AP Notes, Outlines, Study Guides, Vocabulary, Practice Exams and more!

AP Biology Chapter 22 Test Flashcards

Hardy Weinberg and "Descent with Modification (Evolution)"

Terms : Hide Images
279385778Mutation, gene flow, non-random mating, genetic drift, and selection5 Agents of evolutionary change
279385779populationlocalized group of interbreeding individuals, ex/ the marching band
279385780gene poolcollection of alleles in the population
279385781Allelesalternative versions of a gene
279385782Genessequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait
279385783Allele Frequencyhow common an allele is in a population; A vs a
279385784EvolutionChange in allele frequencies in a population
279385785large population size, no migration, no mutation, random mating, and no natural selectionWhat are the 5 factors that need to be evident in a "non-evolving population"?
279385786POPULATIONS EVOLVESince at least 1 of the 5 agents of evolutionary change are always evident in a population, you can conclude that....
279385787Populations.....Individuals_____ Evolve, _________ Do not evolve
279385788Hardy-Weinberg Equilibriumcondition that occurs when the frequency of alleles in a particular gene pool remain constant over time, occur only in a non-evolving population
279385789p + q = 1 p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1Two SUPER DUPER important Hardy-Weinberg equations that you must memorize!!!!!!
279385790the frequency of the dominant allele in a populationIn hardy-weinberg problems, what is p?
279385791the frequency of a recessive allele in a populationIn hardy-weinberg problems, what is q?
279385792the frequency of homozygous dominant individuals in a populationIn hardy-weinberg problems, what is p2?
279385793the frequency of heterozygous individuals in a populationIn hardy-weinberg problems, what is 2pq?
279385794the frequency of homozygous recessive individuals in a populationIn hardy-weinberg problems, what is q2?
279385795Sickle-cell anemia and malaria, the heterozygotes get the advantageExamples where hardy-weinberg principle actually works.
279385796Null hypothesisThe hypothesis that states there is no difference between two or more sets of data. Stating opposite of what you expect to find; example: Hardy-weinberg
279398067evolutiondescent with modification (a darwinian view of life); the idea that living species are descendents of ancestral species that were different from the present-day ones; also--the change in the genes of a population from generation to generation; pattern AND process
279398068stratuma rock layer formed when new layers of sediment cover older ones and compress them; each one contains fossils of organisms that populated Earth when that layer was formed
279398069paleontologythe study of fossils
279398070catatrophismthe principle that events in the past occurred suddenly and were caused by mechanisms different from those operating in the present; certain species would be destroyed and areas would be repopulated by different species (p 454)
279398071uniformitarianismthe principle that mechanisms of change are constant over time (by Hutton and Lyell); geological process are operating today as in the past; earth is >1000+ years old; strongly influenced Darwin's thinking (p 454)
279398072adaptationsinherited characteristics of organisms that enhance their survival and reproduction in specific environments
279398073natural selectiona process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits
279398074The Origin of Species (by Means of Natural Selection)Written by Charles Darwin, presented explanation of descent with modification (the combo of genes change from one generation to the next) w/o using 'evolution'; Alfred Wallace had the same idea; history of life is like a tree
279398075artificial selectionthe selective breeding of domesticated plants and animals to encourage the occurrence of desirable traits; when humans modify species by selecting and breeding individuals with desired traits
279398076heritable, reproduce, individuals, populationsnatural selection only acts on traits that are _____ and affect the ability to survive and _____; in natural selection, ______ do not evolve, only ______ do;
279398077homologysimilarity in characteristics resulting from a shared ancestry
279398078homologous structuresstructures in different species that are similar because of common ancestry (but not necessarily similar function)
279398079vestigal structuresa feature of an organism that is a historical remnant of a structure that served a function in the organism's ancestors
279398080evolutionary treea diagram that reflects evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms (depends on strength of supporting data) (p 464)
279398081convergent evolutionthe evolution of similar features in independent (different) evolutionary lineages
279398082analogous featuresfeatures in different species that share a similiar function, but not common ancestry
279398083fossilsthe remains or traces of organisms from the past; link early extinct species with species living today; ex/ link the evolution of whales (cetaceans) from land mammals - changes in hind limb structure
279398084biogeographythe study of the past and present geographic distribution of species; influenced by many factors, including continental drift
279398085Pangaeathe single large continent that consisted of all of earth's landmasses about 250 mil years ago
279398087endemicreferring to a species that is confined to a specific geographic area (not found anywhere else); these species are usually alike to species on islands with similar environments, can be explained by biogeography
279398089Natural SelectionDifferential survival and reproduction due to a changing environment caused by climate change, diseases, toxins, and food source availability
279398091Stabilizing SelectionNatural selection that favors intermediate variants by acting against extreme phenotypes
279398093Directional Selectionoccurs when natural selection favors one of the extreme variations of a trait
279398095Dispersive Selectionoccurs when natural selection favors both extreme variations of a trait and not the intermediate variants
279398097BottleneckSome factor reduces a population to a small number and then the population recovers and expands again, the allele frequencis resembling the survivors
279398099Variationthe factor of evolution affected by mutation (random changes in DNA) and sex (mixing alleles)
279398101FitnessSurvival and reproductive success
279398103PopulationsNatural selection acts on individuals (individuals selected) while _________________ evolve
279398104Gene FlowMovement of individuals and alleles in and out of a population
279398106Non-Random MatingSexual selection, Darwin thought equally important as natural selection, ex/ the peacock
279398108Genetic DriftEffect of chance on a population, greatest influence in small populations, ex/ flipping a coin
279398110Founder Effecta situation in which allele frequencies change as a result of the migration of a small subgroup of a population, example: the dunkers
Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Biology Evolution Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
327544679Evolution:Process in which a population changes over many generations or a generation-to-generation change in a population's frequencies of alleles or genotypes-a change in a population's genetic structure.
327544680Essentialism:Plato's idea that any variations seen in plant and animal populations were merely imperfect representatives of "ideal' forms, where only the "perfect" forms were real. (Counters evolutionary thought).
327544681Natural Theology:a philosophy dedicated to discovering the Creator's plan by studying nature.
327544682Taxonomy:Founded by Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778). A branch of biology concerned with naming and classifying the diverse forms of life in a binomial system. Deus creavit, Linnaeus disposuit.
327544683Fossils:Relics or impressions of organisms from the past, hermetically sealed in rock. Paleontology: The study of fossils.
327544684Catastrophism:Cuvier's view of the Earth's history where species were created and then destroyed during many catastrophes. (Counters evolutionary thought).
327544685Gradualism:Geologist James Hutton's principal which holds that profound change is the cumulative product of slow but continuous processes.
327544686Uniformitarianism:Charles Lyell's theory which incorporates gradualism and suggests that geological processes are so uniform that their rates and effects must balance out through time.
327544687Use and Disuse:Lamarck's theory of the origin of hereditary traits. Aquired traits could be passed down to offspring
327544688Descent with modification:Darwin's term for how organisms descend from some unknown prototype that lived in the remote past. The idea of phylogeny and a phylogenetic tree.
327544689Natural Selection:differential success in reproduction, and its product is adaptation of organisms to their environment (Darwin).
327544690Biogeography:Geographical distribution of species.
327544691Fossil record:Evidence that the oldest known living organism is a prokaryote. This somewhat supports the theory that all organisms had a single celled ancestor.
327544692Comparative Anatomy:Comparing anatomical structures that are similar in structure but not necessarily in function. *Like the limbs of various mammals (and other vertebrates) having the same bone structure.
327544693**Homologous structures:Similar characteristics between different species. *See above
327544694**Analogous Structures:Different structures in different species but with similar function. Wings of a bird are analogous to the wings of a bee.
327544695Vestigial organs:Historic remnants of structures that had important functions in ancestors but are no longer essential. (Appendix, whale leg bones, and mole eyes)
327544696Molecular Biology:Amino acid differences in hemoglobin, cytochrome C, DNA, etc...
327544697**Comparative Embryology:Comparing the varying embryonic states in which species go through. Closely related organisms go through similar stages in the embryonic development. (Gill pouches)
327544698Phylogeny:"replay" of the evolutionary history of a species. As in a phylogenetic tree. Ontogeny: The development of an organism
327544699Macroevolution:Large-scale patterns, trends, and rates of change among families and other more inclusive groups of species.
327544700Microevolution:Change in a gene pool of a population on the smallest scale brought about by mutation, natural selection, gene flow, and genetic drift.
327544701**Directional Selection:Allele frequencies that are responsible for a range of phenotypic variation shift in a consistent direction. Due to a response to one or more changes in environmental conditions. Ex. Peppered moths
327544702**Stabilizing Selection:Intermediate forms of a trait are favored and alleles that specify extreme forms are eliminated from a population. Counters the effects of mutation, gene flow, and genetic drift.
327544703**Disruptive Selection:Both ends of the range of variation are favored and intermediate forms are selected against.
327544704**Sexual Selection & Dimorphism:Favors the traits with no advantage for survival and reproduction, other than the fact that males or females prefer them.
327544705Genetic Drift:random change in allele frequencies over generations, as brought about by chance alone.
327544706**Bottleneck effect:severe reduction in population size, as brought about by intense selection pressure or natural calamity.
327544707Founder effect:The establishment of a new population separate from an original population with a chance allele frequency. Seen on isolated islands.
327544708Speciation:Changes in allele frequencies that are significant enough to mark the formation of daughter species from parent species.
327544709Prezygotic Barriers: .Impede mating between species or hinder the fertilization of ova if members of different species attempt to mate.
327544710Habitat Isolation: (Pre-zygotic)Where two species that live in different habitats within the same area may encounter each other, if at all, even though they are not geographically isolated. (Water and terrestrial habitats of the Genus Thamnophis).
327544711Behavioral Isolation: (Pre-zygotic)Special signals that attract mates, as well as elaborate behavior unique to a species, are examples of behavioral isolation mechanisms.
327544712Temporal Isolation: (Pre-Zygotic)Two species that breed during different times of the day, different seasons, or different years cannot mix their gametes
327544713Mechanical Isolation: (Pre-Zygotic)Closely related species may attempt to mate, but fail consummate the act because they are anatomically incompatible.
327544714Gametic Isolation: (Pre-Zygotic)Prevention of gametic fusion due to different factors.
327544715Postzygotic Barriers:If a sperm cell from one species does fertilize an ovum of another species, then postzygotic barriers prevent the hybrid zygote from developing into a viable, fertile adult. Horse + donkey = sterile mule
Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Biology Ch. 22-25 Flashcards

Evolution; Quiz and Test 11/30-12/1

Terms : Hide Images
259813424EvolutionA change in population over time
259813425CreationIntelligent Design; Spontaneous generation; Earth is 6,000-10,000 years old
259813426AristotleCreationist
259813427Scala NaturaeBook by Aristotle "Scale of Nature"
259813428Carolus LinnaeusFather of Taxonomy (similar organisms grouped together)
259813429James HutlonFather of Geology; geologist; Gradualism (slowly changing over time)
259813430Charles LyellGeologist; had a similar view to Gradualism
259813431Georges CuvierPaleontologist-Studied fossils in sedimentary rock and strata; Law of Superposition; Catastrophism
259813432Law of Superposition(Cuvier) The lower we are in the strata, the older we are.
259813433Geological Time ScaleHistory of life on Earth
259813434Catastrophism(Cuvier) Massive catastrophes (Noah's Flood, asteroids, Ice Age, etc.)
259813435Thomas MalthusPopulation studies (Mr. and Mrs. Frog=1,000 kids) MOST INFLUENCE ON DARWIN
259813436Jean Baptiste LamarckEarly evolutionist; the inheritance of acquired characteristics
259813437Charles DarwinExplained how evolution worked (Actually, he didn't; he just proposed the idea, but whatever); Natural Selection; Galapagos Islands/H.M.S. Beagle; Finches; "On the Origin of Species" book.
259813438Example of Natural SelectionRed fox-Arctic fox (Environmental change led to adaptation)
259813439Mnemonic DeviceOn (Overpopulation/Malthus) Very (Variation/Mendel) Calm (Competition) Seas (Survival of the fittest) Run (Reproductive Isolation) Seals (Speciation may or may not occur)
259813440Reproductive SuccessFitness
259813441Father of GeneticsMendel
259813442Punctuated EquilibriumEvolution that is not gradual; the "evidence" for evolution; Fossil Record
259813443Eldridge and GouldProposed Punctuated Equilibrium
259813444Transitional SpeciesLinking organisms between species(RIDICULOUS. there is absolutely no evidence for them. Imagine a snake/bird. Haha makes me laugh.)
259813445EusthenoptheronSelicamp [fish>amphibians]
259813446CynognathusReptiles>mammals (platypus)
259813447ArchaeopteryxReptiles>birds
259813448AustralopithecinesMammals-humans
259813449Artificial SelectionMan does the selecting, not nature (dog breeds)
259813450Homologous StructureStructures that are similar due to common ancestry (together)
259813451Analogous StructureStructures that are similar due to convergent evolution (separate)
259813452Vestigial StructureUseless remnants of our ancestors
259813453DNA AnalysisGel Electrophoresis
259813454Measuring EvolutionSquare root of Homozygous
259813455Gene PoolAll the genes and alleles in a population. (2 genes per person; animal)
259813456Allele frequencyThe relative number of those alleles- 3% blue eyes, 7% green eyes, 90% brown eyes
259813457What are the allele frequencies of a pop. of 1000 black bears in which 9% are albino? (aa)Square root of .09= .3 .3=30% a leftover-70% A
259813458How many albino genes are in the gene pool?600 a genes; 1400 A genes (2 genes per bear)
259813459What % of the pop. are homozygous black? (AA)aa=.3x.3=.09=9% albino AA=.7x.7=.49=49% homozygous black
259813460What % carry albinism? (Aa).3x.7=21% Aa DOUBLE IT (2 genes per bear)=42%
259813461The Hardy-Weinburg LawStates that allele frequencies don't change, unless...
259813462EquilibriumNot evolving
259813463MicroevolutionChange in allele frequency (different dog breeds; all dogs, just different kinds) (Breaking the Law)
259813464Conditions Favoring H-W EquilibriumLarge pop- Massive Catastrophe (Noah's Flood, asteroids, Ice Age, etc.) Isolation (Immigrations) No mutations (Red-heads) Random mating No natural selection (adaptation)
259813465Common Causes of MicroevolutionGenetic Drift; Gene Flow (How to Break the Law)
259813466Genetic DriftChance event on small population
259813467Bottleneck Effect(Genetic Drift) [seals on one block of ice] [non polymorphic]
259813468Founder Effect(Genetic Drift) [descendants of one group- microevolution-dogs]
259813469Gene FlowIsolation; Assortive Mating
259813470Assortative Mating(Gene Flow) mating with like people with like traits (tall man-tall woman)
259813471VariationThe "fuel" for evolution; important for adaptation
259813472Two Sources of VariationMutation and Sexual Recombination
259813473MutationImportant for those asexual organisms
259813474Sexual Recombinationnew combination of DNA from Mom and Dad
259813475Preserving "Bad" VariationsThey can "hide" in carriers because we are diploid OR maybe there's a "heterozygote advantage" Sickle cell anemia is resistant to Malaria Bad genes- carriers; Nature doesn't select against
259813476Relative FitnessA measure of fitness (scale) lethal before birth 0---------1 neutral, successful (Black peppered moths)
259813477Stabilizing Directional (Diversifying)Not favoring extremes (bell curve) (equilibrium) (pushing against each other)
259813478Directional ChangePatchwork community; separates 2 populations; reproductive isolation; speciation? (Pushes one way, then falls off)
259813479Sickle Cell Anemia in AfricaStabilized (They have malaria) (both are pushing against each other)
259813480Sickle Cell Anemia in AmericaDirectional (no malaria here)
259813481SpeciationThe evolution of a new species
259813482Phylogenythe evolutionary history of a species Anagenesis- A---->B Cladogenesis A----<==*____>B B-branched evolution; divergence; subspecies
259813483Phylogy TreeFish Amphibians Reptiles Mammals (FARM) (Cladogram)
259813484Morphospecies Conceptif you look alike, you're the same species
259813485Biological species conceptif they can interbreed (Preferred)
259813486Reproductive IsolationGeographic Barriers- mountains, gorges Prezygotic Barriers-Remove barriers, prevent mating, fertilization, no zygote forms
259813487Prezygotic BarriersHabitat Isolation- live in different place Behavioral- different courtship Temporal- female's heat; seasonal issue (deer- heat in late fall) Mechanical- anatomical incapability (great dane and chihuahua) Gametic- lock and key recognition with sperm and egg (frog and fish eggs in a pond)
259813488Postzygotic BarriersZygote is produced (HYBRID), but... Hybrid Inviability- embryos die Sterility- live birth, sterile (mule) Breakdown- third generation dies!
25981348915 astronauts colonize a planet. 3 are carriers of albinism. After 100s of years of random mating the pop. grows to 5000. How many are albinos?15 astronauts=30 genes 3 a= 10% .1x.1=.01 27 A = 90% 1% albino; .01x5000= 50 albinos. If not, then microevolution occured.
259813490DivergenceDNA differences accumulate- speciation
259813491IntrogressionExchange of DNA b/w 2 diff. species (mule-horse mate; donkey genes in horse pop.)
259813492Allopatric SpeciationSpeciation due to Separation
259813493Sympatric SpeciationSpeciation from "within"; doesn't occur in animal kingdom, but does in plants) (Hybrid vigor, stronger than parents, breed with brothers and sisters)
259813494MacroevolutionBIG changes such as massive catastrophies, mass extinctions(adaptive radiation), evolution of novelties(nature liked it), paedomorphosis
259813495Mass ExtinctionsMacroevolution-adaptive radiation; rapid burst of evolution (asteroid)
259813496Evolution of NoveltiesNature liked it; shelled eggs, shells, feathers, legs.
259813497Paedomorphosisthe retention of juvenile characteristics
259813498Allometric GrowthUneven growth rates as we mature (human infants to adults)
25981349964% of a pop. of black bears have norm. fur color.1. % albino- 36 aa DUH. (64+36=100%) 2. Allele Frequencies- Square root of .36=.6=60% a; 40% A 60/40 3. % of homozygous dominant- .4 x .4=.16=16% AA 4. % carriers- 36% aa 16% AA; ALL THE REST-48% Aa
Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Biology Unit 6 (Ch 22-25) Flashcards

Evolution

Terms : Hide Images
563964581Speciesgroup of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring
563964582Endemicspecies that is only found in one location on Earth
563964583Gene flowmovement of alleles into or out of a population due to the migration of individuals to or from the population
563964584Hybridan organism that is the offspring of genetically dissimilar parents or stock
563964585Natural selectionprocess by which individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully, leading to change in the species over time (evolution)
563964586Evolutionchange in a kind of organism over time; process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms
563964587Homologoushaving the same evolutionary origin but serving different functions
563964588Analogouscorresponding in function but not in evolutionary origin
563964589Cladograma tree diagram used to illustrate phylogenetic relationships
563964590Microevolutionthe generation-to-generation change in the frequencies of alleles within a population
563964591Genetic driftrandom change in allele frequencies that occurs in small populations
563964592Clinea graded change in a character along a geographic axis
563964593Hardy-Weinberg equilibriumtheory of a stable, nonevolving population in which frequency of alleles do not change; only occurs in large, isolated populations with random mating, and no natural selection or mutations
563964594Sexual dimorphismmarked differences between the secondary sex characteristics of males and females
563964595Intrasexual selectionA direct competition among individuals of one sex (usually the males in vertebrates) for mates of the opposite sex.
563964596Intersexual selectionSelection whereby individuals of one sex (usually females) are choosy in selecting their mates from individuals of the other sex; also called mate choice.
563964597Macroevolutionevolution on a large scale extending over geologic era and resulting in the formation of new taxonomic groups
563964598Hybrid sterilityA type of postzygotic barrier between species; the species remain isolated because hybrids fail to produce functional gametes.
563964599Hybrid inviabilityA type of postzygotic barrier in which hybrid zygotes fail to develop or to reach sexual maturity
563964600Hybrid breakdownA type of postzygotic barrier in which first-generation hybrids are viable and fertile, but when they mate the offspring are feeble and sterile
563964601Gametic isolationA type of prezyotic barrier where the sperm of one species may not be able to fertilize the eggs of another species
563964602Prezygotic barrierA reproductive barrier that impedes mating between species or hinders fertilization if interspecific mating is attempted.
563964603Postzygotic barrierA reproductive barrier that prevent hybrid zygotes produced by two different species from developing into viable, fertile adults.
563964604Allopatricoccurring in separate locations, describes populations that rarely interbreed because they are separated geographically
563964605Sympatricoccurring in the same or overlapping geographical areas
563964606Heterozygote advantageGreater reproductive success of heterozygous individuals compared to homozygotes; tends to preserve variation in gene pools.
563964607Behavioral isolationA prezygotic reproductive barrier in which two populations have differences in courtship rituals or other types of behavior that prevent them from interbreeding
563964608Habitat isolationA prezygotic reproductive barrier where the species remain isolated because they breed in different habitats.
563964609Endosymbiont theoryThe theory that mitochondria, plastids, and chloroplasts, originated as prokaryotic cells engulfed by an ancestral eukaryotic cell. The engulfed cell and its host cell then evolved into a single organism.
563964610Cambrian ExplosionA burst of evolutionary origins when most of the major body plans of animals appeared in a relatively brief time in geologic history; recorded in the fossil record about 545 to 525 million years ago.
563964611Half-lifethe period of time in which half of a radioactive substance decays
563964612Vestigialreferring to a functionless structure that was functional in an ancestral species
563964613Uniformitarianismis the idea that the geologic processes that operate today also operated in the past
563964614Catastrophisma principle that states that geologic change occurs suddenly
563964615Convergent evolutionprocess by which unrelated organisms independently evolve similarities when adapting to similar environments
563964616PaleontologyThe study of past life on Earth
563964617Punctuated equilibriumPattern of evolution in which long stable periods are interrupted by brief periods of more rapid change
563964618Stabilizing selectionnatural selection that favors intermediate variants by acting against extreme phenotypes
563964619Directional selectionoccurs when natural selection favors one of the extreme variations of a trait
563964620Disruptive selectionnatural selection that favors individuals with either extreme of a trait; tends to eliminate intermediate phenotypes
563964621Density-dependent selectiondensity or frequency of a character determines its relative success based on traits that confer maiting advantages
564403272Biological species concepta species concept defining a species as a population or group thereof whose members potentially interbreed and produce fertile offspring
564403273Morphological species conceptcharacterizes a species by body shape and other structural features
564403274Ecological species conceptThe idea that ecological roles (niches) define species.
564403275Phylogenetic species conceptA definition of species as the smallest group of individuals that share a common ancestor, forming one branch on the tree of life.
564420119Mass extinctionAn episode during which large numbers of species become extinct
Powered by Quizlet.com

Ch01 Campbell Biology, 9th ed. Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
379075535Period of evolutionary change in which groups of organisms form many new species whose adaptations allow them to fill vacant ecological roles in their communities.adaptive radiation
379075536An adenine-containing nucleoside triphosphate that releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed. This energy is used to drive endergonic reactions in cells.adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
379075537One of two prokaryotic domains, the other being Bacteria.Archaea
379075538Member of the prokaryotic domain Archaea.archaean
379075539The use of computers, software, and mathematical models to process and integrate biological information from large data sets.bioinformatics
379075540The scientific study of life.biology
379075541An experiment in which an experimental group is compared with a control group that varies only in the factor being tested.controlled experiment
379075542Recorded observations.data
379075543A type of logic in which specific results are predicted from a general premise.deductive reasoning
379075544A double-stranded, helical nucleic acid molecule consisting of nucleotide monomers with a deoxyribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T); capable of replicating and determining the inherited structure of a cell's proteins.deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
379075545The process of scientific inquiry that focuses on describing nature.discovery science
379075546New properties that arise with each step upward in the hierarchy of life, owing to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases.emergent properties
379075547The domain that includes all eukaryotic organisms.Eukarya
379075548A type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. Organisms with eukaryotic cells (protists, plants, fungi, and animals) are called eukaryotes.eukaryotic cell
379075549Descent with modification; the idea that living species are descendants of ancestral species that were different from the present-day ones; also defined more narrowly as the change in the genetic composition of a population from generation to generation.evolution
379075550The genetic material of an organism or virus; the complete complement of an organism's or virus's genes along with its noncoding nucleic acid sequences.genome
379075551A tentative answer to a well-framed question, narrower in scope than a theory and subject to testing.hypothesis
379075552A type of logic in which generalizations are based on a large number of specific observations.inductive reasoning
379075553The search for information and explanation, often focused by specific questions.inquiry
379075554A representation of a theory or process.model
379075555A primary mechanism of homeostasis, whereby a change in a physiological variable triggers a response that counteracts the initial change.negative feedback
379075556In classification, the taxonomic category above the level of family.order
379075557A physiological control mechanism in which a change in a variable triggers mechanisms that amplify the change.positive feedback
379075558A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. Organisms with prokaryotic cells (bacteria and archaea) are called prokaryotes.prokaryotic cell
379075559An approach to studying biology that aims to model the dynamic behavior of whole biological systems.systems biology
379075560The application of scientific knowledge for a specific purpose, often involving industry or commerce but also including uses in basic research.technology
Powered by Quizlet.com

Chapter 1 Campbell Vocab Flashcards

Anderson AP Bio

Terms : Hide Images
487367319EvolutionDescent with "modification"; The idea that living species are descendants of ancestral species that were different from the present-day ones; also defined more narrowly as the change in the genetic composition of a population from generation to generation.
487367320BiologyThe scientific study of life.
487367321Emergent PropertiesNew properties that arise with each step upward in the hierarchy of life, owing to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases.
487367322Systems BiologyAn approach to studying biology that aims to model the dynamic behavior of whole biological systems.
487367323Eukaryotic CellA type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. Organisms with eukaryotic cells ( protists, plants, fungi, and animals) are called eukaryotes.
487367324Prokaryotic CellA type of cell lacking a membrane- enclosed nucleus and membrane- enclosed organelles. Organisms with prokaryotic cells ( bacteria and archea ) are prokaryotes.
487367325GenomeThe genetic material of an organism or virus; the complete complement of an organisms's or virus's genes along with its noncoding nucleic acid sequence.
487367326BioinformaticsThe use of computers, software, and mathematical models to process and integrate biological information from large data sets.
487367327Negative FeedbackA primary mechanism of homeostasis, whereby a change in physiological variable triggers a response that counteracts the initial change.
487367328Positive FeedbackA physiological control mechanism in which a change in a variable triggers mechanisms that amplify the change.
487367329Domain BacteriaThe domain of single celled, prokaryots with cell walls and circular chromosomes
487367330Domain ArcheaThe distinction recognizes the common traits that eukaryotic organisms share, such as nuclei, cytoskeletons, and internal membranes.
487367331Domain EukaryaA taxonomic category above the kingdom level. Domain of all organisms whose cells have nuclei, including protists, plants, fungi, and animals
487367332Discovery ScienceThe process of scientific inquiry that focuses on describing nature.
487367333InquiryThe search for information and explanation, often focused by specific questions.
487367334Inductive ReasoningA type of logic in which generalizations are based on a large number of specific observations.
487367335HypothesisA tentative answer to a well-framed question, narrower in scope than a theory and subject to testing.
487367336Deductive ReasoningA type of logic in which specific results are predicted from a general premise.
487367337Controlled ExperimentAn experiment in which an experimental group is compared with a control group that varies only in the factor being tester
487367338TheoryAn explanation in broad scope, generates new hypotheses, and is supported by a large body of evidence.
487367339ModelsA representation of a theory or process.
Powered by Quizlet.com

Nervous System Flashcards

nervous system vocab.

Terms : Hide Images
317004888Primary Motor AreaLocated on frontal lobe and controls the finest motor control (face, mouth and hands)
317004889Brain stemconnects the spinal cord, and provides a pathway for ascending and descending tracts, it also helps control vital actitives.
317080374Basal nucleihelps regulate voluntary motor activities by modifying instructions sent to the skeletal muscles by the primary motor cortex
317080375Midbrainsmallest region of the brain
317080376Cerebral aqueducttiny canal that travels through the midbrain
317080377Cerebral pedunclesconvey ascending and descending impulses
317080378Corpus CallosumThick band of nerve fibers that divides the Cerebrum into left and right hemispheres
317080379Broca's areafound at the base of the precentral gyrus (the gyrus anterior the the central sulcus)
317080380Frontal LobeTop, front regions of the brain. It controls reasoning, emotions, judgement, and voluntary movement.
317080381Occipital LobeThe region at the back of the brain. It contains the centers of vision and reading ability.
317080382Parietal LobeThe middle section of the brain. It contains important sensory centers.
317080383Temporal LobeThe region at the lowerside of the brain. It contains hearing and memory.
317080384White MatterWhite substance of the central nervous system; contains myelinated nerve fibers
317080385Grey MatterThe grey area of the central nervous system; contains unmyelinated nerve fibers and nerve cell bodies
317080386PonsThe part of the brainstem between the medulla oblongata and the midbrain. It controls sensory information, motor control, and consciousness.
317080387HypothalamusResonsible for autonomic function control, endocrine function control, motor function control, and food and water intake regulation
317080388ThalamusRepsonsible for motor control, auditory signals, sensory signals and sleep and awake states
317080389Visual CortexRegion of the brain concerned with vision!!!
317080390GyriElevated ridges of the brain
317086469CerebrumThe upper most part of the brain that controls cognitive processes of the brain.
317086470Medulla OblongataThe lowest section of the brainstem. it is located at the top end of the spinal cord. it controls autonomic functions including heartbeat, breathing, digestion, swallowing and sneezing.
317086471Epithalamusthe connection between the limbic system to the other parts of the brain
317086472CerebellumThe lower part of the brain, that controls fine movement coordination, balance and equilibrium and muscle tone.
319855393Olfactory Crainial NerveCranial nerve responsible for smell
319855394Optic Crainial NerveCranial nerve responsible for vision
319855395Oculomotor Crainial NerveCranial nerve responsible for eyelid and eyeball movement
319855396Trochlear Crainial NerveCranial nerve that innervates superior oblique & turns eye downward and laterally
319855397Trigeminal Crainial NerveCranial nerve responsible for chewing, face/mouth touch/pain
319855398Abducens Crainial NerveCranial nerve responsible for turning eyes laterally
319855399Facial Crainial NerveCranial nerve responsible for controlling most facial expressions, secretion of tears & saliva, taste
319855400Vestibulocochlear Crainial NerveCranial nerve responsible for hearing & equilibrium sensation
319855401Glossopharyngeal Crainial NerveCranial nerve responsible for taste & senses carotid blood pressure
319855402Vagus Crainial NerveCranial nerve responsible for sensing aortic blood pressure, slowing heart rate, stimulating digestive organs, taste
319855403Spinal Accessory Crainial NerveCranial nerve responsible for controlling trapezius & sternocleidomastoid, controlling swallowing movements
319855404Hypoglossal Crainial NerveCranial nerve responsible for controlling tongue movements
600029676AxonLong extension of a neuron that carries nerve impulses away from the body of the cell.
600029677Axon TerminalsHair-like ends of the axon
600029678SomaCell body of the neuron; it contains the nucleus
600029679DendritesBranching structure of a neuron that receives messages (attached to the cell body)
600029680Myelin SheathFatty substance that surrounds, insulates and protects some axons
600029681Node of RanvierThe many gaps in the myelin sheath
600029682NucleusOrganelle in the cell body of the neuron that contains the genetic material of the cell
600029683Schwann's CellsCells that produce myelin, they are located within the myelin sheath.
601159324Glial CellsCells of the central and peripheral nervous system that support and and protect neurons; also called neuroglia.
601159325Astrocytesresponsible for maintaining the blood brain barrier by the stimulation of the endothelial cells.
601159326MicrogliaPhagocytic neuroglia in the CNS
601159327Ependymal CellsThe layer of cells lining the ventricals and central canal of the CNS
601159328OligodendrocytesNeuroglia from the CNS that maintain cellular organization with in the gray matter and provide a myelin sheath in areas of the white matter.
601162710Satellite CellsThe principle glial cells found in the peripheral nervous system.They compose the thin cellular sheaths that surround the individual neurons in PNS ganglia.
Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Calculus Flash Cards_AB Flashcards

AP Calculus AB, calculus terms and theorems

Terms : Hide Images
59936583110
59936583201
599365833Squeeze Theorem2
599365834f is continuous at x=c if...3
599365835Intermediate Value TheoremIf f is continuous on [a,b] and k is a number between f(a) and f(b), then there exists at least one number c such that f(c)=k4
599365836Global Definition of a Derivative5
599365837Alternative Definition of a Derivativef '(x) is the limit of the following difference quotient as x approaches c6
599365838nx^(n-1)7
59936583918
599365840cf'(x)9
599365841f'(x)+g'(x)10
599365842The position function OR s(t)11
599365843f'(x)-g'(x)12
599365844uvw'+uv'w+u'vw13
599365845cos(x)14
599365846-sin(x)15
599365847sec²(x)16
599365848-csc²(x)17
599365849sec(x)tan(x)18
599365850dy/dx19
599365851f'(g(x))g'(x)20
599365852Extreme Value TheoremIf f is continuous on [a,b] then f has an absolute maximum and an absolute minimum on [a,b]. The global extrema occur at critical points in the interval or at endpoints of the interval.21
599365853Critical NumberIf f'(c)=0 or does not exist, and c is in the domain of f, then c is a critical number. (Derivative is 0 or undefined)22
599365854Rolle's TheoremLet f be continuous on [a,b] and differentiable on (a,b) and if f(a)=f(b) then there is at least one number c on (a,b) such that f'(c)=0 (If the slope of the secant is 0, the derivative must = 0 somewhere in the interval).23
599365855Mean Value TheoremThe instantaneous rate of change will equal the mean rate of change somewhere in the interval. Or, the tangent line will be parallel to the secant line.24
599365856First Derivative Test for local extrema25
599365857Point of inflection at x=k26
599365858Combo Test for local extremaIf f'(c) = 0 and f"(c)<0, there is a local max on f at x=c. If f'(c) = 0 and f"(c)>0, there is a local min on f at x=c.27
599365859Horizontal Asymptote28
599365860L'Hopital's Rule29
599365861x+c30
599365862sin(x)+C31
599365863-cos(x)+C32
599365864tan(x)+C33
599365865-cot(x)+C34
599365866sec(x)+C35
599365867-csc(x)+C36
599365868Fundamental Theorem of Calculus #1The definite integral of a rate of change is the total change in the original function.37
599365869Fundamental Theorem of Calculus #238
599365870Mean Value Theorem for integrals or the average value of a functions39
599365871ln(x)+C40
599365872-ln(cosx)+C = ln(secx)+Chint: tanu = sinu/cosu41
599365873ln(sinx)+C = -ln(cscx)+C42
599365874ln(secx+tanx)+C = -ln(secx-tanx)+C43
599365875ln(cscx+cotx)+C = -ln(cscx-cotx)+C44
599365876If f and g are inverses of each other, g'(x)45
599365877Exponential growth (use N= )46
599365878Area under a curve47
599365879Formula for Disk MethodAxis of rotation is a boundary of the region.48
599365880Formula for Washer MethodAxis of rotation is not a boundary of the region.49
599365881Inverse Secant Antiderivative50
599365882Inverse Tangent Antiderivative51
599365883Inverse Sine Antiderivative52
599365884Derivative of eⁿ53
599365885ln(a)*aⁿ+C54
599365886Derivative of ln(u)55
599365887Antiderivative of f(x) from [a,b]56
599365888Opposite Antiderivatives57
599365889Antiderivative of xⁿ58
599365890Adding or subtracting antiderivatives59
599365891Constants in integrals60
599365892Identity functionD: (-∞,+∞) R: (-∞,+∞)61
599365893Squaring functionD: (-∞,+∞) R: (o,+∞)62
599365894Cubing functionD: (-∞,+∞) R: (-∞,+∞)63
599365895Reciprocal functionD: (-∞,+∞) x can't be zero R: (-∞,+∞) y can't be zero64
599365896Square root functionD: (0,+∞) R: (0,+∞)65
599365897Exponential functionD: (-∞,+∞) R: (0,+∞)66
599365898Natural log functionD: (0,+∞) R: (-∞,+∞)67
599365899Sine functionD: (-∞,+∞) R: [-1,1]68
599365900Cosine functionD: (-∞,+∞) R: [-1,1]69
599365901Absolute value functionD: (-∞,+∞) R: [0,+∞)70
599365902Greatest integer functionD: (-∞,+∞) R: (-∞,+∞)71
599365903Logistic functionD: (-∞,+∞) R: (0, 1)72
599365904Given f(x): Is f continuous @ C Is f' continuous @ CYes lim+=lim-=f(c) No, f'(c) doesn't exist because of cusp73
599365905Given f'(x): Is f continuous @ c? Is there an inflection point on f @ C?This is a graph of f'(x). Since f'(C) exists, differentiability implies continuouity, so Yes. Yes f' decreases on XC so f''>0 A point of inflection happens on a sign change at f''74
Powered by Quizlet.com

Glencoe World History 2008 Chapter 25 People and Places Flashcards

Glencoe World History 2008 Chapter 25 People and Places

Terms : Hide Images
107613671Abdülhamid IIa sultan placed on the Ottoman throne and ruled like an authoritarian and suspended the constitution; he was in constant fear of assassination
107613672T. E. LawrenceBritish adventurer popularly known as "Lawrence of Arabia"
107613673AtatürkFather of Turks
107613674Tehranthe capital and largest city of Iran
107613675Reza Shah PahlaviPersian army officer who seized power in 1925
107613676Irana theocratic islamic republic in the Middle East in western Asia
107613677Ibn Sa'ūdreform leader in the early 1920s and united Northern Arabian Peninsula. He created Saudi Arabia in 1932.
107613678Saudi Arabiaan absolute monarchy occupying most of the Arabian Peninsula in southwest Asia
107613679Palestinean ancient country is southwestern Asia on the east coast of the Mediterranean
107613680Kenyaa republic in eastern Africa
107613681W.E.B. Du Boisbelieved that African Americans should strive for full rights immediatly;founded the NAACP
107613682Marcus GarveyMany poor urban blacks turned to him. He was head of the Universal Negro Improvement Association and he urged black economic cooperation and founded a chain of UNIA grocery stores and other business
107613683Ho Chi MinhVietnamese communist statesman who fought the Japanese in World War II and the French until 1954 and South vietnam until 1975 (1890-1969)
107613684Mohandas GandhiA philosopher from India, this man was a spiritual and moral leader favoring India's independence from Great Britain. He practiced passive resistance, civil disobedience and boycotts to generate social and political change.
107613685Mahatma(Hinduism) term of respect for a Brahmin wise man, means "great soul",
107613686Jawaharlal NehruIndian statesman and leader with Gandhi in the struggle for home rule
107613687Manchuriaa region in northeastern China
107613688Shanghaithe largest city of China
107613689Sun Yat-senmost prominent nationalist leader, did not share the communists enthusiasm for a dictatorship of the proletariat and the triumph of communism
107613690Chang Jiangalso called the Yangtze River; stretches 3,400 miles
107613691Chiang Kai-shekmilitary leader that took over Guomindang when Sun Yat-sen died
107613692Shanghai MassacreNationalists massacre Communists in China
107613693Nanjinga city in eastern China on the Yangtze River
107613694Mao ZedongChinese communist leader (1893-1976)
107613695People's Liberation Army (PLAthe army of the communists and ultimately the army of China
107613696Argentinaa republic in southern South America
107613697Chilea republic in southern South America on the western slopes of the Andes on the south Pacific coast
107613698Brazilthe largest Latin American country and the largest Portuguese speaking country in the world
107613699Perua republic in western South America
107613700Mexicoa Republic in southern North America
107613701Juan Vicente GómezVenezualean dictator who had a strong relationship with the US oil compaies
107613702Good Neighbor PolicyFranklin D. Roosevelt policy in which the U.S. pledged that the U.S. would no longer intervene in the internal affairs of Latin American countries. This reversed Teddy Roosevelt's Big Stick Policy.
107613703Hipólito IrigoyenArgentine politician, president of Argentina from 1916-1922 and 1928-1930. The first president elected by universal male suffrage, he began his presidency as a reformer, but later became conservative. leader of the radical party
107613704Getúlio Vargasdictator of Brazil that allied himself with the working poor, wages and workers' benefits, favored labor unions, and gave women the right to vote, eventually toppled by the military
107613705Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI_the most powerful political party in Mexico from the 1920s to 2000, which won every presidential election during that time
107613706Lázaro Cárdenas1930s Mexican president; responsible for land redistribution, primarily created ejidos (communal farms); also began program of primary and rural education
107613707PEMEXa national oil company set up in Mexico to run the oil industry
107613708Diego Riverasocialist Mexican painter of murals (1886-1957)
Powered by Quizlet.com

Chapter 24 West between the Wars Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
353720984The Great Depression1929 - WWII. This was a period of slow business activity and high unemployment / failing prices and wages
353720985Black TuesdayUS stock market crashes. Oct. 29, 1929
353720987Maginot LineElaborate system of defense
353720988The Popular FrontCoalition Gov.(alliance of political parties)
353720989Leon BlumLeader of the Socialist Party. He became the Prime Minister
353720990Collective bargainingRight of unions to negotiate with employers for wages and hours
353720991Dawes Plan1923. US plans to solve German econ. crisis adjusted reparations payments
353720992Charles DaweAn American banker
353720993Paul von HindenburgWWI hero, the president of Germany who appointed Hitler as chancellor
353720994FascisBundle of wooden rods tied around an ac. Ancient Roman symbol of authority
353720996OVRAFacist secret police, Mussolini's secret police
353720997Corporate State(Mussolini regime) business dominated by Gov.
353720998EthiopiaItaly invaded Oct. 1935
353721000Totalitarian StateGov. controlled every aspect of life econ, political, and social
353721001Pravdasoviet News Agency
353721002GulagsSoviet prison camps in Siberia
353721003PolitburoCommittee of Communist Party leaders
353721004Party LinePolicy of Communist Party
353721005AtheismBelief in God and churches outlawed
353721006Anton DrexlerFounder of Nazi Party, Munich locksmith who founded the German Workers' Party which turned into the Nazi Party
353721007Hermann Goeringcommander of Brown Shirts
353721008Mein KampfHitlers book
353721009Anti-SemiticHatred of Jewish people
353721010Lebensraum(Living Space) Expansion of German Empire
353721011Enabling ActsMarch 23, 1933. Gave Hitler dictatorial powers
353721012GestapoNazi Secret police
353721013What did the peace settlement at the end of World War I create/cause?border disputes among the new nations - left many Germans wanting to change the terms of the Treaty of Versailles
353721014What did Pres Wilson hope would solve many of the new conflicts?The League of Nations
353721015Why was the League of Nations unable to maintain peace?-The US never ratified the Treaty of Versailles and could not be a member of the League - League members could not agree to use force agst agression
353721016What did the French demand with the Treaty of Versailles?They wanted it strictly enforced ,but the Germans said they could not pay back the 33 billion.
353721017What did the French say they would do to gain back the money?They would operate the German industries themselves.
353721018What did the Germans do about the French plan?They printed more money and paid their workers - the German currency went way down and the German Mark meant nothing 1923 4 trillion marks = $1
353721019What Valley did the French occupy that was primarily a mining and industrial center?Ruhr Valley
353721020Dawes planA plan to revive the German economy, the United States loans Germany money which then can pay reparations to England and France, who can then pay back their loans from the U.S.
353721021Treaty of Lacarnotreaty between France and Germany that secured their borders and allowed Germany to join the League of Nations (1925)
353721022kellogg Brandnations promise not to use war in their foreign policy, problem was, they didnt know how to enforce it - 63 nations joined in 1928
353721023When did Germany join the League of Nations?1926
353721024What nation was forced to reduce its military?Germany
353721025What were the causes of the Great Depression?1. downturn in the economics of nations during the 1925-1929 2.
353721026great depressionworst period of economic hardship in US history 1929-1941 - very low economic activity and high unemployment - started in 1929
353721027All of the major countries in Europe except France and Germany had some form of what kind of govt?dictatorial
353721028totalitarian governmentrefers to the belief that every aspect of a citizen's life -- work, education, science, arts, etc. must match the beliefs of those running the government
353721029How did the totalitarian government gain support?they used mass propoganda and modern communication
353721030In this Totalitarian govt who led the new states?a single leader and a single party - the citizens had to actively support any of the goals they said.
353721031Who established the first European fascist govt in the early 1920's?Benito Musalini (Italy) - He forced the Italian king to make him Prime Minister
353721032fascisma political system headed by a dictator that calls for extreme nationalism and racism and has no tolerance for opposition
353721033Why did Italians want to go with Musalini's Govt?They were scared that there might be a communist takeover in Russia.
353721034Black Shirtssupporters of mussolini, broke up socialist rallies, smashed leftists presses and attacked farmer's cooperatives
353721035What was Musalini's nickname by 1926?II Duce
353721036What did Musalini use to control the people of Italy?secret police - they could arrest anyone....
353721037Hitler was in charge of what nation?Germany
353721038Stalin was in charge of wht nation?Russia
353721039Musalini was in charge of what nation?Italy - - he never achieved total control like Hitler and Stalin did
353721040In the early 1920's why did millions die in Russia?There was a great famine caused by a drought - country and govt were on verge of collapse
353721041Who created the New Economic Plan?Lenin in 1920
353721042What was the New Economic Plan?- system of modified capitalism - pesant could sell produce and small businesses could be privately owned, but the govt still controlled heavy industries and banking
353745421In 1922 The communists created what?USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) or Soviet Union
353745422What saved the Soviet Union from economic ruin?New Economic Policy
353745423politburoExecutive committee of the Soviet Communist party; 20 members.
353745424Who died in 1924 and then a bitter struggle for power happened in the Politburo?Lenin died
353745425Who wanted to end the NEP?Leon Trofsky - he also wanted to spread communism to other countries
353745426Who were personal rivals of the Politburo?Trotsky and Sltain
353745427What was Stalin's position?He was the general secretary he used his position to gain complete control over the communists
353745428Leon Trotskyone of the main contendres to replace Lenin as leader of communist party in russia, almost single-handedly created the red arm. Stalin emerged securely as leader Trotsky went into exile and was later murdered in Mexico(1940), reportedly on Stalin's order.
353745429Five Year PlanStalin's economic policy to rebuild the Soviet economy after WWI. Tried to improve heavy industry and improve farm output, but resulted in famine. Plan increased the output of heavy machinery and production of capital and steel.
353745430How did 5 year plan affect Russian people?House in urban areas terrible wages declined govt used propoganda to boost morale
353745431collectivizationsystem in which private farms were eliminated, instead, the government owned all the land while the peasants worked on it.Peasants hoarded food and then Stalin just increased the number of farms.
353745432What happened to millions of Russians because of collectivization?they starved -
353783466Similar to totalitarian state these were concerned with preserving a social order but did not try to control a mass society that had control over the people...authoritarian states
353783467What was the only country to keep a democratic government instead of authoritarian?Czechozlavakia
353783468Who used military forces to revolt against the democratic government in Spain?Francisco Franco
353783469What countries supported Franco in Spain?Germany and Italy did not want Spain to have a democratic govt.
353783470After the Civil war in Spain broke out, who won it and where?Franco captured Madrid and won the civil war - Spain then had an authoritarian dictatorship led by Franco
353783471Paul Von HindenburgPresident of Weimar Republic in Germany, who appointed Hitler chancellor in 1933; formerly a general in World War I.
353783472WeimarThe Meeting in Weimar was an assembly that drafted a constitution for Germany establish a democratic republic that lasted from 1919-1933. Known as the Weimar Republic.
353783473collective bargainingthe right of unions to negotiate with employers over wages and hours
353783474Popular front began what for workers?Began a program for workers including collective bargaining, paid vacation, a 40 hour work week and a 2 week paid vacation
353783475Labour partybritish political party founded in 1900 with the help of trade unions to represent the interests of the urban working class
353783476conservativesFirst half 19th century europeons mostly wealthy landowners and nobles who wanted to preserve the traditional monarchies of Europe
353783477John Maynard Keyesbelieved in defecit spending to get the economy back on track.
353783478deficit spendinggoing into debt - Keyes proposed this would help the overall economy
353783479New dealProposed by Franklin D. Roosevelt - govt created jobs by funding program of public works
353783480Social Security Acta system of old age pensions and unemployment insurance that Roosevelt was in favor of
353783481In the Great depression how much was the US affected by it?a bunch - industrial production fell by 50% between 1929 and 1932
353783482Unemployment did not get better in the Us until when?WW II
353804562When the Nazi's took control, what happened to Germnaty?Jews were taken out of all civil service professions Unions were dissolved concentration camps were set up for opposition all political parties were abolished except for the Nazis
353804563When Hindenburg died, what did Hitler do?He declared himself Germany's only leader. He was known as the Fuher (leader)
353804564What did Hitler want to create?an Aryan racial state to dominate Europe and possibly the world
353804565The Nazis wanted the Germans to create an empire like which ancient one?Rome
353804566Why did Hilter call his empire the Third Reich?He thought there had been 2 previous German empires -the Holy Roman Empire and the German Empire of 1871 to 1918
353804567Besides terror, what else did Hitler use to control the country and further his goals?economic policies, mass rallies, and organizations
353804568ssHitler's elite personal guard led by Heinrich Himmler; together with Gestapo (political police); ran special courts and concentration camps; executed thousands of old Nazi storm troops in 1934
353804569Henrich HimmlerCommander of the Secret police force; Placed in charge of the Final Solution (Holocaust); Took over Gestapo under Hitler
353804570Nuremburg Laws1935: Nuremberg Laws passed against Jews: Prevented Jews from being German citizens, forbade marriage between Jews and German citizens, required Jews to wear yellow stars of david and to carry id cards saying they were Jewish.
353804571Beside schools, what did the Nazis control?All protestant and catholic churches
353804572What was the roll of women in the Aryan society?to have Aryan children and were told it would be good for them to stay at home - men were to be warriors and political leaders
353804573What happened on Nov 9, 1938?Nazis burned Jewish synagogues and destroyed thousands of Jewish businesses - killed at least 100 people and sent 30,000 jewish men to concentration camps
353804574kristallnachtNight of Broken Glass, Nov 9 1938 night when the Nazis killed or injured many jews & destroyed many jewish properties
353804575After the Night of Broken Glass what changed for the Jewish people?They were barred from public transportation, schools, and hospitals. They could not own, manage or work in a retail store and they were generally encouraged to leave Germany
Powered by Quizlet.com

Pages

Subscribe to CourseNotes RSS

Need Help?

We hope your visit has been a productive one. If you're having any problems, or would like to give some feedback, we'd love to hear from you.

For general help, questions, and suggestions, try our dedicated support forums.

If you need to contact the Course-Notes.Org web experience team, please use our contact form.

Need Notes?

While we strive to provide the most comprehensive notes for as many high school textbooks as possible, there are certainly going to be some that we miss. Drop us a note and let us know which textbooks you need. Be sure to include which edition of the textbook you are using! If we see enough demand, we'll do whatever we can to get those notes up on the site for you!