ap Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 12422977864 | 30 years war | (1618-1648) This Bourbon vs. Habsburg War resulted from a conflict between the Protestant Union and the Catholic League in the Holy Roman Empire | 0 | |
| 12422977865 | Council of Trent | Called by Pope Paul III to reform the church and secure reconciliation with the Protestants. Lutherans and Calvinists did not attend. | 1 | |
| 12422977914 | 2 | |||
| 12422977866 | Counter-Reformation | the reaction of the Roman Catholic Church to the Reformation reaffirming the veneration of saints and the authority of the Pope (to which Protestants objected) | 3 | |
| 12422977867 | Hapsburgs | Austrian rulers of the Holy Roman empire and the Netherlands | 4 | |
| 12422977868 | Ignatius of Loyola | Founder of the Jesuits | 5 | |
| 12422977869 | Index of Forbidden Books | Written by Pope Paul IV as part of the Counter-Reformation. It forbade Catholics from reading books considered "harmful" to faith and morals. This indicates the significance of the printing press in disseminating Reformation ideas. | 6 | |
| 12422977870 | Jesuits | Also known as the Society of Jesus; founded by Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) as a teaching and missionary order to resist the spread of Protestantism. | 7 | |
| 12422977871 | Treaty of Westphalia | Ended Thirty Years War in 1648; granted right to individual rulers within the Holy Roman Empire to choose their own religion-either Protestant or Catholic | 8 | |
| 12422977872 | Which hunt | search | 9 | |
| 12422977873 | 95 Theses | It was nailed to a church door in Wittenberg, Germany in 1517 and is widely seen as being the catalyst that started the Protestant Reformation. It contained Luther's list of accusations against the Roman Catholic Church. | 10 | |
| 12422977874 | Anglicanism | A Protestant denomination of the Christian faith founded by Henry VIII in England | 11 | |
| 12422977875 | Calvinism | A body of religious teachings based on the ideas of the reformer John Calvin. | 12 | |
| 12422977876 | Cathedral of St. peter | They hired painters and sculptors to beautify churches and spent vast sums to rebuild the Cathedral of St. Peter in Rome | 13 | |
| 12422977877 | Indulgences and purgatory | Those who were not baptized but did not deserve hell (dead babies) or simply didn't deserve heaven either went here (Limbo). By giving money to the Catholic Church, you could get time off for dead relatives. This was one of Martin Luther's complaints, since it was kind of a scam. | 14 | |
| 12422977878 | John Calvin | 1509-1564. French theologian. Developed the Christian theology known as Calvinism. Attracted Protestant followers with his teachings. | 15 | |
| 12422977879 | King Henry VIII | Started the Anglican Church because he wasn't granted a divorce. Was excommunicated by the Pope. | 16 | |
| 12422977880 | Lutheranism | First Protestant faith | 17 | |
| 12422977881 | Martin Luther | a German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Chruch. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices. | 18 | |
| 12422977882 | Pope Leo X | This was the pope that used the sale of indulgences to rebuild a basilica and he was also the pope who challenged Martin Luther | 19 | |
| 12422977883 | Predestination | Calvin's religious theory that God has already planned out a person's life. | 20 | |
| 12422977884 | Protestant Reformation | A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches. | 21 | |
| 12422977885 | salvation | acceptance into heaven | 22 | |
| 12422977886 | Johann Tetzel | The leading seller of Indulgences. Infuriated Luther. | 23 | |
| 12422977887 | alchemy | medieval chemistry | 24 | |
| 12422977888 | Francis Bacon | developed the scientific method | 25 | |
| 12422977889 | Robert Boyle | Father of modern chemistry | 26 | |
| 12422977890 | Tycho Brahe | Danish astronomer who collected data to prove that Copernicus was correct | 27 | |
| 12422977891 | Copernicus | Heliocentric theory | 28 | |
| 12422977892 | Heliocentric | sun-centered | 29 | |
| 12422977893 | Rene Descartes | 17th century French philosopher; wrote Discourse on Method; 1st principle "i think therefore i am"; believed mind and matter were completly seperate; known as father of modern rationalism | 30 | |
| 12422977894 | Galileo Galilei | Italian astronomer and mathematician who was the first to use a telescope to study the stars | 31 | |
| 12422977895 | Geocentric Model | Earth is the center of the Universe | 32 | |
| 12422977896 | Johannes Kepler | Created the laws of planetary motion | 33 | |
| 12422977897 | Lavoisier | law of conservation of mass | 34 | |
| 12422977898 | Leuwenhoek | First to observe living cells | 35 | |
| 12422977899 | Issac Newton | described the laws of motion and gravity | 36 | |
| 12422977900 | Ptolemy | Alexandrian astronomer who proposed a geocentric system of astronomy that was undisputed until Copernicus (2nd century AD) | 37 | |
| 12422977901 | refracting telescope | a telescope that uses a converging lens to collect light. | 38 | |
| 12422977902 | Andreas Vesalius | Father of Anatomy | 39 | |
| 12422977903 | American Revolution | This political revolution began with the Declaration of Independence in 1776 where American colonists sought to balance the power between government and the people and protect the rights of citizens in a democracy. | 40 | |
| 12422977904 | Baroque | overly decorated | 41 | |
| 12422977905 | Catherine the Great | Empress of Russia who greatly increased the territory of the empire (1729-1796) | 42 | |
| 12422977906 | Daniel Defoe | wrote Robinson Crusoe | 43 | |
| 12422977907 | Declaration of Independence | the document recording the proclamation of the second Continental Congress (4 July 1776) asserting the independence of the colonies from Great Britain | 44 | |
| 12422977908 | Diderot | encyclopedia | 45 | |
| 12422977909 | Enlightenment despots | Absolute rulers who used their power to bring about political and social change | 46 | |
| 12422977910 | enlightenment | a movement that emphasized science and reason as guides to help see the world more clearly | 47 | |
| 12422977911 | Fredrick 2 | King of Prussia | 48 | |
| 12422977912 | French Revolution | a rebellion of French people against their king in 1789 | 49 | |
| 12422974421 | John Locke | English philosopher who argued that people have natural rights | 50 | |
| 12422974422 | Mary Wollstonecraft | English writer and early feminist who denied male supremacy and advocated equal education for women | 51 | |
| 12422974423 | Natural Laws/Rights | certain rights belong to a human | 52 | |
| 12422974424 | Rococo | very highly ornamented | 53 | |
| 12422974425 | Rouseau | social contract | 54 | |
| 12422974426 | Social Contract | an implicit agreement among the members of a society to cooperate for social benefits | 55 | |
| 12422974427 | Voltaire | (1694-1778) French philosopher. He believed that freedom of speech was the best weapon against bad government. He also spoke out against the corruption of the French government, and the intolerance of the Catholic Church. | 56 |
AP Language Rhetorical Terms (summer words) Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 14735454174 | allusion | A direct or indirect reference to something which is presumably commonly known, such as an event, book, myth, place, or work of art. Allusions can be historical, literary, religious, topical, or mythical. There are many more possibilities, and a work may simultaneously use multiple layers of allusion. |  | 0 |
| 14735454175 | analogy | A similarity or comparison between two different things or the relationship between them. An analogy can explain something unfamiliar by associating it with or pointing out its similarity to something more familiar. Analogies can also make writing more vivid, imaginative, or intellectually engaging. |  | 1 |
| 14735454176 | anecdote | is a brief, engaging account of some happening, often historical, biographical, or personal. As a technique in writing, anecdote is especially, effective in creating interesting essay introductions, and also an illuminating abstract concepts in the body of the essay. |  | 2 |
| 14735454177 | antithesis | is the balancing of one idea or term against another for emphasis |  | 3 |
| 14735454178 | colloquial language | Slang or common language that is informal |  | 4 |
| 14735454179 | diction | the manner of expression in words, choice of words, or wording. Writers must choose vocabulary carefully and precisely to communicate a message and also to address an intended audience effectively. |  | 5 |
| 14735454180 | imagery | is clear, vivid description that appeals to the sense of sight, smell, touch, sound, or taste. |  | 6 |
| 14735454181 | juxtaposition | the placement of two things being close together (side by side) with contrasting effect |  | 7 |
| 14735454182 | logos | An appeal to reason. It occurs when a writer tries to convince you of the logic of his argument using facts and examples, and a generally rational tone to their language. The problem with logos is that is can appear reasonable until you dissect the argument and then find fallacies that defeat the viability of the argument on the reader's eyes. Of course, that presupposes that the readers is able to identify the fallacies. |  | 8 |
| 14735454183 | ethos | an appeal to credibility. The writer is seeking to convince you that he or she has the background, history, skills, and/or expertise to speak on the issue. |  | 9 |
| 14735454184 | pathos | An appeal to emotion. Typically, pathos arguments may use loaded words to make you feel guilty, lonely, worried, insecure, or confused. The easiest way to remember whats pathos arguments are is to see most advertising as a form of pathos argument. |  | 10 |
| 14735454185 | metaphor | A figure of speech in which a word or phrase is applied to an object or action to which it is not literally applicable. |  | 11 |
| 14735454186 | paradox | A statement that seems self-contradictory or absurd but in reality expresses a possible truth. |  | 12 |
| 14735454187 | parallelism | Parallelism is the use of components in a sentence that are grammatically the same; or similar in their construction, sound, meaning or meter. |  | 13 |
| 14735454188 | rhetoric | is the art of using words effectively in speaking or writing. |  | 14 |
| 14735454189 | rhetorical question | is a question asked only to emphasize a point, introduce a topic, or provoke thought, but not to elicit an answer. |  | 15 |
| 14735454190 | satire | A humorous literary work that criticizes human misconduct and ridicules vices, stupidities, and follies. |  | 16 |
| 14735454191 | style | is the specific or characteristic manner of expression, execution, construction, or design of a writer. As a manner or mode of expression of language, it is the unique way each writer handles ideas. |  | 17 |
| 14735454192 | tone | is the writer's attitude toward his or her subject or material. A writer's tone may be objective, subjective, comic, ironic, nostalgic, critical, reflective, etc. |  | 18 |
| 14735454193 | syntax | The arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language. |  | 19 |
| 14801667343 | Polysyndeton | Figure of addition and emphasis which intentionally employs a series of conjunctions (FANBOYS: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so) not normally found in successive words, phrases or clauses; the deliberate and excessive use of conjunctions in successive words or clauses. The effect is a feeling of multiplicity, energetic enumeration, and building up | 20 | |
| 14801679112 | theme | The central idea or message of a work, the insight it offers into life. Usually theme is unstated in fictional works, but in nonfiction, the theme may be directly stated, especially in exposityr or argumentative writing. | 21 | |
| 14801684162 | parody | A work that closely imitates the style or content of another with the specific aim of comic effect and/or ridicule. As comedy, parody distorts or exaggerated distinctive features of the original. As ridicule, it mimics the work by repeating and borrowing words, phrases, or characteristics in order to illuminate weaknesses in the original. Well-written parody offers enlightenment about the original, but poorly written parody offers only ineffectual imitation. Usually an audience must grasp literary allusion and understand the work being parodied in order to fully appreciate the nuances of the newer work. Occasionally, however, parodies take on a life of their own and don't require knowledge of the original | 22 | |
| 14801688658 | Metonymy | a figure of speech in which the name of one object is substituted for that of another closely associated with it. A news release that claims "the White House declared" rather that "the President declared" is using metonymy. The substituted term generally carries a more potent emotional response. | 23 | |
| 14801695069 | Connotation | The nonliteral, associative meaning of a word; the implied, suggested meaning. Connotations may involve ideas, emotions, or attitudes. | 24 | |
| 14801697944 | Asyndeton | consists of omitting conjunctions between words, phrases, or clauses. This can give the effect of unpremeditated multiplicity, of an extemporaneous rather than a labored account. Asyndetic lists can be more emphatic than if a final conjunction were used. | 25 | |
| 14801704571 | Allegory | A story in which each aspect of the story has a symbolic meaning outside the tale itself. The device of using character and/or story elements symbolically to represent an abstraction in addition to the literal meaning. In some _______, for example, an author may intend the characters to personify an abstraction lie hope or freedom. The ________-ical meaning usually deals with moral truth or a generalization about human existence. A story, poem, or picture that can be interpreted to reveal a hidden meaning, typically a moral or political one. | 26 | |
| 14801707589 | Anaphora | repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive phrases, clauses, or lines | 27 |
Flashcards
Flashcards
Flashcards
AP Literature Review Terms Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 12200557918 | allegory | story or poem that can be used to reveal a hidden meaning | 0 | |
| 12200557919 | alliteration | beginning of same letter or sound in closely connected words | 1 | |
| 12200557920 | allusion | indirect of passing reference | 2 | |
| 12200557921 | Ambiguity | uncertainty or inexactness of meaning in language | 3 | |
| 12200557922 | analogy | A comparison of two different things that are similar in some way | 4 | |
| 12200557923 | anapestic foot | Three syllables with the stress on the last syllable | 5 | |
| 12200557924 | anecdote | a short and amusing or interesting story about a real incident or person | 6 | |
| 12200557925 | Antagonist | A character or force in conflict with the main character | 7 | |
| 12200557926 | Antithesis | the direct opposite, a sharp contrast | 8 | |
| 12200557927 | Anthropomorphism | the attribution of human characteristics or behavior to a god, animal, or object. | 9 | |
| 12200557928 | Aphorism | A brief, cleverly worded statement that makes a wise observation about life. | 10 | |
| 12200557929 | apostrophe | figure of speech used to adresss an imaginary character |  | 11 |
| 12200557930 | Archetype | A detail, image, or character type that occurs frequently in literature and myth and is thought to appeal in a universal way to the unconscious and to evoke a response |  | 12 |
| 12200557931 | assonance | repetition of vowel sounds |  | 13 |
| 12200557932 | static character | person who doesn't change throughout story keeps same personality |  | 14 |
| 12200557933 | characterization | process of revealing characters personality |  | 15 |
| 12200557934 | direct character | Author directly describes character | 16 | |
| 12200557935 | indirect character | the process by which the personality of a fictitious character is revealed through the character's speech, actions, appearance, etc. | 17 | |
| 12200557936 | dynamic character | A character who grows, learns, or changes as a result of the story's action | 18 | |
| 12200557937 | Classicism | A movement in literature and art during the 17th and 18th centuries in Europe that favored rationality and restraint and strict forms | 19 | |
| 12200557938 | cliche | a worn-out idea or overused expression | 20 | |
| 12200557939 | comedy | A humorous work of drama | 21 | |
| 12200557940 | Confessional Poetry | a twentieth century term used to describe poetry that uses intimate material from the poet's life. | 22 | |
| 12200557941 | conflict | struggle between opposing forces |  | 23 |
| 12200557942 | internal and external | the two major types of conflict | 24 | |
| 12200557943 | person vs person | The character struggles against the will or actions of another character. | 25 | |
| 12200557944 | person vs society | struggle between a character and a group of people or society as a whole | 26 | |
| 12200557945 | person vs self | the type of struggle in which an individual is in direct conflict with his own desires or beliefs | 27 | |
| 12200557946 | person vs nature | a struggle between a character, and a force of nature | 28 | |
| 12200557947 | person vs fate | A problem or struggle that appears to be well beyond a character's control. | 29 | |
| 12200557948 | connotation | secondary meaning to a word |  | 30 |
| 12200557949 | consonance | repetition of same consonant in words close together |  | 31 |
| 12200557950 | couplet | two rhyming lines in a verse |  | 32 |
| 12200557951 | dactyllic foot | a three-syllable foot that consists of a stressed syllable followed by two unstressed syllables | 33 | |
| 12200557952 | diction | A writer's or speaker's choice of words | 34 | |
| 12200557953 | elegy | a sad or mournful poem | 35 | |
| 12200557954 | Epic | A long narrative poem telling of a hero's deeds | 36 | |
| 12200557955 | epithet | an adjective or descriptive phrase expressing a quality characteristic of the person or thing mentioned. | 37 | |
| 12200557956 | Ethos | ethical appeal | 38 | |
| 12200557957 | fable | A brief story that leads to a moral, often using animals as characters | 39 | |
| 12200557958 | farce | A comedy that contains an extravagant and nonsensical disregard of seriousness, although it may have a serious, scornful purpose. | 40 | |
| 12200557959 | figurative language | Language that cannot be taken literally since it was written to create a special effect or feeling. |  | 41 |
| 12200557960 | foil | A character who acts as a contrast to another character | 42 | |
| 12200557961 | Foreshadowing | A narrative device that hints at coming events; often builds suspense or anxiety in the reader. | 43 | |
| 12200557962 | free verse | Poetry that does not have a regular meter or rhyme scheme | 44 | |
| 12200557963 | hyperbole | exaggerated statements or claims not meant to be taken literally. | 45 | |
| 12200557964 | iambic foot | an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable | 46 | |
| 12200557965 | imagery | Description that appeals to the senses (sight, sound, smell, touch, taste) |  | 47 |
| 12200557966 | juxtaposition | Placement of two things closely together to emphasize comparisons or contrasts | 48 | |
| 12200557967 | irony | A contrast between expectation and reality |  | 49 |
| 12200557968 | verbal irony | A figure of speech in which what is said is the opposite of what is meant |  | 50 |
| 12200557969 | dramatic irony | Irony that occurs when the meaning of the situation is understood by the audience but not by the characters in the play. |  | 51 |
| 12200557970 | situational irony | refers to an occurrence that is contrary to what is expected or intended |  | 52 |
| 12200557971 | logos | an appeal based on logic or reason | 53 | |
| 12200557972 | Lyric poetry | A short poem in which a single speaker expresses personal thoughts and feelings | 54 | |
| 12200557973 | metaphor | A comparison without using like or as |  | 55 |
| 12200557974 | extended metaphor | A metaphor developed at great length, occurring frequently in or throughout a work. | 56 | |
| 12200557975 | meter | A regular pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in a line of poetry |  | 57 |
| 12200557976 | metonymy | A figure of speech in which something is referred to by using the name of something that is associated with it |  | 58 |
| 12200557977 | Mood | Feeling or atmosphere that a writer creates for the reader | 59 | |
| 12200557978 | Monologue | A long speech made by one performer or by one person in a group. | 60 | |
| 12200557979 | motif | A recurring theme, subject or idea | 61 | |
| 12200557980 | motivation | A need or desire that energizes and directs behavior |  | 62 |
| 12200557981 | narrative poetry | poetry that tells a story | 63 | |
| 12200557982 | naturalism | a style and theory of representation based on the accurate depiction of detail. | 64 | |
| 12200557983 | onomatopoeia | A word that imitates the sound it represents. |  | 65 |
| 12200557984 | oxymoron | A figure of speech that combines opposite or contradictory terms in a brief phrase. |  | 66 |
| 12200557985 | Parable | A simple story used to illustrate a moral or spiritual lesson | 67 | |
| 12200557986 | paradox | A contradiction or dilemma |  | 68 |
| 12200557987 | parallel structure | the repetition of words or phrases that have similar grammatical structures | 69 | |
| 12200557988 | parody | A work that closely imitates the style or content of another with the specific aim of comic effect and/or ridicule. | 70 | |
| 12200557989 | pathos | a quality that evokes pity or sadness | 71 | |
| 12200557990 | persona | an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting | 72 | |
| 12200557991 | personification | A figure of speech in which an object or animal is given human feelings, thoughts, or attitudes |  | 73 |
| 12200557992 | point of view | The perspective from which a story is told |  | 74 |
| 12200557993 | omniscient point of view | The point of view where the narrator knows everything about the characters and their problems - told in the 3rd person. |  | 75 |
| 12200557994 | third person limited point of view | narrator tells the story from only one character's point of view | 76 | |
| 12200557995 | first person point of view | a character in the story is actually telling the story himself/herself | 77 | |
| 12200557996 | objective point of view | a narrator who is totally impersonal and objective tells the story with no comment on any characters or events. | 78 | |
| 12200557997 | Polysyndeton | Deliberate use of many conjunctions | 79 | |
| 12200557998 | protagonist | Main character | 80 | |
| 12200557999 | pyrrhic foot | two unstressed syllables | 81 | |
| 12200558000 | quatrain | A four-line stanza | 82 | |
| 12200558001 | Realism | A 19th century artistic movement in which writers and painters sought to show life as it is rather than life as it should be | 83 | |
| 12200558002 | refrain | A line or set of lines repeated several times over the course of a poem. | 84 | |
| 12200558003 | Rhetoric | the art of effective or persuasive speaking or writing, especially the use of figures of speech and other compositional techniques. | 85 | |
| 12200558004 | rhetorical question | A question asked merely for rhetorical effect and not requiring an answer | 86 | |
| 12200558005 | Romanticism | 19th century artistic movement that appealed to emotion rather than reason | 87 | |
| 12200558006 | satire | the use of humor, irony, exaggeration, or ridicule to expose and criticize people's stupidity or vices, particularly in the context of contemporary politics and other topical issues. | 88 | |
| 12200558007 | sextet | six-line stanza | 89 | |
| 12200558008 | setting | The context in time and place in which the action of a story occurs. | 90 | |
| 12200558009 | simile | A comparison of unlike things using a comparison word such as "like" or "as" | 91 | |
| 12200558010 | soliloquy | A long speech expressing the thoughts of a character alone on stage | 92 | |
| 12200558011 | spondaic foot | Two stressed syllables | 93 | |
| 12200558012 | sterotype | A generalized belief about a group of people | 94 | |
| 12200558013 | style | the choices a writer makes; the combination of distinctive features of a literary work | 95 | |
| 12200558014 | symbol | A thing that represents or stands for something else | 96 | |
| 12200558015 | synecdoche | a figure of speech in which a part is made to represent the whole or vice versa | 97 | |
| 12200558016 | thesis | a statement or theory that is put forward as a premise to be maintained or proved. | 98 | |
| 12200558017 | theme | Central idea of a work of literature, a generalization about the human condition | 99 | |
| 12200558018 | tone | Attitude a writer takes toward the audience, a subject, or a character | 100 | |
| 12200558019 | tragedy | A serious form of drama dealing with the downfall of a heroic or noble character | 101 | |
| 12200558020 | trochaic foot | A two syllable foot with the stress on the first syllable | 102 | |
| 12200558021 | understatement | the deliberate representation of something as lesser in magnitude than it actually is; a deliberate under-emphasis | 103 | |
| 12200558022 | versimilitude | the quality of appearing to be true, real, likely, or probable | 104 | |
| 12200558023 | voice | A writers distinctive use of language | 105 |
AP Language, Rhetorical Analysis Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 14847273309 | Figurative language | - Writing or speech that is not intended to carry literal meaning and is usually meant to be imaginative and vivid. | 0 | |
| 14847273310 | Figure of speech | A device used to produce figurate language. Many compare dissimilar things. May include apostrophe, hyperbole, irony, metaphor, metonymy, oxymoron, paradox, personification, simile, synecdoche, and understatement. | 1 | |
| 14847273311 | Genre | The major category into which a literary work fits. The basic divisions of literature are prose, poetry, and drama. | 2 | |
| 14847273312 | Homily (hom-uh-lee) | This term literally means "sermon," but more informally, it can include any serious talk, speech, or lecture involving moral or spiritual advice. | 3 | |
| 14847273313 | Hyperbole (hahy-pur-buh-lee) | A figure of speech using deliberate exaggeration or overstatement. | 4 | |
| 14847273314 | Hypophora | Figure of reasoning in which one or more questions is/are asked and then answered, often at length, by one and the same speaker; raising and responding to one's own question(s). | 5 | |
| 14847273315 | Imagery | The sensory details or figurative language used to describe, arouse emotion, or represent abstractions. | 6 | |
| 14847273316 | Inference/infer | To draw a reasonable conclusion from the information presented. | 7 | |
| 14847273317 | Invective | an emotionally violent, verbal denunciation or attach using strong, abusive language. | 8 | |
| 14847273318 | Irony/ironic | The contrast between what is stated explicitly and what is really meant. The difference between what appears to be and what actually is true, is used for many reasons, but frequently, it's used to create poignancy or humor. | 9 | |
| 14847273319 | Juxtaposition (juhk-stuh-puh-zish-uhn) | When two words, phrases, images, ideas are placed close together or side by side for comparison or contrast. | 10 | |
| 14847273320 | Litotes (lahy-toh-teez) | From the Greek word "simple" or "plain." Litotes is a figure of thought in which a point is affirmed by negating its opposite. It is a special form of understatement | 11 | |
| 14847273321 | Metaphor | A figure of speech using implied comparison of seemingly unlike things or the substitution of one for the other, suggesting some similarity. | 12 | |
| 14847273322 | Metonymy (mi-ton-uh-mee) | a figure of speech in which the name of one object is substituted for that of another closely associated with it. Example: A news release that claims "the White House declared" rather that "the President declared" | 13 | |
| 14847273323 | Mood | meaning the prevailing atmosphere or emotional aura of a work. Setting, tone, and events can affect the mood. In this usage, mood is similar to tone and atmosphere. | 14 | |
| 14847273324 | Narrative | The telling of a story or an account of an event or series of events. | 15 | |
| 14847273325 | Onomatopoeia (on-uh-mat-uh-pee-uh) | A figure of speech in which natural sounds are imitated in the sounds of words. Simple examples include such words as buzz, hiss, hum, crack, whinny, and murmur. | 16 | |
| 14847273326 | Oxymoron | the author groups apparently contradictory terms to suggest a paradox. Simple examples include "jumbo shrimp" and "cruel kindness." | 17 | |
| 14847273327 | Paradox | A statement that appears to be self-contradictory or opposed to common sense but upon closer inspection contains some degree of truth or validity. | 18 | |
| 14847273328 | Parallelism | refers to the grammatical or rhetorical framing of words, phrases, sentences, or paragraphs to give structural similarity. act as an organizing force to attract the reader's attention, add emphasis and organization, or simply provide a musical rhythm. | 19 | |
| 14847273329 | Parody | A work that closely imitates the style or content of another with the specific aim of comic effect and/or ridicule. | 20 | |
| 14847273330 | Pedantic (puh-dan-tik) | An adjective that describes words, phrases, or general tone that is overly scholarly, academic, or bookish. | 21 | |
| 14847273331 | Personification | A figure of speech in which the author presents or describes concepts, animals, or inanimate objects by endowing them with human attributes or emotions. | 22 | |
| 14847273332 | Polysyndeton (paulee-sin-dih-tawn) | Figure of addition and emphasis which intentionally employs a series of conjunctions (FANBOYS: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so) not normally found in successive words, phrases or clauses | 23 | |
| 14847273333 | Prose | refers to fiction and non-fiction, including all its forms. | 24 | |
| 14847273334 | Repetition | The duplication, either exact or approximate, of any element of language, such as a sound, word, phrase, clause, sentence, or grammatical pattern. | 25 | |
| 14847273335 | Rhetoric | From the Greek for "orator," this term describes the principles governing the art of writing effectively, eloquently, and persuasively. | 26 | |
| 14847273336 | Rhetorical modes | (1) to explain and analyze information by presenting an idea, relevant evidence, and appropriate discussion. (2) The purpose of argumentation is to prove the validity of an idea, or point of view, by presenting sound reasoning, discussion, and argument that thoroughly convince the reader. (3) The purpose of description is to re-create, invent, or visually present a person, place, event or action so that the reader can picture that being described.(4) The purpose of narration is to tell a story or narrate an event or series of events. |  | 27 |
| 14847273337 | Rhetorical Question | not answered by the writer because its answer is obvious or obviously desired, and usually just a yes or no answer would suffice. It is used for effect, emphasis, or provocation, or for drawing a conclusionary statement from the fact at hand. | 28 | |
| 14847273354 | Rhetoric | The art or study of using language effectively and persuasively | 29 | |
| 14847273355 | Rhetorical Appeals | Logos, Ethos Pathos | 30 | |
| 14847273356 | Logos | Appealing to reason; presented calmly, logically, step-by-step. They can include references to historical events, experts, and statistics. Tone will often be measured, neutral, logical (but not always). | 31 | |
| 14847273358 | Pathos | Appeal that tugs at people's feelings; may include emotional diction, imagery, repetition, and figurative language. Might make you laugh or cry. Could also be intended to make you afraid or feel outraged. | 32 | |
| 14847273360 | Parallelism | Similarity of structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases, or clauses. It creates balance in a sentence. Ex) Like father, like son. | 33 | |
| 14847273362 | Paradox | Occurs when the elements of a statement contradict each other. Although the statement may appear illogical or absurd, it turns out to have a coherent meaning that reveals a hidden truth. Ex) It was the best of times, it was the worst of times. Not a logical fallacy. | 34 | |
| 14847273364 | Tone | Writer's or speaker's attitude toward a subject, character, or audience. Is it amused? Hostile? Angry? Sad? Reflective? | 35 | |
| 14847273368 | Imagery | The words or phrases appealing to the senses and creates a picture in your mind. The smell of fresh cut grass, the twittering of the birds .... | 36 | |
| 14847273369 | Figurative Language | Words or expressions with a meaning that is different from the literal interpretation. Metaphors, simile, personification. | 37 | |
| 14847273372 | The O in SOAPSTone | The occasion or circumstance of the text. What has happened or is happening? Why has the writer written this NOW? This is the context of the piece. | 38 | |
| 14847273374 | The P in SOAPSTone | the speaker's purpose for the text; the desired outcome. Ex) Lou Gehrig wants to thank his fans and show them that is remains positive. | 39 | |
| 14847273378 | Rhetorical Question | A question asked for rhetorical effect to emphasize a point; no answer is expected. Example: "How many roads must a man walk down before you call him a man?" or "Are you kidding me?" | 40 | |
| 14847273381 | Logical Fallacy -- Generalization | An argument based on unsound logic. Ex) Generalization: Stating that all members of a group are a particular way. This is what the Muslim travel ban is saying about people from these Muslim majority countries. If a generalization is to have validity, it must be supported with facts. How can you prove anything about 1.6 billion Muslims? | 41 | |
| 14847273382 | Logical Fallacy -- Bandwagon | Everyone is doing it -- so you should do it too! Another argument based on unsound logic. Used in advertising a lot. | 42 | |
| 14847273383 | Logical Fallacy -- Ad Hominem | Attack on character. Someone who cannot attack someone's ideas, so goes after them personally. Ex) Donald Trump (when he was a candidate) attacked female candidate's appearance stating, "Look at that face." He did not attack her policies. | 43 | |
| 14847273384 | Inclusive and Exclusive Language | Using language to include or exclude people. "We're in this together" makes people feel like they are a team. "Those people are a threat" can exclude people and creates divisions beween people. | 44 |
AP Language Vocab Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 12085684460 | ad hominem fallacy | diversionary tactic of attacking the character of your opponent. | 0 | |
| 12085715130 | ad populum fallacy | "everyone else is doing it so we should too" | 1 | |
| 12085731320 | alliteration | Repeating the same sound beginning several words or syllables in a sentence | 2 | |
| 12085773799 | allusion | A reference to another work of literature, person, work of art, or event | 3 | |
| 12085781456 | analogy | A comparison of two different things that are similar in some way, oftentimes used to explain difficult concepts | 4 | |
| 12085810440 | anaphora | repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive phrases, clauses, or lines | 5 | |
| 12085826829 | anecdote | a brief story used to illustrate a point or claim | 6 | |
| 12085837398 | antimetabole | Repetition of words in reverse order | 7 | |
| 12085850626 | antithesis | opposition, or contrast, of ideas or words in a parallel construction | 8 | |
| 12085863790 | logical fallacy of appeal to false authority | When someone who has no experience on the issue is cited as an authority | 9 | |
| 12085880043 | archaic dictation | old-fashioned or outdated choice of words | 10 | |
| 12085890224 | argument | A process of reasoned inquiry; a persuasive discourse resulting in a coherent and considered movement from a claim to a conclusion. | 11 | |
| 12085903790 | assertion | a statement that presents a claim or thesis | 12 | |
| 12085913479 | asyndeton | omission of conjunctions between coordinate phrases, clauses, or words | 13 | |
| 12085934917 | backing | further assurances or data without which the assumption lacks authority | 14 | |
| 12085948875 | begging the question fallacy | when a claim is based on evidence or support that hasn't been proven. | 15 | |
| 12085973362 | circular reasoning fallacy | when the argument repeats the claim as a way to provide evidence | 16 | |
| 12085992446 | classical oration | 5 part argument structure used by classical rhetoricians | 17 | |
| 12086010584 | What are the 5 parts of classical oration? | introduction, narration, confirmation, refutation, conclusion | 18 | |
| 12086023621 | What is the narration part of classical oration? | Provides facts and background information, establishes why the subject is a problem that needs to be addressed | 19 | |
| 12086039617 | closed thesis | a statement of the main idea of the argument that also previews the major points the writer intends to make | 20 | |
| 12086072789 | complex sentence | a sentence that includes one independent clause and at least one dependent clause | 21 | |
| 12086099948 | compound sentence | a sentence with at least 2 independent clauses | 22 | |
| 12086113812 | concession | acknowledging that the opposing argument may be true or reasonable | 23 | |
| 12086134608 | confirmation part of classical oration | major part of the text, proves the writer's case | 24 | |
| 12086149601 | counterargument | opposing argument to the one the writer is putting forward | 25 | |
| 12086165170 | cumulative sentence | sentence that completes the main idea at the beginning of the sentence and then builds and adds on | 26 | |
| 12086182226 | deduction | logical process where you reach a conclusion by starting with a general principle/universal truth and applying it to a specific case | 27 | |
| 12086200203 | diction | word choice | 28 | |
| 12086210506 | either/or fallacy | the speaker presents two extreme options as the only possible choices | 29 | |
| 12086226809 | enthymeme | a syllogism with one of the premises implied and taken for granted as understood | 30 | |
| 12086246079 | equivocation fallacy | uses a term with 2 or more meanings in an attempt to misrepresent or deceive. | 31 | |
| 12086268034 | exordium | The introduction to an argument in a classical oration. Announces the subject and purpose, appeals to ethos. | 32 | |
| 12086286764 | faulty analogy fallacy | when an analogy compares two things that are not comparable | 33 | |
| 12086299540 | figurative language | nonliteral language | 34 | |
| 12086311903 | first-hand evidence | evidence based on something the writer knows from personal experience, observation, or general knowledge | 35 | |
| 12086338672 | hasty generalization fallacy | a faulty conclusion is reached because of inadequate evidence | 36 | |
| 12086355991 | hortative sentence | sentence that exhorts, urges, entreats, implores, or calls to action | 37 | |
| 12086363438 | hyperbole | deliberate exaggeration | 38 | |
| 12086377615 | imperative sentence | sentence used to command or enjoin | 39 | |
| 12086385965 | inductive reasoning | logical process in which you use specific cases to draw a larger conclusion. Generalization. | 40 | |
| 12086407076 | inversion | Inverted order of words in a sentence | 41 | |
| 12086419972 | irony | when the opposite of what is expected happens | 42 | |
| 12086430683 | juxtaposition | placement of two things closely together to emphasize similarities or differences | 43 | |
| 12086448753 | metaphor | figure of speech that compares two things without using like or as | 44 | |
| 12086466311 | metonymy | figure of speech in which something is represented by another thing that is related to it or emblematic of it. | 45 | |
| 12086489720 | modifier | an adjective, adverb, phrase, or clause that modifies a noun, pronoun, or verb. The purpose is usually to describe, focus, or qualify. | 46 | |
| 12086528395 | open thesis | a thesis that does not list all the points the writer intends to cover in the essay | 47 | |
| 12086544724 | oxymoron | a paradox made up of two seemingly contradictory words | 48 | |
| 12086556652 | paradox | a statement that seems contradictory but is ironically true | 49 | |
| 12086569099 | parallelism | similarity of structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases, or clauses | 50 | |
| 12086578808 | periodic sentence | sentence whose main clause is withheld until the end | 51 | |
| 12086591132 | peroration | the final part of the argument in classical oration. Follows the refutation, appeals to pathos, draws audience towards the conclusion | 52 | |
| 12086620175 | polemic | person who won't admit merit of opposing argument, aggressive argument. | 53 | |
| 12086644297 | polysyndeton | deliberate use of multiple conjugations between coordinate phrases, clauses, or words | 54 | |
| 12086669145 | post hoc ergo propter hoc fallacy | claim that something is a cause just because it happened earlier | 55 | |
| 12086690109 | qualified argument | An argument that is not absolute. It acknowledges the merits of an opposing view, but develops a stronger case for its own position. | 56 | |
| 12086705195 | qualifier | person who uses words like usually, probably, maybe, and most likely in order to make the claim absolute | 57 | |
| 12086735968 | qualitative evidence | evidence supported by reason, tradition, or precedent | 58 | |
| 12086744769 | quantitative evidence | evidence that can be measured cited, counted, or otherwise represented in numbers | 59 | |
| 12086764424 | reservation | explains the terms and conditions necessitated by the qualifier | 60 | |
| 12086777432 | Rogerian argument | argument based on the assumption that you must understand the opposition in order to respond to it persuasively and without alienating them. | 61 | |
| 12086805083 | scheme | artful syntax; a deviation from the normal order of words | 62 | |
| 12086827274 | second hand evidence | evidence accessed through research, reading, and investigation | 63 | |
| 12086836136 | simile | a figure of speech used to explain or clarify an idea buy comparing it explicitly to something else, using the words like or as. | 64 | |
| 12086857863 | straw man fallacy | when the speaker chooses a deliberately poor or oversimplified example in order to ridicule/refute an idea | 65 | |
| 12086877220 | syllogism | a logical structure that uses the major premise and minor premise to reach a necessary conclusion | 66 | |
| 12087609738 | synecdoche | figure of speech that uses a part to represent the whole | 67 | |
| 12087622390 | syntax | the arrangement of words into phrases, clauses, and sentences. | 68 | |
| 12087643594 | synthesize | combining two or more ideas in order to create something more complex in support of a new idea | 69 | |
| 12087686150 | tone | a speaker's attitude towards the subject conveyed by the speaker's stylistic and rhetorical choices. | 70 | |
| 12087702109 | Toulmin model | an approach to analyzing and constructing arguments: because (evidence as support), therefore (claim), since (warrant or assumption), on account of (backing), unless (reservation) | 71 | |
| 12087744595 | trope | artful diction, a figure of speech | 72 | |
| 12087762358 | warrant | In the Toulmin model, expresses the assumption shared by the speaker and the audience | 73 | |
| 12087787958 | zeugma | use of two different words in a grammatically similar way that produces different, often incongruous, meanings | 74 | |
| 12087830379 | What is this an example of? "You should vote for Rachelle Ray- she has a strong lead in the polls." | ad populum (bandwagon) | 75 | |
| 12087863106 | "Let us go forth to lead the land we love." - John F. Kennedy What is this an example of? | alliteration | 76 | |
| 12087887267 | "let both sides unite to heed in all corners of the earth the command of Isaiah..." -JFK What is this an example of? | allusion | 77 | |
| 12087900804 | "as birds have flight, our special gift is reason." What is this an example of? | analogy | 78 | |
| 12087913551 | "...not a call to bear arms, though arms we need-not as a call to battle, though embattled we are..." -JfK What is this an example of? | anaphora | 79 | |
| 12087956432 | "Ask not what your country can do for you-ask what you can do for your country." -JFK What is this an example of? | antimetabole | 80 | |
| 12087985212 | "We shall... support any friend, oppose any foe.." - JFK What is this an example of? | antithesis | 81 | |
| 12088017237 | "According to former congressional leader Joe Shmoe, the Himalayas have an estimated Yeti population of between 300 and 500 individuals." What is this an example of? | Appeal to false authority | 82 | |
| 12088037144 | "Fourscore and seven years ago..." -Abraham Lincoln What is this an example of? | archaic diction | 83 | |
| 12088203353 | "We shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe to assure the survival and success of liberty" -JFK What is this an example of? | Asyndeton | 84 | |
| 12088248931 | "Giving students easy access to a wealth of facts and resources online allows them to develop critical thinking skills." What is this an example of? | begging the question fallacyou Y | 85 | |
| 12088272388 | "You can't give me a C; I'm an A student" What is this an example of? | Circular reasoning | 86 | |
| 12088323513 | "The three-dimensional characters, exciting plot, and complex themes of the Harry Potter series make them not only legendary children's books but also enduring literary classics." What is this an example of? | a closed thesis | 87 | |
| 12088361097 | "If a free society cannot help the many who are poor, it cannot save the few who are rich." -JFK What is this an example of? | a complex sentence | 88 | |
| 12088427047 | "The energy, the faith, the devotion which we bring to this endeavor will light our country and all who serve it and the glow from that fire can truly light the world." -JFK What is this an example of? | a compound sentence | 89 | |
| 12088489152 | "But neither can two great and powerful groups of nations take comfort from our present course-both sides overburdened by the cost of modern weapons, both rightly alarmed by the steady spread of the deadly atom, yet both racing to alter that uncertain balance of terror that stays the hand of mankind's final war." -JFK What is this an example of? | a cumulative sentence | 90 | |
| 12088536492 | "Exercise contributes to better health. Yoga is a type of exercise. Therefore, yoga contributes to better health." What is this an example of? | deductive reasoning | 91 | |
| 12088557826 | "either we agree to higher taxes, or our grandchildren will be mired in debt." What is this an example of? | either/or fallacy | 92 | |
| 12088585250 | "You should take her class because I learned so much from her last year." What is this an example of? | enthymeme" | 93 | |
| 12088612884 | "We will bring our enemies to justice, or we will bring justice to them." What is this an example of? | equivocation | 94 | |
| 12088651496 | "Smoking isn't bad for you; my great aunt smoked a pack a day and she lived to be 90." What is this an example of? | a hasty generalization fallacy | 95 | |
| 12088769471 | "Let both sides explore what problems unite us instead of belaboring those problems which divide us." -JFK What is this an example of? | Hortative sentence | 96 | |
| 12088807900 | "My fellow citizens of the world; ask not what America will do for you, but what together we can do for the freedom of man." -JFK What is this an example of? | imperative sentence | 97 | |
| 12088837971 | "Exercise promotes weight loss, lowers stress levels, and improves mood. Therefore, exercise contributes to better health." What is this an example of? | Inductive reasoning | 98 | |
| 12088867316 | "United there is little we cannot due in a host of cooperative ventures. Divided there is little we can do." -JFK What is this an example of? | Inversion | 99 | |
| 12088889295 | "If a beachhead of cooperation may push back the jungle of suspicion..." -JFK What is this an example of? | metaphore | 100 | |
| 12088902648 | "The pen is mightier than the sword." What is this an example of? | metonymy | 101 | |
| 12088995206 | "Sprawling and dull in class, he comes alive in the halls and the cafeteria." -David Denby What is this an example of? | a modifier | 102 | |
| 12089020819 | "The popularity of the Harry Potter series demonstrates that simplicity trumps complexity when It comes to the taste of readers, both young and old." What is this an example of? | an open thesis | 103 | |
| 12089062127 | "To that world assembly of sovereign states, the United Nations, our last best hope in an age where the instruments of war have far outpaced the instruments of peace, we renew our pledge to support..." -JFK What is this an example of? | a periodic sentence | 104 | |
| 12089089986 | "I payed for my plane ticket, and the taxes, and the fees, and the charge for the checked bag, and five dollars for a bottle of water." What is this an example of? | polysyndeton | 105 | |
| 12089159859 | "When you open a book, you open your mind." What is this an example of? | zeugma | 106 |
AP Language Terms & Techniques Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 14245979408 | ad hominem fallacy | a fallacy of logic in which a person's character or motive is attacked instead of that person's argument | 0 | |
| 14245983133 | alliteration | the repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning of words | 1 | |
| 14245985657 | allusion | a passing reference to something or someone outside the immediate scope of the work; clarifies or explains the situation | 2 | |
| 14245996417 | ambiguous | capable of being understood in more than one way | 3 | |
| 14245999009 | analogy | an extended comparison between two seemingly dissimilar things | 4 | |
| 14246017642 | anecdote | a short account of an interesting event | 5 | |
| 14246020304 | antecedent | the noun to which a later pronoun refers | 6 | |
| 14246025824 | antithesis | the direct opposite, a sharp contrast (ex. "Give me liberty or give me death") | 7 | |
| 14246033085 | appeal to authority | citation of information from people recognized for their special knowledge of a subject for the purpose of strengthening a speaker or writer's arguments | 8 | |
| 14246042558 | asyndeton | omission of conjunctions between coordinate phrases, clauses, or words | 9 | |
| 14246045560 | begging the question | a fallacy of logical argument that assumes as true the very thing that one is trying to prove (ex. 1. The Bible is the infallible word of God. 2. The Bible says that God exists. Therefore, 3. God exists.) | 10 | |
| 14246064551 | colloquial expression | words and phrases used in everyday speech but avoided in formal writing | 11 | |
| 14246067365 | complex sentence | A sentence that includes one independent clause and at least one dependent clause | 12 | |
| 14246070223 | connotation | an association that a word calls to mind in addition to its dictionary/literal meaning | 13 | |
| 14246080832 | denotation | the literal meaning of a word | 14 | |
| 14246082699 | dialect | a form of language spoken by people in a particular region or group | 15 | |
| 14246084414 | didactic | intended to instruct but perceived as dull or overly formal | 16 | |
| 14246093352 | elegiac | mournful of that which is lost or past | 17 | |
| 14246095757 | ethos | the qualities of character, intelligence, and goodwill in an arguer that contribute to an audience's acceptance of the claim | 18 | |
| 14246107191 | euphemism | a mild or indirect word or expression substituted for one considered to be too harsh or blunt when referring to something unpleasant or embarrassing (ex. passed away for died) | 19 | |
| 14246115064 | explication | a detailed examination covering all aspects of work | 20 | |
| 14246119111 | fallacy | an error of reasoning based on faulty use of evidence or incorrect inference | 21 | |
| 14246131664 | false analogy | assuming without sufficient proof that if objects or processes are similar in some ways, then they are similar in other ways as well | 22 | |
| 14246134421 | false dilemma | a fallacy of logical argument which is committed when too few of the available alternatives are considered, and all but one are assessed and deemed impossible or unacceptable (ex. are you going to college to make something of yourself, or are you going to end up being an unemployable bum like me?) | 23 | |
| 14246152001 | hasty generalization | drawing conclusions based on insufficient or unrepresentative evidence | 24 | |
| 14246155052 | hyperbole | a deliberate exaggeration or overstatement | 25 | |
| 14246158655 | inversion | the reversal of the normal word order in a sentence or phrase for dramatic effect | 26 | |
| 14246165040 | juxtaposition | placing two elements side by side to present a comparison or contrast | 27 | |
| 14246169074 | metonymy | a figure of speech in which something is referred to by using the name of something that is associated with it | 28 | |
| 14246176514 | non sequitur | a statement that does not follow logically from what preceded it | 29 | |
| 14246182900 | parallelism | Sentence construction which places equal grammatical constructions near each other, or repeats identical grammatical patterns. | 30 | |
| 14246187985 | periodic sentence structure | a sentence written so that the full meaning cannot be understood until the end | 31 | |
| 14246190255 | qualifier | a claim restriction that limits the claim by stating the claim may not always be true as stated | 32 | |
| 14246200786 | rhetoric | a technique of using language effectively and persuasively in spoken or written form | 33 | |
| 14246204313 | satire | the use of humor, irony, exaggeration, or ridicule to expose and criticize people's stupidity or vices, particularly in the context of contemporary politics and other topical issues | 34 | |
| 14246208640 | sentence patterns | the arrangement of independent and dependent clauses into known sentence constructions—such as simple, compound, complex, or compound-complex | 35 | |
| 14246210450 | simple sentence | a sentence consisting of only one clause, with a single subject and predicate | 36 | |
| 14246215449 | subordinate clause | created by a subordinating conjunction, a clause that modifies an independent clause | 37 | |
| 14246218684 | syllogism | a logical structure that uses the major premise and minor premise to reach a necessary conclusion | 38 | |
| 14246221672 | synecdoche | a figure of speech in which a part is made to represent the whole or vice versa | 39 | |
| 14246224699 | syntax | the pattern or structure of the word order in a sentence or phrase: the study of grammatical structure | 40 | |
| 14246229356 | tone | a writer's attitude toward his or her subject matter revealed through diction, figurative language, and organization on the sentence and global levels | 41 | |
| 14246232960 | understatement | deliberately representing something as much less than it really is | 42 | |
| 14246234925 | voice | in writing, a metaphor drawn from the spoken encompassing the writer's tone style and manner | 43 |
Pages
Need Help?
We hope your visit has been a productive one. If you're having any problems, or would like to give some feedback, we'd love to hear from you.
For general help, questions, and suggestions, try our dedicated support forums.
If you need to contact the Course-Notes.Org web experience team, please use our contact form.
Need Notes?
While we strive to provide the most comprehensive notes for as many high school textbooks as possible, there are certainly going to be some that we miss. Drop us a note and let us know which textbooks you need. Be sure to include which edition of the textbook you are using! If we see enough demand, we'll do whatever we can to get those notes up on the site for you!
