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Campbell Biology: Ninth Edition - Chapter 14&15 Mendel and the Gene Idea Flashcards

Genetics
Vocabulary (Chapter 14): character, trait, true-breeding, homozygous, heterozygous, hybridization, Law of Segregation, alleles, dominant, recessive, Punnett square, phenotype, genotype, testcross, monohybrid cross, dihybrid cross, Law of Independent Assortment, complete dominance, incomplete dominance, codominance, Tay-Sachs disease, pleiotropy, epistasis, multiple alleles, polygenic inheritance, quantitative characters, multifactorial characters, pedigree, carriers, albinism, cystic fibrosis, sickle-cell disease, Huntington's disease, achondroplasia, amniocentesis, chorionic villus sampling (CVS)
Objectives:
After attending lectures and studying the chapter, the student should be able to:
1. Define diploid and state which cells in your body are diploid.
2. State the number of chromosomes in your diploid cells and state how many of those
chromosomes came from your father and how many came from your mother.
3. Distinguish between autosomes and sex chromosomes, state how many of each are in
your diploid cells, and state the sex-chromosome combinations that are in human males
and human females.
4. Describe an individual's karyotype.
5. Explain the relationship between genes and chromosomes.
6. Explain the relationship between genes and alleles.
7. Describe linked genes.
8. State the number of alleles you have for each gene in your diploid cells and state how
many of those alleles came from your father and how many came from your mother.
9. Distinguish between an individual's phenotype and genotype.
10. Distinguish between autosomal traits and sex-linked traits.
11. Distinguish between complete dominance, incomplete dominance, and codominance.
12. Describe the multiple allele inheritance pattern of the human ABO blood type.
13. Describe and give an example of polygenic inheritance.
14. Describe and give an example of epistasis.
15. Describe and give an example of pleiotropy.
16.

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1708970908	The Law of segregation	Mendel's first law, stating that the two alleles in a pair segregate (separate from each other) into different gametes during gamete formation.	0
1708970909	Allele	Any of the alternative versions of a gene that may produce distinguishable phenotypic effects.	1
1708970922	Dominant Allele	An allele that is fully expressed in the phenotype of a heterozygote.	2
1708970923	Recessive Allele	An allele whose phenotypic effect is not observed in a heterozygote.	3
1708970910	Genotype	The genetic makeup, or set of alleles, of an organism.	4
1708970911	Phenotype	The EXPRESSED/observable physical and physiological traits of an organism, which are determined by its genetic makeup.	5
1708970924	The Law of Segregation	Mendel's first law, stating that the two alleles in a pair segregate (separate from each other) into different gametes during gamete formation.	6
1708970912	Homozygous	Having two identical alleles for a given gene.	7
1708970913	Heterozygous	Having two different alleles for a given gene.	8
1708970914	Phenotype	Expressed. The observable physical and physiological traits of an organism, which are determined by its genetic makeup.	9
1708970915	Genotype	The genetic makeup, or set of alleles, of an organism.	10
1708970916	Testcross	Breeding an organism of unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive individual to determine the unknown genotype. The ratio of phenotypes in the offspring reveals the unknown genotype.	11
1708970925	The Law of Independent Assortment	Mendel's second law, stating that each pair of alleles segregates, or assorts, independently of each other pair during gamete formation; applies when genes for two characters are located on different pairs of homologous chromosomes or when they are far enough apart on the same chromosome to behave as though they are on different chromosomes.	12
1708970917	Monohybrids	An organism that is heterozygous with respect to a single gene of interest. All the offspring from a cross between parents homozygous for different alleles are monohybrids. For example, parents of genotypes AA and aa produce a monohybrid of genotype Aa.	13
1708970918	Monohybrid Cross	A cross between two organisms that are heterozygous for the character being followed (or the self-pollination of a heterozygous plant).	14
1708970919	Dihybrids	An organism that is heterozygous with respect to two genes of interest. All the offspring from a cross between parents doubly homozygous for different alleles are dihybrids. For example, parents of genotypes AABB and aabb produce a dihybrid of genotype AaBb.	15
1708970920	Dihybrid Cross	A cross between two organisms that are each heterozygous for both of the characters being followed (or the self-pollination of a plant that is heterozygous for both characters).	16
1708970926	Complete dominance	The situation in which the phenotypes of the heterozygote and dominant homozygote are indistinguishable.	17
1708970921	Incomplete dominance	The situation in which the phenotype of heterozygotes is intermediate between the phenotypes of individuals homozygous for either allele.	18
1708970927	Codominance	The situation in which the phenotypes of both alleles are exhibited in the heterozygote because both alleles affect the phenotype in separate, distinguishable ways.	19
1708970928	Tay-Sachs Disease	A human genetic disease caused by a recessive allele for a dysfunctional enzyme, leading to accumulation of certain lipids in the brain. Seizures, blindness, and degeneration of motor and mental performance usually become manifest a few months after birth, followed by death within a few years.	20
1708970929	Polygenic Inheritance	An additive effect of two or more genes on a single phenotypic character.	21
1708970930	Pedigree	A diagram of a family tree with conventional symbols, showing the occurrence of heritable characters in parents and offspring over multiple generations.	22
1708970931	Carriers	In genetics, an individual who is heterozygous at a given genetic locus for a recessively inherited disorder. The heterozygote is generally phenotypically normal for the disorder but can pass on the recessive allele to offspring.	23
1708970932	Sex-Linked Gene	A gene located on either sex chromosome. Most sex-linked genes are on the X chromosome and show distinctive patterns of inheritance; there are very few genes on the Y chromosome.	24
1708970933	Nondisjunction	An error in meiosis or mitosis in which members of a pair of homologous chromosomes or a pair of sister chromatids fail to separate properly from each other.	25
1708970934	Deletion	(1) A deficiency in a chromosome resulting from the loss of a fragment through breakage. (2) A mutational loss of one or more nucleotide pairs from a gene.	26
1708970935	Duplication	An aberration in chromosome structure due to fusion with a fragment from a homologous chromosome, such taht a portion of a chromosome is duplicated.	27
1708970936	Inversion	An aberration in chromosome structure resulting from reattachment of a chromosomal fragment in a reverse orientation to the chromosome from which it originated.	28
1708970937	Translocation	(1) An aberration in chromosome structure resulting from attachment of a chromosomal fragment to a nonhomologous chromosome. (2) During protein synthesis, the third stage in the elongation cycle, when the RNA carrying the growing polypeptide moves from the A site to the P site on the ribosome. (3) The transport of organic nutrients in the phloem of vascular plants.	29
1708970938	Down Syndrome	A humaan genetic disease usually caused by the presence of an extra chromosome 21; characterized by developmental delays and heart and other defects that are generally treatable or non-life threatening.	30

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Campbell Biology: Ninth Edition - Chapter 14&15 Mendel and the Gene Idea Flashcards

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1248476016	Concept 14.1 Mendel used the scientific approach to identify two laws of Inheritance	The Law of Segregation The Law of Independent Assortment	1
1248476017	Character	An observable heritable feature that may vary among individuals.	2
1248476018	Trait	One of two or more detectable variants in a genetic character.	3
1248476019	True-Breeding	Referring to organisms that produce offspring of the same variety over many generations of self-pollination.	4
1248476020	hybridization	In genetics, the mating, or crossing, of two true-breeding varieties.	5
1248476021	P Generation	The true-breeding (homozygous) parent individuals from which F1 hybrid offspring are derived in studies of inheritance; P stands for "parental."	6
1248476022	F1 generation	The first filial, hybrid (heterozygous) offspring arising from a parental (P generation) cross.	7
1248476023	F2 generation	The offspring resulting from interbreeding (or self-pollination) of the hybrid FF1 generation.	8
1248476024	The Law of segregation	Mendel's first law, stating that the two alleles in a pair segregate (separate from each other) into different gametes during gamete formation.	9
1248476025	Allele	Any of the alternative versions of a gene that may produce distinguishable phenotypic effects.	10
1248476026	Dominant Allele	An allele that is fully expressed in the phenotype of a heterozygote.	11
1248476027	Recessive Allele	An allele whose phenotypic effect is not observed in a heterozygote.	12
1248476028	Genotype	The genetic makeup, or set of alleles, of an organism.	13
1248476029	Phenotype	The EXPRESSED/observable physical and physiological traits of an organism, which are determined by its genetic makeup.	14
1248476030	The Law of Segregation	Mendel's first law, stating that the two alleles in a pair segregate (separate from each other) into different gametes during gamete formation.	15
1248476031	Punnett Square	A diagram used in the study of inheritance to show the predicted genotypic results of random fertilization in genetic crosses between individuals of known genotype.	16
1248476032	Homozygous	Having two identical alleles for a given gene.	17
1248476033	Heterozygous	Having two different alleles for a given gene.	18
1248476034	Phenotype	Expressed. The observable physical and physiological traits of an organism, which are determined by its genetic makeup.	19
1248476035	Genotype	The genetic makeup, or set of alleles, of an organism.	20
1248476036	Testcross	Breeding an organism of unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive individual to determine the unknown genotype. The ratio of phenotypes in the offspring reveals the unknown genotype.	21
1248476037	The Law of Independent Assortment	Mendel's second law, stating that each pair of alleles segregates, or assorts, independently of each other pair during gamete formation; applies when genes for two characters are located on different pairs of homologous chromosomes or when they are far enough apart on the same chromosome to behave as though they are on different chromosomes.	22
1248476038	Monohybrids	An organism that is heterozygous with respect to a single gene of interest. All the offspring from a cross between parents homozygous for different alleles are monohybrids. For example, parents of genotypes AA and aa produce a monohybrid of genotype Aa.	23
1248476039	Monohybrid Cross	A cross between two organisms that are heterozygous for the character being followed (or the self-pollination of a heterozygous plant).	24
1248476040	Dihybrids	An organism that is heterozygous with respect to two genes of interest. All the offspring from a cross between parents doubly homozygous for different alleles are dihybrids. For example, parents of genotypes AABB and aabb produce a dihybrid of genotype AaBb.	25
1248476041	Dihybrid Cross	A cross between two organisms that are each heterozygous for both of the characters being followed (or the self-pollination of a plant that is heterozygous for both characters).	26
1248476042	What is Mendel's Second Law?	The Law of Independent Assortment. Mendel's second law, stating that each pair of alleles segregates, or assorts, independently of each other pair during gamete formation; applies when genes for two characters are located on different pairs of homologous chromosomes or when they are far enough apart on the same chromosome to behave as though they are on different chromosomes.	27
1248476043	Concept Check 14.1 Draw It. Pea Plants heterozygous for flower position and stem length (AaTt) are allowed to self pollinate, and 400 of the resulting seeds are planted. Draw a Punnett square for this cross. How many offspring would be predicted to have terminal flowers and be dwarf? (See Table 14.1)	refer to diagram	28
1248476044	Concept Check 14.1 What if? List all gametes that could be made by a pea plant heterozygous for seed color, seed shape, and pod shape (YyRrIi; see Table 14.1). How large a Punnett square would you need to draw to predict the offspring of a self-pollination of this trihybrid?	See table	29
1248476045	Concept Check 14.1 Make Connections. In some pea plant crosses, the plants are self-pollinated. Refer back to Concept 13.1 (pp. 248-249) and explain whether self-pollination is considered asexual or sexual reproduction.	Asexual	30
1248476046	Which choice below is a basic difference between Mendel's particulate hypothesis and the hypothesis of blending inheritance? (eText Concept 14.1) The blending inheritance hypothesis, but not the particulate hypothesis, maintained that mutation is the major source of new gene combinations. The blending inheritance hypothesis, but not the particulate hypothesis, maintained that the two alleles at any given locus are always different. The blending inheritance hypothesis, but not the particulate hypothesis, maintained that the traits governed by genes in the egg are different from the traits governed by genes in the sperm. The blending inheritance hypothesis, but not the particulate hypothesis, maintained that after a mating, the genetic material provided by each of the two parents is mixed in the offspring, losing its individual identity. All of the listed responses are correct.	The blending inheritance hypothesis, but not the particulate hypothesis, maintained that after a mating, the genetic material provided by each of the two parents is mixed in the offspring, losing its individual identity. The blending hypothesis maintained that the genetic material contributed by the two parents mixes in a manner analogous to the way blue and yellow paints blend to make green.	31
1248476047	If a plant variety is true-breeding for a dominant trait, then _____. (eText Concept 14.1) if the plant were allowed to self-pollinate, the dominant and recessive traits would consistently appear in a 3:1 ratio among the progeny the plant is heterozygous for the trait if the plant were crossed with a heterozygote, one-half of the progeny would show the dominant trait, and one-half would show the recessive trait if the plant were allowed to self-pollinate, all of the progeny would have the dominant trait the variety is unable to mutate	if the plant were allowed to self-pollinate, all of the progeny would have the dominant trait	32
1248476048	A = big apples; R = red apples; a = small apples; r = yellow apples. You have one tree that produces big yellow apples and another tree that produces small red apples. When the two are crossed, you find that half of the new trees produce big red apples and half produce big yellow apples. What are the genotypes of the parents? (eText Concept 14.1) AArr and aaRr Aarr and aaRr AARr and Aarr AaRr and AaRr AaRr and aarr	AArr and aaRr	33
1248476049	Assume tall (T) is completely dominant to dwarf (t) in a certain species of plant. If a homozygous dominant individual is crossed with a homozygous dwarf, the offspring will _____. (eText Concept 14.1) all be intermediate in height all be tall be 1/2 tall and 1/2 dwarf be 3/4 tall and 1/4 dwarf all be short	all be tall	34
1248476050	The F1 generation differed from the F2 in Mendel's experiments in that _____. (eText Concept 14.1) all of the F1 showed the dominant phenotype, whereas only half of the F2 did all of the F1 showed the dominant phenotype, but only three-fourths of the F2 did all of the F1 showed the dominant phenotype, and all of the F2 showed the recessive phenotype one-half of the F1 showed the dominant phenotype, and three-fourths of the F2 did none of the F1 showed the dominant phenotype, but one-half of the F2 did	all of the F1 showed the dominant phenotype, but only three-fourths of the F2 did	35
1248476051	Physically, what are different alleles? (eText Concept 14.1) Different alleles are different DNA sequences found at the same locus on sister chromatids. Different alleles are different particles found in gametes. Different alleles are different phenotypes for a particular character. Different alleles are different DNA sequences found at the same locus on homologous chromosomes. None of the listed responses is correct.	Different alleles are different DNA sequences found at the same locus on homologous chromosomes.	36
1248476052	In a certain plant, the alleles A, B, and C are completely dominant to the alleles a, b, and c. A plant with the genotype AABbcc will have the same phenotype as a plant with the genotype _____. (eText Concept 14.1) Aabbcc aabbcc AaBBcc AABBCc None of the listed responses is correct.	AaBBcc	37
1248476053	Pea plants are tall if they have the genotype TT or Tt, and they are short if they have genotype tt. A tall plant is mated with a short plant. Which outcome below would indicate that the tall parent plant was heterozygous? (eText Concept 14.1) All of the offspring are short. All of the offspring are tall. The ratio of tall offspring to short offspring is 3:1. The ratio of tall offspring to short offspring is 1:1. There is not enough information to answer the question.	The ratio of tall offspring to short offspring is 1:1.	38
1248476054	What is indicated when a single-character testcross yields offspring that all have the dominant phenotype? (eText Concept 14.1) The parent with the dominant phenotype was homozygous. The parent with the dominant phenotype was heterozygous. Epistasis has occurred. The alleles are codominant. Both parents are heterozygous.	The parent with the dominant phenotype was homozygous.	39
1248476055	If an organism that is homozygous dominant is crossed with a heterozygote for that trait, the offspring will be _____. (eText Concept 14.1) all of the dominant phenotype 1/4 of the recessive phenotype all homozygous dominant all homozygous recessive present in a 9:3:3:1 ratio	All of the dominant phenotype	40
1248476056	In Mendel's monohybrid cross of purple-flowered and white-flowered peas, all members of the F1 generation had the _____ phenotype because their genotype was _____ at the flower-color locus. (eText Concept 14.1) white-flowered ... homozygous recessive white-flowered ... heterozygous purple-flowered ... homozygous recessive purple-flowered ... homozygous dominant purple-flowered ... heterozygous	purple-flowered ... heterozygous	41
1248476057	If the two traits that Mendel looked at in his dihybrid cross of smooth yellow peas with wrinkled green peas had been controlled by genes that were located near each other on the same chromosome, then the F2 generation _____. (eText Concept 14.1) would have contained four phenotypes in a 9:3:3:1 ratio would have contained only individuals that were heterozygous at both loci would have deviated from the 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio that is predicted by the law of independent assortment would have contained no individuals that were heterozygous at both loci None of the listed responses is correct.	Would have deviated from the 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio that is predicted by the law of independent assortment If the two characters are located on the same chromosome, they will not segregate independently.	42
1248476058	In carrying out his breeding studies, Mendel examined characters that had which of the following properties? (eText Concept 14.1) They were controlled by loci that were (or behaved as if they were) on different chromosomes. It was possible to isolate true-breeding varieties for each trait. The traits varied in an either-or fashion. The characters each were controlled by a single gene. All of the listed responses are correct.	All of the listed responses are correct.	43
1248476059	The law of independent assortment _____. (eText Concept 14.1) states that the alleles at different loci segregate independently from one another during a dihybrid cross can account for a 9:3:3:1 ratio seen in the F2 generation applies only to genes that are present on different chromosomes (or behave as if they were) The first and second answers are correct. The first, second, and third answers are correct.	The first, second, and third answers are correct.	44
1248476060	Homologous pairs of chromosomes often _____. (eText Concept 14.1) carry different genes for different traits differ in length contain different alleles are not both present in diploid somatic cells are paired up in the G2 phase of the cell cycle	contain different alleles	45
1248476061	Concept 14.2 The laws of probability govern Mendelian Inheritance	...	46
1248476062	The multiplication rule	A rule of probability stating that the probability of two or more independent events occurring together can be determined by multiplying their individual probabilities.	47
1248476063	The addition rule	A rule of probability stating that the probability of any one of two or more mutually exclusive events occurring can be determined by adding their individual probabilities.	48
1248476064	Concept 14.3 Inheritance Patterns are often more complex than predicted by simple Mendelian Genetics	...	49
1248476065	Complete dominance	The situation in which the phenotypes of the heterozygote and dominant homozygote are indistinguishable.	50
1248476066	Incomplete dominance	The situation in which the phenotype of heterozygotes is intermediate between the phenotypes of individuals homozygous for either allele.	51
1248476067	Codominance	The situation in which the phenotypes of both alleles are exhibited in the heterozygote because both alleles affect the phenotype in separate, distinguishable ways.	52
1248476068	Tay-Sachs Disease	A human genetic disease caused by a recessive allele for a dysfunctional enzyme, leading to accumulation of certain lipids in the brain. Seizures, blindness, and degeneration of motor and mental performance usually become manifest a few months after birth, followed by death within a few years.	53
1248476069	Pleiotropy	The ability of a single gene to have multiple effects.	54
1248476070	Epistasis	A type of gene interaction in which the phenotypic expression of one gene alters that of another independently inherited gene.	55
1248476071	Quantitative Characters	A heritable feature that varies continuously over a range rather than in an either-or fashion.	56
1248476072	Polygenic Inheritance	An additive effect of two or more genes on a single phenotypic character.	57
1248476073	Norm of Reaction	The range of phenotypes produced by a single genotype, due to environmental influences.	58
1248476074	Multifactorial	Referring to a phenotypic character that is influenced by multiple genes and environmental factors	59
1248476075	Concept 14.4 Many Human Traits Follow Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance	...	60
1248476076	Pedigree	A diagram of a family tree with conventional symbols, showing the occurrence of heritable characters in parents and offspring over multiple generations.	61
1248476077	Carriers	In genetics, an individual who is heterozygous at a given genetic locus for a recessively inherited disorder. The heterozygote is generally phenotypically normal for the disorder but can pass on the recessive allele to offspring.	62
1248476078	Cystic Fibrosis	A human genetic disorder caused by a recessive allele for a chloride channel protein; characterized by an excessive secretion of mucus and consequent vulnerability to infection; fatal if untreated.	63
1248476079	Sickle Cell Disease	A recessively inherited human blood disorder in which a single nucleotide change in the Î²-globin gene causes hemoglobin to aggregate, changing red blood cell shape and causing multiple symptoms in afflicted individuals.	64
1248476080	Huntington's Disease	A human genetic disease caused by a dominant allele, characterized by uncontrollable body movements and degeneration of the nervous system; usually fatal 10 to 20 years after the onset of symptoms.	65
1248476081	Amniocentesis	A technique associated with prenatal diagnosis in which amniotic fluid is obtained by aspiration from a needle inserted into the uterus. The fluid and the fetal cells it contains are analyzed to detect certain genetic and congenital defects in the fetus.	66
1248476082	Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS)	A technique associated with prenatal diagnosis in which a small sample of the fetal portion of the placenta is removed for analysis to detect certain genetic and congenital defects in the fetus.	67
1248476083	Concept 15.1 Mendelian Inheritance has its physical basis in the behavior of chromosomes	...	68
1248476084	Chromosome Theory of Inheritance	A basic principle in biology stating that genes are located at specific positions (loci) on chromosomes and that the behavior of chromosomes during meiosis accounts for inheritance patterns.	69
1248476085	Wild Type	The phenotype most commonly observed in natural populations; also refers to the individual with that phenotype.	70
1248476086	Concept 15.2 Sex-Linked Genes Exhibit Unique Patterns of Inheritance	...	71
1248476087	Sex-Linked Gene	A gene located on either sex chromosome. Most sex-linked genes are on the X chromosome and show distinctive patterns of inheritance; there are very few genes on the Y chromosome.	72
1248476088	X-Linked Genes	A gene located on the X chromosome; such genes show a distinctive pattern of inheritance.	73
1248476089	Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy	A human genetic disease caused by a sex-linked recessive allele; characterized by progressive weakening and a loss of muscle tissue.	74
1248476090	Hemophilia	A human genetic disease caused by a sex-linked recessive allele resulting in the absence of one or more blood-clotting proteins; characterized by excessive bleeding following injury.	75
1248476091	Barr Body	A dense object lying along the inside of the nuclear envelope in cells of female mammals, representing a highly condensed, inactivated X chromosome.	76
1248476092	Concept 15.3 Linked Genes Tend to be Inherited Together because they are Located near Each Other on the Same Chromosome.	...	77
1248476093	Genetic Recombination	General term for the production of offspring with combinations of traits that differ from those found in either parent.	78
1248476094	Parental Types	An offsprring with a phenotyp that matches one of the true-breeding parental (P generation) phenotypes; also refers to the phenotype itself.	79
1248476095	Recombinant Types/Recombinants	An offspring whose phenotype differs from that of the true-breeding P generation parents; also refers to the phenotype itself.	80
1248476096	Crossing Over	The reciprocal exchange of genetic material between nonsister chromatids during prophase I of meiosis.	81
1248476097	Genetic Map	An ordered list of genetic loci (genes or other genetic markers) along a chromosome.	82
1248476098	Linkage map	A genetic map based on the frequencies of recombination between markers during crossing over of homologous chromosomes.	83
1248476099	Map Units	A unit of measurement of the distance between genes. One map unit is equivalent to a 1% recombination frequency.	84
1248476100	Concept 15.4 Alterations of Chromosome Number or Structure Cause Some Genetic Disorders	...	85
1248476101	Nondisjunction	An error in meiosis or mitosis in which members of a pair of homologous chromosomes or a pair of sister chromatids fail to separate properly from each other.	86
1248476102	Aneuploidy	A chromosomal aberration in which one or more chromosomes are present in extra copies or are deficient in number.	87
1248476103	Monosomic	Referring to a diploid cell that has only one copy of a particular chromosome instead of the normal two.	88
1248476104	Trisomic	Referring to a diploid cell that has three copies of a particular chromosome instead of the normal two.	89
1248476105	Polyploidy	A chromosomal alteration in which the organism possesses more than two complete chromosome sets. It is the result of an accident of cell division.	90
1248476106	Deletion	(1) A deficiency in a chromosome resulting from the loss of a fragment through breakage. (2) A mutational loss of one or more nucleotide pairs from a gene.	91
1248476107	Duplication	An aberration in chromosome structure due to fusion with a fragment from a homologous chromosome, such taht a portion of a chromosome is duplicated.	92
1248476108	Inversion	An aberration in chromosome structure resulting from reattachment of a chromosomal fragment in a reverse orientation to the chromosome from which it originated.	93
1248476109	Translocation	(1) An aberration in chromosome structure resulting from attachment of a chromosomal fragment to a nonhomologous chromosome. (2) During protein synthesis, the third stage in the elongation cycle, when the RNA carrying the growing polypeptide moves from the A site to the P site on the ribosome. (3) The transport of organic nutrients in the phloem of vascular plants.	94
1248476110	Down Syndrome	A humaan genetic disease usually caused by the presence of an extra chromosome 21; characterized by developmental delays and heart and other defects that are generally treatable or non-life threatening.	95
1248476111	Concept 15.5 Some Inheritance Patterns are exceptions to Standard Mendelian Inheritance	...	96
1248476112	Genomic Imprinting	A phenomenon in which expression of an allele in offspring depends on whether the allele is inherited from the male or female parent.	97

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US History 3 - Critical Period to Washington Flashcards

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221519899	Confederation	a joining of several groups for a common purpose	0
221519900	Federalism	a system in which power is divided between the national and state governments	1
221519901	Articles of Confederation	Powers: 1. Raise an army, navy, declare war 2. Borrow, spend, and issue money 3. NOT LEVY TAXES 4. NOT REGULATE TRADE 5. All powers not given to the central gov't, were reserved for the states Weakness: i. To approve any new law, needed a 2/3 vote of Congress. Today it is 51% ii. To amend the Articles, all 13 states had to agree. Today it is ¾ of the states have to approve. iii. No single executive (i.e, no president) iv. No court system v. No power to levy import or export taxes (i.e., no power to regulate foreign trade) vi. No power to regulate internal trade or to tax Resulting Problems: i. States will tax each other's good thus slow trade ii. Government war debt will go unpaid iii. Export trade will decline iv. No national currency v. Inflation & depression will ravage the new nation- no gov't control vi. Frontiersmen will want protection from the Indians in the Old Northwest & Old Southwest; & will want the British to get out of the Old Northwest forts vii. No more guaranteed British market for American goods viii. American manufactures will lose business to cheap British goods- textile, cloth, Britain is head in Industrial	2
221519902	Critical Period	1781- 1789 hostile countries that have land North, South and West a. Articles created a weak central gov't- lead to problems	3
221519903	Accomplishments of the Confederation Congress	a. Treaty of Paris 1783 b. A Northwest Ordinance of 1785 c. Northwest Ordinance of 1787	4
221519904	Northwest (land) Ordinance of 1785	NW boarders- south= Ohio river, west= Mississippi river, north= Great lakes i. Background- western land problems- Eastern states had to give up their claims to western land ii. NW Ordinance of 1785 (Land Ordinance of 1785) 1. NW lands divided into 3- 5 territories- that would become states 2. Each territory divided into townships, 6 miles by 6 miles 3. Each township divided into 36 sections, each section would be one mile by one mile (or 640 acres)- use land to pay off war debt. 4. One section reserved for support of a public school 5. Minimum purchase: 640 (1 section) @ 1.00 per acre iii. Results- source of money for government, encourages western settlement	5
221519905	Northwest Ordinance of 1787	i. NW territory would be divided ii. Each territory would go through 3 stages of government 1. 1st stage: appointed governor, secretary & 3 judges 2. 2nd stage: when the territorial population reached 5, 000 voters, the territory could elect a territorial legislature & send a nonvoting delegate to congress 3. 3rd stage: when the territorial population reached 60, 000 voters, then the territory could apply for admission as a state - guarantees: no slavery, freedom of religion, rights - precedent: set the precedent for how to organize all future territory and states	6
221519906	Foreign Relations Problems - Critical Period- Britian	a. British in Old Northwest forts- we had not given loyalist back their land, pay back British	7
222162716	Foreign Relations Problems - Critical Period- Spain	b. Spanish in the Old Southwest i. Threatened to restrict American use of the lower Mississippi River (and/or withdraw American right of deposit, right to leave them without a fea, at New Orleans)- did not want pay tax for leaving goods ii. Disputed boundary betw/ Sp. FL & the U.S.- west of GA iii. Would not/ could not stop Indiands in Fl from attacking the U.S.	8
221519907	Shay's Rebellion	1786-87, Massachusetts a. Background- economic problems, 1780s: high taxes during a period of depression & deflation b. Daniel Shays & about 1, 200 Massachusetts men try to seize courts- rebel against taxes c. Result: points to the need for a much stronger central government & the need to revise the Articles of Confederation	9
221519908	Constitutional Convention causes:	a. Growing radicalism (e.g., Shay's Rebellion) convinced many that Articles of Confederation needed to be changed b. 1785, Virginia & Maryland met at Mt, Vernon to discuss commerce- the polyatomic river c. Delegates at Mt. Vernon asked all the states to meet at Annapolis to discuss intersate commerce, 1786 only 5 states show uo d. Annapolis delegates asked Confedration Congress to ask all states to go to Philadelphia, 1787, to AMEND the Articles of Confederation II. The Constitutional Convetion 1787, Philidelphia Convention a. 55 delegates from 12 states (R.I. not present) met in Philadelphia, May to Sept., 1787 b. 2 quick decisions: (1) will write a whole new constituion (2) will meet secretly	10
222162717	Constituional Convention Great Compromise:	i. Problem: representation in the new Congress- Virgina (Large State) Plan, put forth by Edmund Randolph: state rep. in new Congress should be based on state's pop.- New Jersey( Small State) Plan, put forth by William Patterson: state rep. in new Congress should be equal ii. Compromise (Great Compromise), put forth by Rodger Sherman of Connecticut: new congress will have a two house leg,: one house (senate) will have equal rep. From each state; in other house (House of Rep.), each state's rep. will be based on the state's pop.	11
222162718	Constituional Convention Three- Fifths Compromise:	i. Problem: should slaves be added to a state's pop. In figuring rep. to congress and on figuring amount of fed. Taxes a state must pay to fed Gov't ii. Compromise: Congress would add 3/5 of each state's slaves to its white pop. In figuring both rep. & taxes	12
222162719	Constitutional Convention delegates:	i. George Washington- VA, presiding officer ii. Alexander Hamilton- NY, conservative, money iii. James Madison- VA, keeps a journal iv. Ben Franklin- PA, referee	13
222162720	Constituional Convention Commerce Compromise	i. Problem: should Congress have the power to regulate foreign trade w/ import tariffs? w/ export tariffs? To regulate interstate trade? - South wants no tariffs; south afraid taxes on imports will cause Europe not buy south's tobacco, rice, etc. - North wants tarrifs ii. Compromise: Congress will have the power to regulate foreign trade w/ only import tariffs (revenue tariff); Congress can also regulate interstate trade	14
222162721	Constituional Convention Slave Trade Compromise	1. Problem: south feared that Congress might restrict the international slave trade 2. Compromise: Congress could not prohibit or restrict the international slave trade for 20 years( until 1808)	15
221519909	Ratification of the Constituion process:	When 9 out of 13 states, in special state ratifying conventions had approved - Delaware ratified first by Dec. 1787, 8 more by June 1788 - New York and VA delay, Washington convinces - NC& RI- last 2 - Washington is elected president, John Adams VP	16
222162722	Federalists	Those who support the Constitution	17
222162723	Anti- Federalists	Those who oppose the Constitution	18
222162724	objections to the Constitution	A. No Bill of Rights; Federalists promise the Anti- federalist they will add one later B. too much power given to the federal gov't, at the cost of the states c. Cons't allowed import tariffs that could help one section (north) at the expense of the south d. Cons't allowed the states to define suffrage; states could keep certain groups of people from voting	19
222162726	north vs. south disputes over constitution	Over Slavery, Tariffs South wanted slavery and no tariffs North wanted no slaves and tarriffs	20
222162727	Federalist Papers	series of 85 essays in support of the Cons't written by Alexander Hamiliton, James Madison, John Jay- argumetns to support the Constitution	21
221519910	Federalist Era	Washington, Adams, Hamilton: will also control the house and senate	22
221519911	Congress's Achievements:	1. passed Judiciary Act, 1789; this set up the federal courts & set the number of supreme court justices at 6 (John Jay 1st) 2. sent bill of rights 1791 3. passed a small revenue tariff on imports (about 5%) 4. set the president salary at 25,000	23
221519912	Importance of Washington's Administration	-precedents set (everything Washington did as President sets as a example) -reasserts federal authority (stops Farmers revolt) -gets nation on sound financial footing (after Rev War US was in debt)	24
221519913	Washington's First Cabinet	Congress created 3 executive departments (State, Treasury, War) - Thomas Jefferson, Secretary of State - Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of Treasury - Henry Knox, Secretary of War - Edmund Randolph, Attorney General	25
221519914	Hamilton's Financial Program	-U.S. financial problems, 1789 - 80 Million debt ( 56 mill Fed, 24 mill. States) -refunding (repayment) of federal bonds -Assumption Bill= Fed gov't will assume debts of state -Bank of the United States= safe place to deposit gov't money, - provide a sound, uniform, currency", source of capital for loans to fund business, says necessary and proper clause( elastic clause, implied powers in the Cons't -protective tarrif= wanted 40% to help protect American industry from European competition, gets 5% -excise tax= 8 cents a gallon on whiskey- Hamilton wants to raise revenue and teach farmers to respect the US Government -encouragement of industry= wants fed money to help industry get started, wants a protective tariff on imported goods	26
221519915	Whiskey Rebellion, 1794	A. Western farmers; some of them converted their grain and corn into whiskey because is was easier to transport east over the App Mount. B. Hamilton's 8 cent a gallon tax on whiskey hurt these small farmers; it also seemed to be a tax to enrich easterners C. Summer of 1794, western PA, some farmers rose in revolt= beat up tax collectors D. President Washington called 15,000 militia from VA, Mary., PA, and NJ to put down rebellion E. Washington clearly demonstrated the strength of the federal gov't	27
221519916	Political Party	A group of people with similar ideas who come together to control the gov't to advance their ideas	28
221519917	Two Party System	where 2 main parties dominate gov't at all levels and Win most of the elections	29
221519918	Origins of our two Parties	struggle between Hamilton & Jefferson in Washington's cabinet in the 1790s Republican party traced back to the Federalists (Hamilton) Democratic Party can be traced back to the Democratic- Republicans (Jefferson)	30
221519919	Alexander Hamilton	-Federalist- future Republican's -background: born in West Indies, went to Kings College, fought in war, appointed Treasury Secretary by Washington -beliefs: in an industrial US led by aristocrats, the elite -interpretation of the Constitution: loosely, necessary and proper clause to create strong central gov't -attitude toward Britain and France: Britain -theory of government: a powerful central government, that could encourage industry -people who supported him: merchants, manufactures, bankers, other wealthy	31
221519920	Thomas Jefferson	- Democratic-Republican (or Republican, 1790's) -background; born in VA, wealthy, appointed secretary of state by Washington -beliefs: self- governing states -interpretation of the Constitution: strictly -attitude toward Britain and France: supported France -theory of Government: believed in self- governing states; average people should control gov't -people who supported him: Madison, Monroe, farmers, city workers	32
222162728	Election of Washington and Adams	New Congress met April 1789 to discuss president inaugurate April 30, 1789	33

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APUSH Exam Ch. 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 (Ch. 23) (America: Past and Present) Flashcards

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1316515694	Which of the following was NOT a characteristic of progressivism?	it sought radical changes in American life	1
1316515695	The Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution provided for	prohibition	2
1316515696	The Nineteenth Amendment to the Constitution provided for	women's suffrage	3
1316515697	Which one of the following is incorrectly matched?	Thomas Johnson-Pragmatism	4
1316544249	The president who invited Booker T. Washington to the White House was	Theodore Roosevelt	5
1316544250	The most famous reform governor of the Progressive Era was	Robert M. La Follette	6
1316544251	Upton Sinclair's novel, The Jungle, led to passage of the	Pure Food and Drug Act	7
1316544252	Before becoming president, Taft's greatest strength was	as an administrator	8
1316544253	Woodrow Wilson won the election of 1912 because	of the split in the Republican Party	9
1316544254	The Sixteenth Amendment	authorized an income tax	10
1316544255	In 1912, Roosevelt's New Nationalism	demanded a stronger role for the president and government	11
1316544256	Woodrow Wilson's New Freedom called for	business competition and small government	12
1316544257	Which one of the following was NOT an accomplishment of the Woodrow Wilson administration?	Payne-Aldrich Act	13
1316544258	The most important domestic law of Wilson's administration was the	Federal Reserve Act	14
1316544259	Which one of the following individuals was named to the Supreme Court during the Woodrow Wilson administration?	Louis D. Brandeis	15
1316544260	The first self-made woman millionaire was	Madam C.J. Walker	16
1316544261	What was Theodore Roosevelt's most lasting contribution to the Progressive Era?	Land conservation	17
1316544262	What was the name of the U.S. Supreme Court decision that designated women as needing special protection limiting their working hours?	Muller vs. Oregon	18
1316544263	Explain the ideas of the social-justice movement.	-saw problems as endless and interrelated -want change instead of charity -focus national attention on issues like tenement house laws, child labor, and women's working conditions.	19
1316544264	What is the Progressive Era?	-legislating morality (ex: prohibition) -expose corruption -use gov't -new music/dance -use science to improve life -social change -reform	20
1316684861	In the upper tier of southern states, the principal slave-produced commodity was	tobacco	21
1316684862	A major reason for the weaker hold of slavery in the upper South was the	increasing industrialization and agricultural diversification in the region.	22
1316684863	The invention in the 1790s that permitted the great expansion of cotton cultivation was the	cotton gin	23
1316684864	The union of slavery and cotton	hindered industrialization in the South	24
1316684865	About ___ percent of whites in the South in 1860 were large landowners with dozens of slaves.	4	25
1316684866	At the time of the Civil War,	one quarter of white southerners owned slaves.	26
1316684867	By 1860, _____ percent of all white southerners owned slaves.	25	27
1316684868	Southern planters considered their slaves to be	children who required constant supervision.	28
1316684869	The yeoman farmer of the South was	proud and self-reliant	29
1316684870	Southern proslavery arguments did NOT include the belief that slavery was	mandated by the United States Constitution.	30
1316684871	Slaveholders continually indoctrinated their slaves with the idea of	the God-ordained supremacy of whites.	31
1316684872	In pre-Civil War American society, free African Americans	were treated as social outcasts.	32
1316684873	During the Second Seminole War of 1835-1842	many escaped slaves hiding in Florida actually fought with the Native Americans against U.S. soldiers.	33
1316684874	Perhaps the most prominent free African American in the United States in 1860 was	Frederick Douglass.	34
1316684875	The foundation of the African American culture was	religion	35
1316684876	The approach viewed by many American religious leaders as the best way to extend religious values was called	revivalism.	36
1316684877	The Second Great Awakening began	on the southern frontier.	37
1316684878	On the frontier, camp meetings	played an important social and religious role.	38
1316684879	Which one of the following individuals was NOT a major figure in the nineteenth-century reform movements?	Alexis de Tocqueville	39
1316684880	Which of the following groups denied the doctrine of the Trinity and the idea of an all-powerful, mysterious God?	Unitarians	40
1316684881	The sociological basis for the "Cult of True Womanhood" was	an increasing division of labor between men and women.	41
1316684882	The "proper" sphere for middle class white women in the nineteenth century was	home and family.	42
1316684883	The most important function of the school in 1850 was seen as	moral indoctrination.	43
1316684884	Between the 1820s and 1850s, the public school movement	enjoyed considerable success in the North.	44
1316684885	The most influential spokesman for the common school movement was	Horace Mann.	45
1316684886	In the final analysis, prisons and asylums	did not achieve the aims of their founders.	46
1316684887	The leader of the movement to reform asylums and prisons was	Dorothea Dix.	47
1316684888	The changes in the reform movement in the mid-1830s demonstrated	a new mood of impatience and perfectionism.	48
1316684889	In 1821, the American Colonization Society established which colony as a refuge for former slaves returned to Africa?	Liberia.	49
1316684890	The founder of the radical anti-slavery movement was	William Lloyd Garrison.	50
1316684891	In the large cities of the North, abolitionism	was often violently opposed.	51
1316684892	The stand of __________ on women's rights led to an open break in the abolitionist movement in the 1840s.	William Lloyd Garrison.	52
1316684893	An important consequence of the abolitionist movement was	the development of the women's rights movement.	53
1316684894	Historians have evaluated abolitionism as	successfully bringing slavery to the forefront of the American consciousness.	54
1316684895	A radical movement of foreign origin that gained some prominence in America was	utopian socialism.	55
1316684896	______ became one of the most significant leaders of the women's rights movement.	Elizabeth Cady Stanton	56
1316684897	Henry David Thoreau pushed the idea of ______ to its logical conclusion in his sojourn at Walden Pond between 1845 and 1847.	"self-culture"	57
1316684898	Which one of the following was NOT a popular fad of the early 1800s?	cocaine	58
1316684899	Which of the following was NOT a characteristic of the Young America movement?	a weak foreign policy	59
1316684900	The American population moved westward in the 1830s and 1840s for all of the following reasons, EXCEPT	loyalty to Mexico and Great Britain	60
1316684901	The Webster-Ashburton Treaty of 1842 settled a boundary dispute between ______ over _________.	the United States and Canada; Maine and New Brunswick	61
1316684902	California in the 1830s and 1840s was controlled by	Mexico.	62
1316684903	The most plausible reason for the Texas Revolution was	the unwillingness of Anglo-Americans to accept Mexican rule.	63
1316684904	Which one of the following states actually existed for ten years as an independent nation before its admission to the Union?	Texas	64
1316684905	________, the hero of San Jacinto, became the first president of the Texas Republic.	Sam Houston	65
1316684906	The most important overland route for American migration to the far West was	The Oregon Trail.	66
1316684907	The founder of the Mormon Church was	Joseph Smith	67
1316684908	Opposition to Tyler's plan for the annexation of Texas came, primarily, from	northern antislavery Whigs.	68
1316684909	The winner of the election of 1844 was	James K. Polk.	69
1316684910	Manifest Destiny was based, in part, on	the belief that God was on the side of American expansionism.	70
1316684911	Which one of the following was an important premise of Manifest Destiny?	all of the above (the notion of free development, population growth required new territories, and God supported American expansion)	71
1316684912	The transformation of the American economy in the 1840s and 1850s was primarily the result of	the railroad.	72
1316684913	One of the most important effects of the American industrial revolution was	a great wave of immigration.	73
1316684914	Between the 1830s and 1840s, most of the immigrants to the United States came from	Western Europe	74
1316684915	The major factor that pushed the Irish immigrant to the United States in the 1840s and 1850s was	the great potato famine.	75
1316684916	the evidence that shows that economics was a major motivation for immigration was found in the	peaks in immigration and the demand for labor.	76
1316684917	the majority of immigrants became	wage workers in factories.	77
1316684918	The increasing employment of immigrants in the 1840s and 1850s	made it difficult to organize industrial workers.	78
1316684919	How many graves/deaths per mile on the Oregon Trail?	10	79
1316684920	What was the most deadly frontier beast?	bears	80
1316684921	This disaster forced state and national attention on working conditions in factories and stores.	Triangle Shirtwaist fire	81
1316684922	The great textile plant and community located in Manchester, New Hampshire, in the early 1900s was known as	Amoskeag.	82
1316684923	Which of the following presidents was a Democrat?	Grover Cleveland	83
1316684924	The major issue of the election of 1896 was	currency.	84
1316684925	Which of the following individuals was NOT a prominent American writer of the late nineteenth century?	Jacob Coxey.	85
1316684926	The Pendleton Act	provided a merit system for the national government.	86
1316684927	What document provided the terms for U.S. intervention in Cuba?	Platt Amendment	87
1316684928	The first territory outside the North American continent acquired by the United States was	the Midway Islands	88
1316684929	As Speaker of the House, he was able to force legislation through Congress.	Thomas Reed	89
1316684930	The Philippine-American War was	more costly than the Spanish-American War.	90
1316684931	The father of the so-called scientific management movement was	Frederick Taylor.	91
1316684932	Which one of the following is an incorrect match?	Booker T. Washington-Niagara Movement	92
1316684933	By 1920,	the quality of life had improved for most Americans.	93
1316684934	The president of the United States during the depression of 1893 was	Grover Cleveland	94
1316684935	Which one of the following court decisions severely crippled the Sherman Antitrust Act?	United States v. E. C. Knight	95
1316684936	D.W. Griffith was the	director of the first movie spectacular-The Birth of a Nation.	96
1316684937	The best example of a mass-produced consumer product in the early 1900s was	the Model T of Henry Ford.	97
1316684938	Which one of the following individuals was NOT a prominent American writer of the Progressive Era?	Isadora Duncan.	98
1316684939	Which of the following individuals favored the annexation of the Philippines?	George Dewey	99
1316684940	Until the 1890s,	the presidency was weaker than Congress.	100
1316684941	Which of the following did NOT play any role in bringing on the Spanish-American War in 1898?	the annexation of Hawaii	101
1316684942	As the leader of the unemployed marching on Washington, he demanded that the government fund jobs.	Jacob Coxey	102
1316684943	The Ashcan school of artists	shared with the reformers a feel for the environment.	103
1316684944	In 1895, the United States and Great Britain came perilously close to war over	Venezuela.	104
1316684945	Josiah Strong	fostered the concept of the righteousness of American expansion.	105
1316684946	The Wabash decision stated that	states could regulate only intrastate commerce.	106
1316684947	Which of the following presidents was assassinated in office?	James Garfield	107
1316684948	Which of the following groups made up the bulk of the electorate until 1900?	white males	108
1316684949	Which one of the following individuals is incorrectly matched with his or her art form?	Georgia O'Keefe-sculpture	109
1316684950	Those who supported the free coinage of silver	were convinced it would help the agrarian sectors.	110
1316684951	Between 1901 and 1914, the majority of immigrants came from	southern and eastern Europe.	111
1316684952	The term smoked Yankee in the Spanish-American War referred to	The United States' African American infantry regiments.	112
1316684953	New methods of production in the first years of the twentieth century	were large-scale and mechanized.	113
1316684954	In this case, the Supreme Court upheld the right of states to regulate commerce.	Munn v. Illinois	114
1316684955	The leading financier in the United States in the early 1900s was	J.P. Morgan	115
1316684956	The president who entered the White House after the fraudulent election of 1876 was	Rutherford B. Hayes	116
1316684957	Immigrants to the United States in the early 1900s	encountered considerable hostility from American nativists.	117
1316684958	Music in the Progressive period	was strongly influenced by the African American experience.	118
1316684959	William Seward's foreign policy included	United States domination of the Americas	119
1316684960	The individual who rocketed to national attention because of the Pullman strike was	Eugene V. Debs.	120
1316684961	Which of the following was NOT a reason for farm discontent in the later nineteenth century?	the inability to organize and voice their discontent	121
1316684962	The Industrial Workers of the World	were the most radical American labor union	122
1316684963	Which one of the following individuals was NOT a prominent muckraker?	James G. Blaine.	123
1316684964	The actions of Commodore Dewey in the Philippines	provided the United States with an unexpected prize of war.	124
1316684965	Which organization led the fight for equal rights and education?	NAACP	125
1316684966	The law requiring every state desiring federal funds to establish a highway department to plan routes, oversee construction, and maintain roads was the	Federal Aid Roads Act of 1916.	126
1316684967	The Intestate Commerce Commission	was the first attempt at federal regulation.	127
1316684968	Which one of the following was NOT a demand of the Populist Party?	maintenance of the gold standard	128
1316684969	Between 1900 and 1920, women	increasingly found professional careers closed to them.	129
1316684970	Why were Americans fascinated by politics during the Gilded Age?	Most Americans saw it as a form of entertainment.	130
1316737372	The "boom-and-bust" economy was most commonly associated with the	mining frontier.	131
1316737373	For J.P. Morgan,	orderly consolidation brought stability to the economy.	132
1316737374	The Homestead Act of 1862 failed because	the land allotments were insufficient for farming arid land.	133
1316737375	Which of the following was NOT done by the Dawes Act?	It greatly increased the power of tribal chiefs.	134
1316737376	The _______ was established to help provide isolated farmers with social and cultural activities.	National Grange	135
1316737377	The development of brand names, chain stores, and mail order houses	provided convenience and standardization.	136
1316737378	A major difference between northern and southern schools was	southern states could not finance their schools.	137
1316737379	As a result of the Plessy v. Fergusen decision,	African American education was to be separate but equal to white education.	138
1316737380	Which of the following stimulated the western cattle industry?	railroads and a population increase in the eastern United States	139
1316737381	In which type of organization does a company own all elements from raw material to finished product?	vertical integration	140
1316737382	Booker T. Washington	believed that self-help was the best plan for African Americans.	141
1316737383	Which of the following was, perhaps, the greatest Native American victory over the United States Army?	Custer's Last Stand	142
1316737384	Standard Oil is an example of	a trust.	143
1316737385	W.E.B. Du Bois	believed educational advancement was the key to success.	144
1316737386	The Haymarket Square riot	weakened the national labor movement.	145
1316737387	After 1851, the U.S. government abandoned the policy of one large reservation in favor of	the concentration policy.	146
1316737388	The Social Darwinists	believed the laws of nature applied to society.	147
1316737389	Which one of the following was NOT a famous Plains chief?	King Phillip	148
1316737390	By the end of the nineteenth century, most immigrants arrived from	southern and eastern Europe.	149
1316737391	One consequence of the urban growth of the late nineteenth century was	powerful city political machines.	150
1316737392	The_________ gave large grants of land to states to establish agricultural colleges.	Homestead Act	151
1316737393	For the first two-thirds of the nineteenth century, Americans believed the land west of the Mississippi River to be	uninhabitable	152
1316737394	The principles on which the Knights of Labor were founded included	ensuring all Americans received equal benefits from the system.	153
1316737395	The most significant blow to Native American tribal life on the Plains was	the extermination of the buffalo herds.	154
1316737396	Which of the following individuals is INCORRECTLY associated with the industry he helped to found?	Henry Bessemer-railroads	155
1316737397	The middle-class American family of the late nineteenth century	had a greater social function.	156
1316737398	The most famous of the urban political bosses in the late nineteenth century was	William Tweed	157
1316737399	In comparison to male workers, female workers	were relegated to traditional, "feminine" jobs.	158
1316737400	The Comstock Law	legislated public morality.	159
1316737401	The rise of cities and industry	caused sweeping changes in all segments of American society.	160
1316737402	A Social Gospel minister believed that	the church must actively participate in society.	161
1316737403	In the 1905 decision of Lochner v. New York, the Supreme Court	struck down a state law limiting the number of hours workers work each week.	162
1316737404	Which of the following companies was not a retail store marketing its products around the country in the late nineteenth century?	Wal-Mart	163
1316737405	The initial government policy toward the Plains tribes was	to define boundaries for each tribe and sign treaties with them.	164
1316737406	As the new immigrants entered American society,	they clung to the customs of their native countries.	165
1316737407	The socioeconomic religious life of the Plains tribes revolved around	the buffalo	166
1316737408	In the Victorian code of morality,	strict standards of behavior should be followed.	167
1316737409	A popular new cult among the Native American Plains tribes by the late 1880s was	the Ghost Dance.	168
1316737410	For women workers, the American Federation of Labor	either ignored or opposed them as members.	169
1316737411	The western cattle industry had its origins in	Mexico.	170
1316737412	Public schools in the 1870s and 1880s	vigorously stressed discipline and routine.	171
1316737413	Which of the following groups received the greatest rewards from industrialization?	white, native-born males	172
1316737414	The greatest inventor of late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century America was	Thomas Edison.	173
1316737415	The most significant technical innovation of the nineteenth century was	railroads.	174
1316737416	Which one of the following did NOT help farmers make agriculture more profitable on the Great Plains?	large-scale irrigation	175
1316737417	The journalist who exposed How the Other Half Lives in urban tenements was	Jacob Riis	176
1316737418	How did the American government affect industrial growth?	It provided incentives for growth.	177
1316737419	Which of the following was NOT a factor in American industrial development?	industrialization of the South.	178
1316737420	Beginning in 1871, the United States government	stopped dealing with Native American tribes as sovereign nations.	179
1316737421	Which of the following was NOT part of the national government's policy towards Native Americans in the 1870s and 1880s?	assimilating Native Americans into urban life	180
1316737422	What was the name of the Native American leader that fought against Custer at Little Bighorn?	Crazy Horse	181
1316737423	How did the Supreme Court justify its decision in Plessy v. Ferguson with regards to the 14th Amendment?	Blacks and whites are going to receive "separate but equal" education. It means that they thought it was justifiable because it was "equal."	182
1316737424	What was New York City like in the early 1900's? Give one specific example.	There was a lot of crime and problems, despite the fact that the upper class tried to control the chaos of the lower class. There was child prostitution, opium dens, and freak shows (a dime for admission).	183
1316737425	This 1887 government policy towards Native Americans was supposedly written to encourage assimilation.	The Dawes Act	184
1316963858	In his response to the Wade-Davis Bill, Lincoln	stopped it with a pocket veto.	185
1316963859	The Free Soil movement supported the exclusion of slavery from the territories because of	racial prejudice and rear of labor competition from slaves.	186
1316963860	One of the South's greatest challenges during the war was	the reluctance of southern farmers to shift from cotton to foodstuffs	187
1316963861	Which of the following groups was disappointed by the Fifteenth Amendment?	feminists	188
1316963862	By the end of 1865, most freedmen had	returned to work on the plantations.	189
1316963863	According to the principle of popular sovereignty,	settlers would determine whether a territory would have slavery.	190
1316963864	To gain southern support for the Kansas-Nebraska Act, Douglas had to support	the repeal of the Missouri Compromise.	191
1316963865	Which one of the following individuals was most responsible for coming up with the idea of popular sovereignty?	Lewis Cass	192
1316963866	One significant difference between the North and the South was that	the South became poorer while the North tended to prosper	193
1316963867	The Crittenden Plan	extended the Missouri Compromise to the Pacific.	194
1316963868	The Thirteenth Amendment	was fostered by the actions of African-American troops fighting for the Union.	195
1316963869	The anticipated economic stimulus which would help the development of Kansas and Nebraska was	the railroad.	196
1316963870	A minimal Reconstruction policy was favored by	President Lincoln.	197
1316963871	The state laws subjecting former slaves to a series of special regulations and restrictions on their freedom were known as	Black Codes.	198
1316963872	Which of the following individuals was NOT a Union general during the Civil War?	Joseph E. Johnston	199
1316963873	The Compromise of 1850	abolished the slave trade in the District of Columbia.	200
1316963874	The basic Confederate strategy was to	wage a defensive struggle.	201
1316963875	The Wilmot Proviso sought to	ban slavery in the territory acquired from Mexico.	202
1316963876	The Redeemers	believed in the principles of laissez faire and white supremacy.	203
1316963877	Which one of the following states was NOT part of the Confederacy?	Missouri	204
1316963878	The second party system describes	the vigorous competition between Whigs and Democrats.	205
1316963879	In 1856, Congressman Preston Brooks of South Carolina, on the floor of the U.S. Senate, almost beat Senator ___________ of Massachusetts to death.	Charles Sumner	206
1316963880	Which of the following was NOT a Union military advantage during the Civil War?	superior generals.	207
1316963881	On the issue of slavery, Republicans defended the rights of	free labor.	208
1316963882	Liberal Republicans	endorsed civil service reform.	209
1316963883	The bloodiest one-day battle of the war was	Sharpsburg.	210
1316963884	The organization that symbolized most vividly the "white backlash" of the Reconstruction era was	the Ku Klux Klan.	211
1316963885	The result of the disputed election of 1876 was significant because it	meant the end of Reconstruction.	212
1316963886	Which of the following was NOT a scandal during the Grant administration?	Teapot Dome	213
1316963887	In the Dred Scott case, the first question faced by the Supreme Court was	whether or not Scott was a citizen.	214
1316963888	Confederate leaders were confident of British recognition, because	British textile mills were so dependent on Southern cotton.	215
1316963889	The growing division between North and South during the 1840s and 1850s	was increasingly seen in cultural and intellectual terms.	216
1316963890	The Emancipation Proclamation freed	only slaves in the Confederacy.	217
1316963891	Hinton R. Helper's The Impending Crisis of the South	called for lower-class whites to abolish slavery.	218
1316963892	John Brown's raid on Harper's Ferry	increased southern fears of northern hostility.	219
1316963893	The legacy of Reconstruction for most African Americans was	poverty and discrimination.	220
1316970437	Congressional Republicans who opposed Lincoln's handling of the war and the slavery issue were called	Radicals	221
1316970438	In the Kansas-Nebraska Act, Stephen Douglas attempted to set up territorial government on the basis of	popular sovereignty	222
1316970439	Andrew Johnson was indicted by the House for his violation of the	Tenure of Office Act.	223
1316970440	Which of the following constitutional amendments gave civil rights to the former slaves?	Fourteenth	224
1316970441	A smaller civil war, which was a rehearsal for the later political disaster in the United States, was fought in which state during the late 1850s?	Kansas	225
1316970442	In the 1850s, the most important example of literary abolitionism was	Uncle Tom's Cabin	226
1316970443	The congressional alternative to Andrew Johnson's Reconstruction program was the	Fourteenth Amendment.	227
1316970444	During the war, the Confederate economy	suffered from severe inflation.	228
1316970445	The Confederate Constitution was	surprisingly similar to the U.S. Constitution.	229
1316970446	The border states	remained loyal by a combination of local Unionism and federal intervention.	230
1316970447	Northern attempts to attack slavery were limited by	the absence of federal authority to regulate slavery.	231
1316970448	During the 1840s, most northerners	both A and B A) detested abolitionism. B) disliked slavery.	232
1316970449	The first significant effort to create a broadly based sectional party, addressing itself to voters' concerns about the extension of slavery, was the	Free Soil Party.	233
1316970450	Lincoln's main concern when he entered the presidency was how to maintain federal authority	without provoking war with the seceded states.	234

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On Course-2nd edition chapters 3&4 Flashcards

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1778929197	What was identified in recent surveys as the number 1 barrier to student success in college?	lack of motivation	0
1778929198	Exploring why we do what we do is the definition of human ______________.	motivation	1
1778929199	Regarding your education, ________ is determined by the benefits you believe you'll get from graduating from college.	value	2
1778929200	In the formula, M=V x E, what does E stand for?	expectation	3
1778929201	What are 2 influences on students' expectation of success in college?	cultural influences and teacher expectation	4
1778929202	One of the most recognized benefits of a college degree is what?	increased earning power	5
1778929203	Your ____________ are the road maps that guide you and show you what is possible for your life.	goals	6
1778929204	A ___________ ____________ is an activity to which we regularly devote large amounts of time and energy.	life role	7
1778929205	In the acronym DAPPS, the D stands for ________.	dated	8
1778929206	In the acronym DAPPS, the S stands for _____________.	specific	9
1778929207	Goals are dreams with a ____________.	deadline	10
1778929208	Our inner fire is fueled by what?	dreams	11
1778929209	Like a map, what helps you get back on course if you get lost?	a life plan	12
1778929210	Commitment creates what?	method	13
1778929211	A motivating mental image that helps keep our commitments strong is called what?	a visualization	14
1778929212	What are the four keys to an effective visualization?	relax, use the present tense, use all 5 senses, feel the feelings	15
1778929213	What is the name of a statement in which we claim desired qualities as if we already have them in abundance?	an affirmation	16
1778929214	What are three keys to strengthening an affirmation?	repeat, dispute, align	17
1778929215	In college, one way to collect information is to do what?	take notes	18
1778929216	When taking notes, collect main ideas and supporting _________.	details	19
1778929217	To take effective notes, you must decide what to write in your notes and what else?	how to write the information	20
1778929218	Creators know how to translate their desired outcomes into what?	purposeful actions	21
1778929219	Quadrant II activities are not urgent but are what?	important	22
1778929220	Procrastinators often live in which quadrant?	one	23
1778929221	When we agree to do something because we can't bring ourselves to say "no," we are living in Quadrant _______.	three	24
1778929222	It is impossible to manage time but we can manage what?	ourselves	25
1778929223	Struggling students rarely do activities in what Quadrant?	two	26
1778929224	What is the self-management tool that lists your goals and Quad I and II activities that you need to do to reach the goal?	next actions list	27
1778929225	What self-management tool helps you see whether or not you're doing what it takes to stay on course?	tracking form	28
1778929226	A good way to organize your materials and tasks for a multi-step project is to do what?	create a project folder	29
1778929227	What is the willingness to do whatever has to be done, whether you feel like it or not, until you reach your goals?	self-discipline	30
1778929228	What is self-discipline in action?	persistence	31
1778929229	What self-management tool can help us increase our persistence and help us create a success identity?	32-day commitment form	32
1778929230	Real self-confidence comes from a history of what?	success	33
1778929231	A history of success comes from regularly doing what?	taking purposeful actions	34
1778929232	It is important to __________ our successes if we hope to build our self-confidence.	celebrate	35
1778929233	What is the core belief of self-confidence?	I can	36

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Psychology Core Concepts Chapter 1: Mind, Behavior, and Psychological Science Flashcards

Psychology Core Concepts, fifth edition, by Philip G. Zimbardo, Robert L. Johnson, and Ann L. Weber.
Chapter 1: Mind, Behavior, and Psychological Science

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479236255	Psychology	The science of behavior and mental processes; the study of the mind.	0
479236256	Pseudopsychology	Erroneous assertions or practices set forth as being scientific psychology (ex. - astrology, graphology)	1
479236257	Confirmation bias	The tendency to attend to evidence that complements and confirms our beliefs or expectations, while ignoring evidence that does not.	2
479236258	Experimental psychologists	Psychologists who do research on basic psychological processes - as contrasted with applied psychologists; also called research psychologists.	3
479236259	Experimental psychologists do most work at ____ or ____, where most also _____. Division also _____ ____.	colleges, universities, teach. branching out.	4
479236260	School Psychologists	NOT school social worker or counselor. Deal with problems of teaching and learning, may diagnose learning and behavior problems, consult w/ teachers and administers. Administer, score, and interpret psychological tests.	5
479236261	Teachers of psychology	psychologists whose primary job is teaching, typically in high schools, colleges, and universities.	6
479236262	Applied psychologists	psychologists who use the knowledge developed by experimental psychologists to solve human problems	7
479236263	Industrial and Organizational Psychology AKA ________ psychology. Specialize in (2 things). Develop (2 things)	"bio". Training and maximizing morale. training and retraining programs.	8
479236264	Psychiatry	A medical specialty dealing with the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders	9
479236265	Biological perspective	The psychological perspective that searches for the causes of behavior in the functioning of genes, the brain and nervous system, and the endocrine (hormone) system.	10
479236266	Neuroscience	the field devoted to understanding how the brain creates thoughts, feelings, motives, consciousness, memories, and other mental processes	11
479236267	Evolutionary psychology	a relatively new specialty in psychology that sees behavior and mental processes in terms of their genetic adaptations for survival and reproduction	12
479236268	Developmental perspective	the psychological perspective emphasizing changes that occur across the lifespan.	13
479236269	Cognitive perspective	the psychological perspective emphazsizing mental processes, such as learning, memory, perception, and thinking, as forms of information processing.	14
479236270	Clinical and Counseling	Provide therapy for people with social and emotional adjustment issues.	15
479236271	Cognitions	mental processes, such as thinking, memory, sensation, and perception	16
479236272	Cognitive neuroscience	A hybrid field emphasizing brain activity as information processing	17
479236273	Clinical perspective	the psychological perspective emphasizing mental health and mental illness. Psychodynamic and humanistic psychology are variations on the clinical view.	18
479236274	Psychodynamic perspective	A psychological perspective originated from Freud emphasizing the understanding of mental disorders in terms of unconscious needs, desires, memories, and conflicts through the psychoanalysis of dreams, slips of the tongue and free association.	19
479236275	Humanistic perspective	A whole person perspective emphasizing human ability, growth, potential and free will.	20
479236276	Behavioral perspective	a psychological perspective focusing on behavior that can be objectively recorded and emphasizes the role that environment plays on shaping behavior.	21
479236277	Trait and Temperament perspective	a psychological perspective that views behavior and personality as the products of enduring psychological characteristics.	22
479236278	Sociocultural perspective	A psychological perspective emphasizing the importance of social interaction, social learning, and a cultural perspective.	23
479236279	Culture	a complex blend of language, beliefs, customs, values, and traditions developed by a group of people and shared with others in the same environment	24
479236280	Scientific method	is a way of putting ideas to an objective pass-fail test. The four steps to this method are to develop a hypothesis, gather data, evaluate the results, and share the results.	25
479236281	Empirical investigation	an approach to research that relies on sensory experience and observation as research data	26
479236282	Theory	a testable explanation for a set of facts or observations - not just speculation or a guess.	27
479236283	Hypothesis	a statement predicting the outcome of a scientific study; a statement describing the relationship among variables in a study.	28
479236284	Operational definitions	specific descriptions of concepts involving the conditions of a scientific study. Operational definitions are stated in terms of how the concepts are to be measured or what operations are being employed to produce them	29
479236285	Independent variable	the variable that the experimenter manipulates in the experiment.	30
479236286	Random presentation	a process by which chance alone determines the order in which the stimulus is presented	31
479236287	Data	pieces of information, especially information gathered by a researcher to be used in testing a hypothesis	32
479236288	Dependent variable	the outcome variable, the measured outcome of a study; the responses of the subjects in a study	33
479236289	Replicate	in research this refers to doing a study over to see whether the same results are obtained. As a control for bias, replication is often done by someone other than the researcher who performed the original study.	34
479236290	Experiment	a particular set of procedures for collecting information under highly controlled conditions.	35
479236291	Placebos	Substances that appear to be drugs but are not. These are often referred to as "sugar pills" because they might contain only sugar, rather than a real drug. They cause a psychological effect in many people who take them.	36
479236292	Experimental group	Participants in an experiment who are exposed to the treatment of interest	37
479236293	Control group	participants who are used as a comparison for the experimental group. This group is not given the special treatment of interest.	38
479236294	Correlational study	a form of research in which the relationship between variables is studied, but without the experimental manipulation of an independent variable.	39
479236295	Positive correlation	as one variable increases, the other increases.	40
479236296	Negative correlation	as one variable increases, the other decreases.	41
479236297	Survey	Interview or questionnaire to gather information about attitudes, beliefs, experiences, or behaviors.	42
479236298	Naturalistic observation	investigator observes naturally occurring behavior without altering the environment.	43
479236299	Case study	an in-depth study of one or few individuals through observation, interviews, and perhaps psychological testing.	44
479236300	Personal bias	the researcher allowing personal beliefs to affect the outcome of a study	45
479236301	Expectancy bias	the researcher allowing his or her expectations to affect the outcome of a study	46
479236302	Double-blind study	an experimental procedure in which both researchers and participants are uninformed about the nature of the independent variable being administered	47
479236303	Clinical psychologists	specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of mental and behavioral disorders.	48
479236304	Counseling psychologists	help people who have adjustment problems that are less severe than those generally handled by clinical psychologists.	49
479236305	Rehabilitation psychologists	help in the treatment of patients with both physical and mental disorders.	50
479236306	Engineering psychologists	help in the design of tools, equipment, and environments to make them easy to use and effective.	51
479236307	Psychiatrists	have a medical degree, specialized treatment of mental and behavioral problems, and are licensed to prescribe drugs and perform medical procedures.	52
479236308	Psychologists	have a doctoral degree in a specialty, have a broader field encompassing range of behavior and mental processes, and in most states can not prescribe drugs.	53
479236309	Representative sample	a sample that represents the characteristics of the population as closely as possible.	54
479236310	Correlational coefficients	range from -1.00 to 1.00. The number itself indicates the strength of relationship.	55
479236311	Experimental method	an investigation to explore the relationship between two or more variables, based on manipulation of one variable and measurement of any resulting changes in another variable.	56
479236312	Roots of psychology	philosophy and physiology.	57
479236313	Wilhelm Wundt	established the first laboratory for the study of psychology in 1879.	58
479236314	6 clinical thinking skills	What is the source? Is the claim reasonable or extreme? What's the evidence? Could bias contaminate the conclusion? Does the reasoning avoid common fallacies? Does the issue require multiple perspectives?	59
479236315	Psychology's 6 Main Perspectives	Biological Cognitive Behavioral Whole-Person Developmental Sociocultural	60
479236316	Empirical	evidence-based	61
479236317	Statistical Analysis	A collection of methods used to process large amounts of data and report overall trends	62
479236318	5 types of psychological research	experiments, correlational studies, survey, naturalistic observation, and case studies	63

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APUSH Chapter 1 + 2 Flashcards

Mr. Snyder APUSH chapter 1 and 2 vocabulary :(

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448820755	Francisco Pizarro	Spaniard who conquered the Incas	0
448820756	Juan Ponce de Leon	1st explorer of Florida, Spanish conquistador	1
448820757	Hernando de Soto	Conquistador discoverer of the Mississippi River	2
448820758	Montezuma	Aztec Chief	3
448820759	Hernan Cortez	Conquistador who conquered the Aztec empire	4
448820760	Francisco Coronado	Searched for city of gold, discovered grand canyon and buffalo	5
448820761	Jacques Cartier	French explorer of St. Lawrence river 1534	6
448820762	Giovanni de Verrazano	Sent by France to explore eastern seaboard in 1524	7
448820763	John Cabot	Giovanni Caboto; Sent by England to explore NE coast of N. Amer. 1497	8
448820764	Vasco Nunez Balboa	Discovered Pacific ocean	9
448820765	Quetzalcoatl	Aztec god that Cortez was mistaken for	10
448820766	Bartholomeu Dias	Portugal explorer, rounded tip of Africa	11
448820767	Hiawatha	Legendary Iroquios leader	12
448820768	Bartolome de Las Casas	Dominion friar who preached humane treatment towards native Americans	13
448820769	Ferdinand Magellan	Portuguese explorer who reached the Philippines and circumnavigated the world	14
448820770	Vasco de Gama	A Portugese sailor who was the first European to sail around southern Africa to the Indian Ocean	15
448820771	Treaty of Tordesillas	Set the Line of Demarcation which was a boundary established in 1493 to define Spanish and Portuguese possessions in the Americas.	16
448820772	Pocahontas	A native Indian of America, daughter of Chief Powahatan, who was one of the first to marry an Englishman, John Rolfe, and return to England with him; about 1595-1617; Pocahontas' brave actions in saving an Englishman paved the way for many positive English and Native relations.	17
448820773	Powhatan	Indian chief and founder of the Powhatan confederacy of tribes in eastern Virginia	18
448820774	John Rolfe	He was one of the English settlers at Jamestown (and he married Pocahontas). He discovered how to successfully grow tobacco in Virginia and cure it for export, which made Virginia an economically successful colony.	19
448820775	Walter Raleigh	Received a charter from Queen Elizabeth I to explore the American coastline. His ships landed on Roanoke, which became a "lost colony."	20
448820776	James Oglethorpe	Founder of Georgia	21
448820777	Oliver Cromwell	English military, political, and religious figure who led the Parliamentarian victory in the English Civil War (1642-1649) and called for the execution of Charles I. As lord protector of England (1653-1658) he ruled as a virtual dictator.	22
448820778	William Penn	Englishman and Quaker who founded the colony of Pennsylvania (1644-1718)	23
448820779	James I	King of England, Scotland, and Ireland. Didn't trust House of Burgesses	24
448820780	Charles I	King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1625-1649). His power struggles with Parliament resulted in the English Civil War (1642-1648) in which Charles was defeated. He was tried for treason and beheaded in 1649	25
448820781	Charles II	King of England and Scotland and Ireland during the Restoration (1630-1685)	26
448820782	joint-stock company	The company sold shares of stock to finance the outfitting of overseas expeditions; colonies founded by joint-stock companies included Jamestown (Virginia Company) and New Amsterdam (Dutch West India Company.	27
448820783	plantation colonies	Maryland, Virginia, N Carolina, S Carolina, and Georgia. Permitted some religious toleration but the church of England became the dominant faith. Grew profitable stable crops, mostly tobacco and rice.	28
448820784	Marco Polo	Venetian traveler who explored Asia in the 13th century and served Kublai Khan (1254-1324)	29

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Biology II Exam 2 - Plant Transport Flashcards

Plant transport

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684111797	xylem	water transport in the plant occurs in what part of the plant?	1
684111798	phloem	sugar transport in the plant occurs in what part of the plant?	2
684111799	transpirational pull	this occurs when the surface tension of leaves is restored by water in the xylem after evaporation from leaves deforms surface film of leaves; takes water from the roots, up the xylem, into the surface film	3
684111800	mesophyll cells	A loosely arranged photosynthetic cell located between the bundle sheath and the leaf surface.	4
684111801	cohesion	hydrogen bonds between water molecules holds water molecules together	5
684111802	adhesion	fight the force of gravity; polar hydrophilic walls xylem walls "hold" water in place	6
684111803	restrict	Would air bubbles restrict or increase the rate of transpiration?	7
684111804	stomata	openings in leaves	8
684111805	up	Due to the water potential gradient in the xylem, will water move up the xylem or down the xylem?	9
684111806	guard cells	What changes the size of stomata?	10
684111807	horizontal axis	Are stomata constrained on the horizontal axis or the vertical axis?	11
684111808	water influx	What elongates the cell thus opening stomata?	12
684111809	water expulsion	What caused the stomata to close?	13
684111810	potassium	Guard cells can actively modify _______________ levels thus control water influx and rate of transpiration.	14
684111811	stomata	These are typically open during the day and closed at night: timed with photosynthesis	15
684111812	close more	In a drought condition, do stomata open more or close more?	16
684111813	sugar source	plant organ that is a net producer of sugar	17
684111814	sugar sink	plant organ that is a net consumer or depository of sugar.	18
684111815	leaves, bulbs, tubers, roots	Name four sugar sources.	19
684111816	fruit, roots, buds, growing tissue	Name four sugar sinks.	20
684111817	proximity and vascular connections	What are two factors that affect source to sink pathways?	21
684111818	30%	What percentage of the phloem transport is sugar?	22
684111819	viscosity	Why is water needed to transport sugar?	23
684111820	sieve elements	main phloem cells that are arranged end to end, like vessel elements, in order to form tubes; perforated end walls; no nucleus.	24
684111821	companion cells	found in phloem; surround seive tube element, provide energy and regulate transport	25
684111822	actively	Are sugars actively or passively loaded across membranes into the phloem?	26
684114339	apoplastic	water and solutes move along the continuum of cell walls and extracellular spaces	27
684114340	H+ cotransporter	Surcrose is actively transported into the phloem using what?	28
684156024	NO3- (nitrate)	A H+ cotransporter is used to transport what ion into the cell?	29
684156026	transmembrane	water and solutes move out of one cell, make cytoplasmic contact, cross the cell wall, and into the neighboring cell.	30
684156027	aquaporins	a transport protein in the plasma membrane of a plant or animal cell that specifically facilitates in water permeability	31
684156028	Casparian strip	a belt in plant xylem made of waxy material impervious to water and dissolved minerals	32
684156029	casparian strip	prevents back flow of minerals out of xylem	33
684156030	symplast	water and solutes move along the continuum of cytosol	34
684156031	symplast	provides direct access to xylem	35
684156032	adhesion	offsets the downward force of gravity	36
684156033	guttation	accumulation of minerals in the xylem that causes the exudation of water droplets	37
684156034	surface tension	phenomenon at the surface of a liquid caused by the cohesion of water molecules	38
684156035	high water loss	If a plant has 15,000 open stomata comapred to the normal 5,000, the plant will have high water loss or low water loss?	39
684156036	low water loss	If a plant has 5,000 open stomata comapred to the normal 15,000, the plant will have high water loss or low water loss?	40
684156037	low CO2	If a stomata is open, it is assumed that there is a high amount of CO2 or low amount of CO2 in the atmosphere?	41
684156038	night	Stomata are closed more often at night or daytime?	42
684156039	translocation	the transport of the products of photosynthesis by the phloem	43
684156040	source	A tuber is a source or sink in the spring?	44
684156041	sink	A tuber is a source or sink in the summer?	45
684156042	tuber	a fleshy underground stem or root serving for reproductive and food storage	46
684156043	Yes	Do you have to use a proton pump in order to load sugar into the plant cells?	47

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Cabinet Flashcards

Jan 2014
http://www.whitehouse.gov/administration/cabinet

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1176710901	Secretary of State	John Kerry	1
1176710902	Secretary of the Treasury	Jack Lew	2
1176710903	Secretary of Defense	Chuck Hagel	3
1176710904	Attorney General	Eric Holder	4
1176710905	Department of the Interior	Sally Jewell	5
1176710906	Secretary of Agriculture	Thomas Vilsack	6
1176710907	Secretary of Commerce	Penny Pritzker	7
1176710908	Secretary of Labor	Thomas Perez	8
1176710909	Secretary of Health and Human Services	Kathleen Sebelius	9
1176710910	Secretary of Housing and Urban Development	Shaun Donovan	10
1176710911	Secretary of Transportation	Anthony Foxx	11
1176710912	Secretary of Energy	Ernest Moniz	12
1176710913	Secretary of Education	Arne Duncan	13
1176710914	Secretary of Veteran Affairs	Eric Shinseki	14
1176710915	Secretary of Homeland Security	Jeh Johnson	15

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American Pageant Chapter 10 Vocab Flashcards

Key terms, people, and events from Chapter 10 of the 13th edition of the American Pageant.

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1737823472	Excise Tax	Tax on manufactured goods; i.e. whiskey	0
1737823473	Republicans (Jeffersonians)	Party led by Jefferson, made up of mostly middle class and poor; best government was one that governed least	1
1737823474	Protective Tariff	Tariff (tax on imported goods) for the purpose of raising money and protecting American businesses.	2
1737823475	Federalists (Political Party)	Party led by Hamilton, believed the wealthy should run country, supported strong government, government should encourage business	3
1737823476	Bank of the US	Created by Alexander Hamilton, 20% would be owned by government, helped stimulate economy; caused conflict in Washington's cabinet	4
1737823477	Nullification	Belief that states could void federal laws if they felt they were unconstitutional	5
1737823478	Alien and Sedition Acts	Passed by Federalist Congress to limit number of citizens and punish those that spoke out against government.	6
1737823479	Jay's Treaty	Temporarily eased tensions between Britain and US. Britain promised to leave posts in America	7
1737823480	Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions	Thomas Jefferson and James Madison's reaction to Alien and Sedition Acts. Wanted states to nullify those acts.	8
1737823481	Alexander Hamilton	Federalist, had a financial plan to bail out the US economy; created a bank.	9
1737823482	Judiciary Act of 1789	Established the Supreme Court with John Jay as chief justice and 5 associate judges	10
1737823483	Treaty of Greenville	Treaty between US and Natives; Many natives left Ohio and Indiana	11
1737823484	Whiskey Rebellion	Made up of distillers that were upset with Excise taxes, quickly crushed by Washington	12
1737823485	Washington's Farewell Address	Encouraged America to remain neutral and follow an isolationist policy; warned of the dangers of political parties	13
1737823486	XYZ Affair	Attempt by French to extort money from John Marshall (Future Chief Justice), plan failed, Marshall comes back a hero	14
1737823487	Pinckney's Treaty	Improved relations with Spain, allowed Americans access to Mississippi River	15
1737823488	Strict Interpretation	Following the Constitution as it is exactly written	16
1737823489	Loose Interpretation	Allowing for a broader interpretation of the Constitution	17

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Psychology Core Concepts Chapter 1: Mind, Behavior, and Psychological Science Flashcards

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