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APUSH UNIT 3 Flashcards

234766218	James Madison	"Father of the Constitution";4th president;anti federalist, 4th president, leads nation through War of 1812 "mr.madison's war" encouraged Annapolis Convention; nationalist; separation of powers
234766219	George Mason	Was one of the strongest supporters of the bill of rights.(was from Virginia) "father of the bill of rights" In 1776, he had written the bill of rights for Virginia's constitution. After the Constitutional Convention refused to include a bill of rights
234766220	Alexander Hamilton	1789-1795; First Secretary of the Treasury. He advocated creation of a national bank, assumption of state debts by the federal government, and a tariff system to pay off the national debt. Killed by Burr.
234766221	George Washington	Military commander of the American Revolution. He was the first elected president of the United States (1789-1799). Proc. of Neutrality, Pickney Treaty, citizen of genet
234766222	Ben Franklin	A delegate from Pennsylvania and proposed the "Albany Plan of the Union" as a way to strengthen colonies. Nationalist; attendee of Constitutional Convention; enlightenment; 1st ambassador to France
234766223	Nationalists	political group advocating or fighting for national independence, a strong national government, ie. Federalists
234766224	Annapolis Convention	Originally planning to discuss the promotion of interstate commerce, delegates from five states met at Annapolis in September 1786 and ended up suggesting a convention to amend the Articles of Confederation
234766225	Demographic of Constitutional Convention Members	White wealthy males who owned land and were in the elite of society
234766226	Provisions of the Constitution	bicameral legislature- lower House on population, upper Senate on equality; 3/5ths Compromise and 20 year slave trade extension; Congress regulate interstate commerce and tax on imports but NOT on exports; electoral college for chief executive
234766227	Commercial Compromise	The Commercial Compromise allowed Congress to regulate interstate and foreign commerce yet prohibited any tariffs on exported goods. Significance: This agreement incorporated the needs of both the Anti-Federalists and the Federalists to some degree.
234766228	Federalism	a system in which power is divided between the national and state governments
234766229	Virginia Plan	Virginia delegate James Madison's plan of government, in which states got a number of representatives in Congress based on their population. Was better for large states.Council of Revision with President and judiciary veto power for state and national gov't; House representatives popularly elected, but senators by state legislatures
234766230	New Jersey Plan	Opposite of the Virginia Plan, it proposed a single-chamber congress in which each state had one vote. This created a conflict with representation between bigger states, who wanted control befitting their population, and smaller states, who didn't want to be bullied by larger states.William Paterson
234766231	Great Compromise	Compromise made by Constitutional Convention in which states would have equal representation in one house of the legislature and representation based on population in the other house
234766232	3/5 rule	Slave representation. each slave is counted as 3/5 of a person for population purposes in the house of representatives
234766233	D.C. Compromise	Jefferson gave his support to Hamilton's economic plan, in return Jefferson got to have the capital put along the Potomac river near to the center of the country
234766234	Federalists and Anti- Federalists	Federalists (supporters of strong national government) desired ratification of the Constitution (ex. Washington, Franklin, Madison, Hamilton) vs. Anti-Federalists (Strong states' rights advocates wary of large government) who demanded Bill of Rights to even consider ratification
234766235	Strict vs. Loose Construction	Strict constructionist were generally antifederalists and wanted the national gov. to stick to only what was in the constitution. Loose constructionists were generally federalists and thought the government can do things outside of the constitution
234766236	National Bank	Hamilton's big idea; fiercely opposed by Jefferson and Democratic-Rep. The bank would regulate money and draw investors; showed that the constitution could be construed in many a way.
234766237	Hamilton's Economic Plan	tries to stable American finances. 1) Assumption of State debts 2) Creation of a National Bank 3) Promotion of the manufacturing industry with high taxes on imports. Federalists support all of Hamilton's ideas. Jefferson and Antifederalists oppose it.
234766238	Washington's Farewell Address	Warned Americans not to get involved in European affairs, not to make permanent alliances, not to form political parties and to avoid sectionalism.
234766239	Indian Intercourse Act 1790	federal licensing system; subsidized trading houses (factories) for Indians to obtain goods; Washington tried to help Indians
234766240	Whiskey Rebellion	In 1794, farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey, and several federal officers were killed in the riots caused by their attempts to serve arrest warrants on the offenders. In October, 1794, the army, led by Washington, put down the rebellion. The incident showed that the new government under the Constitution could react swiftly and effectively to such a problem, in contrast to the inability of the government under the Articles of Confederation to deal with Shay's Rebellion.
234766241	John Jay	United States diplomat and jurist who negotiated peace treaties with Britain and served as the first chief justice of the United States Supreme Court. Ambassador to spain and france
234766242	French Revolution's Impact and Role of U.S.	Supported aspiration for Republic, scared of crimes; Jefferson and supporters had sympathy for Revolutionaries; original US alliance with monarchy; Washington Proclamation of Neutrality 1793- Jefferson resign from cabinet in protest
234766243	Citizen of Genet	French ambassador started rallying directly to the people for French support in the US without the gov. permission. Was removed from his post and recalled by the French gov. but remained in the US and became a citizen
234766244	Jay Treaty	Jay sent to GB to dissuade from seizing American ships and impressing seamen into GB Navy; 1 year later managed to get GB evacuation from US west frontier but nothing of their seizing of US ships; narrowly passed and angered Americans supporting French; kept neutrality
234766245	Pinckney Treaty	1795 - Treaty between the U.S. and Spain which gave the U.S. the right to transport goods on the Mississippi river and to store goods in the Spanish port of New Orleans, agreement between the united states and spain that changed floridas border and made it easier for american ships to use the port of new orleans.
234766246	Election of 1796	John Adams elected by 3 electoral votes against Jefferson who became vice.
234766247	XYZ Affair	US ships seized by French; unknown ministers X, Y, and Z wanted bribes to enter negotiations; Americans outraged; President Adams avoided war because the navy and army were not strong enough
234766248	Alien and Sedition Acts	These consist of four laws passed by the Federalist Congress and signed by President Adams in 1798: the Naturalization Act, which increased the waiting period for an immigrant to become a citizen from 5 to 14 years; the Alien Act, which empowered the president to arrest and deport dangerous aliens; the Alien Enemy Act, which allowed for the arrest and deportation of citizens of countries at was with the US; and the Sedition Act, which made it illegal to publish defamatory statements about the federal government or its officials. The first 3 were enacted in response to the XYZ Affair, and were aimed at French and Irish immigrants, who were considered subversives. The Sedition Act was an attempt to stifle Democratic-Republican opposition, although only 25 people were ever arrested, and only 10 convicted, under the law. The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, which initiated the concept of "nullification" of federal laws were written in response to the Acts.
234766249	VA and KY Resolutions	Written anonymously by Jefferson and Madison in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, they declared that states could nullify federal laws that the states considered unconstitutional.
234766250	12th Amendment	added the seperation of the president and vice president onto two different ballots
234766251	Midnight Judges	John Adams last-minute judicial appointments to pack the court with federalists before Anti-Federalist Jefferson took office; led to court case Marbury vs. Madison and judicial review.
234766252	Marbury vs. Madison	Secretary of State James Madison ordered by Jefferson not to deliver one of the "midnight appointments" to William Marbury who sued. Brought to Supreme Court 1803- Marshall ruled Marbury had right to commission under Judiciary Act 1789, but Act itself was illegal because it gave the courts more power than the Constitution permitted; small Federalist loss for no Marbury in exchange for long-term establishment of judicial review doctrine
234766253	Napoleon and Sail of Louisiana	Napoleon and French military took back Louisiana Territory from Spain in 1800; 1803 lost interest in it because needed to concentrate in repelling England and coping with Toussaint l'Ouverture rebellion on French Santo Domingo; during Jefferson's presidency settlers into Indiana territory relied on rivers into MI and New Orleans; Spain revoked right of deposit allowing US duty free use of New Orleans Port during Pinckney Treaty; Jefferson feared European entanglement and economic Consequences; American ministers sent to France to offer $10 million for New Orleans and strip from that port to FL; Napoleon offered entire Louisiana Territory for $15 million; hypocritical federalist action of Jefferson, but Republican Senate still ratified More than doubled US size Allowed for popular DR idea of agrarian society; showed Federalists to be New-England based only Captain Meriwether Lewis and Lieutenant William Clark from St. Louis 1804- increased knowledge of lands; strengthened claims to Oregon; improved NA relations; developed land routes
234766254	John Marshall	created the precedent of judicial review; ruled on many early decisions that gave the federal government more power, especially the supreme court
234766255	Election of 1800	Jefferson and Burr each received 73 votes in the Electoral College, so the House of Representatives had to decide the outcome. The House chose Jefferson as President and Burr as Vice President. Alien and Sedition Acts overthrown; Federalists seriously divided over French matters of seizing cargo vs. peace; Adams chose peace; angered conservative federalists i.e. Hamilton; hatred between the two; Jefferson won with Burr Vice-President; burr later dueled Hamilton over jagging remarks; killed Hamilton
234766256	T.J. and Indian Removal	Demanded either full assimilation or removal; agriculture not hunting; dark ulterior motive in letting Indians buy white products at trading houses; hoped they would land themselves in enough debt that they would sell land; contributed to later Indian removal (Trail of Tears)
234766257	Jeffersonian Ideals	limited gov't; agrarian society; states' rights
234766258	Agrarian Republic	based on agriculture rather than New England industrial ideals
234766259	Louisiana Purchase	The U.S., under Jefferson, bought the Louisiana territory from France, under the rule of Napoleon, in 1803. The U.S. paid $15 million for the Louisiana Purchase, and Napoleon gave up his empire in North America. The U.S. gained control of Mississippi trade route and doubled its size. Jefferson what a hypocrite in making this purchase
234766260	Lewis and Clark	Sent on an expedition by Jefferson to gather information on the United States' new land and map a route to the Pacific. They kept very careful maps and records of this new land acquired from the Louisiana Purchase.
234766261	Problems with Neutrality and the Napoleonic Wars	France and GB attempted naval blockades of enemy ports; seized neutral ships and their cargoes; GB esp. Atlantic Navy dominance and force American sailors into GB Navy
234766262	Chesapeake-Leopard Affair	British warship fired on US warship off Virginia's coast, killing three Americans; resulted in high anti-British sentiment (1807)
234766263	Embargo Act	Act that forbade the export of goods from the U.S. in order to hurt the economies of the warring nations of France and Britain. The act backfired because it ultimately devastated the US economy
234766264	Shawnees and Tecumseh	Shawnee resisted white settlement in KY and OH since 1750s; one group by Black Hoof assimilated; other group by Tecumseh moved farther West to continue own way of life; Tecumseh tried to rally Indians completely against Whites; partly successful
234766265	Harrison and Tippecanoe	1811 while Tecumseh still recruiting (after Harrison acquired many treaties for land), marched to Tippecanoe with 1000; losses on both sides; Harrison claimed victory but Tecumseh's followers later attacked US settlements in Indiana and south Michigan; Tecumseh entered formal GB alliance
234766266	War of 1812	Continued violation of US neutrality at sea and GB troubles on Western frontier; more sympathy with French because of US and French Revolutions and GB practice of impressing US sailors GB and Indian and Spanish blocked way for western American expansions; Tecumseh and Prophet tried to unite many tribes; 1810 Congressional Election brought many young Republicans from frontier states; led by Henry Clay of KY and John C. Calhoun of SC; very eager for war with GB Congress persuaded Madison to declare war against GB although GB had suspended naval blockade (but news did not reach in time) PA and VT plus South and West for War; New England and North against Election of 1812: Republicans in South and West defeat Federalist and antiwar Republicans in North; Madison reelected over NY De Witt Clinton "Mr. Madison's War" + war hawks; New England merchants; Federalist politicians and QUids (old Republicans) against; commercial interest and Protestantism to support British not Catholic French, scheme to boost Republican support in Canada and FL; violated classic limited gov't and peace maintenance Tried to attack Canada but failed miserably with three-prong plan; US raid of gov't buildings in Toronto 1813 only incited GB retaliation 1812 Constitution warship ("Old Ironsides") defeated GB ship off Nova Scotia; free African American support for US American privateers capture British merchant ships; but, GB blockade on US East Coast 1813 Captain Oliver Hazard Perry on Lake Erie won naval battle; prepared Perry naval victory for Harrison at Thames River (killed Tecumseh); 1814 Thomas Macdonough defeated GB fleet on Lake Champlain; forced to retreat from New England and NY 1814 GB defeat Napoleon, so sent forces to DC and burned White House, Capitol, etc. Also tried to take Baltimore, but Fort McHenry held out; "Star-Spangled Banner" General Andrew Jackson in South 1814 Battle of Horseshoe Bend in Alabama; destroyed Creek nation (GB ally) Battle of New Orleans stop GB effort to control MI River at New Orleans by Jackson's frontiersmen, free blacks, and Creoles 1815; although TREATY HAD ALREADY BEEN SIGNED IN GHENT, BELGIUM
234766267	War Hawks, Clay and Calhoun	Men eager for war with Britain, with a strong sense of nationalism and who were not old enough to have experienced the Revolution. Examples: Henry Clay from Kentucky, and John C. Calhoun from South Carolina.
234766268	Reason for War	continued violation of US neutrality rights; want of free seas and trade without worry of impressment; frontier pressures and the want of America to secure its western frontier; Native Americans wanting their land and America wanting to take it; Indian attacks of whites ie Tecumseh
234766269	Fort McHenry	defended Baltimore; drove off British; inspiration for Francis Scott Key's "The Star-Spangled Banner"
234766270	Hartford Convention	New England Federalists not assuaged by occasional victories; met in Hartford, CT 1814 to discuss grievances and possible secession; old idea of nullification doctrine again introduced (VA and KY Resolves against Alien and Sedition Acts); superfluous b/c peace already won
234766271	Treaty of Ghent	December 24, 1814 - Ended the War of 1812 and restored the status quo. For the most part, territory captured in the war was returned to the original owner. basically everything was back to the way it was before the war including the canada boundary
234766272	Andrew Jackson	The seventh President of the United States (1829-1837), who as a general in the War of 1812 defeated the British at New Orleans (1815). As president he opposed the Bank of America, objected to the right of individual states to nullify disagreeable federal laws, and increased the presidential powers.
234766273	Battle of Horseshoe Round	General Andrew Jackson in South 1814 Battle of Horseshoe Bend in Alabama; destroyed Creek nation (GB ally)
234766274	Battle of New Orleans	Jackson led a battle that occurred when British troops attacked U.S. soldiers in New Orleans on January 8, 1815; the War of 1812 had officially ended with the signing of the Treaty of Ghent in December, 1814, but word had not yet reached the U.S.
234766275	Push/Pull to the West	Push: Overpopulation(from 5.3 million to 9.6 million) from 1800 to 1820 Pull: New land for seaboard state farmers, defeat and removal of Indians in War of 1812, attractive price of western land ("squatters" took land before officially up for sale and claimed preemption right of purchase at lower price on account of land improvements) overrode Land Ordinance of 1785 illegally; caused Land Act of 1820 for $1.25 per acre, minimum 80 acres; down payment $100; still slightly favored more wealthy speculators
234766276	Cumberland Gap	pass through Cumberland region of Appalachians at juncture of Tennessee, Kentucky, and Virginia; central lower passage part of Wilderness Road; discovered 1750 by Dr. Thomas Walker
234766277	2nd Great Awakening	began 1790s in New England; most dramatic on frontier; camp meetings (outdoor gatherings of many sects); Cane Ridge, KY 1801 where 20000 came together for week of preaching and singing; resident minister power reduced; women very important
234766278	Election of 1816	James Monroe- Era of Good Feeling
234766279	Era of Good Feelings	A name for President Monroe's two terms, a period of strong nationalism, economic growth, and territorial expansion. Since the Federalist party dissolved after the War of 1812, there was only one political party and no partisan conflicts.
234766280	American System	created by Henry Clay wanted protective tariffs, national bank, and internal improvements
234766281	Tariff of 1816	first protective tariff - was to protect infant industries and placed tax on imports
234766282	JQA border Treaties	Monroe's Secretary of State Rush-Bagot Treaty 1817- see below Conversion of 1818- Dematerialized Canada-US border and set at 49th parallel west of Rocky Mts.; joint occupancy of Oregon for 10 (later 12 years)
234766283	Monroe Doctrine	A statement of foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the United States or in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere. End of Europeans in America
234766284	Panic of 1819	A natural post-war depression caused by overproduction and the reduced demand for goods after the war. However, it was generally blamed on the National Bank. Banks closed and called for debt to be repayed debtors couldn't pay. fault of Second Bank of the US which had tightened credit in late effort to control inflation; state banks closed, deflation of money, large increases in unemployment, bankruptcies, and imprisonment for debt; depression most severe in West; changed political outlook so that began seeking land reform and opposition to bank and debtor's prison
234766285	Missouri Compromise	Missouri requested entrance into Union, which alarmed Northerners who knew slavery was prevalent there: Clay successfully proposed- Maintained balance between free and slave states Maine admitted into Union as free State (from original MA) Missouri admitted one year later as slave state Slavery prohibited north of 36 degree 30' north latitude (South Missouri boundary) and permitted to the south Most of Louisiana free ONLY TEMPORARY SOLUTION (HOW TO KEEP THE BALANCE)

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Unit 2 APUSH Flashcards

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516084133	Hessians	The German mercenaries hired by King George II
516084134	Lexington and Concord	The two locations of the beginning of the American Revolution
516084135	Virtual	This was the type of representation that Parliament said the colonists would get
516084136	Townshend Acts	This series of taxes included the dreaded tax on tea
516084137	Common Sense	Thomas Paine's pamphlet that supported declaring independence from England
516084138	Tea Act	This act was designed to help ailing British East India Company
516084139	Concord Hymn	Poem that contains the famous line "And fired the shot hears 'round the world'"
516084140	actual	This was the type of representation that the colonists felt they deserved
516084141	Quartering Act	This act required that the colonists pay for the food and lodging of the British troops
516084142	Sons of Liberty	A radical Patriot group led by Samuel Adams
516084143	Crispus Attacks	he was a fugitive slave killed at the Boston Massacre
516084144	Declaratory Act	This act asserted the right of Parliament to pass acts (including taxes) on the colonists
516084145	Olive Branch Petition	Drafted by the 2nd Continental Congress; last attempt to make peace with King George III
516084146	Sugar Act	This act was designed to improve and enforce the Molasses Act
516084147	Navigation Acts	During the French and Indian War, British officials noticed that the American colonists were not following these laws
516084148	Loyalist	A tory; a colonist that did not support the Patriot cause
516084149	Boston Tea Party	This was a protest by the Sons of Liberty that resulted in the Coercive Acts
516084150	Intolerable Acts	This was the colonial nickname for the Coercive Acts
516084151	Thomas Jefferson	The main author of the Declaration of Independence
516084152	Stamp Act	This act taxed paper products in the colonies and helped finance the British troops stationed there
516084153	Quebec Act	The purpose of this act was to keep the favor of French residents in British Canada
516084154	Minute Men	Patriot defensive troops; could be ready quickly to defend if needed
516084155	Bunkerhill	This battle showed the colonists that they had the ability to fight the British, they just lacked supplies
516084156	Boston Massacre	This event was used by the Sons of Liberty to create inaccurate propaganda and gain support for the Patriot cause
516084157	boycott	This method of protest used by the Patriots greatly hurt the British merchants
516084158	Patrick Henry	He declared to a VA convention that he would rather die than live under British oppression
516084159	patriot	a defender of American rights
516084160	troops	The colonists were upset and insulted when King George III left these behind in the colonies after the French and Indian War
516084161	Mary Wollstonecraft	Enlightened feminist that addressed issues in education and female inferiority
516084162	Treaty of Paris 1783	Treaty that ended the American Revolution
516084163	The Great Compromise	The agreement that established a bicameral legislature with one house having equal representation and one house being determined by population
516084164	Philadelphia Convention	This convention was called to amend the Articles of Confederation, but ended up writing the Constitution
516084165	anti-federalists	Those that did not support The Constitution; feared that is gave the federal government too much power
516084166	The Federalists Papers	A series of essays published to gain support for the Constituion
516084167	Franco-American	Alliance created between the French and Americans during the American Revolution
516084168	women	they were instrumental during the American Revolution in boycotting, creating homespun cloth, and travelling with the troops among other things
516084169	Bill of Rights	Promised to the Anti-Federalists to get their support for the Constitution
516084170	Virginia Plan	favored by large states; called for representation in Congress to be determined by population
516084171	debt	unable or unwilling to increase taxes during the American Revolution, the US will borrow lots of money and come out of the war in this
516084172	Baron Friedrich Vonsteuben	Prussian military officer that trained the Continental Army
516084173	Benedict Arnold	Spy for the British; his name is synonymous with "traitor" in the US
516084174	British	Going into the American Revolution, they had the advantages in wealth, population, and military experience
516084175	Yorktown	Where Cornwallis surrendered to Washington
516084176	Republican Virtue	The idea that Americans (especially leaders) work for the common good over self interest
516084177	Homefront	What is happening to the civilians during the war
516084178	ratify	to approve
516084179	hessians	They were a disadvantage to the British, because they were not personally invested in the outcome of the American Revolution
516084180	Battle of Saratoga	The turning point of the American Revolution
516084181	Articles of Confederation	The first (and failed) government in the United States
516084182	The Crisis	Authored by Thomas Paine to lift spirits during the difficult inter of 1777-1778
516084183	Battle of Trenton	American victory after Washington and his troops crossed the Delaware River Christmas Night
516084184	Nathan Hale	American martyr that said, "I regret that I have but one life to lose for my country"
516084185	Marquis de Lafayette	French military officer that trained the Continental Army
516084186	New Jersey Plan	Favored by small states; called for representation in Congress to be equal from each state
516084187	Three-Fifths	It was decided that slaves would count as this much of a person in determining population for taxation and representation purposes
516084188	Valley Forge	Pennsylvania camp where the Continental Army spent the difficult winter of 1777-1778
516084189	James Madison	"Father of the Constitution"
516084190	Shays Rebellion	This Massachusetts rebellion showed American leaders that people were unhappy and the Articles of Confederation were not working
516084191	Republic	another term for representative democracy
516084192	George Washington	the first president of the United States
516084193	John Adams	The first vice president of the United States
516084194	cabinet	The president's chief advisers
516084195	Thomas Jefferson	The first Secretary of State
516084196	Alexander Hamilton	The first Secretary of the Treasury
516084197	Henry Knox	The first Secretary of War
516084198	Judiciary Act of 1789	Act passed by the first Congress; set up the courts system
516084199	Supreme Court	The Judiciary Act established what as the final say on the meaning of the Constitution
516084200	Bill of Rights	was promised to the Anti-Federalist and delivered by the first Congress
516084201	Debt Assumption	Hamilton's plan to have the federal government deal with the nation's war debts
516084202	capital	this was moved from NYC to DC in order to get southern support for the Debt Assumption Plan
516084203	National Bank	Hamilton's plan to stabilize the nation's currency
516084204	Loose	Hamilton's interpretation of the Constitution regarding the National Bank
516084205	Strict	Jefferson's interpretation of the Constitution regarding the National Bank
516084206	Taxes	Hamilton's plan to finance the nation's debt
516084207	excise	term for sales tax
516084208	Revenue Raising	Purpose for the tariffs of Alexander Hamilton
516084209	Yeoman Republic	Jefferson's vision for the United States
516084210	Neutral	The official stance taken by Washington/US regarding the war in Europe
516084211	Whiskey Rebellion	event that showed that the federal government was strong under the Constitution
516084212	Jay's Treaty	Failed attempt to avoid war with England under Washington
516084213	Political Parties	were seen in early American history as dangerous to republican virtue
516084214	Federalists	from the first party system; favored by northerners, merchants, and manufacturers
516084215	Democratic-Republican	from the first party system; favored by southerners, farmers, and western settlers
516084216	XYZ Affair	Frustrating event for Americans; involved an attempted bribe between three French officials and American ambassadors
516084217	Quasi War	conflict between US and France that followed the XYZ Affair
516084218	Alien Act	gave the president the power to deport non-citizens that he deemed dangerous
516084219	Sedition Act	made it illegal to publish or speak criticisms of the President or Congress
516084220	Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions	Passed by two states; voided that Sedition Act within their states for being unconstitutional
516084221	Revolution	Because of the transfer of power from one party to another, Jefferson compared his election in 1800 to this
516084222	Twelfth Amendment	changed the way the electoral college voted on vice president
516084223	Treaty of Greenville	Set a precedent during Washington's presidency on how the US government would deal with Native Americans
516084224	Cotton Gin	Invention by Eli Whitney that encouraged the spread of slavery in southern US
516084225	Marbury vs. Madison	Supreme Court Case that established Judicial Review
516084226	John Marshall	Chief Justice for the Marbury vs. Madison case
516084227	Treaty of San Ildefonso	This treaty transferred the LA territory from Spain to France
516084228	New Orleans	The US became interested in purchasing this when Napoleon restricted America to use it
516084229	Haiti	A massive slave rebellion in this French territory helped encourage Napoleon to sell the LA territory
516084230	Loose	Jefferson used this interpretation of the Constitution to purchase the LA territory
516084231	Lewis and Clark	explorers hired by Jefferson to report on the LA Territory
516084232	Essex Junto	Organization of New England states opposed to the purchase of the LA territory
516084233	Aaron Burr	The man that killed Alexander Hamilton in a duel
516084234	Embargo Act of 1807	Jefferson's attempt to force England and France to recognize American neutral shipping rights
516084235	Virginia Dynasty	the presidencies of Jefferson, Madison, and Monroe
516084236	War Hawks	Congressmen that pressured Madison to declare war on England
516084237	War of 1812	war fought against England to defend American rights as an independent nation
516084238	Dolley Madison	First Lady that saved the portrait of George Washington during the attack on DC
516084239	Francis Scott Key	author of the Star Spangled Banner
516084240	Hartford Convention	Federalist Convention held during the War of 1812; later made the party seem un-American
516084241	Constitution	changes were proposed to this at the Hartford Convention
516084242	Treaty of Ghent	Treaty that ended the War of 1812
516084243	Battle of New Orleans	American Victory fought after the signing of the Treaty of Ghent
516084244	Second National Bank	created during Madison's presidency to stabilize currency
516084245	Era of Good Feelings	The nickname for Monroe's terms as president
516084246	McCulloch vs. Maryland	The supreme court case that dealt with a taxing issue and asserted the supremacy of the federal government over the state government
516084247	John Quincy Adams	skillful negotiator; Secretary of State for Monroe
516084248	Rush-Baggot Treaty	Negotiated by JQA; US and England agreed to reduce their naval vessels in the Great Lakes
516084249	Adams-Onis Treaty	Negotiated by JQA; The US purchased FL and established a border on the western side of the LA purchase with Spain
516084250	Monroe Doctrine	Written by JQA; asserted by President Monroe; stated that the Western Hemisphere was closed to new European Colonization
516084251	Toll Road	Infrastructure improvement during the late 1700's-early 1800's; road with a fee for upkeep
516084252	Canal	Infrastructure improvement during the late 1700's-early 1800's; inland, man-made waterway
516084253	Common Man	Since landless men were increasingly voting in the US, politicians now had to appeal to this kind of American
516084254	Women and African Americans	As the vote was extended to landless men on the state level, state constitution specifically kept ______ and _______ from voting
516084255	Cult of Domesticity	The idea that a women's realm was the home and that she was to keep it virtuous
516084256	Republican Motherhood	The idea that women were to raise good republican sons
516084257	American History	This course was introduced in schools in the early 1800's to help promote patriotism
516084258	Atlantic Slave Trade	Congress voted to end American involvement in this in 1808
516084259	American Colonization Society	Organization that wanted to end slavery in the US for economic reasons; also wanted to send freed slaves to Africa
516084260	Solomon Northup	Example of what could easily happen to free African Americans in the US-- kidnapping and slavery
516084261	Benjamin Bannekar	example of a successful African American in early American History; not common because of limitations placed on freed African Americans
516084262	Sectionalism	devotion and loyalty to a region of region's interests
516084263	Henry Clay	"The Great Compromiser"
516084264	Missouri Compromise	The Compromise of 1820; established Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state
516084265	Second Great Awakening	American religious movement; churches embracing "republican" ideas became more popular
516084266	Church	Public venue where it was socially acceptable for women to get involved, because of the moral component

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APUSH Unit 1 Flashcards

Colonization

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446278120	joint-stock company	Companies made up of group of investors who bought the right to establish plantations from the king
446278121	Virginia Company	The first joint-stock company in the colonies; founded Jamestown; promised gold, conversion of Indian to Christianity, and passage to the Indies
446278122	Jamestown	First permanent British colony established in New World (in 1607); Located in Virginia
446278123	Captain John Smith	Jamestown's survival was largely due to his leadership; established harsh martial law in the colony to ensure that those who did not work would not eat
446278124	John Rolfe	Eased tensions b/t colonists and Indians when he married Pocahontas; discovered a new strain of tobacco; Tobacco cultivations became crucial to Virginia's economy; established the plantation system
446278125	Pocahontas	Chief Powatan's daughter; Instrumental in preserving peace in Jamestown
446278126	royal colony	Colony administered by a royal governor appointed by the king or queen of the mother country; Ex. VA, NY
446278127	Puritans	Protestants who wished to purify the Anglican Church by breaking away from Catholic practices and barring people from the church who were not commited
446278128	Pilgrims (Separatists)	Radical Protestants who wished to break from the Anglican Church entirely; Left England to settler in Netherlands but did not approve of the "Dutchification" of their children; enveutally settled in New World to avoid religious persecution
446278129	Mayflower	One of the three ships on which the Pilgrims sailed to the New World
446278130	Mayflower Compact	Regarded not as a constitution but as an agreement; Recognized James I as sovereign leader and all settlers as governing body; Agreed to majority rule
446278131	John Winthrop	Governor of MBC; Wished to create "city upon a hill" in which morals were strictly enforced
446278132	Virginia House of Burgesses	First miniature parliament authorized by London Company in 1619 in British American colonies; representative self-gov't; grant revoked by James I who thought assembly was dangerous and made VA a royal colony
446278133	Chesapeake colonies	Comprised of MD and VI; had characteristics of both the Middle and Southern colonies - slavey and tobacco (South), farmed grain (Middle)
446278134	Sir William (Governor) Berkeley	Enacted friendly policies toward the Indians, eventually leading to Bacon's Rebellion
446278135	Bacon's Rebellion	Freedmen (former indentured servants) had difficulty working and living within the colonies and would often squat on Indian land; after several attacks from Indians, the freedmen requested protection from the gov't (Berkeley); when he refused to send aid and instead enacted policies to help the Indians, the freedmen were outraged; Nathaniel Bacon, an aristocrat and member of the House of Burgesses began mobilizing a militia to protect whites from Indians; massacred Indians and set fire to Jamestown causing Berkeley to flee; after Bacon died of disease, Berkeley crushed the rebellion; SIGNIFICANCE: colonists began to realize how dangerous indentured servants were becoming and upped slave imports
446278136	indentured servant	Individuals whose voyages to the New World were paid by others; in return for the free voyage, they would have to work for the provider for a certain period of time
446278137	slavery	Captured or traded from Africa and brought to the Americas along the Middle Passage; considered property of wealthy whites, treated harshly; Essentially replaced indentured servitude
446278138	Roger Williams	Minister from Salem; extreme Separatist who argued legality of MBC and Plymouth b/c both colonies were built on Indian land which the King had no authority over; Strongly believed in separation of church and state, King should have nothing to do with religious matters;
446278139	Providence	In present-day RI; Established by Roger Williams on land he purchased from the Indians; Vowed to accepts all settlers regardless of their beliefs
446278140	Anne Hutchinson	Dubbed a heretic and banished from MBC b/c of her radical beliefs in antinomianism
446278141	antinomianism	Essentially anarchy; Hutchinson's believe that man did not need to follow laws as his behavior has not bearing on his predestined outcome
446278142	Thomas Hooker	A reverend from Boston who led a group into present-day CN where they established the town of Hartford; against the strict policies of Winthrop and the MBC
446278143	Halfway Covenant	A form of partial church membership to encourage children and grandchildren of first-genertation settlers to renew piety and abandon quests for material wealth
446278144	QUAKERS	Official title for the religion; stronger opponents to authority and Anglican church than the Puritans - often persecuted because they were considered dangerous; believed in "inner light" not scripture or bishop; Asserted that all men were equal in the eyes of God - challenged social order
446278145	William Penn	Founded Pennsylvania as a haven for Quakers and as an experiment of liberal ideas in gov't while making a profit
446278146	James Oglethorpe	founded GA, the last British American colony established, as a haven for debtors as well as a buffer state to prevent any Indian or Spanish incursions from the South (FL)
446278147	mercantilism	Idea that colonies existed solely for the benefit of the mother country; provided raw material and resources for England; goal is to export more than import
446278148	Dominion of New England	Main purpose was to outline and enforce Navigation Laws to protect mercantilist system in the colonies; created by Lords of Trade to unite all colonies after MBC's charter was revoked; prohibited meetings, revoked land titles, prevented smuggling, taxed heavily
446278149	Sir Edmond Andros	appointed by James II to oversee the enforcement of the Dominion of New England; despised by colonists for autocracy and loyalty for Anglican church
446278150	Glorious Revolution	England's bloodless revolution in which James II was dethroned and replaced by William and Mary; Andros was subsequently arrested and shipped to England; Dominion and Navigation Laws no longer enforced
446278151	triangular trade	Illegal trade b/t colonies, West Indies, and Africa designed to circumvent Navigation Laws; Indies sent sugar to New England, NE sent rum to Indies, Africa sent slaves to Indies, Indies sent slaves to NE, Indies sent rum to Africa
446278152	Middle Passage	The journey slaves took across the Atlantic from Africa to the colonies; very brutal, awful circumstances
446278153	Great Awakening	First mass social movement in American history; religious revival initiated by Jonathan Edwards
446278154	Jonathan Edwards	credited with starting the Great Awakening in Northampton in 1734; encouraged the idea of salvation thru good works and emphasized eternal damnation; powerful, logical writer and speaker
446278155	George Whitefield	most influential figure of The Great Awakening; amazing orator who appealed to the Bible; founded methodism in GA and SC
446278156	Benjamin Franklin	Writings had huge impact on shaping the American character; helped establish the University of Pennsylvania
446278157	Poor Richard's Almanack	collection of writings of many thinkers of the day; emphasized thrift, morality, industry, common sense
446278158	town meetings	Held in New England as a form of local administration
446278159	Metacom	Name by which King Phillip went by; Wampanoag chief; declared war on Puritan NE towns damaging and burning many; later executed
446358357	Headright system	system where people could pay for others to travel to the New World and receive land
446358358	Jamestown	An economic venture Financed by the Virginia Company of London. Became the first permanent English settlement in North America in 1607.
446358359	Powhatan	Chief of the Powhatan who formed an alliance with the English settlement at Jamestown
446358360	Starving time	Where disease and drought struck and left 40 people
446358361	Tobacco Society	Main export was tobacoo High demand in the colonies Demanding crop Need for labor and indian land
446358362	Planter	cultivated tobacco had a lot of say in gov Mainly in Chesapeake Earned 3 times more than Englishmen
446358363	Opechancanough	Brother of powhatan. Replaced him as chief and led an all out assault killing a third of the English population.
446358364	Yeoman Farmer	A farmer who owned a small plot of land sufficient to support a family and tilled largely by servants and a few family members
446358365	Grandees	elite planters with operating the government for their private gain
446358366	Bacon's Laws	Local settlers had a voice in setting tax levies, forbade officeholders from demanding bribes or extra fees, placed limits on holding multiple offices, restored the vote to all freemen
446358367	West Indies	Caribbean
446358368	Southern Colonies	SC, NC, Maryland, Virginia, Georgia
446358369	New England Colonies	Mass, Connecticut, RI, New Hampshire,
446358370	Arbella Sermon	Winthrop's speech which explained how the Puritans had entered a covenant with God
446358371	City upon a hill	Ideal society, set an example
446358372	Covenant of Grace/ Predestination	God chooses everything for you and you have no control over anything
446358373	Covenant of Works	Life for obedience, death for disobedience
446358374	Salem Witch Trials	Group of girls accused of witchcraft and resulted in conviction of many and execution
446358375	Middle Colonies	Delaware, New Jersey, New York, Penn
446358376	New Netherlands	...
446358377	Land Grants	plots of land received to farmers and immigrants coming over
446358378	Navigation Acts	• Passed under the mercantilist system, regulated trade in order to benefit the British economy. Restricted trade between England and its colonies to English or colonial ships, required certain colonial goods to pass through England before export, provided subsidies for the production of certain raw goods in the colonies, and banned colonial competition in large-scale manufacturing.
446358379	King Philip's War	Series of raids led by Mettacom
446358380	Slaveholding Gentry	looked down on poor whites but saw them as equal in public
446358381	Deep South	...
446358382	Task System	allowed slaves more freedom and control over their own pace of work, when they were done they were allowed to do whatever
446358383	Olaudah Equiano	Published an account of his slave journey in 1789. Discussed the fear there was being a slave.
446358384	Stono Rebellion	20 slaves attacked a country store, killed 2 storekeepers, burned plantations, and killed over 20 whites
446358385	Deism	...
446358386	American Philosophicall Society	...
446358387	Enlightenment	...
446358388	Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God	...
446358389	William Tennent	...

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BIOLOGY: Chapter 22 & 23; Evolution Flashcards

UNIT 7 Test Vocab
Chapter 22-Descent with Modifications
Chapter 23-The Evolution of Populations

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144742995	Adaptation	An inherited characteristic that increases an organism's chance of survival
144742996	Paleontology	The science dealing with life in the past as recorded in fossils
144742997	Natural Selection	The process by which individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully; also called survival of the fittest
144742998	Descent with Modification	Darwin's initial phrase for the general process of evolution
144742999	Artificial Selection	Selective breeding of domesticated plants and animals to produce offspring with desired genetic traits
144743000	Biogeography	The study of the past and present distribution of species.
144743001	Homologies	In biology, structures possessed by two different organisms that arise in similar fashion and pass through similar stages during embryonic development, though they may possess different functions.
144743002	Vestigial Structures	Remnant of a structure that may have had an important function in a species' ancestors, but has no clear function in the modern species.
144743003	Gene Pool	The combined genetic information of all members of a particular population
144743004	Genetic Drift	The gradual changes in gene frequencies in a population due to random events
144743005	Bottleneck Effect	Genetic drift resulting from the reduction of a population, typically by a natural disaster, such that the surviving population is no longer genetically representative of the original population.
144743006	Founder Effect	When a few individuals become isolated from a larger population, this smaller group may establish a new population whose gene pool isn't reflective of the source population
144743007	Gene Flow	Movement of alleles into or out of a population due to the migration of individuals to or from the population
144743008	Geographic Variation	Differences between the gene pools of separate populations or population subgroups
144743009	Directional Selection	Form of natural selection in which the entire curve moves; occurs when individuals at one end of a distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals in the middle or at the other end of the curve
144743010	Diversifying Selection	Natural selection that favors extreme over intermediate phenotypes.
144743011	Stabilizing Selection	Form of natural selection by which the center of the curve remains in its current position; occurs when individuals near the center of a distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals at either end
144743012	Intersexual Selection	Selection whereby individuals of one sex (usually females) are choosy in selecting their mates from individuals of the other sex; also called mate choice.
144743013	Intrasexual Selection	A direct competition among individuals of one sex (usually the males in vertebrates) for mates of the opposite sex.
144743014	Sexual Dimorphism	Differences in physical characteristics between males and females of the same species. For example, humans are slightly dimorphic for body size, with males being taller, on average, than females of the same population.
144743015	Microevolution	Evolution on the smallest scale—a generation-to-generation change in the frequencies of alleles within a population

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APUSH Unit 5 Flashcards Flashcards

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591185769	Uncle Tom's Cabin	Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1853 that highly influenced england's view on the American Deep South and slavery. a novel promoting abolition. intensified sectional conflict.
591185770	Lecompton Constitution	Supported the existence of slavery in the proposed state and protected rights of slaveholders. It was rejected by Kansas, making Kansas an eventual free state.
591185771	Bleeding Kansas	A sequence of violent events involving abolitionists and pro-Slavery elements that took place in Kansas-Nebraska Territory. The dispute further strained the relations of the North and South, making civil war imminent.
591185772	Dred Scott v. Standford	landmark supreme court decision which confirmed that status of slaves as property rather than citizens, and therefore the case was thrown out by Chief Justice Roger B Taney
591185773	Panic of 1857	Economic downturn caused by overspeculation of western lands, railroads, gold in California, grain. Mostly affected northerners, who called for higher tariffs and free homesteads
591185774	Tariff of 1857	Lowered duties on imports in response to a high Treasury surplus and pressure from Southern farmers.
591185775	Lincoln-Douglas Debates	1858 Senate Debate, Lincoln forced Douglas to debate issue of slavery, Douglas supported pop-sovereignty, Lincoln asserted that slavery should not spread to territories, Lincoln emerged as strong Republican candidate
591185776	Freeport Question	Idea that any territory could ban slavery by simply refusing to pass laws supporting it
591185777	Freeport Doctrine	Idea authored by Stephen Douglas that claimed slavery could only exist when popular sovereignty said so
591185778	Harpers Ferry/John Brown	Harpers Ferry contained a US Armament. John Brown, a radical abolitionist attacked the baracks only to fail in getting guns for enslvaved southerners. Later hung on Dec 2
591185779	Constitutional Union Party	a former political party in the United States
591185780	Confederate States of America	the southern states that seceded from the United States in 1861
591185781	Crittenden Amendments/ John Crittenden	These amendements to the Constitution were designed to appease the south by prohibiting slavery north of 36, 30' but allowed protection south of this line. It also allowed future states to enter with or without slavery regardless of their position north or south.
591185782	Henry Ward Beecher	United States clergyman who was a leader for the abolition of slavery (1813-1887)
591185783	James Buchanan	15th President of the United States (1791-1868)
591185784	Charles Sumner	Radical Republican against the slave power who insults Andrew Butler and subsequently gets caned by Preston Brooks
591185785	Roger B. Taney	Chief Justice of the Supreme Court when Dred Scott decision was made
591185786	Stephen A. Douglas	Senator from Illinois who ran for president against Abraham Lincoln. Wrote the Kansas-Nebreaska Act and the Freeport Doctrine
591185787	Abraham Lincoln	16th President of the United States
591185788	John C. Breckinridge	The South's pro-slavery Democratic candidate in the election of 1860. Completed the split of the Democratic Party by being nominated.
591185789	Fort Sumter	Federal fort in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina; the confederate attack on the fort marked the start of the Civil War
591185790	Border States	in the civil war the states between the north and the south: delaware, mayland, kentucky, and missouri
591185791	Trent Affair	In 1861 the Confederacy sent emissaries James Mason to Britain and John Slidell to France to lobby for recognition. A Union ship captured both men and took them to Boston as prisonners. The British were angry and Lincoln ordered their release
591185792	Writ of Habeas Corpus	a writ ordering a prisoner to be brought before a judge
591185793	Morill Tariff Act	superseding the low tariff of 1857 duties increased some 5-10% raise revenue and produce protection for manufacturing
591185794	Greenbacks	Name for Union paper money not backed by gold or silver. Value would fluctuate depending on status of the war (plural)
591185795	National Banking System	(AL) , Authorized by Congress in 1863 to establish a standard bank currency. Banks that joined the system could buy bonds and issue paper money. First significant step toward a national bank. (North)
591185796	Homestead Act	Passed in 1862, it gave 160 acres of public land to any settler who would farm the land for five years. The settler would only have to pay a registration fee of $25.
591185797	Jefferson Davis	an American statesman and politician who served as President of the Confederate States of America for its entire history from 1861 to 1865
591185798	Elizabeth Blackwell	First woman to receive a medical degree in the U.S.
591185799	Clara Barton	Nurse during the Civil War; started the American Red Cross
591185800	Sally Tompkins	Confederate nurse who ran a hospital in Richmond, Virginia during the Civil War
591185801	Battle of Bull Run	either of two battles during the American Civil War (1861 and 1862)
591185802	Battle of Antietam	Civil War battle in which the North suceedeed in halting Lee's Confederate forces in Maryland. Was the bloodiest battle of the war resulting in 25,000 casualties
591185803	Emancipation Proclamation	Issued by Abraham Lincoln on September 22, 1862 it declared that all slaves in the confederate states would be free
591185804	Battle of Gettysburg	a battle of the American Civil War (1863)
591185805	Gettysburg Address	a 3-minute address by Abraham Lincoln during the American Civil War (November 19, 1963) at the dedication of a national cemetery on the site of the Battle of Gettysburg
591185806	Sherman's March	General Sherman lead a force from Chattanooga, Tennessee to South Carolina destroying everything the Confederates could use to survive. He set fire to South Carolina's capital, Columbia.
591185807	Appomattox Courthouse	the Virginia town where Robert E. Lee surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant in 1865, ending the Civil War
591185808	Reform Bill of 1867	Granted suffrage to all male British citizens, dramatically expanding the electorate. The success of the American democratic experiment, reinforced by the Union victory in the Civil War, was used as one of the arguments in favor of the Bill.
591185809	"Stonewall" Jackson	general in the Confederate Army during the Civil War whose troops at the first Battle of Bull Run stood like a stone wall (1824-1863)
591185810	George McClellan	union general, 1st commander, overly cautious, fired by Lincoln
591185811	Robert E. Lee	Confederate general who had opposed secession but did not believe the Union should be held together by force
591185812	Joseph Hooker	United States general in the Union Army who was defeated at Chancellorsville by Robert E. Lee (1814-1879)
591185813	Ulysses S. Grant	an American general and the eighteenth President of the United States (1869-1877). He achieved international fame as the leading Union general in the American Civil War.
591185814	William Techumseh Sherman	captured Atlanta and burned down GA. Main purpose was to destroy supplies destined for the Confederate Army and to weaken the morale of the men at the front by waging war on their homes
591185815	John Wilkes Booth	United States actor and assassin of President Lincoln (1838-1865)
591185816	Freedmen's Bureau	1865 - Agency set up to aid former slaves in adjusting themselves to freedom. It furnished food and clothing to needy blacks and helped them get jobs
591185817	"10 percent" Reconstruction Plan	Made by Abraham Lincoln that once a certain amount of people recognized the Union and slavery, the state would be allowed back into the Union
591185818	Wade Davis Bill	an 1864 plan for Reconstruction that denied the right to vote or hold office for anyone who had fought for the Confederacy...Lincoln refused to sign this bill thinking it was too harsh.
591185819	Black Codes	Southern laws designed to restrict the rights of the newly freed black slaves
591185820	Civil Rights Bill	A bill passed by Congress in March 1866 as a measure against the Black Codes to reinforce black rights to citizenship. It was vetoed by Johnson and was later passed as the 14th Amendment.
591185821	14th Amendment	Declares that all persons born in the U.S. are citizens and are guaranteed equal protection of the laws
591185822	Reconstruction Act	It divided the South into 5 military districts, each commanded by a union general and policed by Union soldiers. It also required that states wishing to be re-admitted into the Union had to ratify the 14th Amendment, and that states' constitutions had to allow former adult male slaves to vote.
591185823	15th Amendment	citizens cannot be denied the right to vote because of race, color , or precious condition of servitude
591185824	Scalawags	southern whites who supported republican policy throught reconstruction
591185825	Carpetbaggers	northern whites who moved to the south and served as republican leaders during reconstruction
591185826	Ku Klux Klan	founded in the 1860s in the south; meant to control newly freed slaves through threats and violence; other targets: Catholics, Jews, immigrants and others thought to be un-American
591185827	Force Acts	the government banned the use of terror, force or bribery to prevent someone from voting because of their race. Other laws banned the KKK entirely and brought forth military help to enforce these laws.
591185828	Tenure of Office Act	1866 - enacted by radical congress - forbade president from removing civil officers without senatorial consent - was to prevent Johnson from removing a radical republican from his cabinet
591185829	Seward's Follly	U.S. Secretary of State William H. Seward signs a treaty with Russia for the purchase of Alaska for $7 million. Despite the bargain price of roughly two cents an acre, the Alaskan purchase was ridiculed in Congress and in the press as "Seward's folly," "Seward's icebox," and President Andrew Johnson's "polar bear garden."
591185830	Andrew Johnson	17th President of the United States
591185831	Thaddeus Stevens	Man behind the 14th Amendment, which ends slavery. Stevens and President Johnson were absolutely opposed to each other. Known as a Radical Republican
591185832	William Seward	Secretary of State who was responsible for purchasing Alaskan Territory from Russia. By purchasing Alaska, he expanded the territory of the country at a reasonable price.

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APUSH UNIT 4 Flashcards

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513177464	Market Revolution	Dramatic increase btwn 1820 and 1850 in the exchange of goods and services in market transactions. Resulted from thee combo impact of the increased output of farms and factories, the entrepreneurial activities of traders and merchants, and the dev of a transportation network of roads, canals and RR.
513177465	National Road	First national road building project funded by Congress. It made travel and transportation of goods much easier because it was one continuous road that was in good condition., A federally funded road, stretching from Cumberland, Maryland, to Vandalia, Illinois
513177466	Robert Fulton	American inventor who designed the first commercially successful steamboat and the first steam warship (1765-1815)
513177467	Erie Canal	A canal between the New York cities of Albany and Buffalo, completed in 1825. The canal, considered a marvel of the modern world at the time, allowed western farmers to ship surplus crops to sell in the North and allowed northern manufacturers to ship finished goods to sell in the West.
513177468	Samuel Slater	He memorized the way that the British made machines and he brought the idea to America. He made our first cotton spinning machine.
513177469	Lowell System	was a paternalistic textile factory system of the early 19th century that employed mainly young women [age 15-35] from New England farms to increase efficiency, productivity and profits in ways different from other methods
513177470	Panic of 1819	This was the first widespread economic crisis in the United States which brought deflation, depression, backrushes, bank failures, unemployment and soup kitchens. This set back nationalism to more sectionalism and hurt the poorer class, which gave way to Jacksonian Democracy.
513177471	Spoils System	the practice of victorious politicians rewarding their followers with government jobs
513177472	Andrew Jackson	.As president he opposed the Bank of US, did not allow individual states to nullify federal laws, was responsible for the Indian Removal Act, the "Trail of Tears". Created Spoils System
513177473	Democratic Party	One of the two major U.S political party;founded in 1828 by Andrew Jackson to support a decentralized government and state's rights
513177474	Whigs	conservatives and popular with pro-Bank people and plantation owners. They mainly came from the National Republican Party, which was once largely Federalists. They took their name from the British political party that had opposed King George during the American Revolution. Their policies included support of industry, protective tariffs, and Clay's American System. They were generally upper class in origin. Included Clay and Webster
513177475	Indian Removal Act	Passed in 1830, authorized Andrew Jackson to negotiate land-exchange treaties with tribes living east of the Mississippi. The treaties enacted under this act's provisions paved the way for the reluctant—and often forcible—emigration of tens of thousands of American Indians to the West.
513177476	Black Hawk War	Chief Black Hawk of Sauk tribe, led rebellion against US; started in Illinois and spread to Wisconsin Territory; 200 Sauk and Fox people murdered; tribes removed to areas west of Mississippi
513177477	Worcester v Georgia	Supreme Court Decision - Cherokee Indians were entitled to federal protection from the actions of state governments which would infringe on the tribe's sovereignty - Jackson ignored it
513177478	Trail of Tears	The Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands. They traveled from North Carolina and Georgia through Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas-more than 800 miles (1,287 km)-to the Indian Territory. More than 4, 00 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116-day journey.
513177479	tariff of Abominations	The bill favored western agricultural interests by raising tariffs or import taxes on imported hemp, wool, fur, flax, and liquor, thus favoring Northern manufacturers. In the South, these tariffs raised the cost of manufactured goods, thus angering them and causing more sectionalist feelings.
513177480	Nullification	The doctrine that a state can declare null and void a federal law that, in the state's opinion, violates the Constitution.
513177481	John C. Calhoun	(1830s-40s) Leader of the Fugitive Slave Law, which forced the cooperation of Northern states in returning escaped slaves to the south. He also argued on the floor of the senate that slavery was needed in the south. He argued on the grounds that society is supposed to have an upper ruling class that enjoys the profit of a working lower class.
513177482	Force Bill	1833 - The Force Bill authorized President Jackson to use the army and navy to collect duties on the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832. South Carolina's ordinance of nullification had declared these tariffs null and void, and South Carolina would not collect duties on them. The Force Act was never invoked because it was passed by Congress the same day as the Compromise Tariff of 1833, so it became unnecessary. South Carolina also nullified the Force Act.
513177483	Henry Clay	Senator who persuaded Congress to accept the Missouri Compromise, which admitted Maine into the Union as a free state, and Missouri as a slave state
513177484	Bank War	Jackson believed the Bank of US had too much power and was too rich. Vetoed the 2nd Bank charter and withdrew government money from the US Banks and put it into "pet banks"
513177485	Daniel Webster	Famous American politician and orator. he advocated renewal and opposed the financial policy of Jackson. Many of the principles of finance he spoke about were later incorporated in the Federal Reserve System. Would later push for a strong union.
513177486	2nd Bank of the United States	It was a federal establishment operated by the gov't as an attempt to save the welfare of the economy after the War of 1812. It was part of Henry Clay's American System and forced state banks to call in their loans which led to foreclosures and the Panic of 1819.
513634699	Pet Banks	A term used by Jackson's opponents to describe the state banks that the federal government used for new revenue deposits in an attempt to destroy the Second Bank of the United States; the practice continued after the charter for the Second Bank expired in 1836.
513634700	Veto Power	the formal, constitutional authority of the president to reject bills passed by both houses of Congress, thus preventing their becoming law without further congressional action.
513634701	Specie Circular	issued by President Jackson July 11, 1836, was meant to stop land speculation caused by states printing paper money without proper specie (gold or silver) backing it. It required that the purchase of public lands be paid for in specie. It stopped the land speculation and the sale of public lands went down sharply. The panic of 1837 followed.
513634702	Panic of 1837	When Jackson was president, many state banks received government money that had been withdrawn from the Bank of the U.S. These banks issued paper money and financed wild speculation, especially in federal lands. Jackson issued the Specie Circular to force the payment for federal lands with gold or silver. Many state banks collapsed as a result. A panic ensued (1837). Bank of the U.S. failed, cotton prices fell, businesses went bankrupt, and there was widespread unemployment and distress.
513634703	Martin Van Buren	a Democratic-Republican Senator from New York, rallied the factory workers of the North in support of Jackson. He became Jackson's V.P. after Calhoun resigned. Also became the leader of the Albany Regency, a clique of wealthy landowners who controlled New York politics.
513793924	William Henry Harrison	was an American military leader, politician, the ninth President of the United States, and the first President to die in office. His death created a brief constitutional crisis, but ultimately resolved many questions about presidential succession left unanswered by the Constitution until passage of the 25th Amendment. Led US forces in the Battle of Tippecanoe.
513793925	Log Cabin and Hard Cider Campaign	It was a Whig party presidential campaign of William Henry Harrison in 1840. It portrayed Harrison as a simple man sprung from the people when in reality he was rich. It won Harrison the election. Campaigning among the masses.
513793926	Manifest Destiny	This expression was popular in the 1840s. Many people believed that the U.S. was destined to secure territory from "sea to sea," from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. This rationale drove the acquisition of territory.
513793927	Oregon Trail	Pioneer trail that began in Missouri and crossed the Great Plains into the Oregon Territory; main route across the Great Plains and the Rocky Mountains; after the coming of the railroad, the trail fell into disuse and was finally abandoned in the 1870s
513793928	Fort Laramie Conference	whites agreed to stay off certain areas of Indian land (beginning of reservations)
513793929	Mormons/Brigham Young	In 1847, a group of these people led by this man (leader after Joseph Smith was killed in 1844) followed Oregon Trail to Utah where they built a new settlement called Salt Lake City.
513888389	Santa Anna	Mexican dictator who was in charge when war broke out between the Mexicans and Americans. He lost Texas to rebels, and was the leader of the armed forces during the war.
513888390	Alamo	the mission in San Antonio where in 1836 Mexican forces under Santa Anna besieged and massacred American rebels who were fighting to make Texas independent of Mexico
513888391	Sam Houston	United States politician and military leader who fought to gain independence for Texas from Mexico and to make it a part of the United States (1793-1863), First president of the Republic of Texas
513888392	John Tyler	elected Vice President and became the 10th President of the United States when Harrison died 1841-1845, President responsible for annexation of Mexico after receiving mandate from Polk, opposed many parts of the Whig program for economic recovery
513888393	James K. Polk	Polk was a slave owning southerner dedicated to Democratic party. In 1844, he was a "dark horse" candidate for president, and he won the election. Polk favored American expansion, especially advocating the annexation of Texas, California, and Oregon. He was a friend and follower of Andrew Jackson. He opposed Clay's American System, instead advocating lower tariff, separation the treasury and the federal government from the banking system. He was a nationalist who believed in Manifest Destiny.
513888394	"54' 40' or Fight	slogan of those wanting to take all of Oregon; numbers (54 40') was line of latitude where people wanted Oregon border; did not want compromise of 49th parallel, as was done by President Polk.
513888395	Mexican American War	Polk wanted tdo also aquire California/New Mexico region. Polk resorted to an agressive method by sending troops to disputed area. US declared war on Mex. when hostilities arose. Americans captured Mexico City. Santa Anna fled, war ended
513888396	Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo	February 2 1848. The agreement between President Polk and the new Mexican government for Mexico to cede California and New Mexico to the US and acknowledge the Rio Grand as the boundary of Texas. In return, the US promised to assume any financial claims its new citizens had against Mexico and to pay the Mexicans $15 million.
513888397	Ostend Manifesto	a document drawn up in 1854 that instructed the buying of Cuba from Spain, then suggested the taking of Cuba by force It caused outrage among Northerners who felt it was a Southern attempt to extend slavery as states in Cuba would be southern states.
513888398	Gadsden Purchase	Strip of land in present-day Arizona and New Mexico that was acquired by the U.S. in 1853 for $10 million.
513888399	49ers	People who rushed to california in 1849 for gold.
518742458	Separate spheres	Middle-class ideal where home life was strictly separated from the workplace and womens roles were separate from mens, with women running the household and men earning money outside it.
518742459	cult of domesticity	the ideal woman was seen as a tender, self-sacrificing caregiver who provided a nest for her children and a peaceful refuge for her husband, social customs that restricted women to caring for the house
518742460	horace mann	Secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education, he was a prominent proponent of public school reform, and set the standard for public schools throughout the nation.
518742461	normal schools	two year institutions that developed in the early 1800's to prepare prospective elementary teachers
518742462	charles finney	urged people to abandon sin and lead good lives in dramatic sermons at religious revivals
518742463	american colonization society	A Society that thought slavery was bad. They would buy land in Africa and get free blacks to move there. One of these such colonies was made into what now is Liberia. Most sponsors just wanted to get blacks out of their country.
518742464	William Lloyd Garrison	1805-1879. Prominent American abolitionist, journalist and social reformer. Editor of radical abolitionist newspaper "The Liberator", and one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society.
518742465	Grimke Sisters	Abolitionists and suffragettes. The sisters came from South Carolina in an aristocratic family, with an Episcopalian judge who owned slaves father. Both sisters became abolitionists, and after converting to the Quaker faith, they joined Society of Friends. In 1835, Angela wrote an anti-slavery letter to Abolitionist leader William Lloyd Garrison, who published it in, The Liberator. They spoke at abolitionist meetings. In 1837, Angelina was invited to be the first woman to speak at the Massachusetts State Legislature. Sarah and Angelina Grimke wrote Letter on the Condition of Women and the Equality of the Sexes (1837) - objecting to male opposition to their anti-slavery activities.
518742466	Temperance	movement to ban the drinking of alcohol
518742467	Hudson River School	Founded by Thomas Cole, first native school of landscape painting in the U.S.; attracted artists rebelling against the neoclassical tradition, painted many scenes of New York's Hudson River
518742468	Transcendantalism	Belief that people could transcend or rise above the material things in life such as money and personal belongings
518742469	Ralph Waldo Emerson	transcendentalist, Lecturer that expressed the individualistic mood. Argued for self reliance,independent thinking, and the primacy of spiritual matters over material ones.
518742470	Henry David Thoreau	American transcendentalist who was against a government that supported slavery. He wrote down his beliefs in Walden. He started the movement of civil-disobedience when he refused to pay the toll-tax to support him Mexican War.
518742471	Utopian Communities	an experimental community designed to be a perfect society, in which its members could live together in harmony
518742472	Industrial Evolution	Term referring to America's economic transformation in the 1840s and 1850s, which included a greater concentration of population in urban areas, the adoption of steam power, the expansion of industry, and an increase in agricultural productivity. Although these developments marked important shifts in the nation's economy, they did not displace agricultural dominance or older methods of production.
518742473	John Deere	United States industrialist who manufactured plows suitable for working the prairie soil (1804-1886)
518742474	Cyrus McCormick	Irish-American inventor that developed the mechanical reaper. The reaper replaced scythes as the preferred method of cutting crops for harvest, and it was much more efficient and much quicker. The invention helped the agricultural growth of America.
518742475	American System	Economic program advanced by Henry Clay that included support for a national bank, high tariffs, and internal improvements; emphasized strong role for federal government in the economy.
518742476	Eli Whitney	an American inventor who developed the cotton gin. Also contributed to the concept of interchangeable parts that were exactly alike and easily assembled or exchanged
518742477	Free Labor	the northern belief that slavery was dangerous not because of its effect on blacks, but because of what it threatened to do to whites, they argued that at the heart of American democracy was the right of all citizens to own property, to control their own labor, and to have access to opportunities for advancement.
518742478	Second Great Awakening	A series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism. Stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects. The revivals attracted women, Blacks, and Native Americans.
518742479	Dorthea Dix	dedicated to improving conditions for the mentally ill. led movement to build new mental hospitals and improve existing ones
518742480	Seneca Falls Convention	Took place in upperstate New York in 1848. Women of all ages and even some men went to discuss the rights and conditions of women. There, they wrote the Declaration of Sentiments, which among other things, tried to get women the right to vote.
518742481	Elizabeth Cady Stanton	A prominent advocate of women's rights, Stanton organized the 1848 Seneca Falls Convention with Lucretia Mott
518742482	Susan B. Anthony	leader of woman suffrage movement, who helped to define the movement's goals and beliefs and to lead its actions
518742483	Declaration of Sentiments	Revision of the Declaration of Independence to include women and men (equal). It was the grand basis of attaining civil, social, political, and religious rights for women.
518742484	Frederick Douglass	United States abolitionist who escaped from slavery and became an influential writer and lecturer in the North (1817-1895)
518742485	Harriet Tubman	American abolitionist. Born a slave on a Maryland plantation, she escaped to the North in 1849 and became the most renowned conductor on the Underground Railroad, leading more than 300 slaves to freedom.

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APUSH Unit 3 Exam Flashcards

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265143753	manifest destiny	a theory that states that the US should control from the Pacific Ocean to the Atlantic Ocean (control the continent from sea to shining sea)
265143754	Henry Clay	United States politician responsible for the Missouri Compromise between free and slave states (1777-1852), Whig senator who helped make the Compromise of 1850
265143755	Stephen Austin	leader of American colony in Texas, (November 3, 1793 - December 27, 1836), known as the Father of Texas, led the Anglo American colonization of the region. A city and county in Texas are named in his honor.
265143756	general Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna	President of Mexico., Commanded the Mexican army at Gonzales, in 1853 sold territory to the United States including that area known as the Gadsden Purchase.
265143757	Alamo mission	located in San Antonio, Texas. Where the Mexican Army, under Santa Anna, defeated the Texas "patriots" (a group that included, among others, the renowned frontiersman and former Tennessee congressman Davy Crockett) in 1836.
265143758	Davy Crockett	Helped the Texans win independence from Mexico, frontiersmen and former Tennessee congressmen. One of the "patriots," that valiantly died fighting Santa Anna and the Mexican army at the Alamo in San Antonio.
265143759	Oregon country	term used in the early 1800's for the region that includes present day oregon,washington,idaho, parts of wyoming,montana,and pats of canada., 49th parallel established by US and Britain a boundary for Oregon
265143761	northwest territory	the vast territory of land that included present-day Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio and Wisconsin; was politically organized in 1787
265143762	Mormons	church founded by Joseph Smith in 1830 with headquarters in Salt Lake City, Utah
265143763	Martin Van Buren	8th U.S. President. 1837-1841. Democratic, Jackson's vice-president during his second term; 8th president of the United States, a Democratic-Republican Senator from New York, rallied the factory workers of the North in support of Jackson. He became Jackson's V.P. after Calhoun resigned. New York politics at that time was controlled by a clique of wealthy land-owners known as the Albany Regency, of which he became the leader.
265143764	James K. Polk	democrat, 11th President, led US to war with Mexico, President of United States who had territorial aspirations, leading to conflict with Mexico, resulting in a war.
265143765	dark horse	In politics, a candidate with little apparent support who unexpectedly wins a nomination or election. Polk was an example.
265143766	fifty-four forty or fight	Joint control worked for over a decade and a half but ultimately, the parties decided that joint occupancy wasn't working well so they set about to divide Oregon. Treaty of Oregon in 1846.
265143767	liberty party	A somewhat pro-abolition political party formed in 1840. Their presidential candidate was James G. Birney, an anti-slavery leader from Kentucky. This party supported "free soil"- no slavery in the territories.
265143768	Zachary Taylor	American military leader and the twelfth President of the United States.achieved fame while leading U.S. troops to victory at several critical battles of the Mexican-American War. A Southern slaveholder who opposed the spread of slavery to the territories, he was uninterested in politics but was recruited by the Whig Party as their nominee in the 1848 presidential election
265143769	Sante Fe	founded by Spanish missionaries, soldiers,and settlers located in new Mexico, City that became the capital of the Spanish colony of New Mexico
265143770	John Sutter	built a trading post/cattle ranch that attracted people to California, Swiss immigrant owning land on which gold was discovered in California
265143771	annexationists	People who wanted the United States to expand under Manifest Destiny. They supported adding territories like Oregon, California and Texas to the United States.
265143772	Mexican War	after disputes over Texas lands that were settled by Mexicans the United States declared war on Mexico in 1846 and by treaty in 1848 took Texas and California and Arizona and New Mexico and Nevada and Utah and part of Colorado and paid Mexico $15,000,000
265143773	General Winfield Scott	was a United States Army general, diplomat, and presidential candidate. he served on active duty as a general longer than any other man in American history. Over the course of his fifty-year career, he commanded forces in the War of 1812, the Mexican-American War, the Black Hawk War, the Second Seminole War, and, the American Civil War.
265143774	treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo	treaty signed in 1848 by the US and Mexico, ending the Mexico-American war
265143775	Wilmont Proviso	Law passed in 1846 that banned slavery in any territories won by the US from Mexico.
265143776	popular sovereignty	The concept that a States people should vote whether to be a slave state or Free
265143777	Compromise of 1850	series of measures that were intended to settle the disagreements between free states and slave states, forestalled the Civil War by instating the Fugitive Slave Act , banning slave trade in DC, admitting California as a free state, splitting up the Texas territory, and instating popular sovereignty in the Mexican Cession
265143778	John C. Calhoun	South Carolina Senator - advocate for state's rights, limited government, and nullification, (1830s-40s) Leader of the Fugitive Slave Law, which forced the cooperation of Northern states in returning escaped slaves to the South. He also argued on the floor of the senate that slavery was needed in the South. He argued on the grounds that society is supposed to have an upper ruling class that enjoys the profit of a working lower class.
265143779	Stephen Douglas	Senator from Illinois who ran for president against Abraham Lincoln. Wrote the Kansas-Nebraska Act and the Freeport Doctrine
265143780	Millard Fillmore	Successor of President Zachary Taylor after his death on July 9th 1850. He helped pass the Compromise of 1850 by gaining the support of Northern Whigs for the compromise.
265143781	free-soil party	party that supported wilmot proviso, the Bill that would ban slavery in the territories acquired after the War with Mexico
265143782	fugitive slave act	Stringent set of laws that allows Southern slave-catchers to pursue slaves into the north.
265143783	Gadsden purchase	established the current borders of the lower 48 states, 1853 purchase of more land for purpose of building intercontinental railroad
265143784	bleeding Kansas	nickname given to the Kansas territory because of the bloody violence there over the issue of slavery
265143786	Pottawatomie massacre	When John Brown (abolitionist) and followers murdered 5 pro-slavery settlers in Kansas then mutilated their bodies to scare other slave supporters and to keep slavery supporters from moving into Kansas.
265143787	Charles Sumner	leader of the antislavery forces in Massachusetts and a leader of the Radical Republicans in the United States Senate during the American Civil War and Reconstruction
265143788	republican party, pre civil war	Formed after Kansas-Nebraska Act, the name was first used by Thomas Jefferson's party, later called the Democratic Republican party or, simply, the Democratic party. The name reappeared in the 1850s, when the present-day party was founded. At that time the crucial issue of the extension of slavery into the territories split the Democratic party and the Whig party, and opponents of the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 organized this new party
265143789	gag-rule	A gag rule is a rule that limits or forbids the raising, consideration or discussion of a particular topic by members of a legislative or decision-making body, the gagging of anti-slavery petitions by Congress occurred from 1835 to 1844.
265143790	James Buchanan	Antebellum president who claimed that secession was illegal but going to war was also illegal, indecisive, Fifteenth President
265143791	Dred Scott vs Sanford	supreme court case that ruled slaves were not citizens and declared the Missouri compromise unconstitutional
265143792	Justice Roger Taney	Supreme Court Justice who ruled in the Dred Scott Case
265143793	Abraham Lincoln	U.S. statesmen, 16th president. Led Union to victory in Civil War. Assassinated.
265143795	California gold rush	Trigger by discovery at Sutter's Mill, leads to mass migration to California
265143796	the liberator	An anti-slavery newspaper written by William Lloyd Garrison. It drew attention to abolition, both positive and negative, causing a war of words between supporters of slavery and those opposed.
265143797	Amistad	Spanish slave ship; slaves took over ship and were caught off US coast; sued for freedom in US Supreme court; slaves were ultimately freed by court because they were taken illegally
265143798	underground railroad	a system of secret routes used by escaping slaves to reach freedom in the North or in Canada
265143799	Kansas-Nebraska act	This Act set up Kansas and Nebraska as states. Each state would use popular sovereignty to decide what to do about slavery. People who were pro-slavery and antislavery moved to Kansas, but some antislavery settlers were against the Act.
265218757	Fort Sumter	Federal fort in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina; the Confederate attack on the fort marked the start of the Civil War
265218758	Boarder States	States between the North and South that were technically slave states, but did NOT leave the Union
265218759	Alabama	British built Confederate commerce raider responsible for capturing over 60 vessels
265218760	Homestead Act	Passed in 1862, it gave 160 acres of public land to any settler who would farm the land for five years.
265218761	Jefferson Davis	an American statesman and politician who served as President of the Confederate States of America for its entire history from 1861 to 1865
265218762	Elizabeth Blackwell	First woman to receive a medical degree in the U.S.
265218763	Clara Barton	Nurse during the Civil War; started the American Red Cross
265218764	First Bull Run	1st real battle, Confederate victory, Washingtonian spectators gather to watch battle, Gen. Jackson stands as Stonewall and turns tide of battle in favor of Confederates, realization that war is not going to be quick and easy for either side
265218765	Second Bull Run	Conflict between Lee and General John Pope in August 1862, ending in a decisive victory by Lee that led to increased confidence and an attempt to convince Maryland to secede,
265218766	Gettysburg	The most violent battle of the American Civil War and is frequently cited as the war's turning point, fought from July 1 - July 3, 1863.
265218767	Gettysburg Address	speech by Abraham Lincoln during the American Civil War (November 19, 1963) at the dedication of a national cemetery on the site of the Battle of Gettysburg, key ideas were liberty, equality, and democratic ideas; purpose of war was to protect those ideas
265218768	Vicksburg	Grant's best fought campaign, this siege ended in the seizure of the Mississippi River by the Union
265218769	Thirteenth Amendment	the constitutional amendment ratified after the Civil War that forbade slavery and involuntary servitude.
265218770	Fourteenth Amendment	a constitutional amendment giving full rights of citizenship to all people born or naturalized in the United States, except for American Indians
265218771	Fifteenth Amendment	Ratified 1870 - No one could be denied the right to vote on account of race, color or having been a slave. It was to prevent states from amending their constitutions to deny black suffrage.
265218772	copperheads	a group of northern Democrats who opposed abolition and sympathized with the South during the Civil War
265218773	Thomas J. 'Stonewall' Jackson	general in the Confederate Army during the Civil War whose troops at the first Battle of Bull Run stood like a stone wall (1824-1863)
265218774	Sherman	United States general who was commander of all Union troops in the West, he captured Atlanta and led a destructive march to the sea that cut the Confederacy in two (1820-1891)
265218775	George B. McClellan	a general for northern command of the Army of the Potomac in 1861; nicknamed "Tardy George" because of his failure to move troops to Richmond; lost battle vs. General Lee near the Chesapeake Bay; Lincoln fired him twice.
265218776	Ulysses S. Grant	an American general and the eighteenth President of the United States (1869-1877). He achieved international fame as the leading Union general in the American Civil War.
265218777	'10 percent' reconstruction plan	Introduced by President Lincoln, it proposed that a state be readmitted to the Union once 10 percent of its voters had pledged loyalty to the United States and promised to honor emancipation.
265218778	Black Codes	Southern state laws designed to restrict the rights of the newly freed black slaves
265218779	Carpetbaggers / Scalawags	A derogatory term applied to Northerners who migrated south during the Reconstruction to take advantage of opportunities to advance their own fortunes by buying up land from desperate Southerners and by manipulating new black voters to obtain lucrative government contracts.
265218780	Thaddeus Stevens	Man behind the 14th Amendment, which ends slavery. A radical Republican who believed in harsh punishments for the South. Leader of the radical Republicans in Congress.
265218781	Andrew Johnson	17th President of the United States, was elected Vice President and succeeded Lincoln when Lincoln was assassinated; was impeached but acquitted by one vote (1808-1875)
265218782	Oliver O. Howard	Union general who headed the Freedmen's Bureau

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APUSH Unit 2 Flashcards

oh my GOSH

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476025873	Paxton Boys	They were a group of Scots-Irish men living in the Appalachian hills that wanted protection from Indian attacks. They made an armed march on Philadelphia in 1764. They protested the lenient way that the Quakers treated the Indians. Their ideas started the Regulator Movement in North Carolina.
476025874	Regulator Movement	eventually violent uprising of backcountry settlers in North Carolina against unfair taxation and the control of colonial affairs by the seaboard elite
476025875	Triangular trade	exchange of rum, slaves, and molasses between the North American Colonies, Africa, and the West Indies.
476025876	Molasses Act	Tax on imported molasses passed by Parliament in an effort to squelch the North American trade with the French West Indies. Widely ineffective due to widespread smuggling
476025877	Arminianism	belief that salvation is offered to all humans but is conditional on acceptance of God's grace.
476025878	Great Awakening	1730s-1740s: Religious revival that swept the colonies. Participating ministers, most notably Jonathan Edwards and George Whitfield, placed an emphasis on direct, emotive spirituality.
476025879	Old Lights	Orthodox clergymen who rejected the emotionalism of the Great Awakening in favor of a more rational spirituality
476025880	New Lights	ministers who took part in the revivalist, emotive religious tradition pioneered by George Whitefield
476025881	Poor Richard's Almanack	widely read annual pamphlet edited by Benjamin Franklin. Best known for its proverbs and aphorisms emphasizing thrift, industry, morality, and common sense
476025882	Zenger Trial	1734-1735: New York libel case against John Peter Zenger. Established the principle that truthful statements about public officials could not be prosecuted as libel
476025883	Royal Colonies	colonies where governors were appointed directly by the king
476025884	Proprietary colonies	colonies- Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Delaware- under control of local proprietors, who appointed colonial governors
476025885	Michel-Guillaume Jean de Crevecoeur	a Frenchman who settled in New York territory in 1759; he wrote a book called Letters of an American Farmer that established a new standard for writing about America:
476025886	Jacobus Arminius	Dutch Protestant theologian who founded Arminianism which opposed the absolute predestinarianism of John Calvin (1559-1609)
476025887	Jonathan Edwards	American theologian whose sermons and writings stimulated a period of renewed interest in religion in America (1703-1758)
476025888	George Whitefield	One of the preachers of the great awakening (key figure of "New Light"); known for his talented voice inflection and ability to bring many a person to their knees.
476025889	John Trumbull	American painter of historical scenes (1756-1843)
476025890	John Singleton Copley	American painter who did portraits of Paul Revere and John Hancock before fleeing to England to avoid the American Revolution (1738-1815)
476025891	Phillis Wheatley	American poet (born in Africa) who was the first recognized Black writer in America (1753-1784)
476025892	John Peter Zenger	Journalist who questioned the policies of the governor of New York in the 1700's. He was jailed; he sued, and this court case was the basis for our freedom of speech and press. He was found not guilty.
476025893	Huguenots	French Protestant dissenters, granted limited toleration under the edict of nantes.
476025894	Edict of Nantes	Decree issued by the french crown granting limited toleration to French Protestants. Ended religious wars in France and inaugurated a period of French preeminence in Europe and across the Atlantic. Its repeal in 1685 prompted a fresh migration of Protestant Huguenots to North America
476025895	Coureurs de Bois	translated as "runners of the woods," they were French fur trappers. see also voyageurs
476025896	Voyageurs	translated as "runners of the woods," they were French fur trappers. see also coureur de bois
476025897	King William's war	War fought largely between French trappers, British settlers, and their respective Indian allies from 1689-1697.
476025898	Queen Anne's War	1702-1713: second in a series of conflicts between the European powers for control of North America, fought between the English and the French colonists in the North, and the English and Spanish in Florida. Under the peace treaty, the French ceded Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, and Hudson Bay to Britain
476025899	War of Jenkin's Ear	1739: Small scale clash between Britain and Spain in the Caribbean and in the buffer colony, Georgia. It merged with the much larger War of Austrian Succession
476025900	King George's War	1744-1748: North American theater of Europe's War of Austrian Succession that once again pitted British colonists against their French counterparts in the North. The peace settlement did not involve any territorial realignment, leading to conflict between New England settlers and the British government.
476025901	Acadians	French residents of Nova Scotia, many of whom were uprooted by the British in 1755 and scattered as far south as Louisiana, where their descendants became known as cajuns
476025902	French and Indian War	1754-1763: Nine-year war between the British and the French in North America. It resulted in the expulsion of the French from the North American mainland and helped spark the Seven Years' War in Europe
476025903	Albany Congress	1754: Intercolonial congress summoned by the British government to foster greater colonial unity and assure Iroquois support in the escalating war against the French
476025904	Regulars	Trained professional soldiers, as distinct from militia or conscripts. During French and Indian War, British generals, used to commanding experienced regulars, often showed contempt for ill-trained colonial militiamen
476025905	Battle of Quebec	1759: Historic British victory over French forces on the outskirts of Quebec. The surrender marked the beginning of the end of French rule in North America
476025906	Pontiac's uprising	1763: Bloody campaign waged by Ottawa chief Pontiac to drive the British out of Ohio Country. It was brutally crushed by British troops, who resorted to distributing blankets infected with smallpox as a means to put down the rebellion.
476025907	Proclamation of 1763	Decree issued by Parliament in the wake of Pontiac's uprising, prohibiting settlement beyond the Appalachians. Contributed to rising resentment of British rule in American colonies
476025908	Louis XIV	King of France from 1643 to 1715; his long reign was marked by the expansion of French influence in Europe and by the magnificence of his court and the Palace of Versailles (1638-1715)
476025909	Samuel de Champlain	French explorer in Nova Scotia who established a settlement on the site of modern Quebec (1567-1635)
476025910	Edward Braddock	a British commander during the French and Indian War. He attempted to capture Fort Duquesne in 1755. He was defeated by the French and the Indians. At this battle, he was mortally wounded.
476025911	William Pitt	"Great Commoner"- drew much of his strength from the common people. British leader who was instrumental in the capture of Quebec and Montreal
476025912	James Wolfe	the British general whose success in the Battle of Quebec won Canada for the British Empire. Even though the battle was only fifteen minutes, he was killed in the line of duty. This was a decisive battle in the French and Indian War.
476025913	Pontiac	famous chief of the Ottawa who led an unsuccessful rebellion against the British (1715-1769)
476025914	republicanism	Political theory of representative government, based on the principle of popular sovereignty, with a strong emphasis on liberty and civic virtue. Influential in 18th century American political thought, it stood as an alternative to monarchical rule
476025915	Radical Whigs	18th century British political commentators who agitated against political corruption and emphasized the threat to liberty posed by arbitrary power. Their writings shaped American political thought and made colonists especially alert to encroachments on their rights
476025916	Merchantilism	Economic theory that closely linked a nation's political and military power to its bullion reserves. They generally favored protectionism and colonial acquisition
476025917	Sugar Act	1764: Duty on imported sugar from the West Indies. It was the first tax levied on the colonists by the crown and was lowered substantially in response to wide-spread protests
476025918	Quartering Act	1765: Required colonies to provide food and quarters for British troops. Many colonists resented the act, which they perceived as an encroachment on their rights
476025919	Stamp Act	1765: Widely unpopular tax on an array of paper goods, replaced in 1766 after mass protests erupted across the colonies. Colonists developed the principle of "no taxation without representation" that questioned Parliament's authority over the colonies and laid the foundation for future revolutionary claims
476025920	Admiralty Courts	used to try offenders for violating the various Navigation Acts passed by the crown after the French and Indian War. Colonists argued that the courts encroached on their rights as Englishmen since they lacked juries and placed the burden of proof on the accused
476025921	Stamp Act Congress	assembly of delegates from nine colonies who met in New York City to draft a petition for the repeal of the Stamp Act. Helped ease sectional suspicion and promote intercolonial unity
476025922	Nonimportation Agreements	1765 and after: Boycotts against British goods adopted in response to the Stamp Act and, later, the Townshend Acts and Intolerable Acts. The agreements were the most effective form of protest against British policies in the colonies.
476025923	Sons of Liberty and Daughters of Liberty	Patriotic group that played a central role in agitating against the Stamp Act and enforcing non importation agreements
476025924	Declaratory Act	1766: Passed alongside the repeal of the Stamp Act, it reaffirmed Parliament's unqualified sovereignty over the North American colonies
476025925	Townshend Acts	1767: External, or indirect, levies on glass, white lead, paper, paint, tea, the proceeds of which were used to pay colonial governors, who had previously been paid directly by colonial assemblies. Sparked another round of protests in the colonies
476025926	Boston Massacre	1770: Clash between unruly Bostonian protesters and locally stationed British redcoats, who fired on the jeering crowd, killing or wounding eleven citizens
476025927	Committees of Correspondence	1772 and after: Local committees established across Massachusetts, and later in each of the 13 colonies, to maintain colonial opposition to British policies through the exchange of letters and pamphlets
476025928	Boston Tea Party	1773: Rowdy protest against the British East India Company's newly acquired monopoly on the tea trade. Colonists, disguised as Indians, dumped 342 chests of tea into Boston harbor, prompting harsh sanctions from the British Parliament
476025929	Intolerable Acts	1774: Series of punitive measures passed in retaliation for the Boston Tea Party, closing the Port of Boston, revoking a number of rights in the Massachusetts colonial charter, and expanding the Quartering Act to allow for the lodging of soldiers in private homes. In response, colonists convened the First Continental Congress and called for a complete boycott of British goods
476025930	Quebec Acts	1774: allowed the French residents of Quebec to retain their traditional political and religious institutions, and extended the boundaries of the province southward to the Ohio River. Mistakenly perceived by the colonists to be part of Parliament's response to the Boston Tea Party
476025931	First Continental Congress	1774: Convention of delegates from 12 of the 13 colonies that convened in Philadelphia to craft a response to the Intolerable Acts. Delegates established Association, which called for a complete boycott of British goods
476025932	The Association	1774: Non-importation agreement crafted during the first continental congress calling for the complete boycott of British goods
476025933	Lexington and Concord	1775: 1st battles of the Revolutionary War, fought outside of Boston. The colonial militia successfully defended their stores of munitions, forcing the British to retreat to Boston
476025934	Valley Forge	1777-1778: Encampment where George Washington's poorly equipped army spent a wretched, freezing winter. Hundreds of men died and more than a thousand deserted. The plight of the starving, shivering soldiers reflected the main weakness of the American army- a lack of stable supplies and munitions
476025935	Camp Followers	women and children who followed the continental army during the American Revolution, providing vital services such as cooking and sewing in return for rations
476025936	John Hancock	American revolutionary patriot who was president of the Continental Congress; first signer of the declaration of independence
476025937	George Grenville	Became prime minister of Britain in 1763 he persuaded the Parliament to pass a law allowing smugglers to be sent to vice-admiralty courts which were run by British officers and had no jury. He did this to end smuggling.
476025938	Charles Townshend	government official, close to the king, likable, sponsored taxes, "Champagne Charlie", sponsored taxes for: lead, glass, paper, paint & tea, came up with the Townshend Acts
476025939	Crispus Attucks	The African-Native American man who was the first man to die in the Boston Massacre, also considered the first death in the Revolutionary War
476025940	George III	English monarch at the time of the revolution. He was the main opposition for the colonies due to his stubborn attitude and unwillingness to hear out colonial requests/grievances.
476025941	Lord North	Prime Minister of England from 1770 to 1782. Although he repealed the Townshend Acts, he generally went along with King George III's repressive policies towards the colonies even though he personally considered them wrong. He hoped for an early peace during the Revolutionary War and resigned after Cornwallis' surrender in 1781.
476025942	Samuel Adams	American Revolutionary leader and patriot. An organizer of the Boston Tea Party and signer of the Declaration of Independence (1722-1803)
476025943	Thomas Hutchinson	Governor of Boston who ordered cargo of tea to be unloaded in Boston despite colonial objection
476025944	Marquis de Lafayette	He was very rich and noble when he arrived in America at the age of 19 years old. He believed in the liberty that the Americans were fighting for and asked to help. He became a general on Washington's staff and fought hard. He was known as "the soldier's friend," and is buried in france but his grave is covered with earth from Bunker Hill.
476025945	Baron von Steuben	volunteer, general in Prussia,offered help to Patriots after Washington won the battles at Trenton & Princeton, arrived at Valley Forge in the spring of 1778- helped train American troops
476025946	Lord Dunmore	Royal governor of Virginia who issued a proclamation promising freedom for any enslaved black in Virginia who joined the British army
476025947	Second Continental Congress	Representative body of delegates from all 13 colonies. Drafted the Declaration of Independence and managed the colonial war effort
476025948	Bunker Hill	1775: Fought on the outskirts of Boston on Breed's Hill, the battle ended in the colonial militia's retreat, though at a heavy cost to the British
476025949	Olive Branch Petition	1775: Conciliatory measure adopted by the Continental Congress, professing American loyalty and seeking an end to the hostilities. King George rejected the petition and proclaimed the colonies in rebellion
476025950	Hessians	German troops hired from their princes by George III to aid in putting down the colonial insurrection. This hardened the resolve for American colonists, who resented the use of paid foreign fighters
476025951	Common Sense	1776: Thomas Paine's pamphlet urging the colonies to declare independence and establish a republican government. The widely read pamphlet helped convince colonists to support the Revolution
476025952	Declaration of Independence	July 4th 1776: Formal pronouncement of independence drafted by Thomas Jefferson and approved by Congress. THe declaration allowed Americans to appeal for foreign aid and served as an inspiration for later revolutionary movements worldwide
476025953	Declaration of the Rights of Man	1789: Declaration of rights adopted during the French Revolution. Modeled after the American Declaration of Independence
476025954	Loyalists	American colonists who opposed the Revolution and maintained their loyalty to the King; sometimes referred to as "tories"
476025955	Patriots	colonists who supported the American Revolution; they were also known as "Whigs"
476025956	Battle of Long Island	1776: Battle for the control of New York. British troops overwhelmed the colonial militias and retained control of the city for most of the war
476025957	Battle of Trenton	1776: George Washington surprised and captured a garrison of sleeping German Hessians, raising the morale of his crestfallen army and setting the stage for victory at Princeton a week later
476025958	Battle of Saratoga	Decisive colonial victory in upstate New York which helped secure French support for the Revolutionary cause
476025959	Model Treaty	1776: Sample treaty drafted by the continental congress as a guide for American diplomats. Reflected the American's desire to foster commercial partnerships rather than political or military entanglements
476025960	Armed Neutrality	1780: Loose alliance of nonbelligerent naval powers, organized by Russia's Catherine the Great, to protect neutral trading rights during the war for American independence
476025961	Treaty of Fort Stanswix	1784: Treaty signed by the US and the pro-British Iroquois granting Ohio country to the Americans
476025962	privateers	privately owned armed ships authorized by congress to prey on enemy shipping during the Revolutionary War. More numerous than the tiny American Navy, inflicted heavy damages on British shippers
476025963	battle of yorktown	1781: George Washington, with the aid of the French Army, besieged Cornwallis at Yorktown, while the French naval fleet prevented British reinforcements from coming ashore. Cornwallis surrendered, dealing a heavy blow to the British war effort and paving the way for an eventual peace
476025964	treaty of Paris	1783: peace treaty signed by Britain and the US ending the Revolutionary War. The British formally recognized American independence and ceded territory east of the Mississippi while the Americans, in turn, promised to restore Loyalist property and repay debts to British creditors
476025965	Ethan Allen	a soldier of the American Revolution whose troops helped capture Fort Ticonderoga from the British (1738-1789)
476025966	Benedict Arnold	United States general and traitor in the American Revolution; in 1780 his plan to surrender West Point to the British was foiled (1741-1801)
476025967	Richard Montgomery	A formerly British General, then changed sides and led the colonists. He led a successful attack into Montreal, then on to Quebec. His attack on Quebec failed and he was killed, thus, the whole invasion into Canada failed.
476025968	Thomas Paine	American Revolutionary leader and pamphleteer (born in England) who supported the American colonist's fight for independence and supported the French Revolution (1737-1809)
476025969	Abigail Adams	Wife of John Adams. During the Revolutionary War, she wrote letters to her husband describing life on the homefront. She urged her husband to remember America's women in the new government he was helping to create.
476025970	Richard Henry Lee	leader of the American Revolution who proposed the resolution calling for independence of the American colonies (1732-1794)
476025971	Lord Charles Cornwallis	the British general who commanded trooops from Charleston, South Carolina. He surrendered his entire army to George Washington after the battle of Yorktown
476025972	William Howe	during the summer of 1776, he led hundreds of British ships and 32,000 British soldiers to New York, and offered Congress the choice between surrender with royal pardon and a battle against the odds, and despite having far fewer troops, the Americans rejected the offer.
476025973	John Burgoyne	British general in the American Revolution who captured Fort Ticonderoga but lost the battle of Saratoga in 1777 (1722-1792)
476025974	Benjamin Franklin	printer whose success as an author led him to take up politics. He helped draw up the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution; he played a major role in the American Revolution and negotiated French support for the colonists. Also made great scientific discoveries
476025975	Comte de Rochambeau	French general who commanded French troops in the American Revolution, notably at Yorktown (1725-1807)
476025976	Nathanael Greene	a colonial general who fought the English in the late eighteenth century-- used fighting tactic of retreating and getting the English to pursue for miles. Historical Significance: Cleared Georgia and South Carolina of British troops.
476025977	Joseph Brant	Mohawk chief who led many Iroquois to fight with Britain against American revolutionaries
476025978	George Rogers Clark	Leader of a small Patriot force that captured British-controlled Fort Vincennes in the Ohio Valley in 1779, secured the Northwest Territory for America
476025979	Admiral de Grasse	operated a powerful French fleet in the West Indies. He advised America he was free to join with them in an assault on Cornwallis at Yorktown. Rochambeau's French army defended British by land and this man blockaded them by sea. This resulted in Cornwallis's surrender on October 19, 1781.

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APUSH Unit 1 Flashcards

Exploration and Colonization

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458255863	L'Anse Aux Meadows	Site where Viking artifacts were found, indicating their presence around 1000 A.D.
458255864	John Winthrop	First governor of the Massachusetts Bay colony (1630-1649).
458255865	Church of England	Founded by King Henry VIII - the state religion England.
458255866	Huguenots	French Protestants
458255867	Triangle Trade	The pattern of trade between the Americas, Europe and Africa
458255868	Albany Plan of Union	1754 - Early attempt to unite the colonies by Ben Franklin - proposal failed
458255869	French and Indian War	1754-1763 The war between Great Britain and France in North America. Britain became the dominant colonial power in the eastern half of North America.
458255870	Mercantilism	The theory that a nation should export more than they import.
458255871	Sir Edmund Andros	Governor of the Dominion of New England hated by colonists
458255872	Eunice Williams	Captured as a child in Deerfield Raid, refused to return to her Puritan family
458255873	Lord Baltimore	created Colony of Maryland based on religious freedom, primarily for Catholics
458255874	Reasons for Spanish colonization	Gold, converting natives to Christianity and land.
458255875	Pontiac Rebellion	1763 -1766 Native American uprising against English at the end of French and Indian war was named after Indian leader, Pontiac.
458255876	Bacon's Rebellion	An uprising of discontented backcountry settlers in 1676 in the Virginia Colony - Protesting lack of protection by colonial government
458255877	George Whitefield	An evangelical Anglican minster from England who took part in the Great Awakening in Massachussetts in 1738. He made the first of many tours of the colonies.
458255878	Nathaniel Bacon	A wealthy backcountry settler who led a rebellion against Virginia's governor
458255879	Stono Rebellion	The most serious slave rebellion in the the colonial period which occurred in 1739 in South Carolina.
458255880	Puritans	Came to America to practice their religion and settled Massachusetts Bay.
458255881	John Peter Zenger	Trial set precedent for freedom of the press during colonial times
458255882	Staple crops of the South	Tobacco, rice, indigo
458255883	Dominion of New England	Attempt by the British to gain more control of New England colonies by uniting them under one royal governor
458255884	Congregationalist	Question the strict Calvinist theology of predestination. Members of Puritan churches.
458255885	Jacques Cartier	Explored the St. Lawrence River and laid claim to the region for France
458255886	Poor Richard's Almanack	Written by Ben Franklin in (1732-57) - emphasized useful and practical knowledge.
458255887	William Penn	Quaker who founded the colony of Pennsylvania
458255888	What colonial regions benefits most from slave trade? Why?	New England because they supplied the captains and the ships
458255889	Pocahontas	Chief Powhatan's daughter, later married John Rolfe of Virginia
458255890	Indentured Servant	Contracted worker in exchange for transport, food, clothing, lodging, and other necessities.
458255891	Columbian Exchange	Widespread exchange of animals, plants, cultures, diseases, and ideas between the western and eastern hemispheres.
458255892	Deerfield Raid	1704 - French & Native Americans attacked Deerfield, Massachusetts. 112 captives were taken to Canada. One third chose not to return
458255893	James Oglethorpe	Founded the colony of Georgia as a buffer - settlers came from debtors' prisons
458255894	Prince Henry the Navigator	Portuguese navigator & map-maker - he spurred exploration
458255895	Spanish Armada 1588	Went to attack England and failed
458255896	Encomienda	Grant to a Spanish colonist that a certain number on Indians will pay tribute to him in the way of labor or goods
458255897	Reasons for English Colonization	Religious freedom, profit (gold, raw materials, cash crops)
458255898	Admiralty & Vice Admiralty Courts	1760s British Military courts used to try colonists for smuggling
458255899	Salem Witch Trials	1692 - 1693, twenty accused witches were killed mostly by hanging
458255900	Free Blacks in Colonial Times	relatively few - didn't have the same rights as white people.
458255901	Primogeniture	A law stated that the entire estate of a man would be passed to his first-born son when he died.
458255902	Entail	Possessions of a man could only be passed on to a certain successor when he died.
458255903	Massachusetts Bay Colony	Established in 1630 by Puritans - eventually combined with Plymouth and became Massachusetts.
458255904	"Holy Experiment"	William Penn's plan to treat Indians fairly
458255905	Massachusetts General Court	The legislature in Massachusetts
458255906	French and Indian War- Causes	Competition for resources, power & expansion in the New World.
458255907	"Middling Sort"	economic middle class
458255908	French & Indian War effects on colonists	English debt causes crack down on collecting taxes - end of salutary neglect
458255909	Mayflower Compact	The governing document of the Plymouth colony
458255910	Samuel de Champlain	French explorer of St. Lawrence River - "father" of New France
458255911	Treaty of Paris 1763	Treaty that ends the French and Indian War (Seven Year War)
458255912	Pequot War	1637 - example of early conflict - Narragansett and Mohegan tribes join with Plymouth & Massachusetts Bay colonies to fight the Pequots
458255913	Henry Hudson	Explored northeastern North America and claimed NY area for the Dutch
458255914	Chesapeake colonies-why slow growth?	Colony mostly populated by men, swampy, diseases
458255915	Pilgrims	Separatists - believed the Church of England was corrupt and needed to start a new Church - founded Plymouth
458255916	Salutary Neglect	A period of time when the British did not enforce the Navigation Acts
458255917	Fundamental Orders of Connecticut	the first formal constitution in the colonies
458255918	Georgia- why founded?	To resettle people from debtors prison in England and form a buffer against Spanish & Seminole attacks
458255919	Navigation Acts (1651, 1673, 1696)	A series of laws restricting trade between England and it's colonies in America
458255920	Sugar Islands- Barbados, Jamaica, Haiti	Most African slaves went to this region
458255921	Barracoons	Small wooden shacks where slaves were kept before arrival of slaves ships
458255922	Maryland- why founded?	As a refuge for Catholics in the colonies
458255923	Proclamation of 1763	Prohibited American colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains
458255924	First Great Awakening	A colonial religious revival that led people to question traditional religious authorities
458255925	Roanoke Colony	Lost Colony - disappeared while waiting for a resupply ship from England
458255926	Benjamin Franklin	A founding father. Published Poor Richards Almanack.
458255927	Halfway Covenant	Offered partial membership rights to people who have not yet converted.
458255928	New Inventions for Exploration	Compass, sextant, caravel
458255929	The "Starving Time"	The first winter in Jamestown.
458255930	Anne Hutchinson	banished from Boston; helped founded Rhode Island
458255931	Methodist Religion	founded by John Wesley. Believed in no evil, practicing kindness, and God's word as law
458255932	Frontier of Inclusion/Exclusion	natives part of society: natives not part of society
458255933	Fictive Kin	referring to someone as family (gramp, auntie), though they share no blood relation
458255934	Blended Culture	The blending of African culture with Colonial culture to create African American Culture
458255935	Deism	Religious belief that says God created the world and lets it run itself by natural law
458255936	John Locke	English philosopher - believed government should derive its power from the people whom it governed.
458255937	Pueblo Revolt	Ongoing rebellion to limit the Spanish expanding, longest lasting Native American revolt in American History
458255938	Christopher Columbus	Explorer trying to get to Asia landed in the West Indies
458255939	Peter Stuyvesant	Served as the last dutch director general in the colony of New Netherland form 1647-1664.
458255940	Treaty of Tordesillas	Treaty singed by Spain and Portugal, that divided the new world.
458255941	House of Burgesses	First legislature established in Virginia.
458255942	The Scramble	A way of choosing slaves newly arrived in the Americas - Owners would rush to choose the best from slaves in an enclosure
458255943	Fort Duquesne	Strategic French stronghold - Important in French & Indian War
458255944	Maryland Act of Toleration	granted religious freedom and allowed one to worship as they pleased
458255945	Roger Williams	Founder of Rhode Island - banished from Massachusetts
458255946	Massachusetts School Law	every township that has 50 or more households must provide the community with a school house and school master
458255947	St. Augustine	First permanent European settlement in North America
458255948	Squanto	Indian who helped the Pilgrims during their first winter in Plymouth
458255949	Middle passage	part of Triangle Trade when slaves were transported from Africa to the Americas
458255950	Antinomianism	asserting that inner grace was sufficient to achieve salvation and that church ministers were unnecessary for that goal
458255951	Salutary Neglect	An English policy of not strictly enforcing laws in its colonies
458255952	Bartolomeo de las Casas	a Spanish priest who was harshly critical of the Spanish treatment of Indians
458255953	Great Migration	Settlement of over twenty thousand Puritans in Massachusetts Bay and other parts of New England between 1630 and 1642.
458255954	New England town meetings	"pure democracy"; meetings held congregational-style in churches to discuss politics and town matters.
458255955	task system	usually for rice cultivation, a task is assigned to the slave, and when they finish it the rest of the day is theirs
458255956	gang system	enslaved people were organized into work gangs that labored from sunup to sundown
458255957	missions	religious settlements run by Catholic Priests and friars.
458255958	presidios	a Spanish fort built to protect the missions and other colonists.
458255959	Enlightenment	a movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions
458255960	King Philip's War	1675-1676 coordinated assaults on New England villages, The last major Indian effort to halt New Englander's encroachment on their lands
458255961	Plains of Abraham	a field near Quebec; the site of a major British victory over the French in the French and Indian War
458255962	Reasons for French colonization	Fur trade and to convert Indians to Catholicism
458255963	Charleston	Major Southern colonial port
458255964	Jamestown	First permanent English settlement in North America
458255965	New England Confederation	1643 - Formed to provide for the defense of the four New England colonies, and also acted as a court in disputes between colonies.
458255966	City upon a hill	Winthrop's name for Massachusetts Bay Colony symbolizing how it will be a Puritan example that others will look up to
458255967	Plymouth Colony	colony formed by the Pilgrims when they arrived at Plymouth Rock in 1620
458255968	War of Jenkins Ear	1739, between British and the Spanish. Began because of Spanish attacks on British merchants in the West Indies
458255969	Glorious Revolution, effect on colonies	English overthrow of James II in 1688; Parliament gained more power than the king - will lead to conflict in the future
458255970	John Rolfe	Discovered how to successfully grow tobacco in Virginia and cure it for export, which made Virginia an economically successful colony & he married Pocahontas
458255971	Quakers	Religious group that settled Pennsylvania - believed in pacifism and equality for all.
458255972	Bering Strait	what people crossed when migrating to the Americas; land bridge
458255973	Harvard	The oldest college in America, which reflected Puritan commitment to an educated ministry
458255974	Old Lights and New Lights	Old Lights supported the traditional churches before the Great Awakening, while New Lights broke with those traditions.
458255975	Thomas Hooker	Puritan minister who founded the colony of Connecticut in 1639
458255976	Captain John Smith	Organized Jamestown and imposed a harsh law "He who will not work shall not eat".
458255977	Headright system	Parcels of land (about 50 acres) given to colonists who brought indentured servants into America.
458255978	Pennsylvania "Dutch"	German-speaking Protestants who settled in Pennsylvania
458255979	Tobacco, rice, indigo	Cash crops in Southern colonies
458255980	English Reformation	Created the Church of England or Anglican Church as the official religion, still left little room for religious freedom
458255981	Jonathan Edwards	Preacher of the Great Awakening. His most popular sermon titled, "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God," appealed to thousands of re-awakened Christians.
458255982	Reason for exploration	find a new route to Asia for trade

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"Antebellum Culture and Reform" Flashcards

Terms to know - chapter 12

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513135579	antebellum	pre-civil war
513135580	Reform	Result of conflicting attitudes and was the emergence of movements to "the nation, some rested an optimistic faith in human nature and a desire for order and control" Traditional values and instuitions challeneged and eroded, many Americans yearned for stability and discipline
513135581	Romantic Movement	In early 19th century Europe, art and literature emphasized intuition and feelings, individual acts of heroism, and the study of nature. In America, similar themes were expressed by transcendentalists.
513135582	Hudson River School	Founded by Thomas Cole, first native school of landscape painting in the U.S.; attracted artists rebelling against the neoclassical tradition, painted many scenes of New York's Hudson River
513135583	Thomas Doughty	romantic artists that favored America's wild and misty landscapes which often evoked more than they showed . member of hudson river school
513135584	Albert Bierstadt	known for his large landscapes of the American west, foremost painter of Westward Expansion scenes, part of Hudson River School, "Storm in the Rocky Mountains", "Looking Down Yosemite Valley", "The Oregon Trail"
513135585	Thomas Moran	(February 12, 1837 - August 25, 1926) from Bolton, England was an American painter and printmaker of the Hudson River School whose work often featured the Rocky Mountains.
513135586	James Fenimore Cooper	one of the nation's first writers of importance; attained recognition in the 1820's; changed the mood of national literature, started textbooks in America being written by Americans, two pieces of his literature include THE SPY and THE LAST OF THE MOHICANS, American themes-example of the nationalism after the Revolution and War of 1812. (pg. 212-213).
513135587	Walt Whitman	American poet and transcendentalist who was famous for his beliefs on nature, as demonstrated in his book, Leaves of Grass. He was therefore an important part for the buildup of American literature and breaking the traditional rhyme method in writing poetry.
513135588	Herman Melville	An American writer in the 1800s who drew on his experiences at sea and living on South Pacific islands for material and also wrote "Moby Dick". In addition, he rejected the optimism of the transcendentalists and felt that man faced a tragic destiny.
513135589	Edgar Allen Poe	wrote The Raven, had a morbid sensibility, questioned human goodness and died at an early age from alcoholism
513135590	Transcendentalism	A philosophy pioneered by Ralph Waldo Emerson in the 1830's and 1840's, in which each person has direct communication with God and Nature, and there is no need for organized churches. It incorporated the ideas that mind goes beyond matter, intuition is valuable, that each soul is part of the Great Spirit, and each person is part of a reality where only the invisible is truly real. Promoted individualism, self-reliance, and freedom from social constraints, and emphasized emotions.
513135591	Ralph Waldo Emerson	American transcendentalist who was against slavery and stressed self-reliance, optimism, self-improvement, self-confidence, and freedom. He was a prime example of a transcendentalist and helped further the movement. Known for Nature (1836)
513135592	Henry David Thoreau	American transcendentalist who was against a government that supported slavery. He wrote down his beliefs in Walden. He started the movement of civil-disobedience when he refused to pay the toll-tax to support the Mexican War.
513135593	Brooke Farm	an experiment in Utopian socialism which lasted for 6 years (1841-1847) in New Roxbury, MA. It was created by George Ripley as a thinking tank, combining high thinking and plain living. It survived only because of an excellent community school, which many from outside the community paid to send their children too.
513135594	Nathaniel Hawthorne	Originally a transcendentalist; later rejected them and became a leading anti-transcendentalist. He was a descendant of Puritan settlers. The Scarlet Letter shows the hypocrisy and insensitivity of New England puritans by showing their cruelty to a woman who has committed adultery and is forced to wear a scarlet "A".Also wrote the "Blithedale Romance" (1852)
513135595	New Harmony	This was a society that focusted on Utopian Socialism (Communism). It was started by Robert Owens but failed because everybody did not share a fair load of the work.q
513135596	Oneida Community	A group of socio-religious perfectionists who lived in New York. Practiced polygamy, communal property, and communal raising of children.
513135597	The Shakers	Ann Lee: Founder promoted Celibacy as an answer to world suffering. Men/women should live seperately to maintain celibacy, known for furniture- based upon a way for more togetherness
513135598	Church of the Latter Day Saints	the Mormons; sought to create a "New Jerusalem"; taught that every man and woman should aspire to become like a god and that family structure was very important, founded by Joseph Smith in the "Burned Over" district, after JS dies, Brigham Young leads them into Utah. Practice polygamy.
513135599	Nauvoo , Illinois	Smith and his followers founded a model city at city state but when they began to practice polygamy, they were prosecuted by authorities and attacked by a mob that murdered Smith.
513135600	The Book of Mormon	a book Joesph claimed to have found in the back of his father's farm, which revealed ancient stories of Hebrews who inhabited the new world; linked Native Americans to the lost tribes of Israel & predicted Christ's Second Coming
513135601	New Light Evangelicals	embraced the optimistic belief that every individual was capable of salvation through his or her own efforts. revivalism soon became not only a means of personal salvation but an effort to reform the larger society. produced a crusade against personal immorality.
513135602	phrenology	the idea that there exists a relationship between persons head shape and their mental capacities/deficiencies. this theory was widely used for both intelligence determination and personality assessment in the 1800's
514632301	temperance movement	A social reform effort begun in the mid-1800s to encourage people to drink less alcohol
514632302	vaccination , germ theory , and contagion	vaccination was created by Edward Jenner that adaption of folk practices country people's Oliver Wendell holmes published a study of large numbers of cases of "perpetual fever" nd co closed that the diseas could be transmitted one person to another (discovery of contagion). Ignaz Semmelweis noticed infection seemed to be spread through diseased corpses.
514632303	horace Mann	Secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education, he was a prominent proponent of public school reform, and set the standard for public schools throughout the nation.
514632304	literacy rate in US in 1660 relative to rest of world	94%
514632305	Seneca falls convention	Took place in upperstate New York in 1848. Women of all ages and even some men went to discuss the rights and conditions of women. There, they wrote the Declaration of Sentiments, which among other things, tried to get women the right to vote.
514632306	Catherine Beecher	believed women should use their moral power to influence change; women should become teachers
514632307	Harriet Beecher Stowe	Wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin, a book about a slave who is treated badly, in 1852. The book persuaded more people, particularly Northerners, to become anti-slavery.
514632308	Lucretia Mott	Quaker activist in both the abolitionist and women's movements; with Elizabeth Cady Stanton, she was a principal organizer of the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848.
514632309	elizabeth cady Stanton	A member of the women's right's movement in 1840. She was a mother of seven, and she shocked other feminists by advocating suffrage for women at the first Women's Right's Convention in Seneca, New York 1848. Stanton read a "Declaration of Sentiments" which declared "all men and women are created equal."
514632310	Susan B. Anthony	social reformer who campaigned for womens rights, the temperance, and was an abolitionist, helped form the National Woman Suffrage Association
514632311	Dorothea Dix	A reformer and pioneer in the movement to treat the insane as mentally ill, beginning in the 1820's, she was responsible for improving conditions in jails, poorhouses and insane asylums throughout the U.S. and Canada. She succeeded in persuading many states to assume responsibility for the care of the mentally ill. She served as the Superintendant of Nurses for the Union Army during the Civil War.
514632312	American colonization society	A Society that thought slavery was bad. They would buy land in Africa and get free blacks to move there. One of these such colonies was made into what now is Liberia. Most sponsors just wanted to get blacks out of their country. (1817)
514632313	William Lloyd garrison	1805-1879. Prominent American abolitionist, journalist and social reformer. Editor of radical abolitionist newspaper "The Liberator", and one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society.
514632314	sojourner truth	American abolitionist and feminist. Born into slavery, she escaped in 1827 and became a leading preacher against slavery and for the rights of women., United States abolitionist and feminist who was freed from slavery and became a leading advocate of the abolition of slavery and for the rights of women (1797-1883)
514632315	Frederick Douglas	the greatest African-American abolitionist, and an incredibly good orator. A freed slave, he escaped to Mass. in 1838, and spent two years lecturing in England. Writes an autobiography, and with the proceeds, purchases his freedom from his Maryland owner, and starts a abolitionist newspaper, North Star, in Rochester NY.
514632316	Elijah lovejoy	Former Presbyterian minister; established a reform paper: St. Louis Observer; moved to Alton, IL. (Alton Observer); against slavery and injustices inflicted against blacks; is a martyr for the anti-slavery movement for he was killed by a mob in 1835.
514632317	abolition	The movement to make slavery and the slave trade illegal. Begun by Quakers in England in the 1780s.
514632318	the amistad	A spanish slave vessel. Africans destined for slavery in Cuba seized the ship from its crew in 1839 and tried to return it to Africa, but the U.S. navy seized the ship and help the Africans as pirates.
514632319	prigg v. pennsylvania	1842 - A slave had escaped from Maryland to Pennsylvania, where a federal agent captured him and returned him to his owner. Pennsylvania indicted the agent for kidnapping under the fugitive slave laws. The Supreme Court ruled it was unconstitutional for bounty hunters or anyone but the owner of an escaped slave to apprehend that slave, thus weakening the fugitive slave laws.
514632320	personal liberty laws	pre-Civil War laws passed by Northern state governments to counteract the provisions of the Fugitive Slave Acts and to protect escaped slaves and free blacks settled in the North, by giving them the right to a jury trial.
514632321	uncle tom's cabin	Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1853 that highly influenced england's view on the American Deep South and slavery. a novel promoting abolition. intensified sectional conflict.

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