| 13804612237 | astrolabe | an instrument used by sailors to determine their location by observing the position of the stars and planets, also an early form of the sextant | | 0 |
| 13804612238 | spice | A seed, fruit, root, bark, or other plant substance primarily used for flavoring, coloring or preserving food. Spice trade was huge during the age of exploration | | 1 |
| 13804612239 | conquistadors | Early-sixteenth-century Spanish adventurers who conquered Mexico, Central America, and Peru. | | 2 |
| 13804612240 | The Columbian Exchange | the widespread transfer of plants, animals, culture, human populations, technology, and ideas between the Americas and the Old World in the 15th and 16th centuries, related to European colonization and trade following Christopher Columbus's 1492 voyage. | | 3 |
| 13804612241 | Mercantilism | an economic system (Europe in 18th C) to increase a nation's wealth by government regulation of all of the nation's commercial interests | | 4 |
| 13804612242 | Triangular Trade | A three way system of trade during 1600-1800s. Africa sent slaves to America, America sent Raw Materials to Europe, and Europe sent Guns and Rum to Africa | | 5 |
| 13804612243 | "putting-out" system | Method of getting around guild control by delivering unfinished materials to rural households for completion. Developed in England | | 6 |
| 13804612244 | Dhow | Ship of small to moderate size used in the western Indian Ocean, traditionally with a triangular sail and a sewn timber hull | | 7 |
| 13804612245 | Caravel | a small, highly maneuverable three-masted ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish in the exploration of the Atlantic. | | 8 |
| 13804612246 | Islam | Monotheistic religion created by Muhammad in the early 7th century | | 9 |
| 13804612247 | Mughal Dynasty | Largest Muslim empire of the early modern period. Situated in the Indian subcontinent, it was established by Babur in 1526 and continued until 1857. | | 10 |
| 13804612248 | Qing Dynasty | (1644-1911 CE), the last imperial dynasty of China which was overthrown by revolutionaries; was ruled by the Manchu people: began to isolate themselves from Western culture | | 11 |
| 13804612249 | Spanish Armada | a Spanish naval invasion force sent against England by Philip II of Spain in 1588. (possibly to stop the spread of Protestantism) | | 12 |
| 13804612250 | England, France, Spain | the "big 3" of Europe | | 13 |
| 13804612262 | Peninsulares, Creoles, Mestizos, Indios | Colonial Latin America social hierarchy. order from highest to lowest | | 14 |
| 13804612251 | El Grito de Dolores | Means the "Cry of Dolores." First shouted by Father Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, it triggered the Mexican War of Independence from Spain. | | 15 |
| 13804612252 | Absolute Monarchy | a form of monarchy in which one ruler has supreme authority and where that authority is not restricted by any written laws, legislature, or customs. These are often, but not always, hereditary monarchies. | | 16 |
| 13804612253 | Protestant Reformation | a schism in Western Christianity initiated by Martin Luther and continued by John Calvin, Huldrych Zwingli, and other reformers in 16th-century Europe. It is usually considered to have started with the publication of the Ninety-five Theses by Martin Luther. | | 17 |
| 13804612254 | Peace of Westphalia | The treaty that ended the Thirty Years' War in 1648; it laid the foundations for a system of independent, competing states | | 18 |
| 13804612255 | Huguenots | a French Protestant of the 16th-17th centuries. Largely Calvinist, suffered severe persecution at the hands of the Catholic majority, and many thousands emigrated from France. | | 19 |
| 13804612256 | Versailles | King Louis XIV built the palace in the 1670s-1680s outside of Paris, France. Meant to show off wealth and power | | 20 |
| 13804612257 | Divine Right | The belief of absolute rulers that their right to govern is granted by God | | 21 |
| 13804612258 | Magna Carta | Great Charter issued by King John of England in 1215; confirmed feudal rights against monarchical claims; represented principle of mutual limits and obligations between rulers and feudal aristocracy. | | 22 |
| 13804612259 | Parliament | Bodies representing privileged groups; institutionalized feudal principle that rulers should consult their vassals. | | 23 |
| 13804612260 | Boyar | Hereditary nobility in Muscovy | | 24 |
| 13804612261 | The Enlightenment | A philosophical movement in eighteenth-century Europe that fostered the belief that one could reform society by discovering rational laws that governed social behavior and were just as scientific as the laws of physics | | 25 |
| 13804664789 | natural law | A concept that early philosophers created; forces of nature that cause natural phenomena to occur, rather than the gods themselves causing the phenomena. | | 26 |
| 13804664790 | social contract | A theory or model, originating during the Age of Enlightenment, that typically addresses the questions of the origin of society and the legitimacy of the authority of the state over the individual. | | 27 |
| 13804664791 | philosopher | Someone who practices philosophy, which involves rational inquiry into areas that are outside either theology or science | | 28 |
| 13804664792 | laissez faire | Economic system in which transactions between private parties are free from government intervention | | 29 |
| 13804664793 | enlightened despot | one of the 18th century European monarchs who was inspired by Enlightenment ideas to rule justly and respect the rights of subjects | | 30 |
| 13804664794 | First Estate | Clergy in France | | 31 |
| 13804664795 | Second Estate | Nobility in France | | 32 |
| 13804664796 | Third Estate | Rest of France's population | | 33 |
| 13804664797 | Bourgeoisie | The capitalist class who own most of society's wealth and means of production. | | 34 |
| 13804664798 | Tennis Court Oath | Pivotal event in the French Revolution. The Third Estate called a National Assembly and decided to overthrow the government | | 35 |
| 13804664799 | Declaration of the Rights of Man | Fundamental document of the French Revolution. Was inspired by the Enlightenment and gave more civil rights to the people. | | 36 |
| 13804664800 | Civil Constitution of the Clergy | Caused the Catholic Church to become subordinate to the French Government | | 37 |
| 13804664801 | Guillotine | Invented in France. Symbol for the fundamental equality of all French Citizens. Used for executions | | 38 |
| 13804664802 | Napoleonic Code | This civil code gave post-revolutionary France its first coherent set of laws concerning property, colonial affairs, the family, and individual rights. Enacted by Napoleon | | 39 |
| 13804664803 | Jacobins | a member of a democratic club established in Paris in 1789, the most radical and ruthless of the political groups formed in the wake of the French Revolution, and in association with Robespierre they instituted the Terror of 1793-4. | | 40 |
| 13804664805 | St. Helena | Place where Napoleon was exiled to | | 41 |
| 13804664806 | Congress of Vienna | Assembly in 1814-15 that reorganized Europe after the Napoleonic Wars. Attempted to restore the monarchies Napoleon had overthrown | | 42 |
| 13804664807 | Concert of Europe | This was created to make sure that the ideas of the Congress of Vienna were followed, France joined this at a later time. | | 43 |
| 13804664809 | Enclosure movement | Legal process in England of consolidating small landholdings into larger farms. Once enclosed, use of the land became restricted to the owner, and it ceased to be common land for communal use. | | 44 |
| 13804664810 | textiles | The branch of industry involved in manufacturing of cloth. Commonly found in India | | 45 |
| 13804664811 | urbanization | The social process whereby cities grow and societies become more urban. Caused by industrialization. | | 46 |
| 13804664813 | Capitalism | An economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state. | | 47 |
| 13804664814 | Communism | A political theory derived from Karl Marx, advocating class war and leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs. | | 48 |
| 13804664815 | Middle Class | The social group between the upper and working classes, including professional and business workers and their families. | | 49 |
| 13804664816 | Industrial Revolution | A period of major industrialization that took place during the late 1700s and early 1800s. The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain and quickly spread throughout the world; marked by the general introduction of power-driven machinery or by an important change in the prevailing types and methods of use of such machines. Caused major economic change and began the use of factories and also led to systems such as capitalism | | 50 |
| 13804710487 | Prince Henry the Navigator | Prince of Portugal who established an observatory and school of navigation at Sagres and directed voyages down the west coast of Africa that spurred the growth of Portugal's colonial empire. | | 51 |
| 13804710488 | Christopher Columbus | Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to India | | 52 |
| 13804710489 | Qianlong | Emperor of the Qing Dynasty at its height | | 53 |
| 13804710490 | Tokugawa shoguns | Founded in 1603 when Tokugawa Ieyasu was made shogun by Japanese emperor; ended the civil wars and brought political unity to Japan. Lasted until the Meiji Restoration | | 54 |
| 13804710491 | Hernan Cortes | Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico | | 55 |
| 13804710492 | Montezuma | Last great emperor of the Aztecs before the Spanish conquered them | | 56 |
| 13804710493 | Francisco Pizarro | Spanish conqueror who conquered the Incan Empire | | 57 |
| 13804710494 | Father Hidalgo | Mexican priest who established independence movement among American Indians and mestizos in 1810; despite early victories, was captured and executed .Leader of the Mexican War of Independence | | 58 |
| 13804710495 | Simon Bolivar | Creole military officer in northern South America; won series of victories in Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador between 1817 and 1822; military success led to creation of independent state of Gran Colombia | | 59 |
| 13804710496 | Dom Pedro | Son and successor of Dom João VI in Brazil; aided in the declaration of Brazilian independence from Portugal in 1822; became constitutional emperor of Brazil. | | 60 |
| 13804710497 | Toussaint L'Ouverture | Leader of the Haitian Revolution. He freed the slaves and gained effective independence for Haiti despite military interventions by the British and French. | | 61 |
| 13804710498 | Henry VIII | The monarch of England who reigned from 1509-1547. He came into conflict with the pope upon divorcing his wife, which the pope said he was not allowed to do. He became the head of the Anglican church in England and was excommunicated from the church. | | 62 |
| 13804710499 | Elizabeth I | Queen of England Daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn; she succeeded Mary I (Catholic) and Protestantism became dominant under her throne (1588), required uniformity and conformity to the Church of England. During her reign Mary Queen of Scots was executed and the rivalry between England and Spain intensified-- encouraged by her, English buccaneers swarmed out to sea to promote Protestantism and plunder by seizing Spanish ships and raiding Spanish settlements. | | 63 |
| 13804710500 | Louis XIV | The king of France, who reigned from 1643-1715. He best epitomized royal absolution and called himself "the sun king"; Relied heavily on advice from Richelieu. | | 64 |
| 13804710501 | Richelieu | French Cardinal and advisor to the King responsible for instituting absolutist practices in France. | | 65 |
| 13804710502 | Ferdinand and Isabella | King and Queen of the largest Christian kingdom in Iberia; Ferdinand's marriage to Isabella created united Spain; responsible for reconquest of Granada, initiation of exploration of New World. | | 66 |
| 13804710503 | Philip II | Great Spanish King; foe of the Protestant Reformation; built up Spanish Armada. | | 67 |
| 13804710504 | William and Mary of Orange | They signed the English Bill of Rights and began a new co-operation between the Parliament and the monarchs, leading to a greater measure of personal liberty and democracy in Britain. This action both signaled the end of several centuries of tension and conflict between the crown and parliament, and the end of the idea that England would be restored to Roman Catholicism. | | 68 |
| 13804710505 | Oliver Cromwell | Lived from 1599-1658. He controlled parliamentary forces that captured Charles I. His regime took power after the beheading of Charles I but the monarchy soon came back. | | 69 |
| 13804710506 | Maria Theresa | (Ruled 1740-1780) Daughter of Charles VI, who's inheritance of the Austrian throne sparked the War of the Austrian Succession. She survived the war only by giving Silesia to Frederick II of Prussia. Became heiress of Austria and her husband became Holy Roman Emperor. Mother of Joseph II. | | 70 |
| 13804710507 | Frederick II (Frederick the Great) | Prussian king of 18th century, attempted to introduce Enlightenment reforms to Germany, built on bureaucratic foundations of his predecessors, introduced freedom of religion, increased state control of the economy. | | 71 |
| 13804710508 | Peter the Great | Russian tsar (r. 1689-1725). He enthusiastically introduced Western languages and technologies to the Russian elite, moving the capital from Moscow to the new city of St. Petersburg. | | 72 |
| 13804710509 | Catherine the Great | Empress of Russia who greatly increased the territory of the empire., German-born Russian tsarina in the 18th century; ruled after assassination of her husband; gave appearance of enlightened rule; accepted Western cultural influence; maintained nobility as service aristocracy by granting them new power over peasantry. | | 73 |
| 13804710510 | John Locke (Two Treatises on Government) | English philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract" in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in which the government serves the people; also said people have natural rights to life, liberty and property. Later inspired many ideals of the American Constitution. | | 74 |
| 13804710511 | Montesquieu (Spirit of the Laws) | French enlightenment thinker; wrote "The Spirit of the Laws" talking of his ideas of government like checks and balances and the threes national branches. His work went on to inspire the American system of Government. | | 75 |
| 13804710512 | Voltaire | French Enlightenment writer, historian and philosopher famous for his wit and for his advocacy of civil liberties, including freedom of religion, free trade and separation of church and state | | 76 |
| 13804710513 | Denis Diderot (Encyclopedia) | Was a French philosopher, art critic, and writer, best known for serving as co-founder, chief editor, and contributor to the Encyclopédie along with Jean le Rond d'Alembert. He was a prominent figure during the Enlightenment. | | 77 |
| 13804710514 | Rousseau (The Social Contract) | French man who believed that Human beings are naturally good & free & can rely on their instincts. Government should exist to protect common good, and be a democracy | | 78 |
| 13804710515 | Mary Wollstonecraft (A Vindication of the Rights of Women) | Feminist writer from England who wrote many novels | | 79 |
| 13804710516 | Adam Smith (The Wealth of Nations) | Scottish economist, philosopher, and author who was a pioneer for the Scottish Enlightenment | | 80 |
| 13804710517 | Joseph II of Austria | Holy Roman emperor from 1765 to 1780 abolished brutal punishments and the death penalty made many new laws and built a centralized and uniform government | | 81 |
| 13804710518 | Robespierre | a French lawyer and politician, as well as one of the best known and most influential figures associated with the French Revolution and the Reign of Terror. | | 82 |
| 13804710519 | Napoleon Bonaparte | French Military leader who became leader and soon emperor of France after the French Revolution. Very Successful general | | 83 |
| 13804710520 | Metternich | Was a German diplomat who was one of the most important of his era, serving as the Austrian Empire's Foreign Minister from 1809 and Chancellor from 1821 until the liberal revolutions of 1848 | | 84 |
| 13804710521 | James Watt | Inventor from Scotland who made the steam engine in 1781 | | 85 |
| 13804786238 | Columbus discovers America | landed around America in 1492 instead of Asia which was where he had planned on going. | | 86 |
| 13804786239 | Treaty of Tordesillas of 1493 | Agreement between Spain and Portugal aimed at settling conflicts over lands newly discovered or explored by Christopher Columbus and other late 15th-century voyagers. | | 87 |
| 13804786240 | Martin Luther's 95 Theses 1517 | Caused a major schism in the Catholic Church, which led to the start of Protestantism | | 88 |
| 13804786241 | Magellan's voyage 1519-22 | Spanish expedition of that was the first to sail around the. Led to colonization of the Philippines by Spain. Tried to find a western route to Asia, was killed in the Philippines. | | 89 |
| 13804786242 | English settlement of Jamestown in 1607 | America's first permanent English colony. Many people died during the winter | | 90 |
| 13804786243 | Thirty Years War (1618 - 1648) | War within the Holy Roman Empire between German Protestants and their allies (Sweden, Denmark and France), and the emperor and his ally, Spain; ended in 1648 after great destruction with Treaty of Westphalia | | 91 |
| 13804786244 | Glorious Revolution 1688 | The overthrowing of King James II of England by a union of English Parliamentarians. The major importance was to destroy any chance that England would have an absolute monarchy like that of France. Instead, it ensured that England would have a constitutional monarchy in which Parliament had the majority of the power. | | 92 |
| 13804786245 | 1776 | Year that Americans declared independence | | 93 |
| 13804786246 | French Revolution Began | What happened in 1789? | | 94 |
| 13804786247 | Phases of the French Revolution | Phase One: National Assembly(moderate); Phase Two: National Assembly(radical); Phase Three: Directory; Phase Four: Consulate | | 95 |
| 13804786248 | Slave Revolt in Haiti of 1791 | The only fully successful slave rebellion in world history; the uprising in the French Caribbean colony of Saint Domingue (later named Haiti) was sparked by the French Revolution and led to the establishment of an independent state after a long and bloody war. | | 96 |
| 13804786249 | Mexican Revolution (1810 - 1821) | Ended the 30 year dictatorship in Mexico and formed a constitutional republic. Long and bloody armed conflict | | 97 |
| 13804786250 | Napoleonic Invasion of Russia 1812 | Major turning point in the Napoleonic Wars. Led to Napoleon losing a majority of his army and eventual defeat. | | 98 |
| 13804786251 | Battle of Waterloo 1815 | The site of Napoleon's defeat by British and Prussian armies in 1815, which ended his last bid for power. | | 99 |
| 13804786252 | Revolutions of 1830 | Revolutionary wave in Europe which took place in 1830. It included two "romantic nationalist" revolutions, the Belgian Revolution in the United Kingdom of the Netherlands and the July Revolution in France along with revolutions in Congress Poland and Switzerland. | | 100 |
| 13804786253 | Revolutions of 1848 | a series of republican revolts against European monarchies, beginning in Sicily, and spreading to France, Germany, Italy, and the Austrian Empire. They all ended in failure and repression, and were followed by widespread disillusionment among liberals. | | 101 |
| 13804786254 | "2nd" Industrial Revolution | Period in American history (late 1800s) in which there was a rapid increase in the use of machines/factories in production, and new innovations were made in all areas of life | | 102 |
| 13804819094 | God, Glory, Gold | What factors led to Age of Exploration? | | 103 |
| 13804819095 | The Columbian Exchange greatly affected almost every society on earth, bringing destructive diseases that depopulated many cultures, and also circulating a wide variety of new crops and livestock that, in the long term, increased rather than diminished the world human population. | How did Columbian Exchange impact the global community? | | 104 |
| 13804819096 | Fragmented Society and set the stage for many of the wars and future conflicts within Europe. Also led to the strengthening of cultural nationalism as countries no longer shared a base religion within themselves. | How did the Protestant Reformation impact religion, government, and society in Europe? | | 105 |
| 13804819097 | 1. Decline of feudalism in the Middle Ages (As the feudal lords lost power, the kings gained it. )
2. Decline of the Catholic Church (As the Church's influence weakened, kings consolidated their power)
3. Excommunication was no longer a threat. (As a result of the Protestant Reformation, kings now had the option of converting to different religions)
4. Growth of the middle class (As merchants became a larger class, they pushed for the economic stability that an absolute monarch offered) | What were the political & social conditions that led to the Age of Absolutism? | | 106 |
| 13804851341 | They gave many of the revolutionaries the ideas that they fought over, (life, liberty and pursuit of happiness) | How did Enlightenment philosophy stimulate the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century revolutions in America & Europe? | | 107 |
| 13804851342 | As nationalism evolved in the nineteenth century, it assumed the ugly forms of imperialism, racism, and totalitarianism; it helped to stimulate world wars in the twentieth century. It led to many revolutions for independence, especially in the Balkans. | How did the concept of Nationalism shake the foundations of nineteenth century Europe? | | 108 |
| 13804851343 | Increase in population, urbanization, factory work, power-driven machinery, technology
Decrease in farming and agricultural jobs
Helped capitalism become a prominent economic system in countries. | How did industrialization change society? | | 109 |
| 13804960507 | Karl Marx | German socialist who saw history as a class struggle between groups out of power and those controlling the means of production. Founder of modern communism and wrote the Communist Manifesto | | 110 |
| 13804960508 | Archduke Ferdinand | Heir to the Austrian-Hungary throne until he was assassinated. Sparked WW1 | | 111 |
| 13804960509 | Woodrow Wilson | American president who initially claimed neutrality in the war but later joined the Allied cause; his Fourteen Points and American fighting forces hastened an Allied victory; one of the Big Four at Versailles. Tried to create the League of Nations but it failed | | 112 |
| 13804960510 | Adolf Hitler | Leader of the Nazi Party in Germany during WW2. Axis power | | 113 |
| 13804960511 | Benito Mussolini | Italian Dictator during WW2. Tried to turn Italy into a Roman style Mediterranean Empire. Axis Power | | 114 |
| 13804960512 | Emperor Hirohito | Emperor of Japan during WW2. Really just a figurehead. Axis Power | | 115 |
| 13804960513 | Hideki Tojo | Shogun of Japan during WW2. Was the actual leader. Axis Power | | 116 |
| 13804960514 | Winston Churchill | Leader of Britain and was part of the Big 3. Allied Power | | 117 |
| 13804960515 | Franklin D. Roosevelt | President of America throughout most of WW2. Allied Power | | 118 |
| 13804960516 | Joseph Stalin | Leader of the Soviet Union during WW2. Allied Power | | 119 |
| 13804960517 | Chiang Kai Shek | A military officer who succeeded Sun Yat-sen as leader of the Guomindang or Nationalist party in China in the mid-1920; became the most powerful leader in China in the early 1930s, but his Nationalist forces were defeated and driven from China by the Communists after World War II | | 120 |
| 13804960518 | Mao ZeDong | Leader of China. His policies led to the death of millions and started the Great Leap Forward. | | 121 |
| 13804960519 | Dwight D. Eisenhower | Leader of American Forces in Europe during WW2. Later became president. | | 122 |
| 13804960520 | John F. Kennedy | President at the height of the Cold War. Was assassinated. | | 123 |
| 13804960521 | Fidel Castro | Cuban revolutionary leader who overthrew the corrupt regime of the dictator Fulgencio Batista in 1959 and soon after established a Communist state. | | 124 |
| 13804960522 | Nikita Khrushchev | Instigated the Cuban Missile Crisis as leader of the Soviet Union. Denounced Stalin | | 125 |
| 13804960523 | Ho Chi Minh | Leader of the Vietnamese Communist party; led the Vietnamese Independence Movement from France | | 126 |
| 13804960524 | Richard Nixon | President of the United States from 1969 to 1974 who followed a foreign policy marked by détente(relaxation of tensions) with the Soviet Union and by the opening of diplomatic relations with China. President during Watergate Scandal | | 127 |
| 13804960525 | Deng Xiaoping | Leader of China from 1976 to 1997 whose reforms beginning in 1979 essentially dismantled the communist elements of the Chinese economy, while retaining authoritarian controls over the political and social structures of China. | | 128 |
| 13804960526 | Ronald Reagan | President from 1980-1988 ran on a campaign based on the common man and "populist" ideas. He served as governor of California from 1966-1974, and he participated in the McCarthy Communist scare. Iran released hostages on his Inauguration Day in 1980. While president, he developed Reaganomics, the trickle down effect of government incentives. He cut out many welfare and public works programs. He used the Strategic Defense Initiative to avoid conflict. His meetings with Gorbachev were the first steps to ending the Cold War. He was also responsible for the Iran-contra Affair which bought hostages with guns. | | 129 |
| 13804960527 | Mikhail Gorbachev | Soviet statesman whose foreign policy brought an end to the Cold War and whose domestic policy introduced major reforms. Efforts to reform led to the collapse of the USSR | | 130 |
| 13804960528 | Boris Yeltsin | President of the Russian Republic in 1991; helped end the USSR and force Gorbachev to resign | | 131 |
| 13804960529 | Vladimir Putin | Yeltsin's PM in 1999, then Russia's president from 2000 to 2008, gained popularity by prosecuting Yeltsin's war on Chechnya, restoring economic and social stability and the power of the Russian state, he was also elected Prime Minister in 2008. | | 132 |
| 13804960530 | Nelson Mandela | South African statesman, president 1994-99; engaged in talks on the introduction of majority rule with President Klerk; became the country's first democratically elected president in 1994 | | 133 |
| 13804960531 | Motivations for Imperialism | Profits, Economics, Social imperialism (solution to overpopulation), Nationalism, Religion and missionaries, Social Darwinism, Balance of Power Politics | | 134 |
| 13804960532 | Causes of World War I | Imperialism, Nationalism, Militarism, Secret Alliances | | 135 |
| 13804960533 | Results of the Treaty of Versailles | Poland became an independent country with a "route to the sea"(polish corridor), a corridor of land cutting Germany in two. Led to heavy economic damage to Germany. Made them reduce their army size. | | 136 |
| 13804960534 | Steps of Appeasement leading to WWII | ~Hitler rebuilt German army, violating Treaty of Versailles ~1936: sent troops to Rhineland, located of Germany's border with France, violating Treaty of Versailles' requirement of removing German troops from this border
~1938: Austria became part of German empire; Czechoslovakia forced to give Germany border known as Sudetenland, where many Germans lived ~nations gave in to aggressive demands to maintain peace
~at Munich Conference in 1938, western democracies agreed that Germany would seize control of the Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia ~Germany invaded Poland in 1938, sparking WW2 | | 137 |
| 13804960535 | Domino Theory | If one nation falls to communism, those nearby will also fall; thus, it is imperative to stop the spread as soon as possible | | 138 |
| 13804960536 | Nationalism | The belief that one's greatest loyalty should not be to a king or an empire but to a nation of people who share a common culture and history. Extreme form of patriotism | | 139 |
| 13804960537 | Imperialism | The policy of extending the rule or authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries, or of acquiring and holding colonies and dependencies | | 140 |
| 13804960538 | Balkans | Usually characterized as comprising Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Kosovo, Macedonia, Montenegro, Romania, Serbia, and Slovenia with all or part of each of those countries located within the peninsula. Portions of Greece and Turkey are also located within the geographic region | | 141 |
| 13804960539 | Totalitarian Government | The practice of a government and/or a leader who aims to control the political, economic, social, intellectual, and cultural lives of its citizens in a way that fulfills a particular goal | | 142 |
| 13804960542 | Fascism | A political movement that promotes an extreme form of nationalism, a denial of individual rights, and a dictatorial one-party rule | | 143 |
| 13804960543 | Nazi | a member of the National Socialist German Workers' Party. | | 144 |
| 13804960544 | African nationalism | Refers to a group of political ideologies, mainly within Sub-Saharan Africa, which are based on the idea of national self-determination and the creation of nation states. | | 145 |
| 13804960545 | Apartheid | A policy of strict racial segregation imposed in South Africa to permit the continued dominance of whites politically and economically. | | 146 |
| 13804960546 | Tokugawa Shogunate | (1603-1867) Feudal Warlord rulers of Japan. Responsible for closing Japan off from the rest of the world. Overthrown during the Meiji Restoration. | | 147 |
| 13804960547 | Zionism | A movement that arose late in the 19th century with the aim of creating a Jewish state in Palestine | | 148 |
| 13804960548 | Manhattan Project | A secret U.S. project for the construction of the atomic bomb. | | 149 |
| 13804960549 | Atomic Bomb | a nuclear weapon in which enormous energy is released by nuclear fission (splitting the nuclei of a heavy element like uranium 235 or plutonium 239) | | 150 |
| 13804960550 | Mutually Assured Destruction | A doctrine of military strategy in which a full-scale use of nuclear weapons by two opposing sides would effectively result in the destruction of both the attacker and the defender. | | 151 |
| 13804960551 | Sputnik | First artificial Earth satellite, it was launched by Moscow in 1957 and sparked U.S. fears of Soviet dominance in technology and outer space. It led to the creation of NASA and the space race. | | 152 |
| 13804960552 | Marshall Plan | A plan that the US came up with the help of George c. Marshall to revive war-torn economies of Europe (especially Germany to act as a counter to the Soviet Union. This plan offered $13 billion in aid to western and Southern Europe. | | 153 |
| 13804960553 | Cold War | The state of relations between the United States and its allies and the Soviet Union and its allies between the end of World War II to 1990; based on creation of political spheres of influence and a nuclear arms race rather than actual warfare. | | 154 |
| 13804960554 | Cultural Revolution (China) | China's Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution was a massive campaign launched by Mao Zedong in the mid-1960s to combat the capitalist tendencies that he believed reached into even the highest ranks of the Communist Party; the campaign threw China into chaos. | | 155 |
| 13804960555 | Great Leap Forward | Economic policy of Mao Zedong introduced in 1958; proposed small-scale industrialization projects integrated into peasant communities; led to economic disaster and ended in 1960. | | 156 |
| 13804960556 | Palestine | Made up of Muslims while Israel is made up of Jews. Lots of disputes between the two. | | 157 |
| 13804960557 | UN Resolution 242 | Adopted by the United Nations after the six-day war, it said that Israel could not use force to take over the Arab people's land | | 158 |
| 13804960558 | Global Warming | A gradual increase in average global temperature | | 159 |
| 13804960559 | Unilateral | Limited to one side | | 160 |
| 13805128427 | Major events of World War I | Battle of Marne, Battle of Tannenberg, Lusitania is sunk, Battle of Jutland, Battle of Verdun, Brusilov Offensive, Armistice Peace Treaty | | 161 |
| 13805128428 | Major events of World War II | Battle of Britain, Bombing of Pearl Harbor, Battle of Stalingrad, D-Day, Battle of the Bulge, Battle of Midway, Battle of Coral Sea, Iwo Jima, Okinawa, Hiroshima, Nagasaki | | 162 |
| 13805128429 | Korean War | The conflict between Communist North Korea and Non-Communist South Korea. The United Nations (led by the United States) helped South Korea. | | 163 |
| 13805128430 | Cuban Missile Crisis | The 1962 confrontation between US and the Soviet Union over Soviet missiles in Cuba. | | 164 |
| 13805128431 | Vietnam War | A prolonged war (1954-1975) between the communist armies of North Vietnam who were supported by the Chinese and the non-communist armies of South Vietnam who were supported by the United States. | | 165 |
| 13805128432 | Space Race | A competition of space exploration between the United States and Soviet Union. | | 166 |
| 13805128433 | Invasion of Afghanistan | Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan in 1979. U.S. aides Afghan rebels | | 167 |
| 13805128434 | Fall of the Berlin Wall | Symbolized the end of the cold war and reunified Germany | | 168 |
| 13805128435 | Tiananmen Square | Student-led protests in 1989 in China, ended with the massacre of the protestors | | 169 |
| 13805128436 | Gulf War | A dispute over control of the waterway between Iraq and Iran broke out into open fighting in 1980 and continued until 1988, when they accepted a UN cease-fire resolution. | | 170 |
| 13805128437 | 9/11 | Terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and Pentagon; led to a focus on eliminating terrorism. | | 171 |
| 13805128438 | War on Terror | Initiated by President George W. Bush after the attacks of September 11, 2001, the broadly defined war on terror aimed to weed out terrorist operatives and their supporters throughout the world. | | 172 |
| 13805128439 | Ukraine & Crimea Crisis | Relations between the Ukraine and Russia became one-sided during Josef Stalin's rise to power in which he initiated the Holodomor, a famine that killed 7.5 million Ukrainians. | | 173 |
