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APUSH- American Pageant: Chapter 10 Flashcards

Course notes
Chapter 10 definitions

313348286	John Adams	A Federalist who was Vice President under Washington in 1789, and later became President by three votes in 1796. Known for his quarrel with France, and was involved in the XYZ Affair, Quasi War, and the Convention of 1800. Later though he was also known for his belated push for peace with France in 1800. Regarding his personality he was a "respectful irritation".
313348287	Thomas Jefferson	Under the executive branch of the new constitution, he was the Secretary of State. When Alexander Hamilton wanted to create a new national bank, he adamantly spoke against it. He felt it would violate states rights by causing a huge competitor for the state banks, then causing a federal monopoly. His argument was that since the Constitution did not say Congress could create a bank they should not be given that power. This is the philosophy of strict construction. His beliefs led to the creation of the political party, Democratic Republicans.
313348288	Alexander Hamilton	Great political leader; youngest and brightest of Federalists; "father of the National Debt"; from New York; became a major general; military genius; Secretary of Treasury; lived from 1755-1804; became Secretary of the Treasury under George Washington in 1789; established plan for economy that went in to affect in 1790 including a tariff that passed in 1789, the assumption of state debts which went into affect in 1790, and excise on different products (including whiskey) in 1791, and a plan for a national bank which was approved in 1791; plan to take care of the national debt.
313348289	Henry Knox	was the first secretary of war; came to power in 1789; was the first to be entrusted with the infant army and navy
313348290	John Jay	Chief Justice of the United States; in 1794, George Washington sent him to negotiate a treaty with England; his treaty was a failure because it didn't mention British impressments and America had to pay Pre-Revolutionary debts. It did prevent a war with England and helped in the signing of the Pinckney Treaty with Spain.
313348291	Citizen Genet	1) He was a representative of the French Republic who came to America in order to recruit Americans to help fight in the French Revolution. 2) He landed in Charleston SC around 1793 after the outbreak of war between France and Britain. 3) The actions were exposing the new vulnerable government. It also showed how the government was maturing.
313348292	Anthony Wayne	A General, nicknamed "Mad Anthony". Beat Northwest Indians at the Battle of Fallen Timbers on August 20, 1794. Left British made arms on the fields of battle. After that the Treaty of Greenville in 1795 led to the Indians ceding their claims to a vast tract in the Ohio Country.
313348293	Talleyrand	Foreign Minister; In 1797, Adams sent a diplomatic commission to France to settle matters about the upset of the Jay Treaty of 1794. The French thought that America was siding with the English violating the Franco-American Treaty of 1778. The commission was sent to talk to __________ about the seizing of American ships by the French. Communication between the commission and __________ existed between three go betweeners (XYZ) because talking to __________ in person would cost a quarter of a million dollars. Americans soon negotiated and this act subtly started an undeclared war with France.
313348294	Matthew Lyon	was the first person to be put to trial for violating the acts on charges of criticizing Federalist president John Adams and disagreeing with Adams' decision to go to war against France. He was sentenced to four months in jail and ordered to pay a $1,000 fine and court costs. While in jail, he won election to the Sixth Congress. In the election of 1800 he cast the deciding vote for Jefferson after the election went to the House of Representatives because of an electoral tie
313348295	funding at par	This meant that the federal government would pay off its debs at face value, plus accumulated interest which at the time had a total of $54 million. This included the federal government taking on the debts by the states and paying for it as a country. Hamilton's establishment of this act gave the country much needed unity because it brought the states together under the centralized government. This made paper money essentially useless do to inflation.
313348296	strict construction	Jefferson and his states' right disciples believed the Constitution should be interpreted "literally" or "strictly". The reason why was to protect individual rights. Jefferson did not want the Bank of the United States, Hamilton thought it would not only be proper, but also necessary. Jefferson thought it was up to the states and Hamilton thought it was up to Congress. The Bank was created by Congress in 1791. Having a strong central government made people fear that their rights would be taken away from them.
313348297	assumption	Part of Hamilton's economic theory. Stated that the federal government would assume all the states' debts for the American Revolution. This angered states such as Virginia who had already paid of their debts.
313348298	implied powers	Refers to the powers of the government found in the constitution in unwritten forms. Although some situations, such as the creation of the National Bank, are not specifically referred to in the constitution through the elastic clause they are not illegal or unconstitutional. After Hamilton was appointed head of treasury in 1789, debates began between his interpretation of the constitution and Jefferson's views. Eventually this became an issue contributing to the formation of political parties.
313348299	agrarian	Means having to do with agriculture. The agrarian society were the farmers and plantation owners of the south. This was the society that Jefferson wanted to see become the future of America. He appreciated the many virtuous and beneficial characteristics.
313348300	excise tax	a tax on the manufacturing of an item. Helped Hamilton to achieve his theory on a strong central government, supported by the wealthy manufacturers. This tax mainly targeted poor Western front corn farmers (Whiskey). This was used to demonstrate the power of the Federal Government, and sparked the Whiskey Rebellion of 1794.
313348301	compact theory	was popular amoung the English political philosophers in the eighteenth century. In America, it was supported by Jefferson and Madison. It meant that the thirteen states, by creating the federal government, had entered into a contract about its jurisdiction. The national government was the agent of the states. This meant that the individual states were the final judges of the national government's actions. The theory was the basis for the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions passed in 1798. The compact theory was used to try to stop the Federalist abuses like the Alien and Sedition Acts.
313348302	nullification	The Federalist Party has passed the Alien and Sedition Acts to regulate the strong opinions of the Republicans. Thomas Jefferson and James Madison protested the laws by writing the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, which asked the states to declare the laws null. They thought it was the rightful remedy. Virginia and Kentucky were only states that voted for this, which is to make a law invalid.
313348303	cabinet	body of executive department heads that serve as the cheif advisers to the President. Formed during the first years of Washington's Presidency, the original members included the Secretary of State, of the Treasury, and of War. It's extremely important to the presidency, because these people influence the most powerful man in the nation.
313348304	bank of the united states	This was established by Hamilton and opposed by Jefferson as a way to strength the economy and attract investors which lasted for 20 years and had a cap of $10 million. It also created a currency which did not exist in the early American days. The bank was extremely important in strengthening the economy as it created a stock market which boomed immediately. It also established an ever so important currency which fixed many uprising disputes about money.
313348305	bill of rights	The first ten amendments of the Constitution, this was added in 1791 when it was adopted by the necessary number of states. It guarantees such civil liberties as freedom of speech, free press, and freedom of religion. Written by James Madison.
313348306	french revolution	Began in 1789 with some nonviolent restrictions on the king, but became more hostile in 1792 when France declared war on Austria. Seeking help from America, the French pointed to the Franco-American alliance of 1778. Not wanting to get involved for fear of damage to the trade business, Washington gave the Neutrality Proclamation, which made America neutral. This led to arguments between Americans and French. After fighting with the French over such things as the Jay Treaty, the Americans came to peace with France in 1800.
313348307	jay's treaty	Offered little concessions from Britain to the US and greatly disturbed the Jeffersonians. ___ was able to get Britian to say they would evacuate the chain of posts on US soil and pay damages for recent seizures of American ships. The British, however, would not promise to leave American ships alone in the future, and they decided that the Americans still owed British merchants for pre-Revolutionary war debts. Because of this, many Southerners especially, were angry and rioted and called ___ the "Damn'd Arch Traitor".
313348308	convention of 1800	Signed in Paris that ended France's peacetime military alliance with America. Napoleon was eager to sign this treaty so he could focus his attention on conquering Europe and perhaps create a New World empire in Louisiana. This ended the "quasi-war" between France and America.
313348309	neutrality proclamation	issued by George Washington, established isolationist policy, proclaimed goverment's official neutrality in widening European conflicts also warned American citizens about intervening on either side of conflict.
313348310	whiskey rebellion	A small rebellion, that began in Southwestern Pennsylvania in 1794 that was a challenge to the National Governments unjust use of an excise tax on an "economic medium of exchange." Washington crushed the rebellion with excessive force, proving the strength of the national governments power in its military, but was condemned for using a "sledge hammer to crush a gnat."
313348311	federalists	Led by Alexander Hamilton, the Federalists believed in a strong central government, loose interpretation, and encouraged commerce and manufacturing. They were staunch supporters of the Constitution during ratification and were a political force during the early years of the United States. The Federalist influence declined after the election of Republican Thomas Jefferson to the presidency and disappeared completely after the Hartford Convention
313348312	tenth amendment	The last Amendment of the Bill of Rights which was created to protect American citizens natural rights. The amendment states that the "powers not delegated to the federal government are reserved to the states and the people." This allows for a strong central government but it does not allow it to become all powerful by still allowing states and people rights.
313348313	pinckney treaty	Gave America what they demanded from the Spanish: Free navigation of the Mississippi, large area north of Florida. (helped America to have unexpected diplomatic success) Jay Treaty helped prompt the Spanish to deal with the port of New Orleans.
313348314	Alien and Sedition Acts	Contains four parts: 1) Raised the residence requirement for American citizenship from 5 to 14 years. 2) Alien Act - Gave the President the power in peacetime to order any alien out of the country. 3) Alien Enemies Act - permitted the President in wartime to jail aliens when he wanted to. (No arrests made under the Alien Act or the Alien Enemies Act.) 4) The Sedition Act - Key clause provided fines and jail penalties for anyone guilty of sedition. Was to remain in effect until the next Presidential inauguration.
313348315	battle of fallen timbers	The U.S. Army defeated the Native Americans under Shawnee Chief Blue Jacket and ended Native American hopes of keeping their land that lay north of the Ohio River
313348316	ninth amendment	The amendment states that the enumeration in the constitution shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. It was written by James Madison in 1791 to stop the possibility that enumerating such rights might possibly lead to the assumption that the rights were the only ones protected.
313348317	farewell address	A document by George Washington in 1796, when he retired from office. It wasn't given orally, but printed in newspapers. It did not concern foreign affairs; most of it was devoted to domestic problems. He stressed that we should stay away from permanent alliances with foreign countries; temporary alliances wouldn't be quite as dangerous, but they should be made only in "extraordinary emergencies". He also spoke against partisan bitterness. This document was rejected by the Jeffersonians, who favored the alliance with France.
313348318	Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions	Were put into practice in 1798 by Jefferson and James Madison. These were secretly made to get the rights back taken away from the Alien and Sedition Acts. These also brought about the later compact theory which gave the states more power than the federal government.
313348319	Jeffersonian Republicans	One of the nations first political parties, led by Thomas Jefferson and stemming from the anti-federalists, emerged around 1792, gradually became today's Democratic party. They were pro-French, liberal, and mostly made up of the middle class. They favored a weak central government, and strong states' rights
313348320	judiciary act of 1789	Organized the Supreme Court, originally with five justices and a chief justice, along with several federal district and circuit courts. It also created the attorney general's office. This created the judiciary branch of the US Government and thus helped to shape the future of this country.
313348321	Treaty of Greenville	Gave America all of Ohio after General Mad Anthony Wayne battled and defeated the Indians at the Battle of Fallen Timbers. 1795 Allowed Americans to explore the area with peace of mind that the land belonged to America and added size and very fertile land to America.
313348322	XYZ Affair	When the French, outraged by Jay's treaty, begin violating the terms of the Franco-American Treaty of 1778, President John Adams sends over three secret go-betweens to talk with Talleyrand, the French foreign minister. The demanded a bribe of $250,000 in order to merely talk with Talleyrand. This occurrence led to Naval Battles between the two countries. But France, already at battling Britain, realized they did not wish to have one more enemy added to their roster.

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Empire and Expansion 1890-1909 Flashcards

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637099944	The American people and their government were deeply involved in the key international developments of the 1860's and 1870's.	False
637099945	The South American boundary dispute over Guyana in 1895-1896 nearly resulted in a U.S. war with Venezuela.	False
637099946	President Cleveland refused to annex Hawaii because he believed that the white American planters there had unjustly deposed Hawaii's Queen Liliuokalani.	True
637099947	Americans first became involved in Cuba because they sympathized with the Cubans' revolt against imperialist Spain.	True
637099948	Admiral Dewey's squadron attacked Spanish forces in the Philippines because of secret orders given by Assistant Navy Secretary Theodore Roosevelt.	True
637099949	American forces received assistance in capturing Manila by native Filipino insurgents who were rebelling against Spain	True
637099950	The American Military conquest of Cuba was efficient but very costly in battlefield casualties.	False
637099951	President McKinley declared that religion played a crucial role in his decision to keep the Philippines as an American colony.	True
637099952	The peace treaty with Spain that made the Philippines an American colony was almost universally popular with the U.S. Senate and the American People	False
637099953	The Supreme Court decided in the insular cases that American constitutional law and the Bill of Rights applied to the people under American rule in Puerto Rico and the Philippines	False
637099954	The Filipino insurrection again U.S. rule was larger and more costly in lives than the Spanish-American War.	True
637099955	John Hay's Open Door notes effectively rescued China from foreign intervention and partition.	True
637099956	Theodore Roosevelt believed that America and its president should exercise restraint in international involvements.	False
637099957	Roosevelt encouraged and assisted the Panamanian revolution against Columbia in 1903.	True
637099958	The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine stated that only the United States had the right to intervene in Latin American nations' affairs.	True
637099959	The Japanese crisis of 1906 forced President Roosevelt to intervene in the policies of the San Francisco School Board	True
637099960	Alfred Thayer Mahan promoted American overseas expansion by	arguing that domination of the seas through naval power was the key to world domination.
637099961	Which of the following was NOT among the factors propelling America toward overseas expansion of the 1890's?	The need to find new African and Asian sources of raw materials for American industry.
637099962	President Grover Cleveland refused to annex Hawaii because	white planters had illegally overthrown Queen Liliuokalani against the wishes of most native Hawaiians.
637099963	Americans first became concerned with the situation in Cuba because	Americans sympathized with Cuban rebels in their fight for freedom from Spanish rule.
637099964	Even before the sinking of the Maine, the American public's indignation at Spain had been whipped into a frenzy by	William Randolph Hearst's sensational newspaper accounts of Spanish atrocities in Cuba.
637099965	Even after the Maine exploded, the United States did not immediately declare war on Cuba because	President McKinley was reluctant to get into a war.
637099966	Emilio Aguinaldo was	the leader of Filipino insurgents against Spanish rule.
637099967	Which of the following was NOT among the colonial territories that the U.S. acquired in the Spanish-American War?	The Virgin Islands
637099968	President McKinley based his decision to make the Philippines an American colony on	a combination of religious piety and material economic interests.
637099969	Pro-imperialist Americans argued that the Philippines should be seized because of	patriotism, religion, and economic opportunities.
637099970	The most immediate consequence of American acquisition of the Philippines was	an agreement between Americans and Filipinos to move toward Philippine independence.
637099971	In the Open Door notes, Secretary of State John Hay called on all the imperial powers to	respect Chinese rights and permit economic competition in their spheres of influence.
637099972	As president, Theodore Roosevelt gained political strength especially through	his personal popularity with the public and his belief in direct action
637099973	Roosevelt overcame Colombia's refusal to approve a canal treaty by	encouraging Panamanian rebels to revolt and declare independence from Colombia.
637099974	Theodore Roosevelt's slogan that stated his essential foreign policy principle was	"Speak softly and carry a big stick."
637099975	Samoan Islands	Remote Pacific site of a naval clash between the U.S. and Germany in 1889
637099976	Chile	South American nation that nearly came to blows with the U.S. in 1892 over an incident involving the deaths of American sailors.
637099977	Monroe Doctrine	The principle of American foreign policy invoked by Secretary of State Olney to justify American intervention in the Venezuelan boundary dispute.
637099978	Yellow Journalism	Term for the sensationalist and jingoistic pro-war journalism practiced by W. R. Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer.
637099979	U.S.S. Maine	American Battleship sent on a "friendly" visit to Cuba that ended in disaster and war
637099980	Manila Harbor	Site of the dramatic American naval victory that led to U.S. acquisition of rich, Spanish-owned Pacific islands.
637099981	Rough Riders	Colorful volunteer regiment of the Spanish-American War led by a militarily inexperienced but politically influential colonel.
637099982	Puerto Rico	The Caribbean island conquered from Spain in 1898 that became an important American colony.
637099983	Insular cases	Supreme Court cases of 1901 that determined that the U.S. Constitution and Bill of Rights did not apply in colonial territories under the American flag.
637099984	Open-Door Policy	John Hay's clever diplomatic efforts to preserve Chinese territorial integrity and maintain American access to China
637099985	Boxer Rebellion	Anti-foreign Chinese revolt of 1900 that brought military intervention by Western troops, including Americans
637099986	Hay-Pauncefote Treaty	Diplomatic agreement of 1901 that permitted the U.S. to build and fortify a Central American canal alone, without British involvement.
637099987	Columbia	Nation whose senate in 1902 refused to ratify a treaty permitting the U.S. to build a canal across its territory.
637099988	Roosevelt Corollary	Questionable extension of a traditional American policy; declared an American right to intervene in Latin American nations under certain circumstances.
637099989	Gentlemen's Agreement	Diplomatic understanding of 1907-1908 that ended a Japanese American crisis over treatment of Japanese immigrants to the U.S.
637099990	Theodore Roosevelt	Imperialist advocate, aggressive assistant navy secretary, Rough Rider
637099991	William James	Harvard philosopher and one of the leading anti-imperialist opposing U.S. acquisition of the Philippines
637099992	"Butcher" Weyler	Spanish general whose brutal tactics against Cuban rebels outraged American public opinion
637099993	Queen Liliuokalani	Native Hawaiian ruler overthrown in a revolution led by white planters and aided by U.S. troops
637099994	Philippe Bunau-Varilla	Scheming French engineer who helped stage a revolution in Panama and then became the new country's "instant" foreign minister.
637099995	Alfred Thayer Mahan	American naval officer who wrote influential books emphasizing sea power and advocating a big navy.
637099996	George E. Dewey	Naval commander whose spectacular May Day victory in 1898 opened the doors to American imperialism in Asia
637099997	William R. Hearst	Vigorous promoter of sensationalist anti-Spanish propaganda and eager advocate of imperialistic war.
637099998	Thomas Platt	New York politician who successfully schemed to get TR out of New York and into the vice presidency in Washington.
637099999	Josiah Strong	American clergyman who preached Anglo-Saxon superiority and called for stronger U.S. missionary effort overseas.
637100000	Emilio Aguinaldo	Filipino leader of a guerilla war against American rule from 1899 to 1901
637100001	William McKinley	President who initially opposed war with Spain but eventually supported U.S. acquisition of the Philippines.
637100002	William Jennings Bryan	Leading Democratic politician whose intervention narrowly tipped the Senate vote in favor of acquiring the Philippines in 1899
637100003	Grover Cleveland	American president who refused to annex Hawaii on the grounds that the native ruler had been unjustly deposed.
637100004	John Hay	American secretary of state who attempted to preserve Chinese independence and protect American interests in China
637100005	The Boxer Rebellion that attempted to drive all foreigners out of China	Brought American armed forces onto the Asian mainland for the first time.
637100006	The Maine explosion	Create emotional and irresistible public demand for war with Spain
637100007	The Venezuelan boundary dispute	Strengthened the Monroe Doctrine and made Britain more willing to accommodate U.S. interests.
637100008	Theodore Roosevelt's secret orders to Commodore Dewey	Led to the surprising U.S. victory over Spain at Manila Bay
637100009	The white planter revolt against Queen Liliuokalani	Set off the first debate about the wisdom and rightness of American overseas imperialism.
637100010	Economic expansion, the yellow press, and competition with other powers	Turned America away from isolationism and toward international involvements in the 1890's
637100011	The Cuban revolt against Spain	Aroused strong sympathy from most Americans
637100012	McKinley's decision to keep the Philippines	Enhanced American national pride and made the U.S. an international power in East Asia
637100013	The Spanish-American War	Set off a bitter debate about imperialism in the Senate and the country.
637100014	Colombia's refusal to permit the U.S. to build a canal across its province of Panama	Led President Theodore Roosevelt to encourage a revolt for Panamanian independence.

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Biology Chapter 1, 2, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 Vocabulary Flashcards

Chapter 1: The Science of Biology
Chapter 2: The Chemistry of Life
Chapter 7: Cell Structure and Function
Chapter 8: Photosynthesis
Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration
Chapter 10: Cell Growth and Division
Chapter 11: Introduction to Genetics
Chapter 12: DNA and RNA

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586706355	Science	An organized way of using evidence to learn about the natural world
586706356	Observation	The process of gathering information about events or processes in a careful, orderly way
586706357	Data	Information gathered from observations
586706358	Quantitative Data	Data represented as numerical figures that can be expressed in numerical terms, counted, or compared on a scale
586706359	Qualitative Data	Data that is represented by descriptions and involve characteristics that can't usually be counted
586706360	Inference	A logical interpretation based on prior knowledge and experience
586706361	Hypothesis	A proposed scientific explanation for a set of observations
586706362	Scientific Process	A process that involves asking questions, observing, making inferences, and testing hypotheses
586706363	System	A collection of parts and processes that interact
586706364	Spontaneous Generation	Hypothesis (disproven) stating that life could arise from nonliving matter
586706365	Francesco Redi	This scientist disproved spontaneous generation by showing that maggots do not spontaneously arise from decaying meat
586706366	Variable	A factor that can change in an experiment
586706367	Controlled Experiment	An experiment in which only one variable is manipulated at a time
586706368	Manipulated Variable	The one factor that a scientist changes during an experiment; also called independent variable
586706369	Responding Variable	Factor in an experiment that a scientist wants to observe, which may change in response to the manipulated variable; also known as a dependent variable
586706370	Anton van Leeuwenhoek	Dutch lens maker who viewed the first single celled organisms in pond water and called them animalcules
586706371	John Needham	Seemed to help prove the case for spontaneous generation by heating nutrient broth and pouring it into covered flasks; he claimed that any living thing present in the broth had been destroyed by the heating
586706372	Lazzaro Spallanzani	An Italian scholar who disproved the theory of spontaneous generation by improving upon John Needham's work.
586706373	Louis Pasteur	Disproved the theory of spontaneous generation by boiling broth in a bottle with a long, curved neck and discovering that all living things come form other living things.
586706374	Theory	Well-tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations
586706375	Biology	Science that seeks to understand the living world
586706376	Characteristics of Living Things	1. Living things are made up of units called cells 2. Living things reproduce 3. Living things are based on a universal genetic code 4. Living things grow and develop 5. Living things obtain and use materials and energy 6. Living things respond to their environment 7. Living things maintain a stable internal environment 8. Taken as a group, living things change over time
586706377	Cell	Collection of living matter enclosed by a barrier that separates the cell from its surroundings; basic unit of all forms of life
586706378	Unicellular Organisms	Living things that are made of only one cell
586706379	Multicellular Organisms	Living things that are made up of many cells
586706380	Sexual Reproduction	Process by which two cells from different parents unite to produce the first cell of a new organism
586706381	Asexual Reproduction	Process by which a single parent reproduces by itself
586706382	DNA	Deoxyribonucleic acid; contains the sugar deoxyribose
586706383	Differentiation	Process in which cells become specialized in structure and function
586706384	Metabolism	The combination of chemical reactions through which an organism builds up or breaks down materials as it carries out its life processes
586706385	Stimulus	A signal to which an organism responds
586706386	External Stimuli	Come from the environment outside the organism; includes factors such as light and temperature
586706387	Internal Stimuli	Come from within an organism; includes factors such as the level of the sugar glucose in your blood
586706388	Homeostasis	Process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment
586706389	Evolution	Change in a kind of organism over time; process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms
586706390	Biosphere	The part of the Earth that contains all ecosystems
586706391	Ecosystem	Community and its nonliving surroundings
586706392	Community	Populations that live together in a defined area
586706393	Population	Group of organisms of one type that live together in a defined area
586706394	Organism	Individual living thing
586706395	Groups of Cells	Tissues, organs, and organ systems
586706396	Cells	Samllest functional unit of life
586706397	Molecules	Groups of atoms; smallest unit of most chemical compounds
586706398	Metric System	Decimal system of measurement based on certain physical standards and scaled on multiples of 10
586706399	Microscopes	Devices that produce magnified images of structures that are too small to see with the unaided eye
586706400	Light Microscopes	Produce magnified images by focusing visible light rays
586706401	Electron Microscopes	Produce magnified images by focusing beams of electrons
586706402	Compound Light Microscopes	Allow light to pass through the specimen and use two lenses to form an image
586706403	Cell Culture	Group of cells grown in a nutrient solution from a single original cell
586706404	Cell Fractionation	Technique in which cells are broken into pieces and the different cell parts are separated
588336904	Atom	Basic unit of matter
588336905	Nucleus	The center of the atom which contains the protons and neutrons
588336906	Electrons	Negatively charged particles; located outside the atomic nucleus
588336907	Protons	Positively charged particles located in the nucleus
588336908	Neutrons	The particles of the nucleus that have no charge
588336909	Element	Substance consisting entirely of one type of atom
588336910	Isotope	Atom of an element that has a number of neutrons different from that of other atoms of the same element
588336911	Compound	Substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements in definite proportions
588336912	Ionic Bond	Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another
588336913	Ions	Atom that has a positive or negative charge
588336914	Covalent Bond	Bond formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms
588336915	Molecule	Smallest unit of most compounds
588336916	van der Waals Forces	A slight attraction that develops between the oppositely charged regions of nearby molecules
588336917	Cohesion	An attraction between molecules of the same substance
588336918	Adhesion	An attraction between molecules of different substances
588336919	Capillary Action	A proccess powered by adhesion that causes water molecules to move upward through a narrow tube such as the stem of a plant
588336920	Mixture	Material composed of two or more elements or compounds that are physically mixed together but not chemically combined
588336921	Solution	Mixture of two or more substances in which the molecules of the substances are evenly distributed
588336922	Solute	Substance that is dissolved in a solvent to make a solution
588336923	Solvent	Substance in which a solute is dissolved to form a solution
588336924	Suspension	Mixture of water and nondissolved materials
588336925	pH Scale	Measurement system used to indicate the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in solution; ranges from 0 to 14
588336926	Acid	Compound that forms hydrogen ions (H+) in solution; has pH values below 7
588336927	Base	Compound that produces hydroxide ions (OH+) in solution; has pH values above 7
588336928	Buffer	Weak acid or base that can react with strong acids or bases to help prevent sharp, sudden changes in pH
588336929	Monomer	Small unit that can join together with other small units to form polymers
588336930	Polymer	Large compound formed from combinations of many monomers
588336931	Carbohydrates	Compound made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms; major source of energy for the human body
588336932	Monosaccharides	Single sugar molecules
588336933	Polysaccharides	Large macromolecules formed from monosaccharides
588336934	Lipids	Macromolecule made mainly from carbon and hydrogen atoms; includes fats, oils, and waxes
588336935	Saturated	Fats with the maximum number of hydrogens
588336936	Polyunsaturated	Fatty acids with more than one carbon-carbon double bond
588336937	Nucleic Acids	Macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus
588336938	Nucleotides	Monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
588336939	RNA	Ribonucleic acid; contains the sugar ribose
588336940	Proteins	Macromolecules that contain nitrogen as well as carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
588336941	Amino Acids	Compounds with an amino group on one end and a carboxyl group on the other end
588336942	Chemical Reaction	Process that changes one set of chemicals into another set of chemicals
588336943	Reactant	Element or compound that enters into a chemical reaction
588336944	Products	The elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction
588336945	Activation Energy	Energy needed to get a reaction started
588336946	Catalyst	Substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction
588336947	Enzymes	Proteins that act as biological catalysts
588336948	Substrate	Reactant of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction
588336949	Active Site	The site on an enzyme that attaches to a substrate
588336950	Robert Hooke	Cut a thin slice of cork and looked at it under his microscope. To him, the cork seemed to be made up of empty little boxes, which he named cells
588336951	Cell	Basic unit of life
588336952	Matthias Schleiden	Concluded that all plants are made up of cells
588336953	Theodor Schwann	Concluded that all animals are made of cells
588336954	Rudolf Virchow	Concluded that all cells come from existing cells; completed the cell theory
588336955	Cell Theory	A fundamental concept of biology 1. All living things are composed of cells 2. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things 3. New cells are produced from existing cells
588336956	Lynn Margulis	Produced the endosymbiotic theory
588336957	Endosymbiotic Theory	A theory that states that certain kinds of prokaryotes began living inside of larger cells and evolved into the organelles of modern-day eukaryotes
588336958	Eukaryotes	Organisms with cells that contain nuclei
588336959	Prokaryotes	A single-celled organism lacking a nucleus
588336960	Organelles	Specialized structure that performs important cellular functions within a eukaryotic cell
588336961	Cytoplasm	Material inside the cell membrane—not including the nucleus
588336962	Nuclear Envelope	Layer of two membranes that surrounds the nucleus of a cell
588336963	Chromatin	Granular material visible within the nucleus; consists of DNA tightly coiled around proteins
588336964	Chromosome	Threadlike structure within the nucleus containing the genetic information that is passed from one generation of cells to the next
588336965	Nucleolus	Small, dense region within most nuclei in which the assembly of proteins begins
588336966	Ribosome	Small particle in the cell on which proteins are assembled; made of RNA and protein
588336967	Endoplasmic Reticulum	Internal membrane system in cells in which lipid components of the cell membrane are assembled and some proteins are modified
588336968	Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum	System of internal membranes within the cytoplasm; membranes are rough due to the presence of ribosomes; functions in transport of substances such as proteins within the cytoplasm
588336969	Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum	The portion of the endoplasmic reticulum that lacks attached ribosomes
588336970	Golgi Apparatus	Stack of membranes in the cell that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum
588336971	Lysosomes	Cell organelle filled with enzymes needed to break down certain materials in the cell
588336972	Vacuoles	Cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates
588336973	Mitochondrion	Cell organelle that converts the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use
588336974	Chloroplast	Organelle found in cells of plants and some other organisms that captures the energy from sunlight and converts it into chemical energy
588336975	Cytoskeleton	Network of protein filaments within some cells that helps the cell maintain its shape and is involved in many forms of cell movement
588336976	Microfilaments	Threadlike structures made of a protein called actin
588336977	Microtubules	Hollow structures made of a protein called tubulin
588336978	Centrioles	One of two tiny structures located in the cytoplasm of animal cells near the nuclear envelope; play a role in cell division
588336979	Cell Membrane	Thin, flexible barrier around a cell; regulates what enters and leaves the cell
588336980	Cell Wall	Strong supporting layer around the cell membrane in plants, algae, and some bacteria
588400779	Lipid Bilayer	Double-layered sheet that forms the core of nearly all cell membranes
588400780	Concentration	The mass of solute in a given volume of solution, or mass/volume
588400781	Diffusion	Process by which molecules tend to move from an area where they are more concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated
588400782	Equilibrium	When the concentration of a solute is the same throughout a solution
588400783	Osmosis	Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
588400784	Isotonic	When the concentration of two solutions is the same
588400785	Hypotonic	When comparing two solutions, the solution with the lesser concentration of solutes
588400786	Hypertonic	When comparing two solutions, the solution with the greater concentration of solutes
588400787	Facilitated Diffusion	Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels
588400788	Active Transport	Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference
588400789	Phagocytosis	Process in which extensions of cytoplasm surround and engulf large particles and take them into the cell
588400790	Pinocytosis	Process by which a cell takes in liquid from the surrounding environment
588400791	Exocytosis	Process by which a cell releases large amounts of material
588400792	Cell Specialization	Separate roles for each type of cell in multicellular organisms
588400793	Tissue	A group of similar cells that perform a particular function
588400794	Organ	A group of tissues that work together to perform closely related functions
588400795	Organ System	A group of organs that work together to perform a specific function
588400796	Autotroph	Organism that can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce its own food from inorganic compounds; also called a producer
588400797	Heterotroph	Organism that obtains energy from the foods it consumes; also called a consumer
588400798	Adenosine Triphosphate	One of the principle chemical compounds that living things use to store and release energy; ATP
588400799	Adenosine Diphosphate	Molecule formed from the breaking off of a phosphate group for ATP, results in a release of energy that is used for biological reaction; ADP
588400800	Photosynthesis	Process by which plants and some other organisms use light energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and high-energy carbohydrates such as sugars and starches
588400801	Jan van Helmont	Concluded that trees gain most of their mass from water.
588400802	Joseph Priestley	Concluded that plants release oxygen
588400803	Jan Ingenhousz	Concluded that plants needed sunlight to produce oxygen
588400804	Julius Robert Mayer	Proposed that plants convert light energy into chemical energy
588400805	Samuel Ruben Martin Kamen	Concluded that the oxygen liberated in photosynthesis comes from water
588400806	Melvin Clavin	Created the Calvin Cycle, traced carbon dioxide molecules and found out how glucose was made in the end
588400807	Rudolph Marcus	Described the process of the electron transport chain
588400808	Photosynthesis Equation	6CO2 + 6H2O --> C6H12O6 + 6O2 Carbon Dioxide + Water = Sugars + Oxygen
588400809	Chlorophyll	Principal pigment of plants and other photosynthetic organisms; captures light energy
588400810	Pigment	Light-absorbing molecule
588400811	Thylakoids	Saclike photosynthetic membranes found in chloroplasts
588400812	Photosystems	Light-collecting units of the chloroplast
588400813	Stroma	Region outside the thylakoid membranes in chloroplasts
588400814	NADP+	...
588400815	Light-dependent Reaction	...
588400816	ATP Synthase	...
588400817	Calvin Cycle	...
588400818	Glycolysis	...
588400819	Cellular Respiration	...
588400820	Cellular Respiration Equation	6O2 + C6H12O6 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy Glucose + Oxygen = Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy (ATP)
588400821	NAD+	...
588400822	Fermentation	...
588400823	Anaerobic	...
588400824	Alcoholic Fermentation	...
588400825	Alcoholic Fermentation Equation	pyruvic acid + NADH --> alcohol + CO2 + NAD+
588400826	Lactic Acid Fermentation	...
588400827	Lactic Acid Fermentation Equation	pyruvic acid + NADH --> lactic acid + NAD+
588400828	Aerobic	...
588400829	Krebs Cycle	...
588400830	Pyruvic Acid	...
588400831	Electron Transport Chain	...
588400832	Cell Division	...
588400833	Mitosis	...
588400834	Cytokinesis	...
588400835	Chromatids	...
588400836	Centromeres	...
588400837	Interphase	...
588400838	Cell Cycle	...
588400839	G1 Phase	...
588400840	S Phase	...
588400841	G2 Phase	...
589052128	Prophase	...
589052129	Metaphase	...
589052130	Anaphase	...
589052131	Telophase	...
589052132	Spindle	...
589052133	Cyclin	...
589052134	Cancer	...
589052135	Gregor Mendel	...
589052136	Genetics	...
589052137	Fertilization	...
589052138	Trait	...
589052139	Genes	...
589052140	Alleles	...
589052141	Mendel's Principles	...
589052142	Segregation	...
589052143	Gametes	...
589052144	Independent Assortment	...
589052145	Homologous	...
589052146	Diploid	...
589052147	Haploid	...
589052148	Meiosis	...
589052149	Tetrad	...
589052150	Crossing-over	...
589052151	Frederick Griffith	...
589052152	Transformation	...
589052153	Oswald Avery	...
589052154	Alfred Hershey Martha Chase	...
589052155	Bacteriophage	...
589052156	Nitrogenous Bases	...
589052157	Erwin Chargaff	...
589052158	Chargaff's Rules	...
589052159	Rosalind Franklin	...
589052160	James Watson Francis Crick	...
589052161	Double Helix	...
589052162	Base Pairing	...
589052163	Histones	...
589052164	Nucleosomes	...
589052165	DNA Replication	...
589052166	Template	...
589052167	DNA Polymerase	...
589052168	Messenger RNA	...
589052169	Ribosomal RNA	...
589052170	Transfer RNA	...
589052171	Trancription	...
589052172	RNA Polymerase	...
589052173	Promoters	...
589052174	Introns	...
589052175	Exons	...
589052176	Splicing	...
589052177	Codon	...
589052178	Translation	...
589052179	Anticodon	...
589052180	Mutations	...
589052181	Point Mutations	...
589052182	Frameshift Mutations	...
589052183	Deletion	...
589052184	Duplication	...
589052185	Inversion	...
589052186	Translocation	...
589052187	Substitution	...
589052188	Trisomy	...
589052189	Monosomy	...
589052190	Nondisjunction	...
589052191	Karyotype	...
589052192	Sex Chromosomes	...
589052193	Autosomes	...
589052194	Germ Cells	...
589052195	Reproductive Cells	...
589052196	Zygote	...
589052197	Chiasmata	...
589052198	Somatic Cells	...
589052199	Polarity	Characteristic that results from the unequal sharing of electrons as seen in water
589052200	Valence Electrons	Two or more atoms held together by a covalent bond
589060628	Polymerization	...
589060629	Empirical Formula	...
589060630	Structural Formula	...
589060631	Hydrolysis	...
589060632	Hydrophobic	...

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Protists - Chapter 28 Flashcards

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639981261	Protists	A eukaryotic organism that cannot be classified as an animal, plant, or fungus.
639981262	Mixotrophs	An organism that is capable of both photosynthesis and heterotrophy
639981263	Endosymbiosis	A process in which a unicellular organism (the "host") engulfs another cell, which lives within the host cell and ultimately becomes an organelle in the host cell; also refers to the hypothesis that mitochondria and plastids were formerly small prokaryotes that began living within larger cells.
639981264	Algae	eukaryotic organisms that convert the sun s energy into food through photosynthesis but that do not have roots, stems, or leaves (singular, alga)
639981265	Secondary endosymbiosis	a process in eukaryotic evolution in which a heterotrophic eukaryotic cell engulfed a photosynthetic eukaryotic cell which survived in a symbiotic relationship inside the heterotrophic cell
639981266	Excavata	One of five supergroups of eukaryotes proposed in a current hypothesis of the evolutionary history of eukaryotes. Excavates have unique cytoskeletal features, and some species have an "excavated" feeding groove on one side of the cell body. See also Chromalveolata, Rhizaria, Archaeplastida, and Unikonta.
639981267	Diplomonads	a protist that has modified mitochondria, two equal-sized nuclei, and multiple flagella
639981268	Parabasalids	A group of protistans, including the trichomonads, that lacks mitochondria.
639981269	Euglenozoans	Member of a diverse clade of flagellated protists that includes predatory heterotrophs, photosynthetic autotrophs, and pathogenic parasites.
639981270	Kinetoplastids	a protist, such as trypanosome, that has a single large mitochondrion that houses an organized mass of DNA.
639981271	Euglenid	A protist, such as Euglena or its relatives, characterized by an anterior pocket from which one or two flagella emerge.
639981272	Chromalveolata	One of the five supergroups of eukaryotes proposed in a current hypothesis of the evolutionary history of eukaryotes. They may have originated from secondary endosymbiosis and include two large protist clades, the alveolates and stramenopiles.
639981273	Alveolates	single-cellular, contain alveoli (mebrane bound sacs underneath plasma membrane. Dinoflagellates, Apicomplexa, Ciliophora.
639981274	Dinoflagellates	a unicellular photosynthetic alga with two flagella situated in perpendicular grooves in cellulose plates covering the cell
639981275	Apicomplexans	Animal-like protists that are parasites characterized by an apical complex which have complex life cycles
639981276	Ciliates	a type of protozoa that moves using hairlike cilia
639981277	Conjugation	in prokaryotes, algae, and fungi, a type of sexual reproduction in which two cells join temporarily to recombine nuclear material
639981278	Stramenopiles	Clade of protists with "hairy" flagellum includes water molds, diatoms, and brown algae
639981279	Diatoms	single-celled organisms. found in salt and fresh water. producers. make up a large percent of phytoplankton. cell walls contain cellulose and silica (frigid and glasslike). used in silver polish, toothpaste, filter and insulation
639981280	Golden Algae	Typically unicellular, biflagellated, algae with yellow and brown carotene and xanthophyll accessory pigments.
639981281	Brown Algae	One of a group of marine, multicellular, autotrophic protists, the most common type of seaweed. Brown algae include the kelps.
639981282	Thallus	the body type of an algae, fungus, or plant that is not differentiated into roots, stems, or leaves
639981283	Holdfast	A complex branching structure that anchors many kinds of multicellular algae to the substrate.
639981284	Stipe	Flattened stem-like structure in brown algae
639981285	Blades	A leaflike structure of a seaweed that provides most of the surface area for photosynthesis.
639981286	Alternation of generations	process in which many algae switch back and forth between haploid and diploid stages of their life cycles
639981287	heteromorphic	Referring to a condition in the life cycle of plants and certain algae in which the sporophyte and gametophyte generations differ in morphology.
639981288	Isomorphic	Referring to alternating generations in plants and certain algae in which the sporophytes and gametophytes look alike, although they differ in chromosome number.
639981289	Oomycetes	Funguslike protists that thrive on decaying organic matter in water and some plant parasites on land
639981290	Rhizaria	One of five supergroups of eukaryotes proposed in a current hypothesis of the evolutionary history of eukaryotes; a morphologically diverse protist clade that is defined by DNA similarities. See also Excavata, Chromalveolata, Archaeplastida, and Unikonta.
639981291	Amoebas	an example of a Protist which moves using pseudopods; reproduces by mitosis; captures and digests food using food vacuoles
639981292	Pseudopodia	''false feet''; A cellular extension of amoeboid cells used in moving and feeding.
639981293	Radiolarians	mostly marine protists whose tests are fused into one delicate piece which is generally made of silica
639981294	Foraminiferans	aquatic protists that secrete a hardened shell containing calcium carbonate and extend pseudopodia through pores in the shell
639981295	Forams	A clade of Rhyzaria. Named for their porous shells called tests made of calcium carbonate. They have psuedopeda that extend through the pores.
639981296	Tests	hardened shells of some protists, including forams and radiolarians
639981297	Cercozoans	A clade that consists of most amoeboid and flagellated protists that feed with thread-like pseudopodia.
639981298	Archaeplastida	One of five supergroups of eukaryotes proposed in a current hypothesis of the evolutionary history of eukaryotes. This monophyletic group, which includes red algae, green alage, and land plants, descended from an ancient protist ancestor that engulfed a cyanobacterium. See also Excavata, Chromalveolata, Rhizaria, and Unikonta.
639981299	Red Algae	multicellular plant-like protist used to make ice cream and conditioner
639981300	Green Algae	Photosynthetic protists that include unicellular, colonial, and multicellular species with grass green chloroplasts; closely related to true plants.

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apush unit 7 study guide Flashcards

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139231146	The "real heart" of the progressive movement was the effort by reformers to	use the government as an agency of human welfare
139231147	The political roots of the progressive movement lay in the	greenback labor party and the populists
139231148	Match each late-nineteenth-century social critic below with the target of his criticism. A. Thorstein Veblen B. Jack London C. Jacob Riis D. Henry Demarest Lloyd 1. "bloated trusts" 2. slum conditions 3. "conspicuous consumption" 4. destruction of nature	A:3, B:4, C:2, D:1
139231149	Progressivism	was less a minority movement and more a majority mood. strong political overtones, and it rejected the church as the driving force for change
139231150	Female progressives often justified their reformist political activities on the basis of	essentially an extension of women's traditional roles as wives and mothers
139231151	Match each early-twentieth-century muckraker below with the target of his or her exposé. A. David G. Phillips B. Ida Tarbell C. Lincoln Steffens D. Ray Stannard Baker 1. the United States Senate 2. the Standard Oil Company 3. city governments 4. the condition of blacks	A:1, B:2, C:3, D:4
139231152	Lincoln Steffens, in his series of articles entitled "The Shame of the Cities,"	unmasked the corrupt alliance between big business and municipal government.
139231153	The muckrakers signified much about the nature of the progressive reform movement because they	sought not to overthrow capitalism but to cleanse it with democratic controls
139231154	Most muckrakers believed that their primary function in the progressive attack on social ills was to	make the public aware of social problems
139231155	The leading progressive organization advocating prohibition of liquor was	women's christian temperance union
139231156	Progressive reformers were mainly men and women from the	middle class who felt pressure from new giant corporations, restless immigrant hordes, and the aggressive labor unions
139231157	Political progressivism	emerged in both major parties, in all regions, at all levels of government
139231158	According to progressives, the cure for all of American democracy's ills was	more democracy
139231159	To regain the power that the people had lost to the "interests," progressives advocated all of the following	initiative, referendum,recall, direct election of U.S. senators
139231160	All of the following were prime goals of earnest progressives	to use state power to curb the trusts and to stem the socialist threat by generally improving the common person's conditions of life and labor, rooting out graft
139231161	The progressive movement was instrumental in getting the Seventeenth amendment added to the Constitution, which provided for _______________	direct election of United States senators
139231162	The settlement house and women's club movements were crucial centers of female progressive activity because they	exposed middle-class women to problems in cities: poverty, corruption, and conditions
139231163	the following was among the issues addressed by women in the progressive movement?	preventing child labor in factories and sweatshops, creating pensions for mothers with dependent children, insuring that food products were healthy and safe, attacking tuberculosis and other diseases bred in slum tenements except: ending special regulations governing women in the workplace
139231164	In Muller v. Oregon, the Supreme Court upheld the principle promoted by progressives like Florence Kelley and Louis Brandeis that	female workers required special protection on the job
139231165	The public outcry after the horrible Triangle Shirtwaist fire led many states to pass	restrictions on female employment in the clothing industry
139231166	The case of Lochner v. New York represented a setback for progressives and labor advocates because the Supreme Court in its ruling	declaring a law limiting work to 10 hours a day unconstitutional
139231167	The progressive-inspired city-manager system of government	was designed to remove politics from municipal administration
139231168	Progressive reform at the level of city government seemed to indicate that the progressives' highest priority was	government efficiency, city commission Giving people more direct power over government
139231169	While president, Theodore Roosevelt chose to label his reform proposals as the	square deal
139231170	As a part of his reform program, Teddy Roosevelt advocated all of the following	control of corporations, consumer protection and conservation of natural resources
139231171	Teddy Roosevelt helped to end the 1902 strike in the anthracite coal mines by	threatening to seize mines and operate them with federal troops if mediation wasn't accepted
139231172	One unusual and significant characteristic of the anthracite coal strike in 1902 was that	the national government did not automatically side with the owners in the dispute
139231173	The Elkins and Hepburn acts dealt with the subject of	railroad regulation
139231174	Teddy Roosevelt believed that trusts	were here to stay with their efficient means of production
139231175	The real purpose of Teddy Roosevelt's assault on trusts was to	prove that government ruled the city
139231176	President Roosevelt believed that the federal government should adopt a policy of _______________ trusts.	regulating
139231177	Passage of the Federal Meat Inspection Act was especially facilitated by the publication of	Upton Sinclair's "The Jungle".
139231178	When Upton Sinclair wrote The Jungle, he intended his book to focus attention on the	plight of workers in the canning factories, not the processing of food
139231179	Of the following legislation aimed at resource conservation, the only one associated with Roosevelt's presidency was the	Newlands Act
139231180	According to the text, Teddy Roosevelt's most enduring achievement may have been	his efforts supporting conservation/environment
139231181	The idea of "multiple-use resource management" included all of the following practices	recreation, sustained-yield logging, watershed protection, summer stock grazing except:damming of rivers
139231182	Teddy Roosevelt weakened himself politically after his election in 1904 when he	announced that he would not be a candidate for a third term as president.
139231183	The panic of 1907 stimulated reform in _______________ policy.	banking
139231184	Theodore Roosevelt is probably most accurately described as	middle of the road politician
139231185	While president, Theodore Roosevelt	greatly increased the power and prestige of the presidency
139231186	During his presidency, Teddy Roosevelt did all of the following	aid the cause of the environment, shape the progressive movement, expand presidential power,provide an international perspective except: tame capitalism
139231187	As president, William Howard Taft	was wedded more to the status quo than to change.
139231188	President Taft's foreign policy was dubbed	dollar diplomacy
139231189	The Supreme Court's "rule of reason" in antitrust law was handed down in a case involving	Standard Oil
139231190	Teddy Roosevelt decided to run for the presidency in 1912 because	William Howard Taft had seemed to discard Roosevelt's policies
139231191	Before he was elected president in 1912, Woodrow Wilson had been	State governor
139231192	As governor of New Jersey, Woodrow Wilson established a record as	a passionate reformer
139231193	In 1912, Woodrow Wilson ran for the presidency on a Democratic platform that included all of the following	antitrust legislation, monetary reform, tariff reduction, support for small businesses
139231194	When Jane Addams placed Teddy Roosevelt's name in nomination for the presidency in 1912, it	symbolized the rising political status of women, as well as Progressive support for the cause of social justice
139231195	Teddy Roosevelt's New Nationalism	campaigned for stronger control of trusts, woman suffrage, and programs of social welfare.
139231196	Woodrow Wilson's New Freedom	favored small enterprise, entrepreneurship, and the free functioning of unregulated and unmonopolized markets. Shunned the social-welfare programs and supported the fragmentation of trusts.
139231197	The 1912 presidential election was notable because	it gave the voters a choice of political and economic philosophies
139231198	Match each 1912 presidential candidate below with his political party. A. Woodrow Wilson B. Theodore Roosevelt C. William Howard Taft D. Eugene V. Debs 1. Socialist 2. Democratic 3. Republican 4. Progressive	A:2, B:4, C:3, D:1
139231199	According to the text, the runaway philosophical winner in the 1912 election was	progressivism
139231200	In 1912 Woodrow Wilson became the first __________ elected to the presidency since the Civil War	southerner
139231201	Woodrow Wilson was most comfortable surrounded by	Academic Scholars
139231202	Woodrow Wilson's attitude toward the masses can best be described as	...
139231203	Woodrow Wilson's political philosophy included all of the following	faith in the masses, a belief that the president should provide leadership for Congress, and a belief that the president should appeal over the heads of legislators to the sovereign people
139231204	As a politician, Woodrow Wilson was	inflexible and stubborn
139231205	Congress passed the Underwood Tariff because	president Wilson aroused public opinion to support its passage
139231206	In 1913, Woodrow Wilson broke with a custom dating back to Jefferson's day when he	personally delivered his presidential address to congress
141000785	When Woodrow Wilson became president in 1912, the most serious shortcoming in the country's financial structure was that the	currency was inelastic
141000786	When Congress passed the Underwood Tariff Bill in 1913, it intended the legislation to	lower tariff rates.
141000787	The Sixteenth Amendment provided for	a personal income tax
141000788	The Federal Reserve Act of 1913 guaranteed a substantial measure of public control over the American banking system through the final authority given to the	Federal Reserve Board
141000789	The Federal Reserve Act gave the Federal Reserve Board the authority to	increase the amount of money in circulation
141000790	The Clayton Anti—Trust Act	explicitly legalized strikes and peaceful picketing
141000791	Because of the benefits that it conferred on labor, Samuel Gompers called the _______________ "labor's Magna Charta."	The Clayton Anti-Trust Act of 1914
141000792	The first Jew to sit on the United States Supreme Court, appointed by Woodrow Wilson, was	Louis Brandeis
141000793	Woodrow Wilson showed the limits of his progressivism by	accelerating the segregation of African Americans in the federal bureaucracy
141000794	Woodrow Wilson's early efforts to conduct an anti—imperialist U. S. foreign policy were first undermined when he	sent american marines to Haiti
141000795	Which term best characterizes Woodrow Wilson's approach to American foreign policy diplomacy?	moralistic
141000796	President Woodrow Wilson refused to intervene in the affairs of Mexico until	a small party of American sailors was accidentally captured by the Mexicans, Wilson ordered the navy to seize the Mexican port of Vera Cruz.
141000797	Before his first term ended, Woodrow Wilson had militarily intervened in or purchased all of the following countries	Mexico....
141000798	Woodrow Wilson's administration refused to extend formal diplomatic recognition to the government in Mexico headed by	Huerta government,He dismissed Pancho Villa and helped the Carranza cause.
141000799	As World War I began in Europe, the alliance system placed Germany and Austria—Hungary as leaders of the _______________, while Russia and France were among the _______________.	central powers, allied powers
141000800	From 1914 to 1916, trade between the United States and Britain	pulled the American economy out of a recession.
141000801	With the outbreak of World War I in 1914, the great majority of Americans	earnestly hoped to stay out of war
141000802	One primary effect of World War I on the United States was that it	conducted an immense amount of trade with the Allies.
141000803	President Wilson insisted that he would hold _______________ to "strict accountability" for _______________.	Germany; the loss of American ships and lives to submarine warfare
141000804	German submarines began sinking unarmed and unresisting merchant and passenger ships without warning	in retaliation for the British naval blockade of Germany
141000805	Which of the following American passenger liners was sunk by German submarines?	lusitiania
141000806	The Progressive "Bull Moose" party died when	TR refused to run as the party's presidential candidate in 1916
141000807	In the Sussex pledge, Germany promised	not to sink passenger ships without warning
141000808	When Woodrow Wilson won reelection in 1916, he received strong support from the	working class
141000809	President Wilson broke diplomatic relations with Germany when	they announced that they would wage unrestricted sub warfare in the Atlantic
141000810	The Zimmermann note involved a proposed secret agreement between	Germany and Mexico
141000811	The United States declared war on Germany	after German U-Boats sank 4 unarmed American merchant vessels
141000812	President Woodrow Wilson persuaded the American people to enter World War I by	pledging to make the war "a war to end all wars" and to make the world safe for democracy
141000813	President Wilson viewed America's entry into World War I as an opportunity for the United States to	to shape a new international order based on the ideals of democracy
141000814	the following was among Wilson's Fourteen Points upon which he based America's idealistic foreign policy in World War I?	reduction of armaments, abolition of secret treaties, a new international organization to guarantee collective security, and the principle of national self-determination for subject peoples.
141000815	The major problem for George Creel and his Committee on Public Information was that	he oversold Wilson's ideals and led the world to expect too much
141000816	Match each civilian administrator below with the World War I mobilization agency that he directed. A. George Creel B. Herbert Hoover C. Bernard Baruch D. William Howard Taft 1. War Industries Board 2. Committee on Public Information 3. Food Administration 4. National War Labor Board	A:2, B:3, C:1, D:4
141000817	When the United States entered World War I, it was	not ready for its leap into global war
141000818	During World I, civil liberties in America were	denied to many, especially those suspected of disloyalty
141000819	Two constitutional amendments adopted in part because of wartime influences were the Eighteenth, which dealt with _______________, and the Nineteenth, whose subject was _______________.	prohibition; woman suffrage
141000820	As a result of their work supporting the war effort, women	finally received the right to vote
141000821	During World War I, the government's treatment of labor could be best described as	fair..
141000822	The two groups who suffered most from the violaton of civil liberties during World War I were	German Americans and social radicals.
141000823	Grievances of labor during and shortly after World War I include all of the following	the inability to gain the right to organize, war spawned inflation, and violence against workers by employers
141239729	The 1919 steel strike resulted in	The movement of tens of thousands of Southern blacks north during WWI resulted in
141239730	The movement of tens of thousands of Southern blacks north during WWI resulted in	racial violence in the North
141239731	Most wartime mobilization agencies relied on _______________ to prepare the economy for war.	voluntary compliance
141239732	Most of the money raised to finance World War I came from	loans
141239733	In an effort to make economic mobilization more efficient during World War I, the federal government took over and operated	the railroads
141239734	The United States used all of the following methods to support the war effort	forcing some people to buy war bonds, having "meatless and wheatless" days, and seizing enemy merchant vessels trapped in American harbors
141239735	The World War I military draft	...
141239736	When the United States entered the war in 1917, most Americans did not believe that	it would be necessary to send a large American army to Europe
141239737	Those who protested conscription during World War I did so because	hey disliked the idea of compelling a person to serve
141239738	During World War I, American troops fought in all of the following countries	Russia, Belgium and Italy
141239739	The two major battles of World War I in which United States forces engaged were	St. Mihiel and the Meuse-Argonne Offensive.
141239740	Russia's withdrawal from World War I in 1918 resulted in	the release of thousands of German troops for deployment on the front in France
141239741	The supreme military commander of American forces during World War I was	General John J. Pershing.
141239742	The Second Battle of the Marne was significant because it	marked the beginning of a German withdrawal that was never reversed
141239743	As a condition of ending World War I, Woodrow Wilson demanded that	the German Kaiser be forced from power
141239744	The United States' main contributions to the Allied victory in World War I included all of the following	foodstuffs, oil, munitions, and morale
141239745	The Germans were heavily demoralized by	the US troop reserves
141239746	The chief difference between Woodrow Wilson and the parliamentary statesmen at the Paris peace table was that Wilson	did not command a legislative majority at home
141239747	Woodrow Wilson's ultimate goal at the Paris Peace Conference was to	establish the League of Nations
141239748	At the Paris Peace Conference, Wilson sought all of the following goals	preventing a seizure of territory by the victors, a world parliament of nations to provide collective security, national self-determination for smaller European nations, free trade and freedom of the seas. except:an end to the European colonial empires in Africa and Asia.
141239749	Opposition to the League of Nations by many United States Senators during the Paris Peace Conference	gave the Allied leaders in Paris a stronger bargaining position
141239750	After the Treaty of Versailles had been signed, Woodrow Wilson	wilson was condemned by disillusioned liberals and frustrated imperialists
141239751	In the United States, the most controversial aspect of the Treaty of Versailles was	after the Treaty of Versailles had been signed
141239752	The initial Republican strategy regarding the Treaty of Versailles was to	delay and amend the treaty.
141239753	Senate opponents of the League of Nations as proposed in the Treaty of Versailles argued that it	robbed Congress of its war-declaring powers.
141239754	In Congress, the most reliable support for Wilson's position on the League of Nations came from	democrats
141239755	The Senate likely would have accepted American participation in the League of Nations if Wilson had	been willing to compromise with the League opponents in Congress
141239756	Who was finally most responsible for the Senate defeat of the Treaty of Versailles?	isolationists
141239757	Woodrow Wilson's call for a "solemn referendum" in 1920 referred to	his attempt to use the presidential election of 1920 to gain support for the Treaty of Versailles but it became a death sentence for the League of Nations
141239758	Republican isolationists successfully turned Warren Harding's 1920 presidential victory into a	death sentence for the League.
141239759	The major weakness of the League of Nations was that it	did not include the US
141239760	The red scare of 1919-1920 was provoked by	the public's association of labor violence with its fear of a communist revolution
141239761	Disillusioned by war and peace, Americans in the 1920s did all of the following	denounce "radical" foreign ideas, condemn "un-American" life-styles, shun diplomatic commitments to foreign countries, restrict immigration except: enter a decade of economic difficulties.
141239762	Business people used the red scare to	break the backs of fledging unions.
141239763	The most tenacious pursuer of "radical" elements during the red scare was	Mitchell Palmer
141239764	The post-World War I Ku Klux Klan advocated all of the following	fundamentalist religion, opposition to birth control, repression of pacifists, anti-Catholicism except:opposition to prohibition
141239765	The Ku Klux Klan of the 1920s was a reaction against	reaction against the forces of diversity and modernity that were transforming American culture.
141239766	Immigration restrictions of the 1920s were introduced as a result of	the nativist belief that northern Europeans were superior to southern and eastern Europeans.
141239767	"Cultural pluralists" like Horace Kallen and Randolph generally advocated that	immigrants should be able to retain their traditional cultures rather than blend into a single American "melting pot."
141239768	The immigration quota system adopted in the 1920s discriminated directly against	Southern and Eastern Europeans
141239769	One of the primary obstacles to working class solidarity and organization in America was	ethnic diversity
141239770	Enforcement of the Volstead Act met the strongest resistance from	eastern city dwellers.
141239771	The religion of almost all Polish immigrants to America was	Roman Catholicism
141239772	Many Polish peasants learned about America from all of the following sources except	agents from U.S. railroads, letters from friends and relative, agents from steamship lines, Polish American business people except: Catholic missionaries
141239773	Most Americans assumed that prohibition	would be permanent
141239774	The most spectacular example of lawlessness and gangsterism in the 1920s was	Chicago
141239775	John Dewey can rightly be called the "father of ____________________."	progressive educatio
141239776	According to John Dewey, a teacher's primary goal is to	educate a student for life
141239777	Of the following, the one least related to the other four is	Frederick W. Taylor
141239778	The trial of John Scopes in 1925 centered on the issue of	teaching evolution in public schools
141239779	After the Scopes "Monkey Trial,"	fundamentalist religion remained a vibrant force in American spiritual life.
141239780	All of the following helped to make the prosperity of the 1920s possible	rapid expansion of capital, increased productivity of workers, perfection of assembly-line production, advertising and credit buying. except: government stimulation of the economy
141239781	The main problem faced by American manufacturers in the 1920s involved	developing expanded markets of people to buy their products
141239782	Bruce Barton, author of The Man Nobody Knows, expressed great admiration for Jesus Christ because Barton	believed that Christ was the best advertising man of all time.
141239783	The prosperity that developed in the 1920s	was accompanied by a cloud of consumer debt
141239784	Among the major figures promoted by mass media image makers and the new "sports industry" in the 1920s were	Babe Ruth and Jack Dempsey
141239785	Henry Ford's contribution to the automobile industry was	relatively cheap automobiles
141239786	Frederick W. Taylor, a prominent inventor and engineer, was best known for his	promotion of industrial efficiency and scientific management
141239787	the following was among the industries that prospered mightily with widespread use of the automobile	rubber, highway construction, oil, glass except: aluminum
141239788	The automobile revolution resulted in all of the following	the consolidation of schools, the spread of suburbs, a loss of population in less attractive states, altered youthful sexual behavior. except: the increased dependence of women on men
141239789	Charles Lindbergh's solo flight across the Atlantic made him an American hero especially because	his wholesome youthfulness contrasted with the cynicism and debunking of the jazz age
141239790	The first "talkie" motion picture was	The Jazz Singer
141239791	With the advent of radio and motion pictures,	much of the rich diversity of immigrant culture was lost.
141239792	Automobiles, radios, and motion pictures	contributed to the standardization of American life
141239793	The 1920 census revealed that for the first time most	americans lived in cities
141239794	Margaret Sanger was most noted for her advocacy of	birth control
141239795	Job opportunities for women in the 1920s	tended to cluster in a few low-paying field
141239796	To justify their new sexual frankness, many Americans pointed to	the theories of Sigmund Freud
141239797	Jazz music was developed by	American blacks
141239798	Marcus Garvey, founder of the United Negro Improvement Association, is known for all of the following except	promoting the resettlement of American blacks in Africa, cultivating feelings of self-confidence and self-reliance among blacks, being sent to prison after a conviction for fraud, promoting black-owned businesses. except: establishing the idea of the talented tenth to lead African Americans.
141239799	Match each literary figure below with the correct work. A. Ernest Hemingway B. F. Scott Fitzgerald C. Sinclair Lewis D. William Faulkner 1. The Sun Also Rises 2. Main Street 3. The Sound and the Fury 4. The Great Gatsby	A:1, B:4, C:2, D:3
141239800	Buying stock "on margin" meant	purchasing it with a small down paymen
141239801	Which of the following was not among prominent African American cultural figures of the 1920s?	Joseph "King" Oliver, "Jelly Roll" Morton, Langston Hughes, W.C. Handy. except: Ralph Ellison.
141239802	As secretary of the treasury, Andrew Mellon placed the tax burden on the	middle-income groups
141239803	Warren G. Harding's weaknesses as president included all of the following except a(n)	mediocre mind, inability to detect moral weaknesses in his associates, unwillingness to hurt people's feelings by saying no, administrative weakness. except: lack of political experience
141239804	Match each member of President Harding's cabinet below with his major area of responsibility. A. Charles Evans Hughes B. Andrew Mellon C. Herbert Hoover D. Harry Daugherty E. Albert Fall 1. taxes and tariffs 2. naval oil reserves 3. naval arms limitation 4. foreign trade and trade associations 5. justice and law enforcement	A:3, B:1, C:4, D:2, E:5
141239805	Which one of the following members of President Harding's cabinet proved to be incompetent and corrupt?	Albert Fall
141239806	Republican economic policies under Warren G. Harding	hoped to encourage the government actively to assist business along the path to profits.
141239807	During the 1920s, the Supreme Court	often ruled against progressive legislation
141239808	_______________ was (were) adversely affected by the demobilization policies adopted by the federal government at the end of World War I.	organized labor
141239809	The Supreme Court cases of Muller and Adkins centered on	the question of whether women merited special legal and social treatment.
141239810	The nonbusiness group that realized the most significant, lasting gains from World War I was	veterans
141239811	One exception to President Warren G. Harding's policy of isolationism involved in the Middle East, where the United States sought to	secure oil-drilling concessions for American companies
141239812	Warren G. Harding was willing to seize the initiative on the issue of international disarmament because	businesspeople were unwilling to help pay for a larger United States Navy.
141239813	The 1928 Kellogg-Briand Pact	outlawed war as a solution to international rivalry
141239814	In the 1920s the Fordney-McCumber Tariff __________ tariff rates and the Hawley-Smoot Tariff __________ tariff rates, so that by 1930 the tariff rates had been substantially __________ from the opening of the decade.	raised; raised; raised
141239815	Which of the following was not a consequence of the American policy of raising tariffs sky-high in the 1920s?	...
141239816	The Teapot Dome scandal involved the corrupt mishandling of	naval oil reserves
141239817	The major political scandal of Harding's administration resulted in the conviction and imprisonment of his secretary of	the interior
141239819	During Coolidge's presidency, government policy was set largely by the interests and values of	the business community
141239820	After the initial shock of the Harding scandals, many Americans reacted by	excusing some of the wrongdoers on the grounds that "they had gotten away with it
141239821	One of the major problems facing farmers in the 1920s was	was overproduction
141239822	In the mid-1920s President Coolidge twice refused to sign legislation proposing to	lower taxes
141239823	The intended beneficiaries of the McNary-Haugen Bill were __________; the intended beneficiaries of the Norris-LaGuardia Act were	farmers, labor unions
141239824	the following splits did affect the Democratic party in 1924	"wets' vs. "drys", urbanites vs. suburbanites, Fundamentalists vs. Modernists except: northern liberals vs. southern conservatives
141239825	Senator Robert La Follette's Progressive party advocated all of the following except	government ownership of railroads, relief for farmers, opposition to monopolies, increased power for the Supreme Court except: opposition to antilabor injunctions
141239826	In 1924 the Democratic party convention failed by a single vote to adopt a resolution condemning	the Ku Klux Klan
141239827	The Progressive party did not do well in the 1924 election because	too many people shared in prosperity to care about reform.
141239828	In the early 1920s, one glaring exception to America's general indifference to the outside world was its	the United States' armed intervention in the Caribbean and Central America
141239829	America's European allies argued that they should not have to repay loans that the United States made to them during World War I because	they had paid a much heavier price in lost lives, so the US should write off the debt.
141239830	As a result of America's insistence that its Allies' war debts be repaid in full,	the French and British demanded enormous reparations payments from Germany.
141239831	America's major foreign-policy problem in the 1920s was addressed by the Dawes Plan, which	address these problems by providing a solution to the tangle of war-debt and war-reparations payments (Dawes a rich American businessman and his friends would loan Germany 200 million dollars to pay war reparations to Great Britain and France so they meaning GB and France could pay the US their war debts - smooth well sort of at least until the stock market crash).
141239832	The most colorful presidential candidate of the 1920s was	Alfred E. Smith
141239833	All of the following were political liabilities for Alfred E. Smith except his	Catholic religion, support for the repeal of prohibition, big-city background, radio speaking skill except: failure to win the support of American labor
141239834	One of Herbert Hoover's chief strengths as a presidential candidate was his	talent for administration.
141239835	When elected to the presidency in 1928, Herbert Hoover	combined small-town values with wide experience in modern corporate America.
141239836	The Federal Farm Board, created by the Agricultural Marketing Act, lent money to farmers primarily to help them to	organize producers' cooperatives.
141239837	As a result of the Hawley-Smoot Tariff of 1930,	the worldwide depression deepened
141239838	In America, the Great Depression caused	decade long decline in birthrate, no money so not too quick to have more kids.
141239839	President Herbert Hoover believed that the Great Depression could be ended by doing all of the following	directly assisting businesses and banks, keeping faith in the efficiency of the industrial system, continuing to rely on the American tradition of rugged individualism, lending federal funds to feed farm livestock. except: providing direct aid to the people.
141239840	President Hoover's approach to the Great Depression was to	offer federal assistance to businesses and banks but not individuals
141239841	The "alphabetical agency" set up under Hoover's administration to provide aid to business and local governments was the	Reconstruction Finance Corporation
141239842	The Reconstruction Finance Corporation was established to	make loans to businesses, banks, and state and local government
141239843	The Bonus Expeditionary Force marched on Washington, D.C., in 1932 to demand	immediate full payment of bonus payments promised to WWI veterans
141239844	President Hoover's public image was severely damaged by his	handling of the dispersal of the Bonus Army
141239845	In response to the League of Nations' investigation into Japan's invasion and occupation of Manchuria,	Japan left the league
141239846	The 1932 Stimson doctrine	declared that the United States would not recognize any territorial acquisition achieved by force of arms.

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Psychology Chapter 9 Flashcards

Psychology over the life span

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510557250	Maturation	The developmental process that produces genetically programmed changes in the body, brain, or behavior with increasing age
510557251	Embryo	A developing baby from the point where the major axis of the body is present until all major structures are present, spanning from about 2 weeks to 8 weeks after conception
510557252	Fetus	A developing baby during the final phase of development in the womb, from about 8 weeks after conception until birth
510557253	Teratogen	Any external agent, such as a chemical, virus, or type of radiation, that can cause damage to the zygote, embryo, or fetus
510557254	Nativism (approach to language)	The view that people are born with some knowledge
510557255	Language acquisition device (LAD)	An innate mechanism, hypothesized by Chomsky, that contains the grammatical rules common to all languages and allows language acquisition
510557256	Child-directed speech (CDS)	Speech by caregivers to babies that relies on short sentences with clear pauses, careful enunciation, exaggerated intonation, and a high-pitched voice
510557257	Overextension	An overly broad use of a word to refer to a new object or situation
510557258	Underextension	An overly narrow use of a word to refer to a new object or situation
510557259	Grammar	The set of rules that determines how words can be organized into an infinite number of acceptable sentences in a language
510557260	Telegraphic speech	Speech that packs a lot of information into a few highly informative words, typically omitting words such as the, a, and of
510557261	Overregularization error	A mistake that occurs in speech when the child applies a newly learned rule even to cases where it does not apply
510557262	Critical period	A narrow window of time when a certain type of learning or some aspect of development is possible
510557263	Schema	In Piaget's theory, a mental structure that organizes sensory and perceptual input and connects it to the appropriate responses
510557264	Assimilation	In Piaget's theory, the process that allows the use of existing schemas to organize and interpret new stimuli and respond appropriately
510557265	Accomodation	In Piaget's theory, the process that results in schemas' changing or the creation of new schemas, as necessary to cope with a broader range of situations
510557266	Object permanence	The understanding that objects continue to exist when they cannot be immediately perceived
510557267	Conservation	The Piagetian principle that certain properties, such as amount or mass, remain the same even when the appearance of the material or object changes, provided that nothing is added or removed
510557268	Egocentrism	In Piaget's theory, the inability to take another person's point of view
510557269	Concrete operation	In Piaget's theory, a (reversible) manipulation of the mental representation of an object that corresponds to an actual physical manipulation
510557270	Formal operation	In Piaget's theory, a reversible mental act that can be performed even with abstract concepts
510557271	Attachment	An emotional bond that leads a person to want to be with someone else and to miss him or her when separated
510557272	Separation anxiety	Fear of being away from the primary caregiver
510557273	Self-concept	The beliefs, desires, values, and attributes that define a person to himself or herself
510557274	Gender roles	The culturally determined appropriate behaviors for males versus females
510557275	Moral dilemma	A situation in which there are moral pros and cons for each of a set of possible actions
510557276	Puberty	The time when hormones cause the sex organs to mature and secondary characteristics, such as breasts for women and a beard for men, to appear
510557277	Adolescence	The period between the onset of puberty and, roughly, the end of the teenage years
510557278	Longitudinal study	A study in which the same group of people is tested repeatedly, at different ages
510557279	Cross-sectional study	A study in which different groups of people are tested, with each group composed of individuals of a particular age
510557280	Psychosocial development	The result of maturation and learning on personality and relationships
521495063	First trimester	The developing baby starts off as a zygote, becomes as embryo when a tube specifies the head-to-toe axis of the body is present (about 2 weeks after conception) and then becomes a fetus when all major body structures are present (about 8 weeks after conception; thereafter, the developing baby is called a fetus until birth)
521495064	Second trimester	The nervous system is crucial for a functioning body, and the great bulk of the neurons are in place by the end of the second trimester.
521495065	Fetoscope	Special light-emitting instrument how we know fetuses become sensitive to both light and sound after 20 to 25 weeks
521495066	Fetal alcohol syndrome	When the woman drinks alcohol during the pregnancy-causes impaired mental functioning, such as problems with aspects of reasoning that involve working memory
521495067	Sudden infant death syndrome	A mothers smoking during pregnancy may increase the chance that her baby will die from this
521495068	Looking back	Page 325 Page 343 Page 348 Page 356
521495069	2-5 months motor skills	Follow movements with eyes; lift head and chest while on stomach; hold head steady; hold an empty object placed in hand
521495070	6-9 months motor skills	Roll over, sit upright; pick up small objects with thumb and fingers; shift objects between hands; crawl
521495071	10-12 months motor skills	Pull to upright standing, and "cruise" (walk by supporting body against objects); turn pages of book
521495072	13-18 months motor skills	Scribble; walk unaided; feed self; point to pictures when asked; throw a ball while maintaining balance
521495073	Milestones in language acquisition	2-3 months-Perceive all phonemes; notice changes in phonemes 6 months-Ignore distinctions among sounds that are not used in the languages spoked around them; begin babbling 8 months-Identify words in the continuous speech stream 1 year-Babbling has adultlike intonation patterns; speaking begins 13 months-Understand about 50 words 18 months-Speak about 50 words 2 years-Telegraphic speech 3 years-Simple pragmatics 4 years-Rules of grammar, such as plural 6 years-Know about 10,000 words 9 years-Subtle pragmatics
521495074	Cognitive development	The gradual transition from infant to adult mental capacity
521495075	Piaget's Periods of Cognitive Development	Sensorimotor Preoperational Concrete operations Formal operations
521495076	Sensorimotor	0-2 years-The child acts on the world as perceived and is not capable of thinking about objects in their absence
521495077	Preoperational	2-7 years-Words, images, and actions are used to represent information mentally. Language and symbolic play develop, but thought is still tied to perceived events
521495078	Concrete operations	7-11 years-Reasoning is based on a logic that is tied to what can be perceived. The child is capable of organizing information systematically into categories and can reverse mental manipulations
521495079	Formal operations	11 years-Reasoning is based on a logic that includes abstractions, which leads to systematic thinking about hypothetical events
521495080	Mental representation	Ways of storing and recalling information Allow children in the preoperational period to think about objects and events that are not immediately present
521495081	Information-processing approach	Based on the idea that perception and cognition rely on a host of distinct processes in the brain, and hence these capacities develop as the relevant parts of the brain develop
521495082	Secure attachment	Evident if babies venture away from the mother, are upset when she leaves and not well comforted by a stranger, but calm down quickly when the mother returns
521495083	Avoidant attachment	Evident if babies dont seem to care very much whether the mother is present or absent and are equally comfortable with her and a stranger; when she returns they do not immediately gravitate to her
521495084	Resistant attachment	Evident if babies do not use the mother as a base of operations for exploration but rather stay close to her and become angry when she leaves; some of these babies may go so far as to hit the mother when she returns, and they do not calm down easily thereafter
521495085	Disorganized/disoriented attachment	Evident if the babies become depressed and have periods of being unresponsive along with spurts of sudden emotion at the end of the testing session
521495086	Preconventional level	Focuses on the role of an authority figure who defines what correct action is; good behaviors are rewarded and bad ones are punished. A preconventional response to the Heinz dilemma might be "If you let your wife die you will get in trouble"
521495087	Conventional level	Focuses on the role of rules that maintain social order and allow people to get along. A child reasoning at this level wants to be viewed as a "good person" by friends and family and tries to follow the Golden Rule. Morality is still closely tied to individual relationships
521495088	Postconventional Level	Focuses on the role of abstract principles that govern the decision to accept or reject specific rules. In the most advanced stage at this level, principles are adopted that are believed to apply to everyone
521495089	Factors that affect puberty at earlier age	Nutrition-Overweight girls tend to experience their period before those who are not overweight Stress-In girls who have a certain gene in combination with having an absent father Additives in foods such as food Chemical pollutants in the environment
521495090	Adolescense 3 problems	1. Conflicts with their parents 2. Extreme mood swings 3. Prone to taking risks
521502093	Cataracts	A clouding of the lenses of the eyes
521502094	Terminal decline	Shortly before death peoples performance on a wide range of cognitive takes takes a dramatic turn for the worse
521502095	Fluid intelligence	Involves reasoning in novel ways and the ability to figure out new solutions Begins to declines as early as the late 20s
521502096	Crystallized intelligence	Involves using previously stored knowledge as a basis of reasoning in familiar ways May increase with age and decline only late in life
521502097	Socioemotional selectivity theory	Older adults come to focus on the limited time they have left which in turn changes their motivations

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Chapter 25: America Moves to the City Flashcards

From the American Pagent 13th Edition

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610430943	Sister Carrie	Written by Theodore Dreiser Includes Carrie Meeber
610430944	Carrie Meeber	Represented the consumerism and city life
610430945	Dumbbell Tenement	Cram packed families into small apartments
610430946	Immigration	People poured in from southern Europe and amassed in "Little Italy"s and others Businesses wanted because it was cheap labor
610430947	Walter Rauschenbusch and Washington Gladden	Wanted to fix the slums Thought socialism was the answer
610430948	Jane Addams	Established the most popular American settlement house in Chicago Called the Hull House Preached antiwar
610430949	Hull House	Offered lessons in English Lobbied for an Illinois anti-sweatshop law protecting women and children Led by Florence Kelly
610430950	Lillian Wald	Henry Street Settlement Opened in 1893
610430951	Florence Kelly	Fought for women, children, blacks, and consumers Went from Hull House, to the Henry Street Settlement, and then the National Consumers League
610430952	Antiforeignism	Respurred in the 1880s because of the high influx of people and their alarming birthrates
610430953	American Protective Association (APA)	Created in 1887 and claimed a million members Advocated against voting for Roman Catholics for office
610430954	Congress 1882	Wouldn't let paupers or criminals in
610430955	Congress 1885	Wouldn't let any foreign worker in under contract, usually for sub-standard wages
610430956	Other Congress	List of people was eventually extended to the insane, polygamists, alcoholics, anarchists, and people with contagious diseases
610430957	Congress 1917	Finally said that there needed to be a literacy test, after 3 dif pres vetoed
610430958	Congress 1882	Bans completely, the Chinese
610430959	Statue of Liberty	Gift from French in 1886
610430960	Episcopal Church	Dominated by status and who had the most money
610430961	New, liberal Protestants	Dominated Protestantism between 1875 and 1925 Didn't take Bible literally Questioned idea of original sin
610430962	Dwight Lyman Moody	Formal shoe salesman Liberal Protestant
610430963	Cardinal James Gibbons	Roman Catholic leader devoted to American Unity and popular with both Catholics and Protestants
610430964	Salvation Army	Spread in 1879
610430965	The Church of Christ, Scientist	Lead by Mary Baker Eddy after a sickness Promised cure from diseases through prayer
610430966	Mary Baker Eddy	Wrote Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures
610430967	YMCA YWCA	Combined other teaching with religious ones
610430968	On the Origin of Species	Published in 1859 Published by Darwin and heralded Natural Selection Caused more skeptical thinking
610430969	Education	Took a sharp upturn with public education skyrocketing and more teacher schools opening Due to immigration, Catholic Schools also grew
610430970	Booker T Washington	Ex-slave helped education grow in the South Taught students useful skills for them to grow past themselves
610430971	George Washington Carver	Found a bunch of uses for the peanut, the sweet potato, and the soybean
610430972	Dr. W. E. B. Du Bois	Condemned Brooker T Washington for teaching just practical skills Demanded complete equality for blacks Founded the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People NAACP in 1910
610430973	Morrill Act of 1862	Gave generous amounts of land to public education
610430974	Hatch Act of 1887	Extended the Morrill Act, giving funds to agricultural experiments in connection to land grant colleges
610430975	Dr. Charles W. Eliot	Young chemist President of Harvard
610430976	Joseph Lister	Listerine
610430977	Louis Pasteur	Pasteurize
610430978	William James	Principles of Psychology (1890) The Will to Believe (1897) Varieties of Religious Experience (1902) Pragmatism (1907)
610430979	Henry George	Progress and Poverty Wanted 100% tax on the owners of land
610430980	Edward Bellamy	Looking Backward
610430981	General Lewis Wallace	Ben Hur: A Tale of the Christ Anti-Darwinist
610430982	Kate Chopin	The Awakening Feminist
610430983	William Deal Howells	Editor in Chief of Atlantic Monthly A Modern Instance (1882) The Rise of Silas Lapham (1885) The Hazard of New Fortunes
610430984	Stephan Crane	Maggie: A Girl of the Streets (1893) The Red Badge of Courage (1895)
610430985	Henry Adams	Great grandson of John Adams History of the US During the Admins of Jeff and Mad Mont-Saint-Mitchel and Chartres (1905) The Education of Henry Adams (1907)
610430986	Henry James	Daisy Miller (1879) The Portrait of a Lady (1881) The Wings of the Dove (1902) The Bostonians (1886)
610430987	Jack London	The Call of the Wild (1903) The Iron Heel (1907)
610430988	Frank Norris	The Octopus (1901) The Pit (1903)
610430989	Paul Laurence Dunbar	Black Poet Lyrics of Lowly Life (1986)
610430990	Charles W Chesnutt	Black short story writer Atlantic Monthly The Conjure Women
610430991	Theodore Dreiser	Sister Carrie (1900)
610430992	Victoria Woodhull and Tennessee Claflin	Woodhull and Claflin's Weekly Far-out and radical Supported free love
610430993	Anthony Comstock	Waged war on the immoral Prude asshole
610430994	Charlotte Perkins Gilman	Women and Economics
610430995	National American Woman Suffrage Association (1890)	Included many reformers Only allowed white women
610430996	Carrie Chapman Catt	***
610430997	Ida B Wells	Helped launch national anti-lynching campaign
610430998	National Prohibition Party (1869)	***
610430999	Woman's Christian Temperance Union	Lead by Frances E. Willard
610431000	Carrie A. Nation	Crazy prohibitionist woman
610431001	Anti-Saloon League (1893)	***
610431002	18th Amendment	1919 Prohibition
610431003	American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (1866)	***
610431004	American Red Cross (1881)	***
610431005	James Whistler	Painter from MA in GB
610431006	John Singer Sargent	Painter from US in GB
610431007	Mary Cassatt	US painter in exile in Paris
610431008	George Inness	Became US's leading landscapist
610431009	Thomas Eakins	Portraitist with a high degree of realism
610431010	Winslow Homer	Boston born and one of the best painters of his time
610431011	Augustus Saint Gaudens	Born in Ireland but moved to US Greatest sculpture of his time
610431012	Metropolitan Opera House (1883)	In NY Brought Euro music to US but also started developing jazz and such
610431013	Louis Sullivan	Skyscraper builder One of greatest architects
610431014	Henry H. Richardson	Born in Louisiana and educated at Harvard and in Paris Large gothic style arches Marshal Field Building (1885)

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2nd Continental Congress Flashcards

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230604534	When	1775
230604535	Where	Philadelphia, PA
230604536	Who	delegates from 13 colonies - John Hancock, Samuel Adams, John Adams from MA, Ben Franklin from PA, George Washington & Thomas Jefferson from VA
230604537	What	George Washington was unanimously chosen as commander of the Continental Army
230604538	Olive Branch Petition	asked King George for colonial rights
230604539	Result	King George III ignored petition and hired Hessian mercenaries to fight for the British

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Auditing IV - Financial Ratios Flashcards

Financial Ratios

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597957529	What ratio measures a firm's short term ability to pay maturing obligations?	Liquidity Ratio
616573703	Working capital =	Current assets - current liabilities
616573704	Current ratio (working capital ratio) =	Current assets / current liabilities
616573705	Acid test ratio =	(cash equivalents + marketable securities + net receivables) / current liabilities
616573706	Cash ratio =	(cash equivalents + marketable securities) / current liabilities
597957530	What ratio measures how effectively an enterprise is using its assets?	Activity Ratio
616573707	A/R Turnover =	net credit sales / average net receivables
616573708	A/R Turnover in days =	average net receivables / (net credit sales/365)
616573709	Inventory turnover =	COGS / average inventory
616573710	Inventory turnover in days =	average inventory / (COGS/365)
616573711	Operating cycle =	A/R turnover in days + inventory turnover in days
616573712	Working capital turnover =	Sales / average working capital
616573713	Total asset turnover =	net sales / average total assets
616573714	A/P turnover =	COGS / average A/P
616573715	Days in A/P =	average A/P / (COGS/365)
597957531	What ratio measures the success or failure of an enterprise for a given time?	Profitability Ratio
616573716	Net profit margin =	Net income / net sales
616573717	Return on total assets =	Net income / average total assets
616573718	Return on assets =	Net profit margin x total asset turnover
616573719	Return on investments =	(Net income + interest expense(1 - tax rate)) / average (long term liabilities + equity)
616573720	Return on common equity =	(Net income - preferred dividends) / average common equity
616573721	Net operating margin percentage =	Net operating income / net sales
616573722	Gross profit margin percentage =	Gross profit margin / net sales
616573723	Operating cash flow per share =	Operating cash flow / common shares outstanding
597957532	What ratio measures interest to investors?	Investor Ratio
616573724	Degree of financial leverage =	Earning before interest and taxes / earnings before taxes
616573725	Earnings per share =	(net income - preferred dividends) / weighted average number of common shares outstanding
616573726	Price/earnings ratio =	Market price per share / diluted earnings per share
616573727	Dividend payout ratio =	Dividends per common share / diluted earnings per share
616573728	Dividend yield =	Dividends per common share / market price per common share
616573729	Book value per share =	(Total stockholders' equity - preferred stock) / number of common shares outstanding
597957533	What ratio measures the security for long term creditors/investors	Long term debt paying ability ratio
597957534	What is the main limitation of ratios?	They depend entirely on the reliability of the data on which they are based
597957535	What is common size analysis?	Common size f/s are used to compare a company's performance with the performance of other smaller/larger companies
616573730	Debt / Equity =	Total liabilities / common stockholders' equity
616573731	Debt ratio =	Total liabilities / total assets
616573732	Times interest earned =	Recurring income before taxes before taxes and interest / interest
616573733	Operating cash flow / total debt =	Operating cash flow / total debt

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Auditing II - Compilation and review of financial statements Flashcards

Compilation and review of financial statements

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543866183	What are the two levels of service an auditor may perform for a nonissuer in respect to unaudited f/s?	Compilation and review
543866184	What is the objective of a compilation?	To present information in the form of f/s without expressing any assurance
543866185	Is a compilation an assurance or attest engagement?	Attest
543866186	What is the objective of a review?	To express limited assurance that there are no material modifications that should be made to the f/s in order to be in conformity with the applicable financial reporting framework.
543866187	Is a review an assurance or attest engagement?	Both
543866188	If an accountant performs more than one service, he should issue a report that is?	Appropriate for the highest level of service rendered.
543866189	SSARS is an acronym for?	Statements on standards for accounting and review services.
543866190	Who is the authoritative body designated to issue pronouncements in connection with the unaudited f/s of nonissuers?	The Accounting and Review Services Committee of the AICPA
543866191	What are the 5 elements of compilation/review engagements?	- Three-party relationship - Financial reporting framework - Financial statements or financial information - Sufficient appropriate evidence - Written communication or report
543866192	Who are the 3 parties involved in compilation/review engagements?	- management - accountant - intended users
544033524	The intended users are:	People who understand the limitations of the compilation/review engagement and f/s
544033525	What is the financial reporting framework?	The financial accounting standards established by an authorized or recognized standards setting body.
544033526	Examples of financial reporting framework are:	- US GAAP established by FASB - GASB - FASAB - IFRS issued by IASB - OCBOA
544033527	The financial reporting framework determines:	What constitutes a complete set of f/s
544033528	Who's responsibility is it to obtain evidence in a compilation report?	Not the auditor's
544033529	Who's responsibility is it to obtain evidence in a review?	The auditor's
544033530	What is required if an accountant performs a compilation or review?	A report or written communication.
544033531	Materiality is based on what and affected by what?	Based on the auditor's professional judgement and affected by the needs of the user's of the f/s
544037479	Misstatements are considered material if:	They can be expected to influence the economic decisions made by f/s users
544037480	Name the 4 compilation requirements:	- Knowledge of industry accounting principles and practices - Understanding of client's business - Reading the f/s - Fraud, illegal acts, going concern, subsequent acts
544037481	If a client refuses to provide additional requested information, the accountant should do what?	Withdraw from the compilation engagement
544037482	Documentation in a compilation engagement should include:	- the engagement letter - significant findings or issues - oral/written communications regarding fraud or illegal acts
544037483	An accountant's compilation report should include the following:	- Title - Addressee - Introductory paragraph - Management responsibility paragraph - Accountant's responsibility paragraph - Accountant signature - Date of Accountant's report
544139978	What must an accountant do when compiling f/s included in a prescribed form that calls for a departure from the applicable financial reporting framework?	Use an alternative form of standard report and add an additional paragraph
544139979	Compiled f/s that omit GAAP disclosures are acceptable if:	- f/s are otherwise in conformity with GAAP - reason for omission was not to deceive - compilation report warns user of missing disclosure
544139980	Departures from the applicable financial reporting framework leave an accountant two options:	Disclosure or withdrawal
544139981	Can an accountant lack independence and still compile f/s for an entity?	Yes with disclosure
544145834	An accountant is exempt from SSARS when compiling unaudited personal f/s if:	- client agrees and the report states that the f/s will not be used for any other purpose other than developing financial plans - the f/s will not be used to obtain credit
544145835	An engagement letter can replace a compilation report if the unaudited f/s:	Are not expected to be used by a third party
544145836	When an engagement letter is used in lieu of a compilation report, the accountant should:	- Include a reference on each page of the f/s restricting their use - Include a written communication discussing services to be performed and limitation of use of f/s
544145837	A review is a higher level of service than a compilation because:	It results in an expression of limited assurance.
544145838	Review procedures should be:	Tailored to the specific engagement.
544145839	Performance requirements applicable to a review are:	ULIARCPA
544145840	ULIARCPA is an acronym for	- Understanding with client established - Learn/obtain sufficient knowledge - Inquiries addressed - Analytical procedures performed - Review other procedures - Client representation letter obtained - Professional judgement - Accountant communicates results
544149913	Review analytical procedures consist of comparing:	- prior period statements - statements with budgets or forecasts - financial and relevant nonfinancial information - ratios and indicators with other entities in the industry - relationships among elements in the f/s with prior periods
544177658	An accountant can request an updated representation letter whenever:	- a significant time has passed - there has been a material subsequent event - a former client requests a reissued prior period report
544177659	Management's failure to provide a representation letter results in:	An incomplete review
544177660	A review that is incomplete will prevent:	The issuance of a review report
544177661	Review documentation should include:	- engagement letter - significant findings - matters inquired about - analytical procedures performed - unusual matters - communications - management representation letter
544177662	A review report should include:	- title - addressee - Introductory paragraph - management's responsibility paragraph - accountant's responsibility paragraph - engagement results paragraph - accountant signature - date of report
544417587	A review's introductory paragraph should include:	AMISAD
544417588	AMISAD is an acronym for:	- applying analytical procedures to - management's financial data and making - inquiries of company management - statement that a review is substantially less in scope than - an audit - does not express such an opinion
544417589	A review's management responsibility paragraph should include:	MRFI
544417590	MRFI is an acronym for:	- management's responsibility - fair presentation of financials - maintaining internal control
544779715	A review's accountant responsibility paragraph should include:	RSALA
544779716	RSALA is an acronym for:	- accountant's responsibility - accordance with SSARS issued by AICPA - limited assurance
544779717	Each page of a review should be marked:	"See Independent Accountant's Review Report."
544779718	In order to issue a review report, an accountant must be what?	Independent
544779719	If an accountant wants to modify a review or compilation, he should:	Add a separate paragraph disclosing the departure to the end of the report.
544779720	If the financials for a compilation or review are in need of revision, the accountant must:	Modify the report or withdraw
544779721	If modifying a review or compilation is not adequate, the accountant must:	Withdraw
544784515	If an accountant discovers subsequent facts, he should:	- advise the client to issue revised f/s - advise the client to make necessary disclosures/revisions
544784516	If the effect of subsequent events cannot be determined on a timely basis, the accountant should:	Provide notification that the f/s and report should not be relied on
544785961	If a client refuses to follow procedures, the accountant should:	Take additional steps to prevent further reliance
544785962	Additional steps to prevent further reliance includes notifying:	- the client that the accountant's report must no longer be associated with the f/s - any regulatory agencies - persons known to be relying on the f/s
544796155	If a client asks the accountant to change the engagement, the accountant must consider:	- the reason for the request - the effort required to complete the engagement - the estimated additional cost
544796156	3 reasons for changing an engagement:	- acceptable reasons - unacceptable reasons - scope limitations
544796157	2 acceptable reasons for changing an engagement include:	- change in client requirements - misunderstanding of service to be rendered
544796158	2 unacceptable reasons for changing an engagement:	- uncovering errors or fraud - attempting to create misleading/deceptive f/s
544799501	2 unacceptable scope limitations for changing an engagement:	- the client refuses to allow correspondence with legal counsel - the client refuses to prove a signed representation letter
547682105	Management representations for reviews must cover what periods?	All periods being reported on.
547682106	SSARS do not apply to other accounting services such as:	- preparing a few AJE's - preparing tax returns - bookkeeping or data processing
547834542	If an accountant decides to change the engagement, he should mention what about the original engagement?	Nothing

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