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US History Chapter 12&13 Flashcards

Review of reading and notes for US History chapters 12&13 in preparation for the test. Manifest Destiny and a house dividing, Bob Jones Academy, teacher: Mr. Ericson
(you may see alot of similar questions twice, but that is because I go through the book as I read it then the night before the test go through and add stuff from the notes and whatever I missed from the book) Also the best way to study this set is to set the test on multiple choice and cover up the choices with the bottom of your screen, and say the answer in your head, then check to see if the answer is there. enjoy!:)

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614315513	Who refused to Annex Texas	Andrew Jackson	1
614315514	What did the Whigs call John Tyler	"His Accidency"	2
614315515	Whose death led to John Tyler becoming president?	William Henry Harrison	3
614315516	Why did the Whigs chose John Tyler to be there vice presidential candidate	So they could win votes in the South	4
614315517	Who was the first president to die in office? Why was this a problem for John Tyler?	William Henry Harrison, it was a problem because since no one had ever died while in office the question of who should succede the president was never adressed	5
614326636	Who was the head of the whig party at the time of John Tyler's presidency?	Henry Clay	6
614326637	Who was the only member of John Tyler's cabinate not to resign? Why?	Daniel Webster, because he was dealing with the issue of the border of Maine	7
614326638	What was the name of the treaty that settled the issue of the border of Maine?	Webster-Ashburton Treaty	8
614326639	How much of the disputed land of Maine did the US receive as a result of the Webster-Ashburton Treaty?	7/12	9
614339294	Who was the Whig candidate for the election of 1844?	Henry Clay	10
614339295	Who was the "dark horse" candidate for the election of 1844?	James K. Polk	11
614339296	Who won the election of 1844?	James K. Polk	12
614339297	Where was James K. Polk form? What nickname did this earn him?	Tennessee, "Young Hickory"	13
614339298	What lost Clay the election of 1844?	The fact that he said that he was not against the annexation of Texas if it didn't cause a war with Mexico	14
614339299	What was the 3rd party in the election of 1844? What significant role did they play? Who was their candidate?	The Liberty Party, they possibly caused Clay the election, James Birney	15
614339300	What important thing did John Tyler do before he left office?	He annexed Texas	16
614357435	How did John Tyler get Texas annexed despite lack of 2/3 support in the senate?	Through a Joint resolution which only require a simple majority in both houses	17
614357436	What where Polk's 4 goals?	1.lower the tariff 2.restore the independent treasury system of Van Buren 3.settle the Oregon question 4.acquire California from Mexico	18
614357437	Where did expansionists want our northern boundary to be? Where did Britain want our boundary to be? Where is our boundary	54˚40', the Columbia River, the 49th parallel	19
616239975	How long did the Mexican War last?	1846-1848	20
616239976	What were the 5 causes of the Mexican War?	1. The Mexican resentment over the annexation of Texas 2.The longing of many expansionists to settle CA 3.The history of resentment between Mexico and the US 4. The failure of the attempt at peace 5.The dipute over TX's southern border	21
616239977	How did the Polk try to make peace between Mexico and the US	They tried $5 million to settle the disputes over TX and $30 million to purchase CA and NM	22
616239978	Prior to The Mexican War what did Mexico claim as their Southern boundary with TX	The Nueces River	23
616239979	What did the US claim as TX southern boundary with Mexico?	The Rio Grande River	24
616239980	What did John Tyler do to spark the Mexican War?	He sent a border patrol into the disputed territory and when they were by the Mexicans attacked he was able to ask Congress to declare war	25
616239981	On what day did the Mexican War begin?	May 13 1876	26
616239982	What were so reasons that people didn't want war?	1. They thought that the government was trying to get more slave states 2. Many thought that the war was unjust	27
616239983	How big was the US army right before the Mexican War?	7,000	28
616239984	What were the 4 campaigns of the Mexican War?	1. Taylor's campaign in northern Mexico 2. the New Mexico campaign 3.the California campaign 4.Scott's campaign in central Mexico	29
616239985	What was Taylor's nickname? Why was he given this "title"?	"Old Rough and Ready", because he was always sloppy and very casual	30
616239986	What were some factors that undermined Taylor's victories?	1.the defeat wasn't enough to force the Mexican government into Mexico City 2.because so many Whigs were talking about running him for president, the Democrats fired him to try and keep him from becoming to well know and popular	31
616239987	How did Santa Anna become leader of Mexico again during the Mexican War? Did he keep his promise?	He convinced Polk that he would restore peace if he was aloud to leave Cuba, no	32
616239988	What battle did Taylor win against the newly restored to power Santa Anna despite being horribly out-numbered	Battle of Buena Vista	33
616239989	Who lead the New Mexico Campaign?	Stephen Kearny	34
616239990	What was CA called when it was an independent nation?	"The Bear Flag Republic"	35
616239991	Who lead the CA campaign?	Frèmont	36
616239992	With whom did the Democrats replace Taylor with?	Scott	37
616239993	What was Scott's nickname, how did he earn this "title"	"Old Fuss and Feathers", by being uppity, formal, and always very neat and precise	38
616239994	Where did Scott's army land during the Mexico campaign?	Var Cruz	39
616239995	What was the treaty that ended the Mexican War?	The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo	40
616239996	What did the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo do?	1. We paid Mexico $15 million and assumed all the diets they owed to Americans 2. Mexico recognized our southern boundary as the Rio Grande River 3. We got CA and NM	41
616239997	What was the name of the purchase we made from Mexico that gave usa chunk of territory bordering the Southwestern US?	The Gadden purchase	42
636998828	What was the idea of manifest destiny?	That America was providentially ordained by God to take over the entire North American continent	43
636998829	Who originally spurred the settlement of OR territory?	The missionaries	44
636998830	Name 2 famous couples who were missionaries to OR territory in the 1830s & 40s. Who were more successful? What tribe of Indians did each couple witness to?	Marcus and Narcissa Whitman & Henry and Eliza Spalding. The Spaldings. The Spaldings to the Nez Perce and the Whitmans to the Cayuse.	45
636998831	Who led the settlement of TX? The revolt?	Stephen Austin, and Sam Housten	46
636998832	In what year did Stephen Austin start settling TX?	1822	47
636998833	In what year did the TX revolution take start?	1835	48
636998834	Who was leader of Mexico at the time of the TX revolution?	Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna	49
636998835	What Catholic mission was turned into a fort and defended by very few people in what is now a legendary battle? How many men defended it? How many men did they kill? Name some famous men who died defending the fort.	The Alamo 183 600-1,500 Davy Crockett, Bowie, and Travis	50
636998836	What battle occurring after the Alamo did the Texians capture Santa Anna and force him to sign a treaty?	The Battle of San Jacinto	51
636998837	What was TX known as before it joined the US and after it was freed from Mexico?	The Republic of Texas	52
636998838	What were the 3 main trails to the West?	Oregon Trail, Mormon Trail, and Santa Fe Trail	53
637173607	What was the Wilamot proviso	It proposed that the US prohibit slavery in any territory acquired from Mexico	54
637173608	What were the Calhoun resolutions?	Basically said that only once a territory became a state did it have the right to limit slavery	55
637173609	Define:Popular sovereignty. Who were the prominent men of this proposal concerning slavery?	The people decide on stuff (in this case slavery), Lewis Cass and Stephen Douglas	56
637173610	Who were the candidates and what were their parties in the election of 1848? Who won?	Democrats: Lewis Cass Whigs: Zachary Taylor Free-soilers: Martin Van Buren Zachary Taylor!	57
637173611	What Swiss settler in CA sparked the gold-rush? When did he discover the gold? What were the men who came in search of these riches called?	John Sutter, 1848, 49ers	58
637173612	What were the 5 points to Clay's Compromise of 1850?	1. CA be admitted as a free state 2. The slave trade-but not slavery-be abolished in the District of Columbia 3. a federally enforced fugitive slave act 4. the protection of slavery in the District of Columbia 5. the new territories of Mexico and Utah be organized without reference or restrictions to slavery	59
637173613	Who was the successor of Zachary Taylor? What was important about this?	Millard Fillmore, Taylor didn't support the compromise of 1850, but his Fillmore did, rather convenient...	60
637173614	Who won the election of 1852? What was his party? Who was the other candidate and what was his party?	the Democratic Franklin Pierce the Whig Winfield Scott	61
637173615	What was the Fugitive Slave law?	It was the law that returned runaway slaves back to their masters	62
637173616	Who wrote "Uncle Tom's Cabin"?	Harriet Beecher Stowe	63
637173617	Who were "Fire-Eaters"?	extremist southerners who adcovated the South's leaving the Union in order to preserve the "Southern way of life"	64
637173618	Who was a famous conductor of the underground railroad?	Levi Coffin	65
637173619	Who proposed the Kansas-Nebraska Act? Why did he propose this?	Stephen A. Douglas, he wanted the transcontinental railroad to go through Illinois, his state	66
637173620	What did the Kansas-Nebraska Act do?	1. Organize the unorganized territory into Kansas and Nebraska (KS west of the MO and NE west of IO) 2. popular sovereignty would decide slavery in these territories 3. because of number 2 36*30' line repealed	67
637173621	What political party collapsed due to the Kansas-Nebraska act? What party seemed to replace it originally, which party did?	Whigs, the know-nothings, the republicans	68
637173622	Why was the American party called the Know-nothing party?	When asked about the nature of the secret order that the party came from they would respond that they knew nothing	69
637173623	Who were the candidates in the election of 1854 and what were their parties? Who won?	Democrats: James Buchanan Republicans: John Fremont Americans: Millard Fillmore Buchanan!	70
637173624	What were the three events of bleeding Kansas?	1. the sacking of Lawrence 2. Brooks- Sumner Episode 3. Pottawatomie massacre	71
637173625	What was the Sacking of Lawrence (bleeding KS)?	Pro-slavery "border ruffians" sacked the town of Lawrence and burned it to the ground	72
637173626	What was the Brooks-Sumner Episode (bleeding KS)?	Senator Sumner insulted Senator Brooks cousin while he wasn't there so Brooks beat Sumner up with his cane	73
637173627	What was the Pottawatomie massacre (bleeding KS)?	When crazy John Brown decided to attack several pro-slavery families and cut them to pieces after being infuriated by the Brooks-Sumner Episode and the sacking of Lawrene	74
637173628	Why did Dred Scott think he should be free	because he traveled to IL with his master where slavery was illegal	75
637173629	What was the name of the case where Dred Scott tried to win his freedom? Who was chief justice at the time?	Dred Scott v. Sandford, Roger Taney	76
637173630	What was Douglas' "Doctrine" and what did it do?	"Free Port Doctrine"- Douglas arguing (after the Dred Scott case) tha ta territory could still prohibit slavery bu refusing to adopt laws establishing and protecting it	77
637173631	What is Abraham Lincoln most famous for? (hint: free-be!)	Being Honest	78
637173632	What was the name of the famous debates between Lincoln and Douglas? How many were there and in what state were they held? Who won the senate seat?	Lincoln-Douglas debates, 7, IL, Douglas	79
637173633	What does John Brown do in his 2nd appearance?	He does the raid on Harper's Ferry, where he tries to capture an arsenal and start a slave revolt	80
637173634	Who were the candidates in the election of 1860 and what were their parties? Who won?	Northern Democrats: Douglas Southern Democrats: Breckinridge Republicans: Abreham LIncoln Constitutional Union: John Bell	81
637173635	What did the South threaten to do if the Lincoln won? Did they follow through?	Secede, yes	82
637173636	Who was 1st to secede? What document did they write declaring their secession?	SC, The Ordinance of Secession	83
637173637	Who was president of the Confederate States of America?	Jefferson Davis	84
637173638	Who made an attempt at compromise when the south was trying to secede? What did he propose? Did it work?	John Crittenden, a series of amendments that would have extended the 36*30' line for western territories and would guarantee the protection of slavery where it already existed. no	85
637173639	Where was the 1st shot fired of the Civil War? By which side?	At fort Sumter by the South	86

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AP American History Chapter 7 Flashcards

AP American History Chapter 7

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520360848	Jeffersonian democracy	not actually a democray, in the classic sense of the word, Jefferson believed that the masses were capable of selecting their own representatices and, if properly educated and informed, would select the best and the wisest to govern. Once these were chosen, however, this "natural aristocracy" should be allowed to govern without interference from those who selected them. Only hen they stood again for election would these representatives be called on to explain their actions.	1
520360849	Patronage	the control of political appointments assumed by the victors in an election- the "spoils" of victory, which the victors hand out as rewards to their followers; hence the practice became known as the "spoils system."	2
520360850	judicial review	the power of a court to review a law, compare it with the Constitution, and rule on whether it does or does not conform to the principles of the Constitution- whether it is consitutional or unconstitutional.	3
520914431	impeachment	The bringing of charges against a governmental official by the House of Representatices. removal from office cannot come from impeachement alone. A trial must be held in the Senante, and on conviction there, the offender may be removed from his or her post.	4
520914432	embargo	An act that prohibits ships from entering or leaving a nation's ports.	5
520914433	Republican vision of American Society	"virtuous and enlightened citizenry" enforced by a "crusade against ignorance"	6
520914434	Republican Mother	The role of mothers in early 19th Century American Society that held them responsible for raising the next generation of republicans.	7
520914435	Judith Sargent Murray	First public womens rights activist, although not supported or cited until after her death, argued that because men and women were equal in intellect, they should have equal opportunities to get an education.	8
520914436	Higher Education	While _____ _______ flourished after the revolution, many teachings at the universities and colleges, mainly in the medical colleges, were based in traditional beliefs of the four humors.	9
520914437	Benjamin Rush	While a pioneer in the field of sanitation, this man was an advocate of traditional forms of healing- bleeding and purging.	10
520914438	New American Culture	The beginning of the new American image portrayed by authors such as Washington Irving, Mercy Otis Waren, Noah Webster, and Mason Weems.	11
521278896	American Spelling Book	First published in 1783, commonly known as the blue-backed speller. It eventually sold over 100 million copies, to become the best-selling book besides the Bible in the history of American publishing. written by Noah Webster.	12
521278897	Deism	The religion of the Enlightenment (1700s). Followers believed that God existed and had created the world, but that afterwards He left it to run by its own natural laws. Denied that God communicated to man or in any way influenced his life.	13
521278898	Unitarianism	belief that God existed in only one person (hence unitarian), and not in the orthodox Trinity; denied the divinity of Jesus; stressed the essential goodness of human nature rather than its vileness; believed in free will and the possibility of salvation through good works; God as a loving father rather than stern Creator; followed by Ralph Waldo Emerson; appealed to intellectuals whose rationalism and optimism naturally made them not support the hellfire doctrines of Calvinism (especially predestination and human depravity)	14
521278899	The Second Great Awakening	This was the second religious revival in the United States in which masses of people would gather to pray and many souls were "saved". The Methodists and Baptists became the most abundant religion from heavy recruiting. The Second Great Awakening renewed religion as the center of American culture and redefined American religions much as it had done a hundred years previous by reaching out to the masses.	15
521278900	Gabriel Prosser	An African-American preacher who claimed that salvation was possible for all. He tried to lead a slave rebellion, but it was discovered and crushed in the planning stages	16
521278901	Neolin	In the 1760's this prophet sparked widespread revival in the Old Northwest with a message combining Christian and Indian imagery and bringing to Native American religion a vision of a personal God, intimately involved in the affairs of man.	17
521278902	Handsome Lake	a Seneca, who led the most important revivalism among Native Americans, had a miraculous rebirth after years of alcoholism helped give him a special stature with his tribe. His message, which mostly spread to the remaining Iroquois, said that Native Americans should give up the nasty customs they developed from white culture, and restore the quality of the Indian world.	18
521278903	Freethinkers	This group of people rejected the Second Great Awakening and their influence in the American Christian Community dropped dramatically after 1800.	19
523098202	Eli Whitney	A mechanical genius who invented the cotton gin, which was machine that separated the cotton from the seed. This greatly improved efficiency, and the South was able to clear more acres of cotton fields, which also increased the demand for slaves.	20
523098203	John Fitch	Built the first steamboat which was 45 feet long with paddle powered by steam to the Constitutional Convention in 1787.	21
523098204	Oliver Evans	Created several ingenious machines: automated flour mill, card-making machine, published American's first textbook of mechanical engineering, developed a high-pressure engine which made it easier for steam to power boats	22
523098205	James Watt	Scottish engineer and inventor whose improvements in the steam engine led to its wide use in industry	23
523098206	Robert Fulton	American inventor who designed the first commercially successful steamboat and the first steam warship - Clermont	24
523098207	Nicholas J. Roosevelt	Introduced the steamboat to the West by sending the New Orleans* (steamboat*) from Pittsburgh down the Ohio and Mississippi rivers.	25
523098208	Turnpike Era	Began in 1790's ended in the 1820's, the first turnpike was built out of hard packed stone, stretching 60 miles between Philadelphia and Lancaster, Pennsylvania. BLANK are named after the types of tollgates used on them. they were also built by private companies in highly populated areas for profits.	26
523098209	Pierre L'Enfant	French architect who designed the layout of Washington, DC with broad avenues and park-like areas	27
523098210	Albert Gallatin	He was an American politician, diplomat, and Secretary of the Treasury. He was responsible for balancing the budget, which let America purchase the Louisiana territory from France.	28
523098211	Charles C. Pickney	1804, Fed. nominee against Jefferson. Couldn't even carry most of the party's New England strongholds. Jefferson won. Resulted with Republican majorities in both houses of Congress.	29
523098212	William Marbury	Appointed by Adams as one of the midnight judges. Then, the Secretary of State under Jefferson, Madison, didn't send the commission, BLANK sued to get it, claiming he was legally owed his commission. The case went to the Supreme Court, where Marshall denied it, on the grounds that the Judiciary Act, on which BLANK based his case, was unconstitutional. This then gave the Supreme Court final say over weather a law is constitutional or not, which had not been established up to that point.	30
523098213	Barbury States	states of North Africa - Morocco, Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli which demanded money from foreign ships that sailed into the Mediterranean so they would not attack the merchant ships.	31
523098214	Repeal of the Judiciary Act of 1801	Pushed by his Republican followers, Jefferson repealed this act thus eliminating the judgeships of John Adam's Midnight Appointments	32
523098215	Marbury v. Madison	A landmark case in United States law and the basis for the exercise of judicial review in the United States, under Article Three of the United States Constitution. The case resulted from a petition to the Supreme Court by William Marbury, who had been appointed as Justice of the Peace in the District of Columbia by President John Adams shortly before leaving office, but whose commission was not delivered as required by John Marshall, Adams's Secretary of State. When Thomas Jefferson assumed office, he ordered the new Secretary of State, James Madison, to withhold Marbury's and several other men's commissions. Marbury and three others petitioned the Court to force Madison to deliver the commission to Marbury. The Supreme Court denied Marbury's petition, holding that the statute upon which he based his claim was unconstitutional.	33
523098216	John Marshall	created the precedent of judicial review; ruled on many early decisions that gave the federal government more power, especially the supreme court. Essentially made the Supreme Court equal to the President and Congress	34
523098217	Samuel Chase	The Supreme Court justice that Jefferson tried to have removed through the impeachment process. Was acquitted of charges, which helped establish that impeachment would not become a routine political weapon.	35
523098218	Toussaint L'Ouverture	The black leader of the Santo Domingo rebellion inspired by the French Revolution which was eventually crushed by an army sent by Napoleon	36
523098219	Robert R. Livingston	along with James Monroe, negotiated in Paris for the Louisiana land area; signed a treaty on April 30, 1803 ceding Louisiana to the United States for $15 million	37
523098220	Louisiana Purchase	The U.S., under Jefferson, bought the Louisiana territory from France, under the rule of Napoleon, in 1803. The U.S. paid $15 million for the Louisiana Purchase, and Napoleon gave up his empire in North America. The U.S. gained control of Mississippi trade route and doubled its size.	38
523098221	Louis and Clark	Sent by President Jefferson, they explored the lands of the Louisiana Purchase mostly along the Missouri River. They made contact with Native Americans, and reported on the geography, plants, and animals of the region. they found a waterway between the Mississippi River and the Pacific Ocean.	39
523098222	Zebulon Pike	American soldier and explorer whom Pikes Peak in Colorada is named. His Pike expedition often compared to the lewis and Clark expedition, mapped much of the southern portion of the Louisianna Purchase	40
523098223	Essex Junto	New England's merchants opposed the War of 1812 because it cut off trade with Great Britain. Critics of the war were mainly Federalists who represented New England. The BLANK BLANK was a group of extreme Federalists led by Aaron Burr who advocated New England's secession from the U.S.	41
523098224	Hamilton and Burr	These two politicians dueled over cruel remarks from both sides- July morning 1804 BLANK is mortally wounded in the duel and dies the next day	42
523098225	General James Wilkinson	governor of the Louisiana Territory who was rumored to want to take over Mexico with Burr or create a separate western empire. BLANK turned on Burr and reported him to president.	43
523098226	Continental System	Napoleon's policy of preventing trade between Great Britain and continental Europe, intended to destroy Great Britain's economy	44
523098227	Orders in Council	Britain's policy which said that any ships trying to trade with France would be taken or destroyed in Britain's attempt to blockade France. Britain's reaction to Napoleon's Continental System.	45
523098228	Impressment	The practice of capturing American sailors from American ships sailing on the Atlantic ocean and forcing them to fight for the British navy in the war England was fighting against France in the first two decades of the 19th century. England asserted that every man born in England was always an Englishman but the British were also seizing American born sailors.	46
523098229	Chesapeake-Leopard Incident	an English naval vessel, requested permission to board a smaller American naval vessel. When refused, the British fire The British then removed four sailors that were alleged English deserters. Because of this incident President Jefferson, announce the Embargo Act.	47
523098230	Embargo	signed by thomas jefferson in 1807 - stop export of all american goods and american ships from sailing for foreign ports	48
523098231	Non-Intercourse Act	1809 - Replaced the Embargo of 1807. Unlike the Embargo, which forbade American trade with all foreign nations, this act only forbade trade with France and Britain. It did not succeed in changing British or French policy towards neutral ships, so it was replaced by Macon's Bill No. 2.	49
523098232	Macon's Bill No. 2	1810 - Forbade trade with Britain and France, but offered to resume trade with whichever nation lifted its neutral trading restrictions first. France quickly changed its policies against neutral vessels, so the U.S. resumed trade with France, but not Britain.	50
523098233	Peaceable Coercion	Jefferson's policy- the denial of American trade; Jefferson's not trading with, fighting with or associating with other countries	51
523098234	William Henry Harrison	Govenor of the Indiana territory, that fought against Tecumseh and the Prophet in the battle of Tippecanoe	52
523098235	Tecumseh	A Shawnee chief who, along with his brother, Tenskwatawa, a religious leader known as The Prophet, worked to unite the Northwestern Indian tribes. The league of tribes was defeated by an American army led by William Henry Harrison at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811. Tecumseh was killed fighting for the British during the War of 1812 at the Battle of the Thames in 1813.	53
523098236	Tenskwatawa	He was called the Prophet, a Shawnee. He said his soul had taken a journey to the spirit world/learned the path that all Native Americans must take if they wanted to live happily. He said Native Americans must reject white ways and no longer trade with the settlers.	54
523098237	Battle of Tippecanoe	Battle between Americans and Native Americans. Tecumseh and the Prophet attempted to oppress white settlement in the West, but defeated by William Henry Harrison. Led to talk of Canadian invasion and served as a cause to the War of 1812.	55
523098238	War Hawks	Southerners and Westerners who were eager for war with Britain. They had a strong sense of nationalism, and they wanted to takeover British land in North America and expand.	56
523098239	Henry Clay	Distinguished senator from Kentucky, He was a strong supporter of the American System, a war hawk for the War of 1812, Speaker of the House of Representatives.	57
523098240	Put-In-Bay	On Lake Erie; When Oliver Hazard Perry dispersed a British fleet at this place in 1813, it made another invasion of Canada possible. Canada was accessible through Detroit, and when the Americans seized Lake Erie, they got a chance to raid and burn York	58
523098241	Battle of Horseshoe Bend	fought during the War of 1812 in central Alabama. On March 27, 1814, United States forces and Indian allies under General Andrew Jackson defeated the Red Sticks, a part of the Creek Indian tribe inspired by the Shawnee leader Tecumseh, effectively ending the Creek War.	59
523098242	August 24, 1814	The British set fire to Washington, D.C.	60
523098243	Francis Scott Key	United States lawyer and poet who wrote a poem after witnessing the British attack on Fort McHenry during the War of 1812. The poem later became the Star Spangled Banner.	61
523098244	Battle of Plattsburgh	American forces turned back a much larger British naval and land force and secured the northern border of the US	62
523098245	Battle of New Orleans	Jackson led a battle that occurred when British troops attacked U.S. soldiers in New Orleans on January 8, 1815; the War of 1812 had officially ended with the signing of the Treaty of Ghent in December, 1814, but word had not yet reached the U.S.	63
523098246	Hartford Convention	Meeting of Federalists near the end of the War of 1812 in which the party listed it's complaints against the ruling Republican Party. These actions were largley viewed as traitorous to the country and lost the Federalist much influence	64
523098247	Treaty of Ghent	December 24, 1814 - Ended the War of 1812 and restored the status quo. For the most part, territory captured in the war was returned to the original owner. It also set up a commission to determine the disputed Canada/U.S. border.	65
523098248	Rush-Bagot Agreement	An agreement that limited navel power on the Great lakes for both the United States and British Canada.	66
523098249	John Quincy Adams	One of the delegates who negotiated the end of the War of 1812 with the Treat of Ghent.	67

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AP World History Chapter 11 Flashcards

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545310118	teotihuacan	A powerful city-state in central Mexico (100-75 C.E.). Its population was about 150,000 at its peak in 600.	1
545310119	chinampas	Raised fields constructed along lake shores in Mesoamerica to increase agricultural yields.	2
545310120	maya	Mesoamerican civilization concentrated in Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula and in Guatemala and Honduras but never unified into a single empire. Major contributions were in mathematics, astronomy, and development of the calendar.	3
545310121	toltecs	Powerful postclassic empire in central Mexico (900-1168 C.E.). It influenced much of Mesoamerica. Aztecs claimed ties to this earlier civilization.	4
545310122	altepetl	An ethnic state in ancient Mesoamerica, the common political building block of that region.	5
545310123	calpolli	A group of up to a hundred families that served as a social building block of an altepetl in ancient Mesoamerica.	6
545310124	tenochtitlan	Capital of the Aztec Empire, located on an island in Lake Texcoco. Its population was about 150,000 on the eve of Spanish conquest. Mexico City was constructed on its ruins.	7
545310125	aztecs	Also known as Mexica, they created a powerful empire in central Mexico (1325-1521 C.E.). They forced defeated peoples to provide goods and labor as a tax.	8
545310126	tribute system	A system in which defeated peoples were forced to pay a tax in the form of goods and labor. This forced transfer of food, cloth, and other goods subsidized the development of large cities. An important component of the Aztec and Inca economies.	9
545310127	anasazi	Important culture of what is now the southwest United States (700-1300 C.E.). Centered on Chaco Canyon in New Mexico and Mesa Verde in Colorado, the Anasazi culture built multistory residences and worshiped in subterranean buildings called kivas.	10
545310128	cheifdom	form of political organization with rule by a hereditary leader who held power over a collection of villages and towns. less powerful than kingdoms and empires, chiefdoms were based on a gift giving and commercial links.	11
545310129	ayllu	Andean lineage group or kin-based community.	12
545310130	mit'a	Andean labor system based on shared obligations to help kinsmen and work on behalf of the ruler and religious organizations.	13
545310131	moche	Civilization of north coast of Peru (200-700 C.E.). An important Andean civilization that built extensive irrigation networks as well as impressive urban centers dominated by brick temples.	14
545310132	wari	Andean civilization culturally linked to Tiwanaku, perhaps beginning as colony of Tiwanaku.	15
545310133	tiwanaku	Name of capital city and empire centered on the region near Lake Titicaca in modern Bolivia (375-1000 C.E.).	16
545310134	inca	Largest and most powerful Andean empire. Controlled the Pacific coast of South America from Ecuador to Chile from its capital of Cuzco.	17
545310135	khipus	System of knotted colored cords used by preliterate andean peoples to transmit information	18

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Animal Diversity 2: Diversity of Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Annelida, Mollusca, Flashcards

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67042575	Define: Nematocysts	An adaptation of the Cnidaria for feeding and defense. it functions like miniature harpoons. it can pierce a shell and releases toxins.	0
67042576	Corals	Are a Cnidaria. live in large colonies, and secrete calcium carbonate. when old polyps die, new ones build on top. Corals get much of their energy from "zooxanthellae" - symbiotic autotrophic protists.	1
67042577	Reproduction of cnideria	Asexual reproduction: budding off from polyps. Sexual reproduction: fertizlied eggs give rise to mobile, planktonic forms.	2
67042578	Protostomes consist of what phyla?	Lophotrocozoans - [which consist of platyhelminthes, annelida, mollusca]	3
67044571	Platyhelminthes Body Plan	Acoelomate. Lack circulatory, respiratory system, absorb O2 thru body wall. Slow movement.	4
67044572	Platyhelminthes Feeding	Some free-living, many parasites. Some of the parasites with complex life cycles several different forms and more than one host.	5
67044573	Platyhelminthes reproduction	Some asexual, some sexual, most hermaphrodites.	6
67044574	Annelida examples!	Earthworms, polychaete worms, leeches	7
67044575	Annelida body plan	True Coelom, segmentation of body and coelom. Head with brain, respiration across body wall.	8
67044576	Annelida Feeding	Earthworms - decomposer - eats dead material, Polychate worms are parasites, scavengers, Leeches - blood. (mostly)	9
67044577	Mollusca Diversity	~110,000 species - Octopus, nudbranches - marine sea slugs.	10
67044578	Key Adaptations of Mollusca	The Mantle and the Radulla	11
67044579	The Mantle	Sheet of skin. secretes shell forms gills for gas exchange, and in cephalopods forms muscular cavity that forcibly ejects water for locomotion.	12
67044580	the Radulla	a hardened tongue. probably evolved for scraping algae off rocks, and in different species has been modified for punturing, slicing, and manipulating food.	13
67044581	Feeding niches of Mollusca	Mostly grazers or predacious	14
67044582	Cephalopods are masters of disguise	Highly developed nervous system, big brains, Chromatophores- allow sudden color changes for disguise, confusion and courtship. Cuttlefish with electric skin.	15
67044583	What composes the phyla Ecdysozoans	Nematoda and Arthropoda	16
67044584	Body plan of nematoda	roundworms - very simple, a tube w/in a tube Have a pseudocoelom for body cavity. One way digestive system: mouth and anus	17
67044585	Feeding of nematoda	Many free living decomposers and parasites of almost everything.	18

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Chapter 8: A New Republic and the Rise of Parties Flashcards

What foreign and domestic issues faced the early republic and how were they resolved? What precedents were set?

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1208678399	New England	descendants of English immigrants, Congregationalism official religion, women outnumber men, slavery abolished	1
1208678400	Mid-Atlantic	most ethnically and religious diverse region, slavery in cities and rural, complex political environment	2
1208678401	the South	large slave population on plantations for cash crops, rich white planters, many free blacks from Revolution, political disagreement between backcountry and planters	3
1208678402	the West	white population exploded, violence and fighting with Indians, young, rural poor from seaboard states migrated	4
1208678403	George Washington	first President of the United States, 1789-1797	5
1208678404	Bill of Rights	a written summary of inalienable rights and liberties	6
1208678405	Judiciary Act (1789)	act of Congress that implemented the judiciary clause of the Constitution by establishing the Supreme Court and a system of lower federal courts	7
1208678406	the cabinet	heads of departments like the State Department, the Treasury, and the War Department, that were appointed by the President	8
1208678407	Alexander Hamilton	head of the Treasury during Washington's presidency; developed a financial plant to address Revolutionary War debt	9
1208678408	Hamilton's financial plan	Plan to address Revolutionary War debt, excise tax on distilled whiskey, national bank, government promote industry	10
1208678409	public credit	nation's credit which allows it to borrow money or not	11
1208678410	national debt	the United States had a huge debt left over from the Revolutionary War	12
1208678411	assumption	federal government would assume the war debt of the state governments	13
1208678412	excise tax	a tax on the production, sale, or consumption of a commodity	14
1208678413	national bank and constitutional issues	Hamilton planned a national bank that would make loans to businesses, produce currency, and increase the power of the national government; however, the Constitution did not explicitly authorize Congress to have a bank	15
1208678414	Federalist	Supporters of Hamilton's program; they were Americans' most fully integrated into the market economy - and in control of it	16
1208678415	Republican	party headed by Thomas Jefferson that formed in opposition to the financial and diplomatic policies of the Federalist party; favored limiting the powers of the national government and placing the interests of farmers over those of financial and commercial groups	17
1208678416	French Revolution	began in 1789, French revolutionaries threw off the monarchy; turned violent in 1792 and divided Americans in support or horror	18
1208678417	Treaty of Greenville (1794)	Treaty of 1795 in which Native Americans in the Old Northwest were forced to cede most the of the present state of Ohio to the United States	19
1208678418	Whiskey Rebellion (1794)	Armed uprising in 1794 by farmers in western Pennsylvania who attempted to prevent the collection of the excise tax on whiskey	20
1208678419	Jay's Treaty (1795)	treaty with Britain negotiated in 1794 in which the United States made major concessions to avert a war over the British seizure of American ships	21
1208678420	Pinckney's Treaty or Treaty of San Lorenzo (1795)	Treaty with Spain in 1795 in which Spain recognized the 31st parallel as the boundary between the United States and Spanish Florida	22
1208678421	Election of 1796	first partisan election; John Adams (F) vs. Thomas Jefferson (R); Adams won with support in New England and the mid-Atlantic	23
1208678422	Washington's Farewell Address	denunciation of partisanship and foreign alliances	24
1208678423	XYZ Affair	diplomatic incident in 1798 in which Americans were outraged by the demand of the French for a bribe as a condition for negotiating with American diplomats	25
1208678424	Quasi-War	Undeclared naval war of 1797 to 1800 between the United States and France	26
1208678425	Alien and Sedition Acts	collective name given to four acts passed by Congress in 1798 that curtailed freedom of speech and the liberty of foreigners resident in the United States	27
1208678426	states' rights	favoring the rights of individual states over rights claimed by the national government	28
1208678427	Franco-American Accord (1800)	settlement reached with France that brought an end to the Quasi-War and released the unted States from its 1778 alliance with France	29
1208678428	Nullification	a Constitutional doctrine holding that a state has a legal right to declare a national law null and void within its borders	30
1208678429	Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions	proposed a compact theory of the Constitution, states' right to decide if national government was unconstitutional and block authority of national government - nullification	31
1208678430	Deism	religious orientation that rejects divine revelation and holds that the workings of nature alone reveal God's design for the universe	32
1208722379	Tarrif act of 1789	Tax on imports meant to raise the United State's Revenue, not to protect the US. Major source of revenue up until the Civil War	33
1208734875	Tonnage act of 1789	taxes paid for the amount of tons a ship is carrying as a park of Hamilton's tariffs. American Importing goods paid 6 cents per ton. American built, foreign owned ships paid 30 cents per ton. Foreign ships - 50 cents per ton	34
1208734876	Treaty of san Lorenzo	• Signed with Spain in 1795, the Treaty of San Lorenzo - also known as Pinckney's Treaty - gave the U.S. unrestricted access to the Mississippi River and established the border between the U.S. and Spanish Florida.	35

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mesopotamia Flashcards

chapter 6 on mesopotamia mesopotamia-administrator

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279883037	Mesopotamia	is Greek for land between the two rivers, the first civilization, between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, present day Iraq	0
279883038	Plateau	broad area of high flat land, northern Mesopotamia	1
279883039	Plain	a broad area of flat open land that is lower than the plateau in southern Mesopotamia	2
279883040	Sumer	region in southern Mesopotamia, among the first cities in the world and used irrigation	3
279883041	City-State	self governing independant area made up of city, surrounding village, and farmland	4
279883042	Priests	ruled early city-states, ran irrigation systems, planned new canals, organized work crews, stored surplus grain in temples, collected taxes like grain and animals and prayed plus made sacrifices to please the gods	5
279883043	Artisans	skilled worker who made goods by hand, made board games, musical instruments, and jewlery	6
279883044	Trade	new goods crafted by artisans to exchange for building materials as city-states grew and it led to the need of keeping track of what was traded	7
279883045	Bulla	round clay container, tokens put inside and sealed and you couldn't tell what was inside. they pressed marks into wet clay	8
279883046	Technology	plow to break through hard soil,wheel and sailboat, made bronze tools and weapons	9
279883047	Administrator	organized the building and upkeep of the canals, first administrators were priests	10

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Metabolism Flashcards

introduction, Oxidative phosphorilation, glycogen metabolism, fatty acid metabolism, glyclolysis, gluconeogenesis, pentose phosphate pathway, cholesterol metabolism, amino acid metabolism, lipoproteins

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450170327	principles of metabolic pathways	irreversible, first committed step, regulated, occurs in specific cellular locations	0
450170328	enzymes that control rate limiting steps are regulated by:	allosteric modulators, covalent modification, substrate concentration, enzyme concentration	1
450170329	gibbs free energy at equilibrium	Zero	2
450170330	coupling of reactions	by coupling an energetically unfavorable reaction with one that gives off extra energy	3
450170331	energy charge has to do with:	ratios between ATP, ADP and AMP in the cell	4
450170332	High energy charge = 1.0	ATP	5
450170333	Low energy charge = 0	AMP	6
450170334	High energy charge favors	anabolic reactions	7
450170335	low energy charge favors	catabolic reactions	8
450170336	hydrolysis of ATP	Releases energy	9
450170337	ATP synthesis	oxidative phosphorilation, glycolysis, citric acid cycle	10
450170338	enzyme complexes of respiratory chain	4 enzyme complexes: I) NADH-Q reductase, II) succinate-Q reductase, III) cytochrome reductase, IV) Cytochrome oxidase	11
450170339	mobile carries of respiratory chain	Q (ubiquinone), citochrome c	12
450170340	enzyme complexes that pump protons	I, III, IV	13
450170341	electron carriers in oxidative phosphorilation	NADH, FADH2	14
450170342	final electron acceptor	O2	15
450170343	electrons moving along electron transport chain	each complex is reduced as they accept an electron and oxidized as it passes electrons to the next complex	16
450170344	proteins that channel electrons into the electron transport chain	succinate dehydrogenase, glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase	17
450170345	oxidative phosphorylation is controlled by:	availability of substrates: NADH, O2, ADP, and phosphate	18
450170346	blocked NADH-Q reductase by amytal rotenone	Oxidative phosphorylation can still take place, because electrons can be fed into ubiquinone	19
450170347	antimycin A blocks complex III	oxidative phosphorylation will be shut down because there is no other complex to accept electrons	20
450170348	ATP synthase	Head place for ATP synthesis, pore proton channel	21
450170349	Synthesis of ATP	as protons go through pore, catalytic sites change conformation, need 3 protons for each ATP formed	22
450170350	Yield of ATP in oxidative phosphorylation	NADH = 2.5 ATP, FADH = 1.5 ATP; for each glucose = 30(32) ATP	23
450170351	can NADH cross the mitochondrial membrane?	No	24
450170352	transporter in muscle	Glycerol-3 phosphate shuttle	25
450170353	transporter in liver and heart	malate-aspartate shuttle	26
450170354	oligomycin	binds to ATPase and blocks proton channel	27
450170355	uncouplers	disrupt the electrochemical gradient by the diffusion of protons across inner membrane, generating heat instead of producing ATP	28
450170356	thermogenin	uncoupling protein in brown adipose tissue.	29
450170357	thermogenin function	transports protons from cytosolic side of inner mitochondrial membrane back into the mitochondrial matrix without ATP generation, generating heat.	30
450387649	glycogenin	dimer that initiates glycogen synthesis by catalyzing the attachment of glucose to a tyrosine residue on itself	31
450387650	enzymes for synthesis of glycogen	glycogen synthase, branching enzyme	32
450387651	glycogen synthase	UDP-Glucose used to add a glucose residue to main chain. a-1,4 linkage	33
450387652	branching enzyme	breaks a-1,4 linkage and forms a-1,6 linkage. transfers 7 glucose residues at a time	34
450387653	substrates for glycogen synthesis	UDP-glucose	35
450387654	UDP-Glucose	used to add glucose to main glycogen chain	36
450387655	enzymes used during glycogen degradation	glycogen phosphorylase, debranching enzyme (transferase, and a-1,6 glucosidase)	37
450387656	glycogen phosphorylase	uses phosphate to break a-1,4 linkage and release glucose 1-phosphate. continues until 4 residues are left	38
450387657	debranching enzyme	bifunctional enzyme, transferase and a-1,6 glucosidase	39
450387658	transferase enzyme	transfers 3 glucose residues leaving single glucose linked via a-1,6 linkage	40
450387659	a-1,6 glucosidase	release of the a-1,6 linked glucose as free glucose by hydrolysis reaction	41
450387660	products of glycogen degradation	glucose 1-phosphate and free glucose	42
450387661	t/f: glucose 6-phosphate can travel in blood	false. needs to be converted to free glucose by glucose 6-phosphatase found only in liver	43
450387662	glycogen phosphorylase regulation	inactive when dephosphorylated, active when phosphorylated	44
450387663	glycogen synthase regulation	inactive when phosphorylated, active when dephosphorylated	45
450387664	glycogen degradation promoted by hormones	glucagon and epinephrine	46
450387665	regulation of glycogen metabolism by glucagon and epinephrine	hormones bind to receptors and activate adenylate cyclase --> elevated cAMP activates protein kinase A (PKA) --> degradation of glycogen by activating phosphorylase and inhibition of glycogen synthesis by inhibiting synthase	47
450387666	insuline promotes glycogen synthesis	activates PPI --> deactivates phosphorylase kinase & phosphorylase, and activates glycogen synthase	48
450387667	where does the breakdown of glycogen to glucose occurs?	liver and muscle by phosphorolysis	49
450387668	rate limiting step in fatty acid synthesis	acetyl coa --> malonyl coa	50
450387669	enzyme in rate limiting step of fatty acid synthesis	acetyl coa carboxylase with cofactor biotin	51
450387670	fatty acid synthesis characteristics	NADPH is the reductant, at the end two carbons are added, cytoplasm, intermediates linked to ACP, enzymes joined in single polypeptide chain (fatty acid synthase), require energy, regulation: acetyl coa carboxylase	52
450387671	beta-oxidation characteristics	NAD and FAD are the oxidants, mitochondria, intermediates linked to coenzyme A, enzymes different polypeptides, yield energy, regulation: acetyl coa availability	53
450387672	fatty acid synthesis process	condensation - reduction (NADPH) - dehydration - reduction (NADPH)	54
450387673	acetyl coa carboxylase regulation	activated by: citrate, high insulin, induction (fed state) inactivated by: long fatty acid chains, low energy charge, induction (starvation state)	55
450387674	beta-oxidation regulation	inhibition of carnitine acyl tranferase, availability of substrates, stimulation of adipose tissue lipases	56
450387675	ketone bodies	produced from acetyl coa when fat breakdown predominates	57
450387676	T/F: liver can use ketone bodies	false. because it lacks the enzyme beta-ketoacyl-CoA transferase	58
450387677	beta hydroxybutyrate	ketone body that can be used by muscles and reform acetyl coa for metabolism by citric acid cycle	59
450430199	glycolysis takes place in	cytosol	60
450430200	rate limiting steps of glycolysis	hexokinase, PFK-1, pyruvate kinase	61
450430201	hexokinase	glucose + ATP --> glucose 6-phosphate + ADP	62
450430202	PFK-1 (Phosphofructokinase 1)	committed step // F6P + ATP --> F1,6BP + ADP	63
450430203	pyruvate kinase	final step // phosphoenolpyruvate + ADP --> pyruvate +ATP	64
450430204	Hexokinase regulation	inhibited by: glucose 6-phosphate	65
450430205	PFK-1 regulation	activators: AMP, F2,6-BP inhibitors: ATP, citrate and H+	66
450430206	Pyruvate kinase regulation	activator: F1,6-BP inhibitors: ATP and alanine	67
450430207	regulation in liver	high glucose -> inc F2,6BP -> inc glycolysis starvation -> dec F2,6BP -> inc gluconeogenesis	68
450430208	overall function of glycolysis	to convert glucose into two molecules of pyruvate	69
450430209	ATP and NADH produced during glycolysis	4 ATP - 2 used, 2 NADH	70
450712001	substrate level phosphorylation vs oxydative phosphorylation	SLP during glycolysis, refers to the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP independent of electron transport. ox ph is the process in which ATP is formed as a result of the transfer of electrons from NADH/FADH2 to O2 by a series of electrons carriers	71
450712002	products produced during anaerobic conditions in glycolysis	lactate acid (humans, ethanol (non-humans) + energy	72
450712003	products produced during aerobic conditions in glycolysis	CO2 + H2O + energy	73
450730514	citric acid cycle substrates	can i keep selling sex for money, officer? citrate, isocitrate, alpha-ketoglutarate, succinyl-coa, succinate, fumarate, malate, oxaloacetate	74
450730515	Citric acid cycle enzymes	so again david dances silly dances for diana citrate Synthase, Aconitase, isocitrate Dehydrogenase, alpha-ketoglutarate Dehydrogenase, succinyl-CoA Synthetase, succinate Dehydrogenase, Fumarase, malate Dehydrogenase	75
450748838	key regulatory enzymes of citric acid cycle	citrate synthase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase	76
450766013	citrate synthase regulation	inhibited by: citrate and ATP	77
450748840	isocitrate dehydrogenase regulation	activated by: ADP inhibited by: ATP and NADH	78
450748841	alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase	inhibited by: succinyl coa, ATP, and NADH	79
450748839	pyruvate dehydrogenase regulation	inhibited by acetyl coA, NADH, and ATP	80
450766014	pyruvate dehydrogenase cofactors	thiamine phytophosphate, lipoamide, and FAD	81
450766015	thiamine phytophosphate	oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate	82
450766016	lipoamide	transfers acetyl group to CoA	83
450766017	FAD as cofactor for pyruvate dehydrogenase	regenerates oxidized lipoamide	84
450766018	one round of citric acid cycle yields:	1 GTP, 3NADH, 1 FADH2, 2 CO2	85
450942535	Gluconeogenesis	synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors such as (aa) alanine, lactate and glycerol	86
450942536	gluconeogenesis vs glycolysis	gluconeogenesis is not a direct reversal of glycolysis, but there are three reactions bypassed	87
450942537	first bypass reaction of gluconeogenesis	pyruvate -pyruvate carboxylase-> OAA -PEP carboxykinase-> PEP	88
450942538	pyruvate carboxylase cofactor	biotin	89
450942539	allosteric activator of pyruvate carboxylase	acetyl coa. high acetyl coa signals need for OAA	90
450942540	second bypass reaction of gluconeogenesis	F1,6-BP + H2O --F1,6-BPase-> F6-P + Pi	91
450942541	third bypass reaction of gluconeogenesis	glucose 6-ph + H2O --glucose 6-phosphatase--> glucose + Pi	92
450942542	transport of oxaloacetate out of mitochondria to the cytosol	since pyruvate carboxylase is the only enzyme of gluconeogenesis found in the mitochondria, OAA needs to be converted into malate (by NADH-linked malate dehydrogenase), exit the mitochondria via malate transporter and then be converted back to OAA by NAD-linked malate dehydrogenase in the cytosol	93
450942543	cori cycle purpose	pyruvate and NADH accumulates in muscles during anaerobic glycolysis so lactate is produced. NAD+ is required for glycolysis to continue, so lactate is transported to liver, converted back to glucose and returned to muscles (check)	94
450957023	pentose phosphate pathway	generates: - NADPH for fatty acid synthesis - ribose-5-ph for DNA, RNA and nucleotide synthesis - sugar phosphate intermediates for glycolytic and gluconeogenesis pathways	95
450957024	branches of PPP:	Oxidative branch non-oxidative branch	96
450957025	oxidative branch of PPP:	enzyme glucose 6-ph dehydrogenase converts: glucose 6-ph into ribulose 5-ph with the formation of 2 molecules of NADPH enzyme phosphopentose isomerase converts ribulose 5-ph into ribose 5-ph	97
450957026	non oxidative branch of PPP:	Excess ribose-5-phosphate is converted to glycolytic intermediates glyceraldehyde-3-ph and fructose-6-ph enzymes: 2 transketolases & 1 transaldolase	98
450957027	products of non-oxidative branch of PPP	can be used as intermediates to other pathways	99
451211951	biosynthesis of cholesterol	cholesterol synthesized from acetyl coA	100
451211952	rate limiting step in cholesterol biosynthesis	occurs in the ER, HMG-CoA reductase	101
451211953	HMG-CoA Reductase regulation	synthesis of ketone bodies, - high levels of glucagon phosphorylates it and turns it off - high levels of insulin dephosphorylates it and activates it - inc [steroids] --> activation of proteolytic degradation of enzyme - mRNA level regulated by cholesterol level: low cholesterol inc mRNA; high cholesterol dec mRNA	102
451211954	statins	inhibit cholesterol synthesis by competitive inhibition for the active site of HMG-CoA reductase	103
451211955	synthesis of bile salts	- exclusively in liver RLS: cholesterol converted to 7alpha-hydroxycholesterol by 7alpha-hydroxylase. - uses NADPH - inhibited by bile salts	104
451211956	steroid hormones derived from cholesterol	cholesterol is converted to pregnenolone - requires 3 NADPH and O2	105
451211957	pregnenolone	precursor of all steroids	106
451242489	amino acid metabolism	proteins are broken down to AA - alpha-amino group is removed and excreted as urea - remaining c-skeleton used as precursor	107
451242490	remaining c-skeleton from AA can be used as precursor for:	TCA cycle, gluconeogenesis, fatty acids and ketone bodies	108
451242491	transamination:	removal of alpha-amino group - transfer alpha-amino group to alpha-ketoglutarate to form glutamate - glutamate + NAD + H2O forms ammonia (NH4) and NADH	109
451242492	enzymes that transfer alpha-amino group fom AA to form alpha-keto acid	transaminases - aspartate transaminase - alanine transaminase	110
451264877	NH2 transported to liver for excretion by	alanine and glutamate	111
451242493	rate limiting step of urea cycle	formation of carbamoyl phosphate by carbamoyl phosphate synthethase 1	112
451242494	regulation of rate limiting step of urea cycle	carbamoyl phosphate synthethase 1 - requires 2 ATP, so ATP (+), ADP (-) - increased ([S]) (+) - allosteric: N-acetylglutamate (NAG) (+)	113
451264878	Lesch-Nyhan disease	X-linked, almost always men, compulsive, aggressive, self-mutilating behavior, elevated PRPP ->excess purines -> excess uric acid = gout + neuro symptoms	114
451264879	Lipoproteins transportation	transport fatty acids from the intestine to the peripheral tissues and to the liver	115
451264880	VLDL transportation	transport fatty acids from the liver to the surrounding tissues	116
451264881	apoproteins are recognized by	LDL receptors during endocytosis	117

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Glycolysis Flashcards

This is my set about glycolysis, by Fadil Nohur, a.k.a fiddle_n. Glycolysis is an annoyingly long and complex pathway to learn, so I hope this set allows you to learn glycolysis properly. If you see any errors in this glycolysis set, or you want me to add anything to this glycolysis set, please message me. Oh, and if you like my set, please feel free to give me a high five :)

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1463852583	Hexokinase activates? Glucose-6-P → Fructose-6-P Glucose → Glucose-6-P Fructose-1,6-BP → Glyceraldehyde-3-P	(Step 1) Glucose → Glucose-6-P is catalysed by	1
1463852584	Glucose → Glucose-6-P regulated by? Phosphoglucoisomerase Phosphofructokinase Hexokinase	Hexokinase	2
1463852585	Phosphoglucoisomerase	(Step 2) Glucose-6-P → Fructose-6-P is catalysed by	3
1463852586	Fructose-6-P	(Step 2) Glucose-6-P through isomerisation leads to	4
1463852587	Phosphofructokinase	(Step 3) Fructose-6-P → Fructose-1,6-BP is catalysed by	5
1463852588	Fructose-1,6-BP	(Step 3) Fructose-6-P and ATP → ADP + H⁺ leads to	6
1463852589	Fructose-2,6-BP and AMP	(Step 3) Phosphofructokinase is activated by	7
1463852590	ATP, H⁺ and citrate	(Step 3) Phosphofructokinase is inhibited by	8
1463852591	Aldolase	(Step 4) Fructose-1,6-BP → Glyceraldehyde-3-P and Dihydroxyacetone phosphate is catalysed by	9
1463852592	Glyceraldehyde-3-P and Dihydroxyacetone phosphate	(Step 4) Fructose-1,6-BP is cleaved to produce	10
1463852593	Triose-phosphate isomerase	(Step 5) Glyceraldehyde-3-P + Dihydroxyacetone phosphate → 2 Glyceraldehyde-3-P is catalysed by	11
1463852594	2 x Glyceraldehyde-3-P	(Step 5) Glyceraldehyde-3-P + Dihydroxyacetone phosphate are isomerised to	12
1463852595	Glyceraldehyde-3-P dehydrogenase	(Step 6) 2 x Glyceraldehyde-3-P → 2 x 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate is catalysed by	13
1463852596	2 x 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate	(Step 6) 2 x Glyceraldehyde-3-P and NAD⁺ + Pi leads to the energy rich	14
1463852597	Phosphoglycerate kinase	(Step 7) 2 x 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate → 2 x 3-Phosphoglycerate is catalysed by	15
1463852598	2 x 3-Phosphoglycerate	(Step 7) 2 x 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate and 2 x ADP + H⁺ (substrate level phosphorylation) leads to	16
1463852599	Phosphoglyceromutase	(Step 8) 2 x 3-Phosphoglycerate → 2 x 2-Phosphoglycerate is catalysed by	17
1463852600	2 x 2-Phosphoglycerate	(Step 8) 2 x 3-Phosphoglycerate is isomerised to	18
1463852601	Enolase	(Step 9) 2 x 2-Phosphoglycerate → 2 x Phosphoenolpyruvate is catalysed by	19
1463852602	H₂O	(Step 9) 2 x 2-Phosphoglycerate → 2 x Phosphoenolpyruvate releases	20
1463852603	2 x Phosphoenolpyruvate	(Step 9) 2 x 2-Phosphoglycerate is turned into the energy rich compound	21
1463852604	Pyruvate kinase	(Step 10) 2 x Phosphoenolpyruvate → 2 x Pyruvate is catalysed by	22
1463852605	2 x Pyruvate	(Step 10) 2 x Phosphoenolpyruvate and 2 x ADP + H⁺ → 2 x ATP (substrate level phosphorylation) leads to	23
1463852606	Fructose-1,6-BP	(Step 10) Pyruvate kinase is activated by	24
1463852607	ATP and alanine	(Step 10) Pyruvate kinase is inhibited by	25
1463852608	Glucose → Glucose-6-P	ATP → ADP + Pi happens in which step?	26
1463852609	Fructose-6-P → Fructose-1,6-BP	ATP → ADP + H⁺ happens in which step?	27
1463852610	2 x Glyceraldehyde-3-P → 2 x 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate	NAD⁺ + Pi → NADH + H⁺ happens in which step?	28
1463852611	ADP + H⁺ → ATP happens in which step?	(Step 7) and (Step 10)	29
1463852614	Net ATP yield	2	30
1463852615	Net NADH yield	2	31
1463852616	Glycolysis takes place in? cytosol mitochondria matrix nucleus	cytosol	32

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Stratigraphy Ch. 1 Flashcards

Flash cards to study for Missouri State University's Stratigraphy class Exam 1. Fall 2013

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947583486	clasts	chunks or broken fragments of rock with a standardized clast size scale	1
947583487	matrix	finer clasts (like sand) in a rock	2
947583488	cement	glue (chemical) that holds the sand and larger clasts together as a rock	3
947583489	clastic texture	rocks containing clasts of existing rocks that were transported and deposited; grains are not interlocked	4
947583490	crystalline texture	grains are interlocked; results from precipitation of mineral crystals; most igneous rocks exhibit this texture	5
947583491	sorting and roundness	variation in grain size; well sorted = little variation; sharpness or smoothness of the corners of grains	6
947583492	provenance	all aspects of the sources from which a sedimentary rock is derived	7
947583493	diagenesis	all changes that occur to sedimentary rocks from time of deposition until time of examination; including texture, composition, and other physical properties	8
947583494	detrital	rocks consisting of clasts of pre-existing rocks and minerals that have been transported and deposited as fragments; termed terrigenous because they represent eroded material	9
947583495	siliciclastic	terrigenous material mainly consisting of quartz and other silica-rich minerals	10
947583496	chemical (sed. rock)	rocks that result from precipitation of minerals as dissolved constituents reach saturation; examples are evaporites such as anhydrite, gypsum, and halite	11
947583497	What are 2 common factors which can control the color of a sedimentary rock's cement?	Carbon-rich (function of oxygen) creates a black color. Iron-rich creates a reddish to orange color.	12
947583498	The terms clastic and detrital are used interchangeably. What is the technical difference between the two?	Detrital refers to material eroded from the Earth and material (coasts) that are transported away from the weathering site.	13
947583499	Will a rock's coasts or cement provide more information about its provenance? How about its history of diagenesis?	The clasts will provide more information about the provenance. Type of rock of the clasts will provide info about the composition, location and relief. Cement will provide information about its diagenesis. Type of cement will clue towards what changes have occurred.	14
947583500	Detrital is to clastic as chemical is to ____	crystalline	15
947583501	Would a very dark color give the most information about a rock's provenance, depositional environment, or its diagenesis? How about a pink color imparted by the grains?	Dark color would give info about a rock's EOD, signifying a lack of oxygen during deposition. Pink color indicates provenance, that it was derived from an orthoclase/granitic source.	16
947583502	Describe 3 pieces of info that might be inferred from examining a hand sample of a sedimentary rock.	Source area, transportation, physical setting (EOD)	17

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Stratigraphy Flashcards

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855286777	Geochonological Time Units	References Actual Time Eons > Eras > Periods > Epochs > Ages ex: Permian Late, Middle, Early Global	1
855286778	Chronostratigraphy	Lithological Units, the actual rocks May or may not correlate to GeoChrono Eonothem> Erathem> Systems > Series > Stages Upper, Middle, Lower Local	2
855286779	GSSP	Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (Golden Spike) A point that defines the end of one time unit and the beginning of another It has a definite, facies independent, often a fossil, but can be any global change Has to be continuous, protected, easily accessible, lots of correctable info (bio, magno, isotopes, ect)	3
855286780	Lithostratigraphic unit	Defined by sediment characteristic and stratigraphic position	4
855286781	Allostratigraphic Unit	Defined by position relative to unconformities or correlateable events (Event Stratigraphy)	5
855286782	Chronostratigraphy Unit	Has upper and lower isochoronous layer	6
855286783	Isochronous layer	A surface formed at one time	7
855286784	Unconformity	Break is sedimentation with deformation and erosion	8
855286785	Disconformity	A break in sedimentation with erosion but no deformation	9
855286786	Formation	A body defined by its lithologic characteristics Laterally traceable Some degree of homogeniy Min. comp, texture, primary sed. struct., and fossil content can all be defining along with lithology Not age or fossil defined Often diachoronous Named after nearby geography	10
855286787	Diachronous	deposited in a different time and place but lithologically the same	11
855286788	Member	rock unit with limited extent within a formation	12
855286789	Beds	V. distinct part of a formation due to lithology or fossil content	13
855286790	Group	2 or more assc. formations often defined by unconformities	14
855286791	supergroups	2 or more groups	15
855286792	Type section	where the lithologic characteristics of a form., and hopefully the top and bottom are visible	16
855286793	Way up markers (fossils)	Tree Stumps Tracks, Trails Burrows Geopetal Stable orientation of convex shells	17
855286794	Way up markers (sed structures)	Cross stratification (beds) scours ripped up clasts weathered surfaces wave ripple crests mudcracks normally graded beds	18
855286795	Lithodermic Unit	Non sed. rock equivalent of a formation Group = Suite Complex = group for deformed rx	19
855286796	Timelines	Imaginary lines drawn across and between rx that represent a moment in time Dating, Fossils, Magneto- can all be used	20
855286797	Temporal framework	Correlated timelines	21
855286798	Lacuna(e)	Hiatus in sed. represented by a bedding plane	22
855332553	Holotype	The fossil the sets the standard for the species	23
855332554	Morphometrics	Size and shape statistics help define a species	24
855332555	Zone Fossils	Define a biozone The best : Live for a short time Wide range Very common Fast Evolution	25
855332556	Biozone	A strat unit defined by zone fossils theoretically independent of lithology, but continuous fossils often means continuous environments	26
855332557	Interval BZ's	Taxon-range Concurrent-range Partial Range Lineage of consecutive	27
855332558	Assemblage BZs	3 Taxa that may or may not be related define an interval	28
855332559	Acme BZs	Uses abundance to define an interval Unreliable as local factors can affect abundance	29
855332560	Useful Microfossils	Formanifera Radiolaria Calcreous Nanoplankton Diatoms	30
855332561	Geological Events	Storm Floods Tsumanis Volcanoes Meterorite Imacts Sea Level Changes	31
855332562	Biological Evets	Biohorizons Oxygen Levels (lack of oxygen)	32
855332563	Climate events	warm, cold periods	33
855332564	Cause of Sea Level change (Eustatic)	Thermal Expansion Volume Change (midocean ridges, super-continents) Mass Ice Caps Water exchange with continents	34
855332565	Regional Sea level Change causes	Wind (Ekman Effect) Tectonics	35
855332566	Ekman Effect	Uneven storm pressures on sides opposite sides of the ocean cause up welling on the side with storms (warmer) due to wind mvmt	36
855332567	Highstand	Progradation of sediments due to accumulation	37
855332568	Falling Stage	Erosion due to lower sea level	38
855332569	Lowstand	Progradation due to stable sea level	39
855332570	Transgressive System Tract	Retrogradation due to higher sea level rise	40
855332571	Retrogradation	Landward change of river delta sediments due to higher sea level	41
855360075	Chem. Strat: Bulk analysis	Easy to do, difficult to interpret there can be many reasons for chemical shifts, not sure provenance change, such as change in grain size Regional	42
855360076	Chem. Strat: Heavy Mineral Assemleages, Isotopes	Takes more time, but is more accurate representing provenance changes Global	43
855360077	Chem Strat	Formation dependent, thus similar to lithostratigraphy	44
855360078	Stronium Isotope dating	Sr is found less often the Ca in limestones Sr has two isotopes, 86 and 87 due to weatering and oceanic crust production. The ratios have changed over time (86 constant), giving a known curve, giving several possibilities Only possible with unaltered calcite producing fossils, aragonite alters over time to calcite	45
855360079	Oxygen Isotope Stratigraphy	2 Oxy isotopes O16, O18, which fractionate based on temp, higher temps, more O18 in atmosphere, thus less in ocean water In ocean sediments with high O18, the earth was colder, reverse with ice cores Globally Syncronized	46
855360080	SMOW	Standard Mean Ocean Water Ratios of Oxy isotopes today	47
855360081	PDB	Pee Dee belemnite, the standard for O18 levels	48
855360082	Carbon 13	A stable C isotope, the ratio varies with amount of photosynthesis, with organics having low C13 levels Higher Photosyn, higher C13 levels Again matched against a known curve, and PBD Deep water has less C13 due to more C12 sinking	49
855379510	PETM	Paleocene/Eocene Thermal Maximum Characteristic warming of Deep ocean by 5C	50
855379511	Marine Isotope Stage	A set of known peaks of O18 values in the record, alternating cold and warm, starting with 1 as the modern day	51
855379512	Eccentricity Cycle	100ky how eccentric orbit is	52
855379513	Obliquity Cycle	41ky Change of tilt of the earth	53
855379514	Precession Cycle	changes between 19 and 23ky Which direction points towards the sun at aphelion	54
855379515	aphelion	point in the orbit, where an object is farthest from the object which it is orbiting	55
855379516	Effect of Orbital Cycles	Affect Insolation, more insolation, more heat With changes in heat, deep sea sediments change too, more heat, higher CCD	56
855379517	Sadler Effect	Sedimentation rate is discontinuous, spans 11 orders of magnitude.	57
855455989	Sedimentation Rate	SR = SD/ST SR =/= Accumulation Rate	58
855455990	Dansgaar-Oeschker (D-O)	A series of rapid climate changes within the last glacial period thought to happen every 1450yrs (debated)	59
855455991	Production/Accumulation Cycles	Cycles can influence what seds are deposited, or how much, or how diluted they are	60
855455992	Redox Cycles	Changing amount of oxygen in ocean waters can affect the coloration of rocks, from red (abundance of oxygen), to drab or white (normal conditions) to black (lack of oxygen). The variation of the amount of oxygen can be absolute (a changing ocean circulation) or simply brought on by a changing water depth caused by a sea-level variation. This would simply move the minimum oxygen depth from one location to another.	61
855455993	Algorithms	Convert depth into a numerical age Can be linear or nonlinear Requires continuous sedimentation to work	62
855455994	Control Point	A point with a known age through dating or correlation	63
855455995	Useful Environs: Biostratigraphy	Fossils Reefs Terrestrial Sediments Soils	64
855455996	Useful Environs: Varvechronology	Terrestrial Sediments	65
855455997	Useful Environs: Astrochronology	Terrestrial and Marine Seds	66
855455998	Useful Environs: Dendrochronology	Bogs, Trees	67
855455999	Useful Environs: Tephrochronology	Terrestrial and Marine Sediments	68
855456000	Useful Environs: Radiometric	Everything	69
855456001	Useful Environs: Oxy isotopes	Terrestrial, Marine Sediments Soils Fossils Reefs Evaporites	70
855456002	Useful Environs: Magnetostrat	Ter. Marine Sed. Soils	71
855456003	Useful Environs: Luminecense	Ter. sed Soils	72
855456004	Cosmogenic Nucleides	Cosmic bombardment leads to creation of isotopes, and at a more or less constant rate. This allows us to learn how long something has been exposed for 3 isotopes are created 10Be, 26Al, 21Ne, 36Cl	73
855456005	Radiocarbon Dating	Actual Halflife: 5730+- 40 Libby Halflife: 5568+-30 C14 is taken up by organic matter. When it dies, uptake stops. The ratio of C14 estimated, or taken from dendchronology, and with a known halflife, we can determine the age	74
855456006	C14/C12 Ratio	Affected by geomagnetic field solar variability global carbon budget (nuclear testing)	75
855456007	40K/40Ar Dating	Most widely used in sed.rx due to glauconite, and Feld. and Mica being K rich (volcanics) 11% of 40K decays to 40Ar, the rest to 40Ca. As Ar is a gas, some escapes, leading to underestimates of the age	76
855456008	39Ar-40Ar Dating	The ratio between the two is constant 39K is converted to 39Ar by neutron bombardment, the sample along with a standard, providing how much 39K was converted to 39Ar. This provides an indirect measure of 40Ar	77
855456009	Rb-Sr Dating	Igneous rx 87Sr and 86Sr ratios are constant within magma bodies, different between them ???!!!????	78
855887799	Uranium-Lead Dating	Uranium decays to thorium, radon, and lead Two most important: 238U > 206Pb 235 >207Pb Naturally occurring ratios of isotopes constant	79
855887800	Luminescence dating	Sed rx are exposed to ionising radiation from naturally occuring radioactive elements. Within mineral crystals, some energy is trapped in the lattice, and can be released as light with application of heat. At the surface this energy is bleached out. Useful for dating when something was buried up to 150ka	80
855887801	Half-lives and Dating ranges: 40K > 40Ar	HL: 1.25*10^3 1 to >4500Ma	81
855887802	Half-lives and Dating ranges: 87Rb > 87Sr	48.8*10^3 10 to >4500Ma	82
855887803	Half-lives and Dating ranges: C14	Actual: 5730yrs +-40 Libby: 5568yrs +-30 <.07Ma (70,000yrs)	83
855887804	Half-lives and Dating ranges: U235 > 207Pb	.704*10^3 10 to >4500Ma	84
855887805	Half-lives and Dating ranges: U238 > Pb206Pb	4.468*10^3 10 to >4500Ma	85
855887806	Half-lives and Dating ranges: Luminescence	up to 150ka	86
855887807	Half-lives and Dating ranges: Oxy Isotope	End of Quaternary (~2.6Ma)	87
855887808	Half-lives and Dating ranges: Cosmogenic Isotopes	Tens of thousands	88
855887809	Half-lives and Dating ranges: Amino-acid Racemisation	Temp and material dependent thousands to hundreds of thousands	89

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