workers to build roads, parks, airports, and other facilities.
143018235	CCC (Civilian Conservation Corps); 2.5	The _____ put __ million young, unmarried men to work maintaining forests, beaches, and parks.
143018236	John Collier	_____ was Roosevelt's commissioner of Indian Affairs.
143018237	NRA (National Recovery Administration)	The _____ tried to balance the unstable economy through extensive planning by regulating businesses to make sure they were practicing fair business practices.
143018238	PWA	The _____ launched major public work projects like building the Grand Coulee Dam.
143018239	Federal Housing Act (FHA)	The _____ was created to improve housing standards and conditions and to insure mortgages (loans).
143018240	AAA (Agricultural Adjustment Administration)	The _____ raised farm prices by paying subsidies or government financial assisstance to farmers who cut production of certain crops.
143018241	Tennesee Valley Authority (TVA)	The _____ provided cheap electric power, flood control, and recreational opportunities to the entire Tennesee Valley.
143018242	Brain trust	_____- informal group of intellectuals who were FDR's advisors.
143018243	Frances Perkins	President Roosevelt appointed the 1st woman cabinet member when he appointed _____ as Sec. of Labor.
143018244	Eleanor Roosevelt	Her husband's greatest advisor.
143018245	NRA	Some "New Deal" legislation failed and the Supreme Court said the _____ was unconstitutional.
143018246	Second New Deal	The _____ went into effect. This caused more social welfare, benefits, stricter control over business, stronger support for unions, and higher taxes on the rich.
143018247	Rural Electrification Administration (REA)	Through the _____ 98% of the farms eventually had electricity compared to 10% at the beginning of the Depression.
143018248	a) set up old-age pensions and survivor's benefits. b) set up unemployment insurance. c) set up aid for dependent children, the blind, and the disabled.	In 1905, Congress set up the Social Security system which:
143018249	Alfred M. Landon	Roosevelt won re-election in 1936 when he defeated _____, the Republican, by a landslide.
143018250	Republicans; Democrats, Progressives, and Socialists	_____ thought the New Deal went too far. Some _____ did not think the New Deal went far enough.
143018251	Revenue Act of 1935; Wealth Tax Act	Wealthy people disliked Roosevelt because of the _____ or the _____ which raised taxes on the rich.
143018252	wealthy	Social Security was resented by the _____.
143018253	American Liberty League; Alfred E. Smith	The _____ led by _____, a leading business leader, said the New Deal limited individual freedom.
143018254	Progressives and Socialists	_____ charged that the New Deal didn't help enough people.
143018255	Father Coughlin; nationalization	_____, who was called the "Radio Priest", was a demagogue. He was openly anti-Jewish and praised Hitler and Mussolini. He believed in _____ which was a government takeover and ownership of banks and the redistribution of wealth.
143018256	Huey Long; 1$; $5	_____ was another demagogue. He wanted to limit individual income to __ million and inheritance to __ million and then redistribute the wealth.
143018257	deficit spending	Some modern day critics disliked subsidies when the country needed food. They also criticized "_____" development which was paying out more money from the annual federal budget than the government receives in revenues.
143018258	pack the Supreme Court	Roosevelt lost some popularity by trying to _____ with liberal justices by raising the number of justices in office. He was later forced to drop the idea when the Republican and southern Democrats sided together.
143018259	recession	_____- a period of slow business activity.
143018260	recession	There was some improvement in the Depression in the mid 1930's but a _____ hit the country after Roosevelt cut some of his federal programs.
143018261	36%	Union membership rose about 7.5 million people during the Depression and by 1935 some __ of Americans were unionized.
143018262	American Federation of Labor; Committee for Industrial Organization	The AFL stands for _____ and the CIO stands for _____.
143018263	General Motors; Frank Murphy	_____ in Flint, Michigan was shut down by a sit-down strike. President Roosevelt and MIchigan governor _____ refused to send in the militia.
143018264	unconstitutional	The Supreme Court eventually declared sit-down strikes _____.
143018265	John Steinbeck	The Grapes of Wrath by _____ were written during the Depression.
143018266	Radio; Movies	_____ and _____ became a major source of entertainment during the Depression.
143018267	WPA	The _____ provided numerous jobs for unemployed artists, musicians, historians, theater people, and writers.
143018268	FDIC, SEC, and Social Security	Much of the New Deal legislation is still in existence today, like the _____, the _____, and _____.
143018269	World War II	Event that actually ended the Depression

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AP Biology, Ch 14-Mendel and the Gene Idea (Campbell 7e) Flashcards

AP Biology, 37 terms, Campbell Biology, 7th edition

Terms : Hide Images

572531098	alleles	Alternative versions of a gene that produce distinguishable phenotypic effects.
572531099	amniocentesis	A technique of prenatal diagnosis in which amniotic fluid, obtained by aspiration from a needle inserted into the uterus, is analyzed to detect certain genetic and congenital defects in the fetus.
572531100	carrier	In genetics, an individual who is heterozygous at a given genetic locus, with one normal allele and one potentially harmful recessive allele. The heterozygote is phenotypically normal for the character determined by the gene but can pass on the harmful allele to offspring.
572531101	character	An observable heritable feature.
572531102	chorionic villus (sampling - CVS)	A technique of prenatal diagnosis in which a small sample of the fetal portion of the placenta is removed and analyzed to detect certain genetic and congenital defects in the fetus.
572531103	codominance	The situation in which the phenotypes of both alleles are exhibited in the heterozygote.
572531104	complete dominance	The situation in which the phenotypes of the heterozygote and dominant homozygote are indistinguishable.
572531105	cystic fibrosis	A human genetic disorder caused by a recessive allele for a chloride channel protein; characterized by an excessive secretion of mucus and consequent vulnerability to infection; fatal if untreated.
572531106	dihybrid	An organism that is heterozygous with respect to two genes of interest. All the offspring from a cross between parents doubly homozygous for different alleles are dihybrids. For example, parents of genotypes AABB and aabb produce a dihybrid of genotype AaBb.
572531107	dominant allele	An allele that is fully expressed in the phenotype of a heterozygote.
572531108	epistasis	A type of gene interaction in which one gene alters the phenotypic effects of another gene that is independently inherited.
572531109	F1 generation	The first filial, or hybrid, offspring in a series of genetic crosses.
572531110	F2 generation	Offspring resulting from interbreeding of the hybrid F1 generation.
572531111	genotype	The genetic makeup, or set of alleles, of an organism.
572531112	heterozygous	Having two different alleles for a given gene.
572531113	homozygous	Having two identical alleles for a given gene.
572531114	Huntington's (disease)	A human genetic disease caused by a dominant allele; characterized by uncontrollable body movements and degeneration of the nervous system; usually fatal 10 to 20 years after the onset of symptoms.
572531115	hybridization	In genetics, the mating, or crossing, of two true-breeding varieties.
572531116	incomplete dominance	The situation in which the phenotype of heterozygotes is intermediate between the phenotypes of individuals homozygous for either allele.
572531117	(law of) independent assortment	Mendel's second law, stating that each pair of alleles segregates independently during gamete formation; applies when genes for two characters are located on different pairs of homologous chromosomes.
572531118	(law of) segregation	Mendel's first law, stating that each allele in a pair separates into a different gamete during gamete formation.
572531119	monohybrid	An organism that is heterozygous with respect to a single gene of interest. All the offspring from a cross between parents homozygous for different alleles are monohybrids. For example, parents of genotypes AA and aa produce a monohybrid of genotype Aa.
572531120	multifactorial	Referring to a phenotypic character that is influenced by multiple genes and environmental factors.
572531121	norm of reaction	The range of phenotypes produced by a single genotype, due to environmental influences.
572531122	P generation	The parent individuals from which offspring are derived in studies of inheritance; P stands for parental.
572531123	pedigree	A diagram of a family tree showing the occurrence of heritable characters in parents and offspring over multiple generations.
572531124	phenotype	The physical and physiological traits of an organism, that are determined by its genetic makeup.
572531125	pleiotropy	The ability of a single gene to have multiple effects.
572531126	polygenic inheritance	An additive effect of two or more gene loci on a single phenotypic character.
572531127	Punnett square	A diagram used in the study of inheritance to show the results of random fertilization in genetic crosses.
572531128	quantitative character	A heritable feature that varies continuously over a range rather than in an either-or fashion.
572531129	recessive allele	An allele whose phenotypic effect is not observed in a heterozygote.
572531130	sickle-cell (disease)	A human genetic disease caused by a recessive allele that results in the substitution of a single amino acid in the hemoglobin protein; characterized by deformed red blood cells that can lead to numerous symptoms.
572531131	Tay-Sachs (disease)	A human genetic disease caused by a recessive allele for a dysfunctional enzyme, leading to accumulation of certain lipids in the brain. Seizures, blindness, and degeneration of motor and mental performance usually become manifest a few months after birth.
572531132	testcross	Breeding of an organism of unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive individual to determine the unknown genotype. The ratio of phenotypes in the offspring determines the unknown genotype.
572531133	trait	Any detectable variation in a genetic character.
572531134	true-breeding	Referring to plants that produce offspring of the same variety when they self-pollinate.

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AP PSYCH MIDTERM Flashcards

AP PSYCH MIDTERM

Terms : Hide Images

623687924	Tabula Rasa	people are born as a blank slate
623687925	Empiricism	see knowledge as coming through experience and observation not speculation (experimentation)
623687926	Empirical research	perform experiments to gather and analyze info about psychological phenomena
623687927	Wundt	established the first psych lab in Germany, developed introspection: "inward looking", studied consciousness: the immediate experience rising from sensory-perceptual systems
623687928	Kohler	Gestalt psychology: looking at the big picture, consciousness is best understood by observing it as a total experience
623687929	Titchener	a student of Wundt, structuralism: approach that defines structure of consciousness, look at individual pieces
623687930	Freud	psychoanalysis: theory of personality and mental disorder, personality developed by experiences, human behavior determined by irrational drives, all behavior is motivated by psychological processes (unconscious conflicts)
623687931	James	influenced by evolution, founded first US psych lab at Harvard University, developed functionalism: what is the function, focused on ongoing stream of consciousness, ever changing pattern of images, sensations, memories
623687932	Watson	behaviorism: recognized existence of consciousness but considered it useless as a target of research since it was private and unobserved by scientific method, learning is most important to determine behavior
623687933	Skinner	developed operant conditioning: how rewards and punishments shape, maintain, and change behavior
623687934	Biological	emphasizes activity of the nervous system, especially of the brain; the action of hormones and other chemicals; and genetics
623687935	Evolutionary	emphasizes the ways in which behavior and mental processes are adaptive for survival
623687936	Psychodynamic	emphasizes internal conflicts mostly unconscious which usually pit sexual or aggressive instincts against environmental obstacles to their expression
623687937	Behavioral	emphasizes learning, especially each person's experience with rewards and punishments
623687938	Cognitive	emphasizes mechanisms through which people receive, store, retrieve, and otherwise process information
623687939	Humanistic	emphasizes individual potential for growth and the role of unique perceptions in guiding behavior and mental processes
623687940	Operational definition	specifically defining variables so that they are measurable (Ex. # of smiles per minutes to measure happiness)
623687941	Theory	tentative explanation of behavior and mental processes
623687942	Independent variable	manipulate/controlled by the experimenter
623687943	Dependent variable	measurement of the consequences of IV
623687944	Random assignment	each person has an equal chance of being placed in control or experimental group
623687945	Confounding variables	uncontrolled factors that may have affected results
623687946	Placebo effect	participants believe they are feeling better due to treatment (with no active ingredient)
623687947	Single blind study	avoid subject bias
623687948	Double blind study	eliminates experimenter bias as well as subject bias
623687949	Random sample	randomly selecting from population of study
623687950	Representative sample	group of people who represent a larger population
623687951	Quasi experiment	used when a true experiment is impossible or unethical (no random sampling)
623687952	Naturalistic observations	observing people/animals in natural environment without interference
623687953	Positives	natural behavior, inexpensive
623687954	Negatives	no control, no questions, time consuming
623687955	Survey method	questionnaire used to gather opinions, beliefs, behaviors
623687956	Positives	large populations, fast and efficient, inexpensive
623687957	Negative	generalizing, some people lie, framing of questions
623687958	Correlation	relationship between 2 variables *cannot imply causation
623687959	Illusory correlation	seeing a relationship between variables when none exists
623687960	Confirmation bias	tendency for people to favor information that confirms their theory
623687961	Framing	ask a question in a certain way that affects the way the subject answer it
623687962	Ethics	accurately reports results, minimize subjects discomfort, informed consent, must debrief subjects after participation
623687963	Scientific method	develop theory, hypothesis, observation, test, refine, theory, replicate
623687964	Statistics	...
623687965	Descriptive statistics	measures of central tendency, measures of variability
623687966	Mean	average
623687967	Median	middle number
623687968	Mode	most frequent number
623687969	Range	highest number to lowest number
623687970	Standard deviation	measure average difference between each score and the mean LOOK AT NOTES FOR GRAPH
623687971	Percentile scores	...
623687972	Correlation	positive (same direction) or negative (opposite direction)
623687973	Correlation coefficient	strength and direction of relationship between 2 variables
623687974	Statistical significance	significant: results not due to chance, insignificant: results due to chance
623687975	When can you generalize from a sample?	...
623687976	Biological Aspects of Psychology	...
623687977	Parts of a neuron	cell body (nucleus), dendrites (receive messages), axons (sends message away), synapse (space between neutrons through which the message travels), neurotransmitter (chemicals that carry a message), myelin (fatty substance surrounding the axon, more=faster)
623687978	Neural impulse	sending a message
623687979	Neurons are polarized when resting	...
623687980	When an action potential passes sodium channels open	...
623687981	Sodium ions rush into the axon, further depolarizing it (positive ions come inside)	...
623687982	Vesicles containing neurotransmitters are pushed to end of axon and open into the synapse	...
623687983	Neurotransmitters travel across the synapse to bind with receptors on dendrites of next neuron	...
623687984	Neuron then returns to a resting state (refractory period=polarized)	...
623687985	Glial cells	hold neurons in place, repair/clean up damage
623687986	Myelin sheath	fatty substance surrounds the axon (more=faster signal)
623687987	Neurotransmitters	...
623687988	Acetylcholine	memory (low=Alzheimers)
623687989	Norepinephrine	arousal
623687990	Serotonin	mood or emotions, sleep, appetite (low=depression, high=mania, low/high=bipolar)
623687991	Dopamine	initiation of movements and experiencing pleasure (high=schizophrenia, low=Parkinson's disease)
623687992	GABA	inhibitory (not to fire) neurotransmitters (low=Huntington's disease)
623687993	Glutamate	excitatory neurotransmitters (fire), strengthening connections and learning
623687994	Endorphins	pain killers
623687995	"All	or-none" Principle-if the stimulus is above a certain threshold then it will fire and there will either be a full response or none at all
623687996	Peripheral nervous system	...
623687997	Somatic system	...
623687998	sensory system brings in environment info (see, hear, taste, smell) ex. Hearing music	...
623687999	motor system sends messages to muscles ex. dancing	...
623688000	Autonomic system	automatic functions like breathing, heart rate, blood pressure
623688001	Sympathetic system	prepares body for action (increases)
623688002	Parasympathetic system	conserves body's energy (decreases)
623688003	Central nervous system	...
623688004	Spinal cord	carries messages to and from brain, controls reflexes *sensory messages travel to spinal cord, back to body part needing reflex, then back to brain
623688005	Brain	...
623688006	Hindbrain	...
623688007	Medulla	vital functions (heart rate, breathing, blood pressure)
623688008	Reticular formation	arousal, alertness, awareness
623688009	Cerebellum	coordination, movement, balance
623688010	Pons	sleep and dreaming
623688011	Locus coeruleus	stress and panic responses
623688012	Midbrain	...
623688013	Substantia nigra	initiate smooth movement
623688014	Striatum	initiate smooth movement
623688015	Forebrain	...
623688016	Thalamus	central relay station for all senses (except smell)
623688017	Hypothalamus	basic drives (hunger, thirst, sex)
623688018	Amygdala	emotions, specifically fear and aggression
623688019	Hippocampus	formation of memories
623688020	Cerebral Cortex	...
623688021	Frontal lobe	decision making, personality, high level though, MOTOR CORTEX
623688022	Parietal lobe	sense of touch, SENSORY CORTEX
623688023	Occipital lobe	vision, VISUAL CORTEX
623688024	Temporal lobe	hearing, AUDITORY CORTEX
623688025	Somatosensory cortex	touch, temperature, pain, kinesthesia, vestibular sense
623688026	Association cortexes	...
623688027	Broca's area	left frontal lobe, production of speech
623688028	Wernicke's area	left temporal lobe, understanding and interpreting speech
623688029	Limbic system	basic emotions and drives
623688030	Brain imaging	...
623688031	EEG	neural activity (brain waves)
623688032	CAT scan	uses X rays to take brain photographs
623688033	MRI	3D images of tissue (all parts of the body)
623688034	PET scan	chemical activity in different regions of brain
623688035	fMRI	detects neural activity in different brain regions in seconds, f=functional
623688036	Left brain	controls right side, speech/language, logic, math and science, organization, planning
623688037	Right brain	controls left side, creativity, spatial skills, face recognition
623688038	Split brain studies	(Gazzaniga) damage to the left hemisphere impairs the ability to use or comprehend language
623688039	Corpus callosum	bundle of nerves connecting left and right hemispheres of brain so each side can communicate with each other
623688040	Endocrine system	glands and hormones (used to communicate), tissues and organs
623688041	Sensation	...
623688042	Pathway of sensory information	accessory structure transduction (transforming incoming energy into neural activity)thalamus (except smell)parts of cerebral cortex
623688043	Transduction	transforming incoming energy into neural activity
623688044	Adaptation	responsiveness to an unchanging stimulus decreases over time
623688045	Temporal codes	changes in rate/timing of neural activity
623688046	Spatial codes	physical location of neural activity
623688047	Amplitude	loudness (measured in decibels)
623688048	Wave length	length of the wave
623688049	Frequency	pitch/wavelength (measured in Hertz)
623688050	Timbre	quality of sound
623688051	Auditory transduction	pinna (outer ear)funnels in sound wavewaves travel through ear canalwaves strike tympanic membrane (ear drum)vibrations occur in 3 little bonesvibrations pass through oval windowmove the hair cells (cilia) on basilar membrane in the cochlea*transductionhair cells movement causes neuron activity in auditory nervethalamusauditory cortex in temporal lobe
623688052	Deafness	conduction: problems with the 3 little bones, nerve: problems with auditory nerve or damage to hair cells
623688053	Place Theory	hair cells at particular location on basilar membrane respond most to certain frequencies *high frequency
623688054	Frequency matching (volley) theory	firing rate of neuron in auditory nerve matches frequency of sound wave
623688055	Hue	shade of color (wavelength)
623688056	Brightness	intensity of color (amplitude)
623688057	Pathway of light	lightwaves enter cornea (outer covering of eye)pupil (opening to eye)iris (colored muscle, works with pupil)lens (focus image)retina (back wall of eye)photoreceptors (rods and cones) *transductionbipolar cellsbipolar cellsganglion cellsoptic nervethalamusoccipital lobe (visual cortex)
623688058	Rods	black and white, peripheral
623688059	Cones	color
623688060	Fovea	highest concentration of cones on the retina and focuses most images here because gives greatest acuity
623688061	Blind spot	where optic nerve leaves eye, no receptors/wall to focus image on
623688062	Hue	shade of color (wavelength)
623688063	Saturation	purity of color
623688064	Brightness	intensity of color (amplitude)
623688065	Trichromatic Theory of Color Vision	(Young-Helmholtz Theory)
623688066	3 cones each responds to broad range of wavelengths, but each is most sensitive to particular wavelength	...
623688067	Short wavelength responds to blue	...
623688068	Medium wavelength to green	...
623688069	Long wavelength to red	...
623688070	Opponent Process Theory of Color Process	visual elements sensitive to color are grouped into 3 pairs and members oppose (inhibit) each other
623688071	RedGreen	...
623688072	BlackWhite	...
623688073	Blueyellow	...
623688074	Colorblindness	caused by gene mutation, discriminate of fewer colors than other people, cones lack color sensitive pigments for red, green, or blue
623688075	Visual Pathways	optic chiasm is where optic nerve of each eye crosses over to the other side, neurons in Lateral Geniculate Nucleus send visual input to visual cortex in occipital lobe
623688076	Parallel Processing	simultaneously, LGN is organized into layers, each layer maps out retina and responds simultaneously to a different aspect of visual stimuli ex. Form, color, movement, distance
623688077	Feature Detectors	cells in visual cortex respond to specific characteristics of objects in visual field
623688078	Olfaction	airborne chemicals are detected by receptor cells in upper nose, axons from nose travel to olfactory bulb, from olfactory bulb axons spread to many areas of the brain (amygdala)
623688079	Pheromones	chemicals that shape the behavior/physiology of animals. Detected by vomeronasal organ
623688080	Gustation	(taste) papillae contain receptors for taste (taste buds), each taste bud responds best to one or two of the following tastes but weakly to other categories: sweet, sour, salty, bitter, each taste produces different neural activity
623688081	Touch receptors	...
623688082	Receptors near surface of skin that responds to mechanical deformation of skin (fingers are most sensitive to pressure)	...
623688083	When in constant contact with stimulus, adaptation occurs by decreasing rate at which receptors are fired	...
623688084	Info about weight and vibration of a stimulus is coded by # of nerves stimulated and frequency at which individual nerves fire	...
623688085	Location coded by organization of info, which is topographical and contralateralized (criss	crossed and flip flopped) which tells brain where you've been touched
623688086	Skin receptors sensitive to warm and cold	...
623688087	Gate control theory of pain	pain can be blocked at spinal cord. Other sensory info (aside from pain) can complete and take over pain pathways
623688088	Kinesthesia	awareness of the position and movements of parts of the body
623688089	Vestibular system	balance and spatial orientation
623688090	Synesthesia	joined perception, "cross talk" of senses
623688091	Perception	...
623688092	Absolute threshold	minimum amount of energy needed from a stimulus to detect it is there, supraliminal: above threshold, subliminal: below threshold=not detected
623688093	Signal detection theory	...
623688094	Stimulus present	...
623688095	Yes No	...
623688096	Stimulus No miss correct rejection	...
623688097	detected Yes hit false alarm	...
623688098	Weber's Law	JND is a fixed proportion (K) of the intensity of stimulus
623688099	Fechner's Law	constant increases in energy will produce smaller increases in perceived stimulus
623688100	Figure ground processing	foreground and background
623688101	Interposition	object blocked by other object
623688102	Relative size	far away objects look small
623688103	Texture gradient	detail lessens farther away
623688104	Linear perspective	lines go closer together as it goes farther away
623688105	Binocular disparity	combining images from both eyes to perceive depth
623688106	Convergence	eyes converge more when close than far
623688107	Motion parallax	objects further away move slowly while objects closer more quickly
623688108	Looming	images get bigger on retinal wall as stimulus approaches
623688109	Stroboscopic motion	illusion in which we perceive continual movement from a series of still images
623688110	Perceptual constancy	ability to perceive sameness even if image on retina changes (size, shape, brightness)
623688111	Bottom up processing	integrating specific, detailed information into a whole perception *usually accurate (babies use this)
623688112	Top down processing	using our knowledge, experience, and expectations for perception *can be both accurate and inaccurate (adults use this)
623688113	Schemas	mental representations of objects/situations created through experience. These can create a perceptual set, which is a predisposition to perceive a stimulus in a certain way
623688114	Visual cliff	used apparatus to determine whether depth perception is innate, found that infants can perceive depth around 10 months old
623688115	Habituation	it is the decrease of a conditioned response after repeated exposure to the conditioned stimulus
623688116	Learning	...
623688117	Classical conditioning	Pavlov
623688118	UCSUCR	...
623688119	NS+UCSUCR	...
623688120	CSCR	...
623688121	Extinction	CR gets weaker and eventually disappears
623688122	Reconditioning	relationship between CS and UCS is relearned (much faster)
623688123	Spontaneous recovery	after CR has gone extinct, a single presentation of CS elicits CR
623688124	Thorndike	Law of Effect: if a response is followed by a reward, response is more likely to occur again
623688125	Skinner	interested in the rate of learning, developed "operant conditioning"
623688126	Positive reinforcement	addition of something pleasurable to increase a behavior
623688127	Negative reinforcement	removal of something unwanted
623688128	Escape conditioning	learn behaviors that lead to an escape from an unpleasant situation
623688129	Avoidance conditioning	learn behaviors to avoid an unpleasant situation
623688130	Positive Punishment	addition of something unpleasant to decrease a behavior
623688131	Negative Punishment	removal of something desired to decrease a behavior
623688132	Secondary reinforcement	learned rewards ex. Money
623688133	Primary reinforcement	inherently rewarding ex. Food, water, love
623688134	Shaping	reinforce successive approximations of the desired behavior ex. Cheerios in Monsters Inc.
623688135	Continuous reinforcement	reward behavior every time it occurs (easily extinguished)
623688136	Partial reinforcement	more difficult to extinguish
623688137	Fixed ratio	set number
623688138	Variable ratio	varying number ex. gambling
623688139	Fixed interval	set time
623688140	Variable interval	varying time, more resistant to extinction
623688141	Premack principal	an activity higher up on one's "preference hierarchy" has more reinforcement power
623688142	Disequilibrium	any activity can become a reinforcer if access to it has been restricted for some time
623688143	Learned helplessness	tendency to give up any effort to control your environment
623688144	Cognitive maps	mental representations of a familiar location
623688145	Latent learning	learning that is not immediately evident ex. Watch someone drive then drive by yourself
623688146	Insight	understanding the overall organization of a problem, "lightbulb" turning on
623688147	Social learning theory	learning by watching others
623688148	Vicarious conditioning	type of observational learning, observe a behavior of another person, then wait to see consequences of that behavior
623688149	Memory	...
623688150	Acoustic codes	sounds
623688151	Visual codes	images
623688152	Semantic codes	meaning of information
623688153	Encoding	process of putting into memory codes to be stored
623688154	Storage	holding info in memory over time
623688155	Retrieval	putting info out of memory into consciousness
623688156	Information processing	sensory memoryshort term memorylong term memory
623688157	Sensory memory	holds info from all senses in sensory registers for ~ 1 second
623688158	Short term memory	18 to 20 seconds, 5 to 9 items, acoustic encoding dominates
623688159	Long term memory	encoding: deeper processing so it lasts longer (usually involves semantic encoding)
623688160	Implicit memory	unintentional influence of prior experience (don't mean to remember) ex. Learn words to song
623688161	Explicit memory	consciously aware/deliberately making a memory ex. Studying for a test
623688162	Maintenance rehearsal	repeating info over and over
623688163	Elaborative rehearsal	building associations between new info and what is already known
623688164	Chunking	grouping information=increases the amount we recall
623688165	Models of Memory	...
623688166	Levels of processing	how well we remember info is based on how deeply we process/encode the info (more connections made) Shallow (maintenance rehearsal)------------>deep (elaborative rehearsal)
623688167	Transfer appropriate processing model	memory is based on how well the encoding process matches the retrieval process (think "filing" cabinet)
623688168	Parallel distributed processing model	new facts change our knowledge base by altering interconnected networks
623688169	Serial position effect	LOOK AT GRAPH IN NOTES
623688170	Primacy effect	tendency to recall 1st words on a list
623688171	Recency effect: tendency to recall last words on a list	...
623688172	Episodic	a specific event that happened while you were
623688173	Semantic	generalized knowledge (not specific event)
623688174	Procedural	(skill) how to perform certain physical task ex. Playing the piano, tying shoelaces, riding a bike
623688175	Mnemonics	strategies for remembering info (unusual association)
623688176	State dependent	remember info best when in the same physiological state as when info was learned
623688177	Context dependent	remember info best if in a physical location that is the same/similar as where info was learned
623688178	Mood congruence	info processing is facilitated if a person's emotional state is similar in tone to info being processed
623688179	Tip of the tongue phenomenon	retrieving incomplete knowledge (some details but not all)
623688180	Flashbulb memories	any time you remember very specific details about a significant event ex. 9/11
623688181	Decay	gradual erosion of a memory (most common problem for short term memory)
623688182	Interference	proactive: old info interferes with learning new info, retroactive: new info interferes with recalling old info
623688183	Hippocampus	memory formation
623688184	Acetylcholine	memory (low=Alzheimer's)
623688185	Amnesia	anterograde: loss of memory of events occurring after the injury (hippocampal damage), retrograde amnesia: loss of memory of events prior to the injury
623688186	Cognition and Language	...
623688187	Expectancy	response is quicker and more accurate if the stimulus is expected
623688188	Speed accuracy tradeoff	faster speed produces lower accuracy
623688189	Stimulus response compatibility	does the response naturally go with the stimulus?
623688190	Complexity	# of possible actions
623688191	Evoked brain potential	small, temporal changes in voltage
623688192	Artificial concepts	defined by a fixed set of characteristics that all members have and no nonmembers have ex. Square: a geometric shape with four equal sides and four right-angle corners
623688193	Natural concepts	no set of fixed rules that define features (members have at least some of the characteristics that define the concept)
623688194	Prototypes	member of a natural concept that possesses all or most of its characteristics
623688195	Schemas	generalizing we develop about categories of objects, events, and people based on experiences
623688196	Script	familiar sequences of events or activities
623688197	Syllogism	conclusion drawn from two propositions
623688198	Heuristic	mental shortcuts
623688199	Anchoring	estimate the probability of an event by slightly adjusting original estimate after being given new info ex. Hard to change first impressions
623688200	Representativeness	decide if someone/thing belongs in a certain group based on similar characteristics ex. Stereotyping
623688201	Availability	reach a conclusion/decision based on info that is most readily available to us
623688202	Mental sets	viewing a new problem from perspective used on an old problem, so can't see simpler solution
623688203	Functional fixedness	inability to use objects in new ways
623688204	Multiple hypothesis	testing incorrect options first can delay problem solving
623688205	Artificial intelligence: computers are programmed to think like humans (expert systems: only one area ex. Medical)	...
623688206	Phoneme	smallest unit of sound with meaning
623688207	Morphemes	smallest unit of language with meaning ex. Cat=1 morphemes, cats=2 morphemes
623688208	Syntax	determine the way in which words are combined to form sentences
623688209	Semantics	rules that govern the meaning of words
623688210	Surface structure	string of words
623688211	Deep structure	underlying meaning (can have more than one)
623688212	Chomsky	all humans innately possess a language acquisition device (helps learn complexities of language)
623688213	Whorfian hypothesis	one's language influences one's perception/thoughts

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Geometry Vocabulary Flashcards

Geometry-related vocabulary from the Saxon Algebra 1 book.

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625446475	Quadrilateral	A polygon with four sides
625446477	Parallelogram	A quadrilateral that has two pairs of parallel sides
625446479	Trapezoid	A quadrilateral that has exactly two parallel sides
625446481	Rectangle	A parallelogram with four right angles
625446483	Rhombus	An equilateral parallelogram
625446485	Square	A rhombus with four right angles or A parallelogram that is equilateral and equiangular
625446487	Perpendicular	Two lines that make a square corner at the point of intersection (90⁰)
625446489	Point of Intersection	The point where two lines cross.
625446491	Right Angle	The angle made by perpendicular lines (90⁰)
625446493	Straight Angle	Two right angles form a straight angle (180⁰)
625446495	Acute Angle	An angle that is smaller than a right angle (<90⁰)
625446497	Obtuse Anlge	An angle that is larger than a right angle and smaller than a straight angle (between 90⁰ and 180⁰)
625446500	Vertex	The endpoint of each segment in a polygon (a corner)
625446501	Triangle	3-sided polygon
625446503	Quadrilateral	4-sided polygon
625446505	Pentagon	5-sided polygon
625446507	Hexagon	6-sided polygon
625446509	Heptagon	7-sided polygon
625446512	Octagon	8-sided polygon
625446514	Nonagon	9-sided polygon
625446516	Decagon	10-sided polygon
625446518	Undecagon	11-sided polygon
625446520	Dodecagon	12-sided polygon
625446523	Concave Polygon	A polygon with an indentation (has an interior angle >180⁰)
625446525	Convex Polygon	Any polygon that does not have an indentation (all interior angles are <180⁰).
625446527	Equilateral Polygon	A polygon with all equal sides
625446529	Equiangular Polygon	A polygon with all equal angle measures
625446531	Regular Polygon	A polygon that is equilateral and equiangular
625446533	Right Triangle	A triangle that has one right angle
625446535	Acute Triangle	A triangle with three acute angles
625446537	Obtuse Triangle	A triangle with one obtuse angle
625446539	Equiangular Triangle	A triangle where all of the angles have the same measure of 60⁰.
625446541	Isosceles Triangle	A triangle that has at least two sides of equal length
625446543	Scalene Triangle	A triangle where all three sides have different measures
625446545	Equilateral Triangle	A triangle where all three sides have the same length
625446547	Perimeter	The distance around a geometric object (measured in units)
625446549	Radius	The distance from the center of a circle to any point on the circle.
625446552	Diameter	The radius of a circle times two
625446554	Circumference	The perimeter of a circle (C=2πr)
625446556	pi (π)	The exact number of times the diameter of a circle will go around the circle. Pi is an irrational number, but sometimes we use the approximation 3.14.

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Geom Chapter 4 vocabulary Flashcards

Holt Chapter 4: Triangle Congruence

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229280675	acute triangle	A triangle with three acute angles. An acute angle measures less than 90°.
234481963	auxiliary line	A line drawn in a figure to aid in a proof.
234486365	base of an isosceles triangle	The side opposite the vertex angle.
229280676	congruent polygons	Whose corresponding sides and angles are congruent.
234495988	corresponding sides	Sides that are in the same position in polygons with an equal number of sides.
234486366	equiangular triangle	A triangle with three congruent angles.
229280677	equilateral triangle	A triangle with three congruent sides.
229280678	exterior angle of a polygon	An angle formed by one side of a polygon and the extension of an adjacent side.
234486367	included angle	The angle formed by two adjacent sides of a polygon.
234486368	included side	The common side of two consecutive angles of a polygon.
234490623	interior angle	An angle formed by two sides of a polygon with a common vertex.
229280679	isosceles triangle	A triangle with at least two congruent sides.
229280680	obtuse triangle	A triangle with one obtuse angle. An obtuse angle measures more than 90°.
229280681	right triangle	A triangle with one right angle.
229280682	scalene triangle	A triangle with no congruent sides.

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Geometry - 1st Semester key vocabulary Flashcards

Lines, angles, triangles, quadrilaterals, triangle congruence shortcuts

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574798170	Congruent	when two parts of a geometric figure have the same measure
574798171	Corresponding	geometric items that are in the same position in different figures
574798172	Vertical angles	a must be equal to b.
574798173	Reflexive property of equality	This reason is used to help prove congruence when one side or angle that is part of two triangles has a measure that is equal to itself. SAME side or angle!
574798174	Complementary angles	Two angles which add up to 90 degrees
574798175	Supplementary angles	Two angles which add up to 180 degrees
574798176	Angle-Angle-Angle (AAA)	does NOT prove triangles congruent; DOES show that triangles are SIMILAR
574798177	Angle-Side-Angle (ASA)	DOES prove triangles congruent when two adjacent angles and the included side are congruent
574798178	Angle-Angle-Side (AAS)	DOES prove triangles congruent when two adjacent angles and the following side are congruent
574798179	Side-Angle-Side (SAS)	Pair 4 shows that when two adjacent sides and the included angle are congruent, the triangles are congruent.
574798180	Side-Angle-Angle (SAA)	Pair 3 shows that when two adjacent angles and the following side are congruent, the triangles are congruent. Referred to as AAS
574798181	Side-Side-Angle (SSA)	does NOT prove triangles congruent
574798182	Side-Side-Side (SSS)	When all three sides are congruent, the triangles may be said to be congruent.
574798183	acute triangle	exactly 3 acute angles
574798184	obtuse triangle	exactly 1 obtuse angle
574798185	right triangle	exactly 1 right angle
574798186	scalene triangle	no equal sides
574798187	isosceles triangle	exactly 2 equal sides
574798188	equilateral triangle	all equal sides
574798189	sum of angles in a triangle	180 degrees
574798190	sum of angles in a quadrilateral	360 degrees
574798191	quadrilateral	a shape with 4 sides
574798192	rectangle	a quadrilateral that has 4 right angles
574798193	rhombus	a parallelogram with all 4 sides equal
574798194	square	a rectangle with all 4 sides of equal length
574798195	trapezoid	a quadrilateral with exactly one pair of parallel sides
574798196	parallelogram	a quadrilateral that has 2 pairs of parallel sides
574798197	Acute Angle
574798198	Acute Angle	An angle less than 90 degrees
574798199	Obtuse Angles
574798200	Obtuse Angle	An angle between 90 and 180 degrees
574798201	Right Angle
574798202	Right Angle	An angle that is exactly 90 degrees
574798203	Straight Angle
574798204	Straight Angle	An angle that is exactly 180 degrees
574798205	Line Segment	Has two end points
574798206	Line Segment
574798207	Ray	Has one end point and continues forever in other direction
574798208	Ray
574798209	Line	A straight line having at least two points that continue forever
574798210	Line
574798211	Corresponding Angles	Same side of transversal and same size
574798212	vertical angles	These angles are formed by two intersecting lines and have the same measure.
574798213	alternate interior angles	angles are on opposite sides of the transversal and on the inside of the given lines
574798214	alternate exterior angles	outside the two parallel lines and opposite sides of transversal
574798215	Supplementary Angles	Two angles with a sum of 180 degrees
574798216	Complementary Angles	Two angles with a sum of 90 degrees
574798217	transversal	A line that intersects two or more lines.

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AP US History Chapter 27 Review Flashcards

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598438008	Which of the following was the most significant factor in the shift in American foreign policy toward imperialism in the late 19th century?	(E) The need for overseas markets for increased industrial and agricultural production.
598438009	What was the primary reason that Britain submitted its border dispute with Venezuela to international arbitration?	(A) The growing tensions with Germany made Britain reluctant to engage in conflict with the US.
598438010	Why did the armed American effort to annex Hawaii fail to succeed in 1893?	(E) A Japanese threat to declare war on the US if America annexed Hawaii caused incoming President Cleveland to oppose annexation.
598438011	Americans favored providing aid to the Cuban revolutionaries for all of the following reasons except...	(B) a belief that Spain's control of Cuba presented a grave national security threat to the US.
598438012	What was the most important reason that President William McKinley asked Congress to declare war on Spain?	(E) The American public, influenced by the yellow press, and many leading Republicans demanded war in the aftermath of the sinking of the Maine.
598438013	Which statement most accurately characterizes the US Army's performance in Cuba during the Spanish American War?	(C) Crippled by logistical chaos and disease that killed thousands of soldiers.
598438014	What was the primary argument emphasized by American imperialists who advocated acquisition of the Philippines?	(A) The strategic advantage of Philippine bases for American naval operations and defense of the Pacific
598438015	Anti-imperialists presented all of the following arguments against acquiring the Philippine Islands except...	(C) the islands were still rightfully Spain's,since they were taken after the armistice had been signed.
598438016	What was the direct cause of the Filipino insurrection in 1899?	(B) The US refused to give the Filipino people their political independence
598438017	Why did many Americans become concerned about the increasing number of foreign intervention in China at the turn of the 20th Century?	(A) They feared that US missions would be jeopardized and Chinese markets closed to non-Europeans.
598438018	All of the following characterized China's Boxer Rebellion except...	(D) an affirmation by Chinese nationals of the legitimacy of the Open Door policy in protecting Chinese sovereignty.
598438019	What was the primary motivation for the efforts of the US to secure construction of an isthmian canal across Central America?	(A) A desire to improve defense by allowing rapid naval movements between two oceans.
598438020	What was one key international effect of President Theodore Roosevelt's aggressive involvement in and active support for making the Panamanian revolt?	(E) Increasing anti-American sentiment throughout Latin America
598438021	Which of the following was not a result of President Roosevelt's diplomatic ending of the Russo-Japanese war?	(E) A cessation of significant Japanese immigration to America's Pacific Coast

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AP US History Ch. 26 Flashcards

Based off of The American Pageant 10th Edition textbook for AP US History, and notes from Mr. Toy's class.
(Check: ignore punctuation, capitalization, and information in parenthesis)

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672201354	Sitting Bull	A wily leader of the Sioux Indians; he sat out the Battle of the Little Big Horn while Crazy Horse led the assault.
672201355	(George Armstrong) Custer	The "White Chief with Yellow Hair," colonel who discovered gold in the Black Hills on the Sioux reservation, and fought the Battle of the Little Big Horn in an attempt to suppress the Indians. He was seen as a big hero in the East.
672201356	Battle of the Little Big Horn	1876 Battle in the Black Hills of the Dakota Territory where Custer's Seventh Cavalry was massacred when they attempted to suppress the Sioux and return them to their reservation. Crazy Horse led the Sioux in battle, and killed every one of Custer's men. The Indians were later pursued over the plains and crushed in a series of battles.
672201357	Nez Percé	Indians native to Idaho, Washington, Oregon (tri-state area) whose reservation was shrunk by 90% when gold was discovered in 1877. Led by Chief Joseph, they tried to trek to Canada to rendez-vous with Sitting Bull, but they were captured and sent to Kansas, where 40% of them died.
672201358	Apache	Indians of New Mexico and Arizona who were the most difficult to subdue. They were led by Geronimo. They eventually became successful farmers in Oklahoma.
672201359	Chief Joseph	Leader of the Nez Percé Indians; attempted to lead them up to Canada to rendez-vous with Sitting Bull when their reservation was downsized, but failed. They were pursued for three months before being captured. He later wrote a very accurate memoir about his experiences.
672201360	Geronimo	Most famous Apache leader; hated whites.
672201361	(Helen Hunt) Jackson	Massachusetts writer of children's literature; wrote 'A Century of Dishonor' and 'Ramona.'
672201362	Ghost Dance cult	Indian cult formed in reaction to the banning of the Sun Dance ritual. When it spread to the Dakota Sioux, it was stopped in 1890 at the Battle of Wounded Knee. The tribes believed that the shirts and spirits of their ancestors would protect them and save their land.
672201363	Battle of Wounded Knee	1890 battle where the Ghost Dance cult was stamped out in the Dakota Sioux. 200 Indian men, women, and children, as well as 29 invading soldiers, died.
672201364	Dawes Severalty Act	1887 act promoting forced assimilation. It dissolved many tribes as legal entities, stopped tribal ownership of land, and gave 160 acres apiece to individual family heads. If Indians were good, they would receive citizenship and the rights to their holdings in 29 years. Land not given to Indians was to be sold to RR's and white settlers.
672201365	Comstock Lode	Lode of gold and silver found in Nevada, prompting a huge influx of miners in 1859. More than $340 million of gold and silver was mined from 1860-1890. The influx of settlers led to Nevada being prematurely admitted to the Union in 1864.
672201366	Long Drive	Term for the journey cowboys would make to take their herds to railroad terminals, or "cow towns" where they could be to the East. Along the way, the cows grazed for free on government grass.
672201367	Wyoming Stock Growers' Association	This group, especially in the 1880's virtually controlled the state of Wyoming and its legislature, demonstrating the power of the big business stockmen.
672201368	Homestead Act of 1862	This law provided that settlers could acquire 160 acres of land (1/4 section) by living on it and improving it over 5 years, and paying $30. OR 6 month's residence and $1.25/acre. It intended to encourage the filling of the open range with family farms.
672201369	Grange	The National ______ of the Patrons of Husbandry, organized in 1867. Leader Oliver H. Kelley. Primary objective at first: stimulate the minds of the farm fold by social, educational, and fraternal activities. By 1875 had 800,000 members. Later shifted from focus on individual improvement to the improvement of the lot of all farmers. Their influence faded after the Supreme Ct. ruling in the Wabash case.
672201370	Granger Laws	Term for laws passed due to the influence of the Patrons of Husbandry; they were often badly drawn and bitterly fought in high courts. They strove to regulate railway rates and the storage fees charged by railroads and by the operators of warehouses and grain elevators.
672201371	Greenback Labor party	This political party combined the inflationary financial tract with support for laborers. They polled over 1 million votes and elected 14 members of Congress. In 1880, they supported James B. Weaver as a candidate for the presidency.
672201372	(James B.) Weaver	The candidate of the Greenback Labor Party in the 1880 election. He was an old Granger, a favorite of Civil War veterans. Polled only 3% of the popular vote.
672201373	Farmers' Alliances	These organizations cropped up everywhere in the late 1880's, incorporating North and South, white and black. They organized cooperatives and sought to better the lot of farmers.
672201374	Populists	These people, members of the People's party, emerged in the early 1890's. They were zealous and attracted people from the Farmers' Alliances. Ignatius Donnelly of Minnesota was a notable figure.
672201375	Mary (Elizabeth) Lease	Known as "Mary Yellin'" and "the Kansas Pythoness," she made about 160 speeches in 1890. She criticized Wall Street and the wealthy, and cried that Kansans should raise "less corn and more hell."

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AP US History Chapter 25 Review Flashcards

Review Questions from The American Pageant by Kennedy, Cohen, and Bailey.

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598437921	What was the most important factor that drew rural people off the farms and into big cities during the period 1865-1900?	(A) the availability of industrial jobs
598437922	What occurrence directly spurred the abandonment of wood construction for brick and steel in the downtown districts of most American cities?	(D) The changing preference of architects such a Louis Sullivan toward designing steel and brick structures
598437923	All of the following characterized the New Immigrants who came to the US from 1880 to 1900 EXCEPT	(D) they made substantial efforts to convert Americans to Catholicism, Eastern Orthodoxy, or Judaism
598437924	What vital function did big-city political bosses and their machines perform in managing the social and economic demands of the new urban environment?	(B) In exchange for political support, they provided many urban immigrants with jobs and social services that permitted these New Immigrants to raise a family, earn a livelihood, and escape abject poverty
598437925	All of the following characterized the settlement-house movement led by leaders lie Jane Addams, Lillian Wald, and Florence Kelley EXCEPT that it	(D) studiously avoided becoming involved in international efforts to advance worldwide peace and condemn war
598437926	In the 1890's, which group of women had a nearly exclusive hold on available white-collar positions as secretaries, department store clerks, and telephone operators?	(D) Native-born women
598437927	Which of the following was NOT a reason that many labor unions favored government-imposed restrictions on immigration?	(E) Immigrants were not willing or able to work in factory environments
598437928	Which of the following represents the best example of liberal Protestantism's effort to accommodate religion to modern scientific theories such as Darwinism?	(D) Proclaiming that Darwinism was an updated, authentic, and grander revelation of the ways of God
598437929	Which were the two major sources of funding for the powerful new American research universities?	(B) state land grants and wealthy philanthropic industrialists
598437930	What was the most important reason why Americans offered increasing support for the establishment of free public education system?	(B) because Americans accepted the idea that a free government and a republic cannot function effectively without educated citizens
598437931	Which statement best reflects the different approaches of Booker T. Washington and W.E.B DuBois toward black education?	(A) W.E.B. DuBois believed that African Americans should develop a talented tenth, while Booker T. Washington emphasized manual labor and industrial training for African Americans
598437932	How did American newspaper publishers expand their circulation and attract public attention in the late 19th century?	(E) Printing sensationalist stories of sex, corruption, and scandal
598437933	What development prompted American novelists' turn from romanticism and transcendentalism to rugged social realism?	(D) the materialism and conflicts of the new industrial society
598437934	By 1900, a new generation of woman suffrage advocates emphasized all of the following EXCEPT	(B) forming strong alliances with African Americans seeking voting rights

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AP US History Chapter 24 Review Flashcards

Review Questions from The American Pageant by Kennedy, Cohen, and Bailey.

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598437907	All of the following economic developments were significant factors in enabling America to industrialize rapidly EXCEPT	(E) the sale of confiscated Confederate land and property
598437908	Which of the following two industries were most significantly expanded as a result of the completion of the transcontinental railroad?	(B) Mining and Agriculutre
598437909	Which effort represented the first attempt to regulate the monopolizing and pricing practices of the railroad corporations during this period?	(E) Laws passed by state legislatures regulating the monopolizing and pricing practices of the railroad corporations
598437910	Which of the following was NOT among the common forms of corruption practiced by the wealthy railroad barons?	(B) Requiring their employees to buy railroad stock as a condition of employment
598437911	Which of the following best describes the Europeans' approach to ownership of or investment in private companies in the US during this period?	(B) Allowing Americans to manage the business unless an economic crisis occurred
598437912	How did the American system of mass manufacturing of standardized, interchangeable parts influence the behavior of U.S. capitalists?	(C) It stimulated the replacement of skilled labor with machinery by U.S. capitalists
598437913	What two technological innovations greatly expanded the industrial employment of women in the late 19th century?	(A) the typewriter and the telephone
598437914	All of the following economic strategies were employed by the titans of industry during this period to maximize their corporations' profits EXCEPT	(E) Seeking stable labor relations with their workers by permitting collective bargaining with unions
598437915	Which of the following best describes the intellectual viewpoint of Andrew Carnegie as expressed in The Gospel of Wealth?	(B) the wealthy should exhibit moral and social responsibility in their use of their God- given money
598437916	Which entity was the first prosecuted for alleged restraint-of-trade violations by the U.S. government using the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890?	(B) Labor unions
598437917	All of the following were major attractions for potential investors on southern manufacturing industries EXCEPT	(E) a well-educated and ethnically diverse workforce
598437918	Despite generally rising wages in the 19th century, industrial workers were extremely vulnerable to all of the following EXCEPT	(C) new educational requirements for jobs
598437919	Which of the following was NOT a strategy utilized by late- 19th century employers to gain leverage over workers who were seeking to improve their wages and working conditions?	(A) closed shop
598437920	All of the following were reasons that the Knights of Labor ultimately failed to sustain its union independence and membership by the 1890's EXCEPT	(E) racial and gender exclusiveness in its membership

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